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F7G
GIAO TRNH
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MUC LUC
PHAN I. AI CNG................................................................................................. 7
I. Noi quy lam th nghiem ....................................................................................... 7
II. Chuan b th nghiem, e cng va tng trnh .................................................. 7
III. Quy tac lam viec vi hoa chat oc, de no, de chay ......................................... 8
IV. Phng phap cap cu s bo : ........................................................................... 8
V. Dung cu thuy tinh va cach s dung .................................................................. 9
VI. Thiet b un nong va lam lanh........................................................................ 16
VII. Thiet b khuay ................................................................................................ 17
PHAN II. CAC PHAN NG TONG HP HU C............................................... 23
I. PHAN NG HALOGEN HOA .......................................................................... 23
II. Phan ng nitro hoa .......................................................................................... 32
III. PHAN NG SUNFO HOA ............................................................................. 36
IV. PHAN NG ANKYL HOA .............................................................................. 43
V. PHAN NG AXYL HOA .................................................................................. 51
VI. phan ng amin hoa ......................................................................................... 59
VII. PHAN NG DIAZO HOA VA GHEP CAP ................................................... 66
VIII. Phan ng oxy hoa va kh............................................................................. 75
PHAN III. PHAN TCH NH TNH XAC NH NHOM CHC CAC HP
CHAT HU C.......................................................................................................... 85
CHNG I. PHAN TCH NH TNH NGUYEN TO TRONG HP CHAT HU C
.................................................................................................................................... 85
I. XAC NH CACBON BANG PHNG PHAP CACBON HOA ...................... 85
II. XAC NH CACBON VA HIDRO BANG PHNG PHAP OXI HOA ........... 85
III. XAC NH NIT............................................................................................ 86
IV. XAC NH LU HUYNH .............................................................................. 86
V. XAC NH HALOGEN .................................................................................... 87
CHNG II. HIDRO CACBON NO ............................................................................ 88
I. IEU CHE VA TNH CHAT CUA METAN ...................................................... 88
II. PHAN NG BROM HOA HIDROCACBON NO ............................................. 88
III. TAC DUNG CUA KALI PEMANGANAT VI HIDROCACBON NO ........... 89
IV. TAC DUNG CUA ACID SUNFURIC VI HIDROCACBON NO .................. 89
V. TAC DUNG CUA ACID NITRIC VI HIDROCACBON NO .......................... 89
CHNG III. HIDROCACBON KHONG NO ............................................................ 91
I. IEU CHE ETILEN.......................................................................................... 91
II. PHAN NG CONG BROM VAO ETILEN ...................................................... 91
III. PHAN NG OXI HOA ETILEN BANG DUNG DCH KALI PEMANGANAT92
IV. IEU CHE AXETILEN................................................................................... 92
V. PHAN NG CONG BROM VAO AXETILEN .................................................. 92
VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA AXETILEN BANG KALIPEMANGANAT .................. 93
VII. PHAN NG TAO THANH BAC AXETILUA................................................. 93
VIII. PHAN NG TAO THANH ONG (I) AXETILUA....................................... 93
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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V. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG ONG (II) HIDROXIT ................ 116
VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ANEHIT BANG THUOC TH FELINH .............. 117
VII. PHAN NG CUA AXETON VA ANEHIT BENZOIC VI NATRI
HIDROSUNFIT .................................................................................................. 117
VIII. PHAN NG TAO 2,4-INITROPHENYLHIRAZON CUA BENZANEHIT
VA AXETON ....................................................................................................... 118
IX. PHAN NG TAO RA SEMICACBAZON CUA AXETON ............................. 119
X. PHAN NG CUA BENZANEHIT VI SEMICACBAZIT HIDROCLORUA
............................................................................................................................ 119
XI. PHAN NG CUA XETON VI NATRI NITROPRUXIT .............................. 119
XII. PHAN NG CUA BENZANEHIT HOAC AXETON VI PHENYL
HIDRAZIN.......................................................................................................... 120
XIII. PHAN NG NGNG TU ANOL VA CROTON CUA ANEHIT AXETIC
............................................................................................................................ 120
XIV. PHAN NG CUA ANEHIT BENZOIC VI DUNG DCH KIEM (PHAN
NG KANIZARO - TISENCO) ........................................................................... 120
XV. PHAN NG TRIME HOA ANEHIT AXETIC............................................ 121
XVI. PHAN NG EPOLIME HOA PARAFOMANEHIT .............................. 121
XVII. PHEP TH IODOFOM (PHAN NG RIENG CHO CAC METYL XETON)
............................................................................................................................ 122
XVIII. PHAN NG TAO HEXA METYLEN TETRAMIN (RIENG CHO
FOMANEHIT) ................................................................................................. 122
XIX. PHAN TACH HON HP 2,4-INITROPHENYL HIRAZON CUA
BENZANEHIT VA AXETON BANG SAC K LP MONG .............................. 123
XX. PHO ELECTRON VA PHO HONG NGOAI CUA ETYLMETYLXETON ... 123
CHNG VIII. ACID CACBOXYLIC VA DAN XUAT.......................................... 125
I. TNH CHAT ACID CUA ACID CACBOXYLIC .............................................. 125
II. PHAN NG ECACBOXYL HOA VI VOI TOI XUT ................................. 125
III. PHAN NG VI AMIN THM.................................................................... 126
IV. PHAN NG MAU VI FeCl3 ....................................................................... 127
V. PHAN NG OXI HOA ACID FOMIC ........................................................... 127
VI. PHAN NG OXI HOA ACID OXALIC......................................................... 128
VII. TNH CHAT CUA ACID OLEIC ................................................................. 128
VIII. TNH CHAT CUA ACID TACTRIC ........................................................... 129
IX. TNH CHAT CUA ACID SALIXYLIC ........................................................... 129
X. IEU CHE VA THUY PHAN SAT (III) AXETAT .......................................... 129
XI. IEU CHE ETYL AXETAT ......................................................................... 129
XII. IEU CHE ISOAMYL AXETAT .................................................................. 130
XIII. PHAN NG THUY PHAN ESTE............................................................... 130
XIV. TNH CHAT CUA ANHIRIT AXETIC ..................................................... 131
XV. PHAN NG THUY PHAN CHAT BEO BANG DUNG DCH KIEM ......... 131
XVI. TNH CHAT NHU TNG HOA CUA XA PHONG ................................. 132
XVII. PHAN NG TAO THANH MUOI KHONG TAN CUA ACID BEO CAO 132
XVIII. TACH HON HP ACID BEO CAO T XA PHONG NATRI.................. 133
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LI NOI AU
Sach thc hanh hoa hoc hu c gom ba phan.
Phan I la phan ai cng ve ky thuat thc hanh tong hp hu c, phan II la
phan thc hanh tong hp hu c. Phan III la phan thc hanh phan tch nh tnh
xac nh nhom chc.
Phan ai cng trnh bay nhng quy tac lam viec trong phong th
nghiem hoa hu c, nhng quy tac bao hiem, nhng ky nang va phng
phap thc hanh.
Phan thc hanh tong hp hu c trnh bay ly thuyet va nhng bai thc
hanh tong hp cu the cua cac loai phan ng c ban a hoc trong chng
trnh.
Phan thc hanh phan tch nh tnh xac nh nhom chc cac hp chat
hu c bao gom phan thc hanh ve cac phan ng cua cac nhom chc va mot
so phng phap xac nh cac nhom chc trong hp chat hu c.
Phan cong bien soan
Phan I, Phan II : GV Pham Van Tat
Phan III : GV Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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Phan I. AI CNG
I. Noi quy lam th nghiem
- Trc khi lam mot bai th nghiem
Sinh vien phai chuan b trc e cng th nghiem nha, thong qua kiem
tra cua giao vien phong th nghiem roi mi c lam bai th nghiem o.
- Trong khi lam th nghiem
Moi sinh vien phai lam viec mot cho quy nh, lam bai th nghiem a
c giao vien thong qua va di s giam sat cua giao vien. Khong c
lam th nghiem mot mnh trong phong th nghiem. Cam ngi ngoai en
tham sinh vien trong phong th nghiem. Cam an uong, hut thuoc trong
phong th nghiem.
Phai gi trat t, im lang; phai co tnh nghiem tuc, chnh xac,trung thc va
khoa hoc; phai tuan theo cac quy tac bao hiem va gi cho lam viec gon
gang, sach se. Cam vt giay loc, cac chat ran, axit, kiem, chat de chay,
chat de bay hi vao be nc ra ma phai o vao cho quy nh cua phong th
nghiem. Dung moi ban phai o vao bnh cha dung moi ban e tinh che lai.
Phai gi dung cu th nghiem sach se, tranh lam o v. Lam o v phai bao
cao vi giao vien. Khong c lam th nghiem vi dung cu ban. Khong
c t tien mang dung cu hoa chat ra khoi phong th nghiem. Khong c
s dung dung cu may moc khong thuoc pham vi bai th nghiem cung nh khi
cha hieu tnh nang va cach s dung.
Khi lam th nghiem phai mac ao choang, phai co khan mat va khan lau ban
cho lam viec.
- Lam xong th nghiem
Sinh vien phai bao cao ket qua vi giao vien, ghi so tng trnh nop cho
giao vien. Lam khong co ket qua phai lam lai.
Phai don sach se cho lam viec, ra ngay dung cu th nghiem tra lai cho
phong th nghiem.
Tat ien, nc, bao cao vi giao vien kiem tra lai mi c ra ve.
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bai thc hanh e sau khi lam xong th nghiem, bo sung them thanh bai tng
trnh nop cho giao vien.
III. Quy tac lam viec vi hoa chat oc, de no, de chay
ai a so cac hp chat hu c eu oc. Khi tiep xuc vi hoa chat, can
phai biet ay u tnh oc, kha nang de no va de chay cua no cung nh cac
quy tac chong oc, chong chay va chong no.
- Khi lam viec vi cac hoa chat oc nh KCN, NaCN, HCN, dimetylsulfat,
dimetylamin, Cl2, N2O4, cloranhidrit cua cac axit n gian, cung nh khi tien
hanh nhng phan ng co tach ra kh oc eu phai eo mat na hay knh bao
hiem, phai lam trong tu hot, phai co s hng dan cua giao vien hay nhan
vien phong th nghiem.
- Cac kim loai kiem c gi trong bnh dau hoa ay bang nut bac. Phai
dung cap lay kim loai ra ( khong dung tay), lau kho bang giay loc, tranh
cho kim loai tiep xuc vi nc hay CCl4. Phai huy Na hay K sau phan ng
bang mot lng nho ancolbutylic hay amylic.
- Thuy ngan c gi trong bnh nut kn, at cac thiet b co cha thuy ngan
trong khay men hay nha, thu hoi thuy ngan ri vai bang ban hon hong ong
hay dung mao quan qua bnh noi vi bm hut dong nc.
- Brom c gi trong bnh day co nut nham, lay brom trong tu hot, eo knh
bao hiem va gang tay, moi lan lay brom cho vao bnh phan ng qua pheu
nho giot a c th trc o kn va khong c qua 10 ml.
- Khi lam viec vi acid H2SO4 ac, oleum, phai rot can than qua pheu va
lam trong tu hot, pha loang acid trong bnh chu nhiet bang cach rot tng
phan acid vao nc khi khuay, khong pha loang oleum, khong dung H2SO4
ac trong bnh lam kho chan khong.
- Khi lam viec vi cac chat de chay nh benzen, ete, aceton, etylaxetat,
CS2, ete dau hoa, phai e xa ngon la, un nong hay chng cat bang bep
cach thuy, cach dau hay cach cat hoac bep ien boc.
- Ete c gi trong bnh nut chat co mao quan hay ong CaCl2. Khong chng
cat ete etylic,tetrahydrofuran, dioxan khi cha loai peoxit.
Tat ca cac
hoa chat cho lam viec phai cha trong lo co nhan ro rang va co phu mang
parafin. Khong lam th nghiem vi hoa chat khong co nhan ro rang.
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- Khi b bong acid : Ra cho b bong nhieu lan bang nc roi bang dung
dch Na2CO3 hay kiem 3%.
- Khi b bong kiem ac: Ra cho b bong nhieu lan bang nc roi bang acid
axetic hay acid boric 1%.
- Khi b bong brom : Ra nhieu lan bang ru etylic roi bang dung dch
Na2S2O3 10%, sau o boi vazlin vao cho bong.
- Khi b bong phenol : Ra nhieu lan bang glycerin cho ti khi mau da tr
lai bnh thng roi bang nc, sau o bang vet thng bang bong tam
glycerin.
- Khi ri chat hu c len da : Trong a so trng hp ra bang nc khong
co tac dung th ra bang dung moi hu c (ru etylic ) nhng can ra nhanh
va bang mot lng ln dung moi, tranh tao thanh dung dch ac chat hu c
tren da.
- Khi th phai kh clo hay brom : Ngi bang dung dch amoniac loang hay
ru etylic roi i ra cho thoang.
- Khi b au oc bi hoa chat : Uong mot lng tng oi nhieu nc sau
o neu b au oc bi acid th uong mot coc NaHCO3 2%, neu bi kiem th
uong mot coc acid acetic hay acid limonic 2%.
- Khi b thng bi manh thuy tinh : Gap het manh thuy tinh ra khoi vet
thng, boi con Iod 3% roi bang vet thng lai. Neu chay mau nhieu th cot
garo roi a i benh xa.
- Khi co am chay : Tat het en hay bep ien tran, phu ngon la bang khan
hay chan amiang hoac cat, neu can dung bnh kh CO2.
Trong moi trng hp neu b au oc nang hay b chay ln phai goi y,
bac s hay c quan phong cha chay.
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Bnh non ( Erlen) : Dung e ket tinh, chuan b hoa chat, lam bnh hng,
tien hanh cac phan ng n gian.
Coc (Bese) : Dung e tien hanh cac phan ng n gian nhiet o thap
hn 100oC hoac dung lam bnh ho tr.
c
Hnh 4-Hnh non thng a), nut nham b), cac loai coc c)
Ong sinh han : Dung e ngng tu hi khi tien hanh phan ng hay khi
chng cat. Neu khi ngng tu hi tr lai bnh phan ng, dung ong sinh han
bau hay xoan lap thang ng hay nghieng goi la ong sinh han ngc (hoi
lu) neu ngng tu hi ra bnh hng, dung ong sinh han thang lap xuoi goi la
ong sinh han xuoi.Ong sinh han khong kh dung e lam ong sinh han hoi lu
hay xuoi oi vi cac chat long co iem soi cao hn 150oC.
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Hnh 5 - Cac loai ong sinh han khong kh a), thang b), bau c), xoan d).
Pheu nho giot va pheu chiet :
Pheu nho giot dung e cho hoa chat vao bnh phan ng, con pheu chiet
dung e tach biet hai chat long khong tron lan vao nhau. Cau tao cua chung
giong nhau ch khac ve dung tch.
Can chu y rang, khoa pheu va nut pheu khong chuan, ch dung rieng
cho tng pheu nen phai co day cot nut va khoa pheu vao pheu, trc khi
dung phai boi m vao khoa pheu va kiem tra o kn cua pheu bang cach th
vi nc, ete hay axeton.
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Cot cat phan oan : Dung e chng cat, tach biet hai chat long hoa tan
vao nhau. Co loai cot cat rieng hay noi lien vi bnh cat ay tron hay qua
le.
Coc s va bat s : Dung e co dung dch hay nung khan cac chat ran.
Ong canxi clorua : Dung e bao ve he phan ng tranh hi nc tham
nhap vao bnh phan ng.
Ong noi : Dung e noi tiep vao ong sinh han dan chat long chay vao
bnh hng khi chng cat.
Hnh 8- Cac loai coc s a) va bat s b)
Ong mao quan : Dung e xac nh nhiet o nong chay co ng knh
0,5-0,8 mm, dai 60 - 80 mm, con mao quan dung thay cho a bot khi un soi
hay chng cat co ng knh 1 - 1,5 mm va han kn mot au.
Ong thuy tinh : Co nhieu loai khac nhau ve ng knh, thang hay uon
cong vi goc o khac nhau, dung e noi cac bo phan cua he thong phan ng
qua ong cao su.
Ong cao su va ong polietylen: Dung e noi cac bo phan cua may phan
ng hay dan kh va hi i vao bnh phan ng. Bm chan khong dung ong
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cao su day. Ong cao su de b pha huy cua cac kh nh Cl2, SO2, HCl,NH3,
nen tot hn la dung ong thuy tinh noi lien vi nhau bang oan ong cao su
ngan hay dung ong polietilen. Ong polietylen ben vi dung moi nhng de
mem hoa khi un nong nen ch dung nhiet o thng.
va hnh ch U b)
Khi noi ong cao su vao ong thuy tinh, phai boi ong cao su bang nc
hay glixerin cho ong cao su vao t mot ben roi xoay vao dan.
Hnh 11- Ong mao quan a), ong thuy tinh uon cong b), khoan ong c) dao
dua khoan d), may ep nut e), dao cat thuy tinh g)
Cac loai nut :Thng dung nut cao su hay nut bac co cac c khac nhau.
Khi muon dung bac co ng knh thch hp th dung may ep nut, con nut
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cao su th mai. Khi cho nut cao su vao ong thuy tinh, ong sinh han, nhiet ke,
pheu nho giot, can boi glixerin vao au ong (khong dung m hay vazlin),
dung tay gi gan cho cho nut vao, khong an manh ma xoay dan vao, lau
sach glixerin con lai ben ngoai.
Hien nay ngi ta dung dung cu nham chuan e thay nut. Khi dung o
nham, phai chu y boi m dung cho chan khong vao cho nham cua nut roi
mi lap may, nhat la khi lam nhiet o cao.
Cach lap dung cu phan ng : Khi thc hien mot phan ng tong hp,
trc het phai chon dung cu thch hp vi lng hoa chat dung va qua trnh
phan ng e lap may phan ng.Phai chuan b tng bo phan rieng cho va
bnh, va nut, sau o mi lap thanh may hoan chnh.
Lap may theo th t t di len tren. Lap may vao gia bang cap hai, ba,
hay bon ngon tuy theo hnh dang bnh nhng cac cap nhat thiet phai co em
bang nhung hay cao su, cap vao gia co bnh gan cho lap nut va khong qua
chat. He phan ng ve pha e gia, quay ve ngi lam viec.
ua khuay, cot cat phan oan phai lap v tr thang ng, con ong sinh
han va pheu nho giot co the lap the thang ng hay hi nghieng tuy cau
tao cua bnh phan ng.
Lap may xong, kiem tra lai o ngay ngan va o kn cua he, chu y xem
he co cho thong vi kh quyen khong, e tranh tang ap suat trong he khi un
nong hay do kh tach ra khi phan ng. Sau o mi cho hoa chat vao e thc
hien phan ng.
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Hnh 16 - Cac loai ua khuay a), cach lap ua khuay qua ong cao su b), va
ong noi thuy ngan c).
ua khuay lap v tr thang ng, noi vi mot may khuay, lap vao co
bnh qua ong cao su trum qua ong noi thuy tinh cam sau vao nut cao su. Neu
phan ng co chat de bay hi hay de chay thoat ra th lap ua khuay qua
ong noi cha thuy ngan hay glixerin. Neu phan ng thc hien trong he kn
hay khi chng cat chan khong th dung may khuay t.
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Hnh 17-Bnh lam kho a), bnh lam kho chan khong b),
thiet b lam kho n gian c), may lam kho d).
Cac chat ben vi nhiet, khong bay hi nhiet o thng, co the lam
kho trong tu say nhiet o thch hp cho tng chat.
Cac chat hao nc de b ra trong khong kh thng c lam kho trong
bnh hay chuong lam kho co cha cac chat hut nc manh nh CaCl2,CaO,
NaOH, P2O5, H2SO4 ac, phu thuoc vao tnh chat hoa hoc cua chat. e tang
toc o bay hi, co the dung bnh lam kho chan khong hay tu say chan
khong.
Khi lam kho mot lng nho chat, dung thiet b chan khong n
gian hoac may lam kho bang hi chat long.
Ngoai ra co the lam kho bang bc xa hong ngoai co chieu dai song t
10.000 en 30.000 Ao
Lam kho chat kh : Cac chat kh thng c lam kho bang cach cho
kh i qua cot hap thu cha chat lam kho ( CaCl2, CaO, P2O5), thng tron
vi si amiang hay thuy tinh, goi la cot lam kho ; hoac cho i qua bnh cha
acid sunfuric ac goi la bnh ra kh, hoac cho i qua ong nhung trong bnh
lam lanh cha nc a kho vi axeton hay nit long, goi la bnh ong lanh.
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Hnh 18 - Bnh ong lanh a), cot lam kho b), bnh ra kh c)
Lam kho chat long : Qua trnh lam kho chat long dung e tinh che dung
moi khan hoac loai nc trc khi chng cat. Thng lac chat long vi chat
lam kho. Chat lam kho la chat ran co kha nang hut nc cao nhng khong
co tac dung hoa hoc vi chat hu c ; khong co tac dung xuc tac cho cac
qua trnh oxy hoa, trung hp hay ngng tu ; khong hoa tan nhieu hp chat
hu c; co tac dung lam kho nhanh, re va san co.
Trong phong th nghiem hu c thng dung nhng chat lam kho thong
dung sau :
-Chat lam kho hao nc tao thanh hidrat : o la nhng muoi khan hay
cac hydrat thap chuyen thanh hydrat cao.
-Canxi clorua khan la chat lam kho re, san co, de ieu che, co kha nang
lam kho cao, tao hydrat CaCl2.6H2O 50oC nhng lam kho cham. Dung
lam kho hydratcacbon no va cha no, xeton, ete, khong dung ancol, phenol,
amin, acid va dan xuat, aminoacid. CaCl2 co cha chat phu la Ca(OH)2.
-Magie sunfat khan la chat lam kho trung bnh, tao hidrat
MgSO4.10H2O, tr ve hoa hoc nen co the dung e lam kho nhng chat
khong lam kho c bang CaCl2.
-Natri sunfat la chat lam kho trung bnh, re, tao hydrat Na2SO4.10 H2O
32oC nhng lam kho cham, khong en cung, nen khong thuan li e lam
kho benzen, toluen, dung lam kho cac dung moi phan cc va chat khong
ben trong axit.
-ong sunfat tao hydrat CuSO4.5H2O, lam kho tot hn Na2SO4. S thay
oi mau t khong mau thanh xanh chng to co s hap thu nc nen dung e
phat hien nc trong phan tch nh tnh.
-Kali cacbonat khan la chat lam kho ieu hoa, tao hidrat K2CO3.2H2O,
dung lam kho xeton, nitrin, este.
-Axit sunfuric dung lam kho cac chat kh, chat ran hay long trong bnh
lam kho, lam kho brom, etylbromua. Acid sunfuric b giam tac dung khi hap
thu nc, acid 95% giam tac dung en 100 lan so vi acid ac, nen thng
cho them mot lng BaSO4 (0,18 g cho 1 lt acid ) khi BaSO4 tach ra thanh
ket tua chng to tac nhan het tac dung.
-Kiem ran dung lam kho amoniac, amin, ete, hidrocacbon. KOH co tac
dung cao hn NaOH nhat la trang thai nong chay.
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-Chat lam kho co phan ng hoa hoc vi nc la cac oxyt kim loai hay
phi kim loai, cac kim loai va hp chat cua chung. ieu kien can thiet la
phan ng vi nc xay ra nhanh va hoan toan.
-Phosphor pentoxit P2O5 la chat lam kho nhanh va hieu dung, dung lam
kho trong bnh lam kho, lam kho hidratcacbon, dan xuat halogen, nitrin,
khong lam kho trong bnh chan khong. Khi lam kho chat kh, phai tron vi
silicagel.
-Canxi oxyt va bari oxyt tao thanh hidrat ben khong tan trong ru etylic
lam kho ancol, hidratcacbon, ete, kiem va cac chat kh trung tnh. Trong
phong th nghiem con dung hon hp voi toi xut e lam kho cac chat tren
nhng khong dung cho andehyt va xeton.
-Kim loai kiem K,Na,Ca thng dung lam kho hidrocacbon loai parafin,
xycloparafin, ete a c loai nc trc bang mot chat lam kho khac ch
con vet nc.
-Chat lam kho lien ket vi nc bang lc hap phu cac chat nay la
nhng chat ran, co be mat lien ket ln vi nc bang lc hap phu vat ly, de
ieu che, de tai sinh, tr hoa hoc vi chat c lam kho.
Chat dung pho bien la silicagel, hap phu nc c en 20 - 30% khoi
lng, dung trong bnh lam kho. Silicagel th trng co mau xanh, khi hap
phu nc co mau hong.
Zeolit la nhom silicat ket tinh xop, co 4 loai A, X, Y, M khac nhau ve
cau truc, lam kho hieu dung, co the giam ham lng nc en 0,01%.
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- 22 -
c
Hnh 19- Pheu loc xop a), pheu loc nong b), pheu loc lanh c).
Trong phong th nghiem hu c, e loc nhanh, ngi ta loc di ap suat
thap bang cach giam ap suat trong bnh loc.
Dung cu e loc chan khong la pheu loc s ( pheu Buchner) lap vao
bnh Bunsen la bnh hng. Bnh hng noi vi bm hut chan khong ( bm
dong nc hay bm dau ) qua bnh bao hiem.
Khi loc, lap dung cu cho kn, cat giay loc cho va pheu, tam t giay
loc bang nc hay dung moi, m bm chan khong cho giay loc b hut chat
vao long pheu roi t t o dung dch vao pheu sao cho chat ran phu kn eu
mat giay loc, tranh khong e chat ran tren giay loc b nt ne ra. Neu co vet
nt ne th dung nut thuy tinh ep lai.
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- 23 -
RH + I2
RI
+ HI
nen thng them chat oxy hoa, chang han HIO3, e kh HI.
Phan ng thuan li khi trong phan t hu c hay dan xuat co hidro linh
ong do anh hng cua nhng nhom hut ien t trong phan t (-CO, COOH,...)
Andehyt va xeton phan ng vi halogen cho dan xuat the -
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- 24 -
CH
X2
CX
HX
Phu thuoc vao ieu kien phan ng, phan ng tren co the tao thanh dan
xuat di, tri... Muon ieu che ch dan xuat mot lan the, dung phc
dibromdioxan, SO2Cl2, bromsucxinimit hay bromphtalimit.
Khi clo hoa hay brom hoa acid beo co anh sang tao thanh acid the , ,
. San pham mot hay nhieu lan the cung phu thuoc ieu kien phan ng
CH3CH2COOH + Cl2
CH3CH2COOH + Cl2
a.s
o
77 C
a.s
CH3CHClCOOH + CH2ClCH2COOH
CH3CCl2COOH + ...
200 o C
Phng phap ieu che la tac dung halogen vi hien dien phosphor o (
t le theo phng trnh phan ng )
2P + 3Br2 2PBr3
3CH3CH2COOH + PBr3 3CH3CH2COBr + P(OH)3
CH3CH2COBr + Br2 CH3CHBrCOBr + HBr
CH3CHBrCOBr + CH3CH2COOH CH3CHBrCOOH + CH3CH2COBr
Hoac CH3CHBrCOBr + H2O CH3CHBrCOOH + HBr
Vi cac ong ang cua benzen, khi co anh sang va un nong, phan ng
xay ra nhanh theo c che goc SR nh ankan
C6H5CH3
+ Cl2 ,a.s
C6H5CH2Cl
+ Cl2,a.s
C6H5CHCl2 ...
C6H5I + HI
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- 25 -
nen phai them chat oxyhoa ( nh acid nitric, thuy ngan oxyt ) phan huy HI,
nhng tot nhat la ieu che dan xuat iod t anilin qua hp chat diazoni.
Naphtalen halogen hoa de hn benzen
Br
o
+ Br2 40 - 50 C
+ HBr
Br
+ 4Br2(H2O)
O
C2H5OH
+
O
Br
4 HBr
Br
Piridin phan ng vi halogen kho khan hn benzen va cho san pham the
.
Br
+Br2(HgCl2)
N
215-230oC
HBr
( X = Cl, Br, I)
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- 26 -
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 27 -
TH NGHIEM 1
Fe
Br
Br + HBr
Hoa chat
Benzen khan 20 ml hay 17,6 g (0,22 mol), brom 10ml (0.195 mol), bot
sat hay vo bao sat 0,5g, CaCl2 khan, dung dch NaOH 10%.
brombenzen
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- 28 -
nhng thng xay ra cham, do o khong nen cho qua nhieu brom ma phai
i mot luc, neu thay phan ng khong xay ra th un nong nhe tren noi cach
thuy. Khi co kh HBr bat au tach ra mi cho tiep brom vi toc o sao cho
phan ng xay ra ieu hoa (3).
Sau khi cho het Brom, un nong bnh tren noi cach thuy va tang nhiet
o t 15- 20oC len 60-70oC cho en khi het hi brom tren chat long (khoang
20 phut). Chuyen chat long thu c vao pheu chiet, ra bang nc, dung
dch NaOH 10% roi bang nc, tach lay brombenzen (4) ra khoi nc vao
bnh kho roi lam kho bang CaCl2.
Chng cat lay Brombenzen trong bnh Wurtz bang ong sinh han khong
kh nhiet o 154 - 160 oC. o phan con lai sau khi cat ra bat s, lam lanh
se thu c p- dibrombenzen, lam kho tren giay loc va ket tinh lai bang
ru etylic.
Hieu suat 14g brombenzen ( 50% so vi ly thuyet) va 0,5 - 1g
p-dibrombenzen (6).
Ghi chu:
1) Neu khong co ong noi, co the dung bnh cau hai co.
2) Brom rat oc, lay brom va thc hien phan ng trong tu hot.
3) Cho chay manh brom, se lam tang nhiet o va tang san pham dibrombenzen
4) Sau phan ng, co the dung phng phap cat loi cuon hi nc lay brombenzen
cho ti khi thay xuat hien tinh the p-dibrombenzen th thay bnh hng thu lay pdibrombenzen, roi tinh che nh tren.
5) Neu thay dung dch uc, lap ong sinh han hoi lu, un nong tren cach thuy 6070oC cho ti khi chat long trong suot.
6) Brombenzen la chat long nang, co mui giong benzen, t tan trong nc,
, ; n 20
tan tot trong ru etylic, ete... ; ts =134,2oC; d 20
4 = 1195
D = 1,5602 .
p-dibrombenzen la tinh the khong mau, tan trong ru etylic, ete, tan t trong
nc. tnc = 80oC.
TH NGHIEM 2
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- 29 -
Br
Phan ng chnh
Br
Br2
HBr
Hoa chat
Naphtalen 12,8 gam(0.1 mol), Brom 5ml hay 15,6 gam(0.098 mol), ru
etylic, CaCl2.
Cach tien hanh
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- 30 -
naphtalen cha tham gia phan ng. Mot lng nho bromnaphtalen tach ra
vi hi nc c cho tr lai bnh.
Lam lanh bnh, tach lp dau nang, lam kho bang CaCl2 khan. chng cat
bang bnh Claisen trong chan khong 132-135oC /12 mmHg (cung co the
chng cat ap suat thng, nhng b phan tch mot phan san pham ). Phan
con lai sau khi chng cat la 1,4-dibromnaphtalen c tinh che lai bang ru
etylic.
Hieu suat 1-bromnaphtalen la 10 gam (48% so vi ly thuyet) con 1,4dibromnaphtalen la 0,5 gam(3).
Ghi chu :
1) Neu dung dung dch ru etylic thay cho nc th thu c ca alkyl bromua. ay
la phng phap va ieu che alkyl bromua va bromnaptalen.
2) Pheu nho giot co ong mao quan vuot nhon thay cho nut e tranh brom ban ra
ngoai khi lac, va phai cam sau vao hon hp.
C2H5Br + H2O
CH3CH2O-SO2OH + H2O
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- 31 -
Hoa chat
ancol etil 95%, 28 ml (0.5 mol)
Kali bromua 30g (0.25 mol)
Acid sulphuric (d = 1.84) 33 ml (0.6 mol)
Dung cu
Bnh ay tron ( 100 ml va 300 ml )
Pheu chiet
Nhiet ke
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- 32 -
thay bnh 300ml bang bnh 100ml vathay bep cat bang bep cach thuy ) thu
lay bromua etyl 35-40oC. Hieu suat 22g. Bromua etyl la mot chat long
khong mau co mui ete, hoa tan tot trong ancol va ete, t tan trong nc, co
nhng tnh chat rat ac trng cua mot halogenua hidrocacbon bao hoa.
20
d 20
4 = 1.4586, n D = 1.4211
HNO3loang
o
110-140 C
R - NO2 + H2O
Trong mot so trng hp ngi ta con s dung nitrat bac tac dung vi
dan xuat halogen cua day beo.
2- Nitro hoa hidrocacbon thm
Nitro hoa hp chat thm la phan ng the electrophin ien hnh SE
Ar - H + HNO3 Ar- NO2 + H2O
Phan ng khong thuan nghch. Tac nhan thng dung la hon hp nitro
hoa cua acid nitric va sunfuric. Thanh phan t le phu thuoc vao cau tao hp
chat b nitro hoa. Thng dung acid nitric ac vi acid sulfuric 95,6% hoac
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- 33 -
vi oleum co nong o SO3 cao hn 10-20%. Tac nhan nitro hoa la cation
+
N O2 + H3O+ + 2HSO 4
Pha loang hon hp nitro hoa vi nc, nong o cua ion nitronium giam
do s phan ly cua acid sulfuric tao thanh hidrozonium va ion bisunfat
H3O+ + HSO 4
H2SO4 + H2O
Phan ng nitro hoa la phan ng phat nhiet, nen phai lam lanh tot phan
ng, chu y ti toc o cho hon hp nitro hoa vao phan ng e thng gi
nhiet o 65-70oC.
Phan ng thng xay ra tren be mat hai tng nen phai khuay manh.
Vi cac ong ang hay dan xuat cua benzen, phan ng nitro hoa xay ra
theo qui tac the, hng nitro hoa va hieu suat phan ng phu thuoc vao ban
chat nhom nh hng.
Muon ieu che 2,4,6- trinitrophenol (acid picric), khong the dung trc
tiep acid nitric ac v acid nitric oxi hoa phenol va cho hieu suat thap. ieu
che acid picric bang hai giai oan : tac dung phenol vi acid sulfuric ac tao
thanh 2,4-phenoldisulfoacid ben vi tac nhan oxihoa, sau o, tac dung vi
hon hp nitro hoa khi un nong, hai nhom sulfo b the bang nhom nitro va
ong thi nhom nitro th ba tham gia vao nhan
NO2
SO3H
OH H2SO4
HO3S
OH
HNO3 + H2SO4 O N
2
OH
NO2
Cung khong dung acid nitric hay hon hp nitro hoa e ieu che dan xuat ova p-nitroanilin, v cac amin thm de b oxyhoa va san pham oxi hoa o
thng b ngng tu thanh nha.
Khi nitro hoa bang hon hp nitro hoa co d acid sulfuric thu c mnitroanilin v amin tao thanh muoi trong moi trng acid, nhom amoni nh
hng vao v tr meta. Muon ieu che o- va p-nitroanilin can phai bao ve
nhom amin bang phan ng axyl hoa
Ar-NH2 + RCOCl Ar-NH-COR + HCl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 34 -
Cac amin a axyl hoa de tac dung vi hon hp nitro hoa nhiet o thap
3-5 C
o
NO2
NHCOR HNO3 + H2SO4
O2N
NHCOR +
92%
NHCOR
8%
NO2
Phan ng chnh
C6H6
HNO3
H SO
2
4
C6H5-NO2
H2O
Hoa chat
Benzen 11,7 gam hay 13,5 ml ( 0,15 mol ) ; axit nitric ( d = 1,4) 21 gam
hay 15 ml (0,21 mol) ; axit sunfuaric (d = 1,84) 35,9 gam hay 19,5 ml ; dung
dch natri cacbonat.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 19,5 ml axit sunfuaric vao bnh cau ay tron (1) khoang 200 ml, lam
lanh bnh va lac, sau o cho them t t 15ml axit nitric ac ong thi lac va
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- 35 -
lam lanh en nhiet o phong. Lap ong sinh han hoi lu, cho tiep tng phan
1 - 2 ml cua 13,5 ml benzen qua ong sinh han. Toc o cho benzen vao bnh
sao cho khong co kh NO2 bay ra va gi nhiet o khong qua 50oC (2), ong
thi lac lien tuc.
Sau khi cho het benzen, tiep tuc un nong bnh phan ng tren bep cach
thuy trong 30-45 phut va tiep tuc lac. Sau o lam lanh hon hp phan ng va
o qua pheu chiet. Tach lay lp nitrobenzen tren. Ra nitrobenzen bang
nc roi bang dung dch natricacbonat(3) cho ti khi ngng tach ra kh CO2.
Tach lay nitrobenzen vao bnh kho, lam kho bang CaCl2 (4). Chng cat lay
nitrobenzen bang bnh Wurtz tren cach thuy e loai benzen roi thu lay
nitrobenzen 207-211oC bang ngon la en con (5). Hieu suat 15 gam
(80% so vi ly thuyet).
Ghi chu
1) Tot hn la dung bnh cau ba co, co lap ua khuay, pheu nho giot.
2) Hon hp la d the nen phai lac hay khuay manh e tao nhu tng bao am s
tiep xuc tot gia cac tac nhan. Phai gi 50oC v nhiet o cao se tang san pham
dinitrobenzen.
3) Ra nc e loai acid. Khong nen lac manh e e phong tao nhu tng ben, neu
tao nhu tng th them vai giot ru etylic.
3) Neu co lp nc cua calci clorua tan th gan lay nitrobenzen va lam kho lai
bang CaCl2 khan. e xuc tien qua trnh lam kho, lap ong sinh han khong kh vao
bnh va un nong cach thuy trong 30 phut cho ti khi chat lonh trong suot.
4) Nitrobenzen la chat long dau, mau vang nhat, tan trong ru etylic,
benzen, ete, rat t tan trong nc, tnc= 5,7oC, ts= 210,9oC, d 20
4 =1,5526.
TH NGHIEM 5
O2N
NHCOCH3
Phan ng chnh
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C6H5 - NHCOCH3
- 36 -
HNO3 - H2SO4
- H2O
Hoa chat
Axetanilit 13,5g (0,1 mol) ; acid nitric (d=1,4) 8ml ; acid sunfuric
(d=1,84) 35ml.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 13,5g acetanilit nghien nho va 30 ml acid sulfuric vao coc c 500ml
. Khuay hon hp cho ti khi thu c dung dch trong suot ong thi lam
lanh coc e cho nhiet o khong cao hn 25oC. Lam lanh hon hp bang nc
a va muoi en 0-2oC (2), them t t hon hp nitro hoa cua 8ml acid nitric
ac va 5ml acid sunfuric. Nhiet o trong suot thi gian nitro hoa khong qua
2-3oC.
(1)
Sau khi cho het acid nitric, lay coc ra khoi hon hp sinh han va e yen
trong 2 gi nhiet o phong va thnh thoang khuay. Sau o rot tng dong
hon hp vao bnh cha nc co a nghien nho (lng nc va nc a gap
10 lan hon hp ). Sau 30 phut, loc lay ket tua tren pheu Buchner, ra bang
mot lng nho nc lanh tren giay loc e loai acid vo c.
Chuyen chat vao coc cha 40ml nc va them Na2CO3 cho en phan
ng kiem, un en soi e thuy phan o-nitroacetanilit. Lam lanh en 50oC,
ket tua p-nitroacetanilit tren pheu Buchner, ra ky bang nc, ep chat tren
pheu roi lam kho trong khong kh. Tinh che lai bang ru etylic, xac nh
nhiet o nong chay. Hieu suat 16g (88% so vi ly thuyet ) (3).
Ghi chu
1) Co the lap ua khuay va cam nhiet ke vao ay coc
2) e tranh thuy phan acetanilit va tranh tang san pham phu octo.
3) p-nitroacetanilit la chat ket tinh, t tan trong nc, tan tot trong ru
etylic, tnc = 207oC
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- 37 -
Cac tac nhan thng dung la acid sunfuric vi nong o khac nhau,
oleum, anhidrit sunfur va oxi, anhidrit sunfur va clo, acid
closunfonic,v.v...
Cac hidrocacbon loai parafin ben vi acid sunfuric nhiet o thng.
Nhng hydrocacbon co so cacbon t 6-8 b sunfo hoa trc tiep bang oleum
nhiet o soi, t 8-18 cacbon bang oleum trong etyl acetat. Song
hydrocacbon loai parafin b sunfo hoa de dang bang anhydrit sunfur vi
oxy hoac vi clo khi co anh sang.
Mot ac tnh giup phan biet hidrocacbon nhan thm va hydrocacbon loai
parafin la s sunfo hoa de dang cac hidrocacbon nhan thm vi H2SO4.
Cac hidrocacbon nhan thm a vong (antracen, phenantren...) c
sunfo hoa rat de dang, naphtalen c sunfo hoa kho hn con benzen kho
hn na.
Phan ng sunfo hoa vi acid sunfuric co tnh thuan nghch :
ArH + HOSO3H
Ar-SO3H + H2O
e ngan nga phan ng thuy phan, phai dung d axit sunfuric t 2-5 lan
u e lien ket vi nc tach ra va am bao nong o tach nhan sunfo hoa
khong thap hn 100%. Nhng cach o thng lam kho khan cho viec tach
sunfoaxit, nen tot nhat la loai nc khoi hon hp phan ng bang phng
phap chng cat ang ph ( trong trng hp nay, dung d benzen ).
Sunfo hoa benzen, ieu kien thng, dung oleum cha 5-8% SO3 hoac
80-100oC bang axit sunfuric 95% lay d 2-3 lan.
Sunfo hoa phenol bang axit sunfuric loang lanh cho o-phenolsunfoaxit,
100oC cho p-phenolsunfoacid. ay, nhiet o khong ch xuc tien phan
ng, gay ra nhng san pham phu nh polisunfoacid, sunfon, phan ng ngng
tu va oxy hoa,...ma con gay ra hien tng ong phan hoa cac sunfoacid.
Chang han, neu un nong o-phenolsunfoacid 100oC tren bep cach thuy th
se chuyen thanh p-phenolsunfo acid.
OH
HO3S
lanh
un
100oC
HO3S
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OH
- 38 -
Anilin tao muoi vi acid sunfuric loang (anilin sunfat) ma khi un nong
180oC tao thanh p-aminobenzensunfoacid.
o
+
- 180C
.
C6H5 - NH3 OSO3H
HO3S
NH2 + H2O
H2SO 4
H SO + SO3
C6H5 - SO3H 2 4
80 oC
SO3H
SO3H
SO3H
H2SO4
160 oC
H2SO4
o
80 C
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- 39 -
SO3Na
Phan ng chnh
SO 3 H
HOSO 3 H
SO 3 H
H2 O
SO 3 Na + HCl
NaCl
Phan ng phu
HO 3 S
+
2 HO SO 3 H
SO 3 H
SO 3 H
SO 2
+ 2 H2O
H2O
Hoa chat
Benzen 5 ml ; axit sunfuric ac co khoi 10 ml ; ru etylic ; dung dch
NaCl bao hoa.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 10 ml axit sunfuric ac vao bnh cau 100 ml, lam lanh bang nc,
cho them can than tng lng nho cua 5 ml benzen. Moi lan cho them
benzen, can lac sao cho benzen hoa tan het roi mi cho phan khac. Neu
phan ng qua manh th phai lam lanh bang nc a. Sau khi cho het benzen,
lac tiep cho phan ng ket thuc, lam lanh hon hp roi o tng phan mot vao
coc cha dung dch NaCl bao hoa ( chuan b trc dung dch gom 10 gam
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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- 40 -
NaCl trong 35-40ml nc trong coc va lam lanh bang nc a ). Sau mot
thi gian lam lanh, dung ua thuy tinh co nhe xat vao thanh bnh se tach ra
muoi natri cua benzensunfoaxit dang ket tua ac. Loc bang pheu s, ra
bang mot lng nho dung dch bao hoa NaCl, ep chat, lam kho trong khong
kh roi trong tu say 110oC.
Hieu suat 9 - 10 gam.
Ghi chu
Muoi natri benzensunfonat co lan mot t NaCl, can tinh che lai bang
ru etylic theo phng phap thong thng. Natri benzen sunfonat la chat
ket tinh khong mau. axit khan co tnc = 171-172oC.
TH NGHIEM 7
H3C
SO3H
Phan ng chnh
H3C
HOSO3H
SO3H + H2O
H3C
Phan ng phu
HO3S
H3C
HOSO3H
H3C
+ H2O
SO3H
H3C
HOSO3H
H3C
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+ H2O
- 41 -
HO3S
H3C
HOSO3H
H3C
SO3H + H2O
Hoa chat
Toluen 30 ml; axit sunfuric (d = 1,84 ) 5 ml ( 0,09 mol).
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao bnh cau ay tron 30 ml toluen (1) va 5 ml axit sunfuric ac, lap
ong noi tach nc cha ay toluen ( hay dung he cat thuy phan ) va ong
sinh han hoi lu. un soi hon hp trong 5 gi tren bep cach dau 160oC,
nc tach ra se ngng tu qua ong sinh han chay xuong ong noi tach nc,
con toluen noi len tren lai chay tr lai bnh phan ng. Sau 5 gi thu c
khoang 2,5 ml nc.
Sau khi phan ng ket thuc, lam lanh hon hp phan ng roi then vao bnh
2,5 ml nc. p-tuluensunfoaxit se ket tinh dang hirat. Loc lay ket tua tren
pheu thuy tinh xop, ep ky bang nut thuy tinh. Tinh che lai bang cach hoa tan
hidrat p-toluensunfoaxit vao mot lng nc nong (15ml), them than hoat
tnh, un soi, loc nong. Lam lanh nc loc bang nc a va cho suc kh HCl
vao hon hp. Loc lay ket tua, ra bang mot lng nho axit HCl ac, lanh.
Lam nh vay hai lan. Hidrat p-toluensunfoaxit c lam kho trong bnh lam
kho tren NaOH cho en khi khong thay co phan ng cua axit HCl vi
AgNO3.
Hieu suat p-toluensunfoaxit la 6 gam (2) ( 39% so vi ly thuyet tnh theo
axit sunfuric ).
Ghichu
1) e ieu che c p-toluensunfoaxit ket tinh, e at hieu suat cao can lay d
toluen va nc phai c tach ra khoi moi trng phan ng.
2) p-toluensunfoaxit ket tinh vi mot phan t nc p-CH3C6H4SO3H.H2O co tinh
the hnh khoi khong mau, nong chay 104-105oC. e xac nh cac tnh chat cua ptoluensunfoaxit, phai chuyen axit thanh muoi vi kiem hu c, chang han vi ptoludin. Cho dung dch 0,5 g p-toludin vao dung dch 1 gam p-toluensunfoaxit un
nong cho tan hoan toan roi lai lam lanh bang nc a, loc lay ket tua muoi ptoluensunfoaxit va p-toludin co nhiet o nong chay la 190oC. Co the tinh che lai
muoi nay bang nc nong.
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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- 42 -
th nghiem 8
SO3H
Phan ng chnh
+
H2N
NH2 . H2SO4
HOSO3H
NH2 . H2SO4
180-190oC
H2N
SO3H
Phan ng phu
SO3H
H2N
HOSO3H
NH2
+ H2O
Hoa chat
Anilin mi chng cat lai 9,3 gam hay 9 ml ( 0,1 mol ); axit sunfuric
(d = 1,84) 16,3 ml (0,3 mol); NaOH 4 gam ; axit HCl (dung dch 2N) ; than
hoat tnh.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 9,3 gam anilin vao bnh cau ay tron c 100ml (1) lac, cho them t
t 16,5 ml axit sunfuric ac. un nong hon hp tren bep cach dau nhiet o
180-190oC ( nhiet ke cam trong bep cach dau ) cho ti khi lay mau th vi
dung dch kiem ma khong thay tach ra anilin, thng sau 2-3gi (2). Lam
lanh hon hp phan ng, o vao coc cha mot t nc lanh va khuay. Loc lay
tinh the tach ra, ra bang mot t nc. Ket tinh lai axit sunfanilic(3) bang
nc nong, neu dung dch co mau th un vi than hoat tnh e lam mat mau
dung dch. Loc lay axit, ra bang nc. Axit thu c co tinh the hnh vay
sang vi thanh phan p-H2NC6H4SO3H.2H2O. Khi lam kho, nc ket tinh mat
i. Hieu suat 10-12 gam (60-70% so vi ly thuyet ).
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 43 -
Ghi chu
1) Co the cho tac nhan vao bat s e tao thanh muoi sunfat cua anilin roi un nong
170-180oC se tao thanh axit sunfanilic kho va tinh che lai nh tren.
2) Anilinsunfat tan trong kiem. Phan ng cha ket thuc neu thay anilin tach ra t
anilinsunfat cha phan ng t tan trong kiem lam uc dung dch. Th bang cach
cho mau vao ong nghiem cha nc lanh roi them dan kiem.
3) Axit sunfanilic la chat ket tinh khong mau, kho tan trong ru etylic, eter, nc,
100oC mat nc ket tinh va 280oC th phan tch, khong nong chay.
AlCl3
C6H5 - R + HX
Vai tro cua AlCl3 la lam phan cc hoa lien ket C-X tao nen ion cacboni tan
cong vao nhan benzen theo c che SE :
+
R- X + AlCl3 R ... X ... AlCl3 R ( AlCl3X)S phan cc hoa phu thuoc vao cau truc goc ankyl ( bac mot, hai, ba), dan
xuat bac ba co the phan li hoan toan thanh ion cacboni.
Tac nhan ankyl hoa la anken va ancol khi co mat acid vo c tao thanh
cation cacboni tan cong vao nhan thm cung theo c che SE.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 44 -
Phan ng Friedel - Craffs dung trong phong th nghiem co phan han che
v phan ng thng tao thanh mot hon hp san pham do nhng nguyen nhan
sau ay :
- Hp chat tao thanh a ankyl hoa co tnh nucleophin cao hn chat ban
au, tham gia phan ng vi tac nhan ankyl hoa de hn chat ban au, do o
thng thu c hon hp san pham the : mono, di,...poli-ankyl. Muon thu
c san pham mono th phai dung d nhieu hidrocacbon ban au.
- Phan ng ankyl hoa co s ong phan hoa mach cacbon cua tac nhan
ankyl hoa, cu the la s ong phan hoa cua cacbocation tao thanh do co
khuynh hng chuyen t cation bac mot thanh bac hai va ba ben vng hn.
S ong phan hoa nay co the tranh c bang cach thc hien phan ng
nhiet o thap hn 0oC.
- Phan ng ankyl hoa la phan ng thuan nghch, nen kho tuan theo quy
tac hng mot cach chat che, nhiet o khong cao luon luon thu c hon
hp tat ca cac ong phan, nhiet o cao, u tien tao thanh san pham ben ve
nhiet ong hoc hn. Mat khac, tnh thuan nghch cung gay ra phan ng
chuyen v nhom ankyl.
2. Ankyl hoa ancol va phenol
Phan ng nay dung e ieu che cac loai ete khac nhau : oi xng,
khong oi xng, ete thm beo,... trong o, hidro cua nhom hydroxyl cua
ancol b the bi mot nhom ankyl.
Tac nhan ankyl hoa ancol thng dung la dan xuat halogen R-X (X =
I,Br, Cl). Cac dan xuat halogen tac dung vi cac ancolat hay phenolat e
tao thanh ete theo c che nucleophin SN
R-ONa + RI R-O-R +NaI
Ar-O-Na + RI Ar-O-R + NaI
Phan ng ieu che ete thm xay ra kho khan hn, oi hoi ieu kien cao
nen thng dung tac nhan diankyl sunfat. Cho hoa tan phenol vao dung dch
kiem nc roi them mot lng d diankylsunfat, ong thi khuay hay lac.
Trong a so trng hp, san pham tach ra dang dau hay ket tua. Neu phan
ng xay ra lanh hay nhiet o thap th ch mot nhom ankyl cua diankyl
sunfat tham gia vao phan ng
2C6H5-OH
2NaOH
-2 H2O
2C6H5-ONa
+(CH3)2SO4
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 45 -
S tao thanh ete bang cach loai nc gia hai phan t ancol xay ra khi
co xuc tac acid xay ra theo c che the nucleophin SN. Chang han ieu che
ete dibutylic vi xuc tac acid sunfuric
+
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH H
+
+
CH3CH2CH2CH2 - O H CH3CH2CH2CH2OH C4H9 O C4H9
H
H
+
CH3CH2CH2CH2 O CH2CH2CH2CH3 + H
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 46 -
Phng phap ankyl hoa xuc tac la cho hi anilin va ancol i qua chat
xuc tac nh Al2O3 hoac ThO2, SiO2 300 - 320oC se thu c dimetylanilin
vi hieu suat 95%.
S ankyl hoa cac amin thm va beo xay ra vi hieu suat cao ( thng
cho hn 92%) khi un chung vi nhom ancolat trong bnh kn 275-350oC
3C6H5NH2 + (C2H5O)3Al 3C6H5NHC2H5 + Al(OH)3
TH NGHIEM 9
CH CH2 CH3
CH3
Phan ng chnh
C6H6 + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
H2SO4
Phan ng phu
C6H6 + H2SO4 C6H5-SO3H + H2O
Hoa chat
Benzen 15g hay 17 ml (0,37 mol) ; ancol butylic 6g hay 7ml (0,15mol) ;
acid sunfuric 85% 38ml.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 38ml acid sunfuric 85%(1) vao bnh cau ba co ay tron 250ml co lap
ong sinh han hoi lu, pheu nho giot va ua khuay roi at tren bep cach
thuy, un nong 70-80oC (2).
Sau o cho t t hon hp 17ml benzen va 7ml ancol butylic vao bnh
qua pheu nho giot trong mot gi,ong thi khuay manh (3). Sau khi cho het
hon hp, tiep tuc khuay trong 4 gi nhiet o tren. Sau khi phan ng ket
thuc, o hon hp phan ng vao pheu chiet, tach lay lp hidrocacbon tren
roi ra hai lan bang nc, lam kho bang CaCl2 va chng cat phan oan thu
lay sec-butylbenzen nhiet o 170-172oC (4).
Hieu suat 6g (40-45% so vi ly thuyet )(5).
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 47 -
Ghi chu
1- Can phai gi ung nong o cua acid vo c v anh hng ti hieu suat.
2- Can phai gi nhiet o 70-80oC trong suot qua trnh phan ng v 55oC phan
ng xay ra cham, 95oC bat au co san pham sunfo hoa.
3- Phai khuay manh hay lac manh e acid va benzen tron lan vao nhau, khong tach
thanh hai lp.
TH NGHIEM 10
2
4
2(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH
(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OCH2CH2CH(CH3)2+
H2O
Phan ng phu
H SO
2
4
Hoa chat
isoamylic ancol 50 gam(62 ml); axit sunfuric (d=1,84) 2ml K2CO3
Cach thc hien
Cho 62 ml ancol isoamylic a tinh che va 2ml axit sunfuric ac vao bnh
cau 250ml. un soi nhe hon hp nay trong nhieu gi cho en khi thu c 4
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 48 -
ml nc trong bnh tach nc (hnh 23). Phan cha trong bnh c lam
nguoi en 100oC va em chng cat loi cuon hi nc. Tien hanh chng cat
cho en khi khong con nhng giot dau ngng tu qua phan cat. Phan cat c
chuyen vao pheu chiet e tach eter ra khoi nc, cho lp eter vao bnh kho
va lam khan bang mot t K2CO3 nung.
TH NGHIEM 11
OCH3
Phan ng chnh
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 49 -
OH
H2SO4
+
CH3OH
OCH3
+
H2O
Hoa chat
-Naphtol 25 gam, ru metylic 38 ml, axit sunfuric (d = 1,84 ) 5,5 ml,
dung dch NaOH 5% 90ml.
Cach thc hien
Cho vao bnh cau 100ml 25 gam -Naphtol va 38 ml ru metylic. Lac
ky bnh cho en khi phan lp -Naphtol hoa tan, sau o o them vao 5,5ml
axit sunfuric ac ( hon hp phat nhiet manh). un cach thuy trong 3-4 gi.
Sau khi un rot dung dch am vao bnh tam giac 250ml co cha 90ml dung
dch NaOH 5% a un nong len 50oC. Trong trng hp nay Nerolin lang
xuong di dang dau en va c khuay manh e tron lan vi dung dch
kiem cho en khi hoa ran hoan toan (e ngan nerolin hoa ran ngay lap tc,
can phai un nong dung dch kiem trong khi rot hon hp phan ng vao va
phai un cach thuy bnh tam giac).
Chat ket tua co mau vang nau, c loc tren pheu Buchner va x ly lan
na vi mot lng dung dch NaOH bang vi lan au. Nerolin c lay ra
em ra vi nc cho en khi th giay qu khong co phan ng kiem va lam
kho nhiet o khong qua 50oC.
San pham khan c chng cat vi hi qua nhiet en 150oC. Khi can, co
the tinh che san pham bang cach ket tinh lai trong ru, hoac chng cat di
ap suat thap( tS = 140oC 12mmHg)
Hieu suat -Naphtyl metyl eter khoang 2 gam. tnc = 37,5 oC, ts = 282oC.
Th nghiem 12
ieu che anisol
OCH3
Phan ng chnh
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
OH
- 50 -
ONa + (CH3O)2SO 2
OH
ONa
OCH3
H2O
OCH3
NaOH
ONa + (CH3O)2SO 2
ONa
NaOH
Na2SO4
H2O
Na2SO4
Hoa chat
2) anisol la chat long khong mau co mui thm, nhiet o soi 155oC. d =
0.994.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 51 -
hidro
cua
C 6H 6 +
3
R-COX
C6H5 -CO-R
HX
Phan ng dung e ieu che cac xeton thm co cau truc khac nhau ma
khong co phan ng chuyen v va ch thu c san pham ong nhat
monoaxyl v nhom cacbonyl lam b ong hoa nhan thm.
Tac nhan axyl hoa thng dung la cac halogen anhidrit R-COX (X la
clo, brom...) cac anhidrit axit RCOOCOR cua axit beo va thm, oi khi dung
phot gen va axit cacboxylic.
Xuc tac la nhomclorua, oi khi dung ZnCl2, H2SO4. Vi cac tac nhan
axyl hoa manh.
Phan ng axyl hoa bang cloranhidrit vi xuc tac nhom clorua cho ket
qua tot nhat. Vai tro xuc tac la phan cc hoa lien ket C-X tao thanh cation
axyli tan cong vao nhan benzen
+
RCOCl
AlCl3
R C Cl AlCl3
RCO.AlCl4
O
+
C R
RCO
+ H
COR +
AlCl3
AlCl3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 52 -
V the khi axyl hoa bang cloranhidrit can dung hn 1mol xuc tac cho
mot mol cloranhidrit (khac vi phan ng ankyl hoa ). Khi dung anhidrit acid
th phai dung hn 2mol AlCl3 cho 1mol xeton tao thanh v nhom clorua
khong ch tao phc vi xeton ma ca vi acid cacboxylic giai phong ra trong
phan ng
C6H6 + ( RCO)2O C6H5-COR + RCOOH
RCOOH + AlCl3 ( RCOO.AlCl3)- H+
Phan ng axyl hoa thng c tien hanh trong dung dch co d tac
nhan axyl hoa. Dung moi thng dung la hidrocacbon thm, nitrobenzen,
eter dau hoa khan. Phan ng axyl hoa phat nhiet do o can phai khong che
nhiet o khi cho cloranhidrit hay anhidrit vao phan ng.
2. Axyl hoa ancol va phenol
Phan ng axyl hoa ancol va phenol quan trong nhat la phan ng este
hoa
ROH + RCOOH
RCOOR + H2O
Phan ng thuan nghch, toc o este hoa va thuy phan este bang nhau khi
thiet lap c can bang ong hoc, o, ch co khoang 2/3 acid va ancol
phan ng tao thanh este va nc. e tang hieu suat cua este, thay oi trang
thai can bang, can tang nong o cua ancol (hay acid) hoac bang cach loai
mot trong hai san pham ra khoi hon hp phan ng (thng loai chat nao co
iem soi thap hn )hoac bang cach chng cat ang ph.
nhiet o thng, t le ng lng ancol va acid, phan ng at can
bang trong 16 nam, tang nhiet o len 110oC, can bang at sau 10 ngay,
155oC sau vai gi. Thng phan ng c xuc tien bang ion hidro do s
phan li cua acid vo c, thng dung acid sunfuric. Toc o phan ng tang khi
tang nong o cua chat xuc tac, thng ch can 0,01% acid sunfuric la u e
tao thanh este. Xuc tac lam tang toc o phan ng nhng khong lam chuyen
dch can bang. Ngoai lng nho acid lam xuc tac, con a them mot lng
ln acid vao phan ng e hap thu nc nen lng acid thng lay bang 510% so vi lng ancol. Neu dung qua d se lam giam hieu suat phan ng
do tng tac acid vi ancol.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 53 -
Phan ng este hoa chu anh hng ln en hieu ng khong gian. Khi
tang the tch cua goc hidrocacbon trong acid cung nh trong ancol, toc o
phan ng este hoa giam. Este cua ancol bac mot cho hieu suat cao nhat, cua
ancol bac hai ch 40%, ancol bac ba ch 3%.
So goc va the tch cua goc hidrocacbon v tr trong acid beo va v
tr octo trong acid thm cang ln th toc o va hieu suat este hoa cang giam.
Phan ng este hoa co the thc hien trong tng kh tren xuc tac ran.
Cho hi ancol va acid 280 - 300oC i qua ong co xuc tac ThO2 hay TiO2 thu
c este vi hieu suat cao nh trong trng hp phan ng ong the.
Cloranhidrit va anhidrit acid la tac nhan axyl hoa manh hn acid
R-C-Cl > R-C-O-C-R > R-C-OH > R-C-OR'
O
O
O O
O
NH
CO
CH3
Phan ng chnh
C6H5-NH2 +
(CH3CO)2O
C6H5-NH-CO-CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+ CH3COOH
- 54 -
Hoa chat
anilin 4,5 ml ; anhidrit axetic 6 ml.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 4,5 ml anilin va 20 ml nc cat vao bnh cau ay tron hay bnh non
c 100 ml. Lac manh va them 6 ml anhidrit axetic(1), noi ong sinh han khong
kh hoi lu, un cach thuy trong vong 10 en 15 phut 80oC e hoan thanh
phan ng. Hon hp tr thanh trong suot khong mau (2).
Khi phan ng ket thuc, lam lanh bnh trong khong kh roi trong nc a,
tinh the axetanilit se tach ra, loc tren pheu Buchner, ra bang nc lanh,
lam kho trong khong kh.
Tinh che lai bang nc(3). Hieu suat 5,5 gam ( 82% so vi ly thuyet ).
Ghi chu
1) Co the thc hien trong moi trng acid clohidric va sau phan ng trung hoa
bang dung dch natri axetat. Co the dung axetyl clorua hay acid axetic vi mot t
bot kem.
2) Trong khi phan ng hay khi tinh che hon hp co mau th cho them than hoat tnh
e kh mau.
3) Axetanilit la chat ket tinh trang, tan tot trong eter, ru etylic, cloroform,
t tan trong nc. tnc = 114oC, ts = 305oC.
Th nghiem 14
COOCH3
OH
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 55 -
Phan ng chnh
COOH
COOCH3
OH
OH
+
CH3OH
H2SO4
H2O
Hoa chat
Axit salixilic 6 gam, ru metylic 20 ml, axit sunfuric ( d = 1,84 ) 3 ml,
Na2CO3, Na2SO4 1 gam.
Cach thc hien
Hoa tan 6 gam axit salixilic vi 20 ml CH3OH trong bnh 250ml. o
dung dch tren vao bnh cau ay tron 250 ml. Can than them vao o 3 ml
axit sunfuric ac. un hoi lu trong vong 1-2 gi. Lap lai dung cu cat va un
cach thuy cho en khi cat het metanol ( tS cua metanol la 64oC) lam nguoi
di voi nc.
o hon hp con lai trong bnh cau vao mot pheu chiet a cha san 25
ml nc. Lac manh roi e yen. Lay lp ester di vao coc 100ml va bo
lp nc tren. Ra ester vi 5 ml nc, roi vi dung dch bao hoa Na2CO3
cho en khi het axit t do. Ra lp ester mot lan na vi 50ml nc.
Lay lp ester vao coc 100ml, roi them Na2SO4 khan. un cach thuy,
hon hp chuyen t uc sang trong. Gan lay lp ester metyl salixilat, o the
tch ester tong hp c va cho vao chai thu hoi.
Th nghiem 15
ieu che axit axetyl salixilic (aspirin)
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 56 -
COOH
OCOCH3
Phan ng chnh
COOH
COOH
OH
+
(CH3CO)2O
OCOCH3
H2SO4
CH3COOH
Hoa chat
Axit salixilic 12,5 gam ; anhidrit axetic 10,2 gam hay 10ml ; axit sunfuric
(d = 1,84 ) 0,5 ml ; toluen.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao bnh cau ay tron 12,5 gam axit salixilic, 10 ml anhidrit axetic
( than trong v anhidrit de chay va an da) va 0,5 ml axit sunfuric ac. un
cach thuy hon hp 60oC trong 1 gi. Sau o nang nhiet o len 90-95oC va
gi hon hp phan ng nhiet o nay trong 20 phut. Va khuay va lam
lanh hon hp. Sau khi hon hp e nguoi lai, o chat long vao 20 ml nc va
khuay. Loc hut aspirin tao thanh tren pheu Buchner va ra vi mot t
toluen lanh, Hieu suat aspirin khoang 16 gam.
e tinh che aspirin, co the ket tinh lai trong axit axetic( 1 :1 ), hoac
benzen, cloroform hay ancol etylic.
Th nghiem 16
ieu che axetat -naphtyl ester
OCOCH3
Phan ng chnh
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 57 -
OH
+
ONa
+ H2O
NaOH
ONa
OCOCH3
+
(CH3CO)2O
+ CH3COONa
Hoa chat
-naphtol 10 gam, anhidrit axetic 11,4 gam hay 10,5 ml ; NaOH 5gam; nc
a.
Cach tien hanh
Hoa tan 10 gam -naphtol tinh khiet vao 50 ml dung dch NaOH 10%
trong bnh cau ay tron 500ml.
Them 125 gam a vun va 10,5 ml anhidrit axetic vao dung dch. Lac
bnh cau trong vong 15-20 phut. Loc axetat -naphtyl ket tua tren pheu
Buchner, ra vi nc va say kho trong khong kh. Hieu suat axetat naphtyl khoang 13 gam. e tinh che axetat -naphtyl, ket tinh lai trong ru
etylic loang.
Axetat -naphtyl la chat ran khong mau, tnc = 71oC, hoa tan tot trong
eter va cloroform.
Th nghiem 17
Phan ng chnh
+ (CH3CO)2O
AlCl3
C CH3 + CH3COOH
O
Phan ng phu
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 58 -
C CH3
C CH
CH3
CO
+ H2O
Hoa chat
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 59 -
4) Acetophenon la chat long khong mau co khi hi vang, t tan trong nc,
tan trong ru etylic, eter, ts=202,3oC, tnc= 22oC, d= 1, 0281
Phan ng the trc tiep hidro thc hien c cac hp chat thm vi cac
tac nhan hydroxylamin, natriamidua. Cac tac nhan nay ong vai tro cua mot
tac nhan nucleophin nen phan ng trc tiep vi benzen rat kho khan, phan
ng xay ra khi trong nhan benzen a co nhng nhom the hut ien t manh
nh NO2, -SO3H lam de dang cho s tan cong nucleophin.
Chang han, trinitrobenzen phan ng vi hydroxylamin khong can xuc
tac va lanh
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 60 -
NH2
O2N
NO2
O2N
+ NH2OH
NO2
lanh
C2H5OH
NO2
+ H2O
NO2
Phan ng cua piridin vi amidua kim loai kiem trong dung moi toluen,
xylen hay dung moi tr khac 110oC tao thanh 2-aminopiridin
+ NaNH2
- H2
H2O
NHNa -NaOH
NH2
NH
RX + NH 3 RN H 3 X 3 RNH 2 + NH 4 X
+
NH
RX + RNH 2 R 2 N H 2 X 3 R 2 NH + NH 4 X
+
NH
RX + R 2 NH R 3 N HX 3 R 3 N + NH 4 X
+
RX + R 3 N R 4 N X
Khi tien hanh phan ng co d amoniac thu c amin bac mot. Khi co
d dan xuat halogen thu c amin bac ba va muoi amoni bac bon la chat
phu, khi chng cat muoi nay phan tch thanh amin bac ba.
Halogen cua aryl halogenua ch b the bi nhom amino khi co xuc tac,
thng dung muoi ong vi d dung dch amoniac ac 200-300oC va ap
suat cao 60-100 atm.
C6H5Cl
NH4Cl
Phng phap quan trong trong phong th nghiem ieu che amin bac mot
la phan ng Gabriel t RX va kaliphtalimit.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 61 O
C
NK
RCl
- KCl
NR
OH
O
+ RNH2
OH
2 H2O
+ NH / H+
3
ROH R O H 2 R +
RNH 2
H2 O
Phan ng tien hanh trong noi hap khi un nong hon hp chat ban au
vi mot lng nho axit sunfuric hay axit clohydric.
Cung co the cho hon hp hi ancol va amoniac i qua xuc tac loai nc
nh Al2O3 hay ThO2 nhiet o 300oC, thu c hon hp amin.
C2H5OH +
NH3
C2H5NH2
H2O
2C2H5OH +
NH3
(C2H5 )2NH +
2H2O
3C2H5OH +
NH3
(C2H5 )3N
3H2O
Co the tach hon hp amin bang chng cat, nhng noi chung rat kho
khan, thng tach biet bang dung moi. Cho hon hp tac dung vi ru etylic
tuyet oi e loai NH4Cl khong tan, nc loc con hon hp clohydrat cua
amin, cho bay hi en kho, roi cho tac dung vi CHCl3 clohydrat cua amin
bac hai va ba tan con bac mot khong tan. Tach amin bac hai va ba bang axit
nitr.
Ngi ta cung dung arylsunfoclorua. Cho hon hp amin tac dung vi
dung dch KOH e loai NH4Cl roi tac dung vi p-toluensunfoclorua hay
hoac -naphtalensunfoclorua, trong o amin bac ba khong phan ng, con
amin bac hai va mot tao muoi. Chiet hon hp phan ng bang eter, muoi
amin bac hai con lai trong dung dch. X ly dung dch eter bang axit HCl,
tach amin bac ba dang muoi clohydrat trong dung dch, co roi x ly bang
kiem.Muoi cua amin bac mot con lai trong dung dch kiem c tach ra
bang axt hoa roi thuy phan muoi se thu c amin bac mot.
4. Chuyen hoa cac nhom cha nit thanh nhom amin.
Phan ng pho bien nhat la phan ng kh nhng hp chat cha nit lien
ket vi cacbon nh kh amit, nitrin, imin, izonitrin, oxim, hidrazo, nitro va
nitrozo thanh amin.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 62 -
4
RCONH 2
RCH 2 NH 2
Kh oxim bang hon hong natri hay nhom trong moi trng acid acetic
Na / Hg,CH COOH
3
RCH 2 CH = NOH
RCH 2 CH 2 NHOH RCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
Nitrin b kh thanh amin bang hidro mi sinh khi tac dung kem hay thiec vi
acid clohidric hay acid sunfuric, natri vi ancol khan tuyet oi (butylic hay
amylic), cung dung liti nhom hydrua
Na+ C H OH
4 9
RC N
RCH 2 NH 2
LiAlH
H O
4
2
(RCH 2 N) 2 AlLi
2RCH 2 NH 2
2RC N
Nhom nitro b kh thanh amin bang bot sat vi axit axetic khi un nong
hoac bang dung dch ac soi cua natrihydrosunfat hoac bang
litinhomhydrua.
RCH2NO2
2 RCH2NO2
3 H2
(Fe- CH3COOH)
3 LiAlH4
RCH2NH2
2H2O
(RCH2N)2AlLi + 2 LiAlO2 +
6 H2
4 H2O
2 RCH2NH2
LiOH
+ Al(OH)3
+ 2H2O
Thng lay mot lng axt nho hn tnh toan v trong qua trnh
sat(II)clorua tao thanh cung la chat kh, chuyen thanh sat (III) tach ra HCl
theo phng trnh.
Fe + 2HC FeCl + H2
2FeCl2+O + H2O 2FeCl2(OH)
6FeCl2(OH) + Fe + 2H2O 2Fe3O4 + FeCl2 + 10HCl
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- 63 -
Anilin tao thanh dang muoi, b phan tch bang kiem hay cacbonat roi
tach ra bang chng cat loi cuon hi nc.
+
C 6 H 5 N H 3 Cl + NaOH C 6 H 5 NH 2 + NaCl + H 2 O
Trong phan ng nay co tao thanh hai san pham trung gian :
Nitrozobenzen va phenylhidroxylamin.
2H
2H
2H
C 6 H 5 NO 2 C 6 H 5 N = O C 6 H 5 NH OH C 6 H 5 NH 2
Trong moi trng axit trc tiep thu c anilin, khong tach ra c cac
hp chat trung gian.
Trong moi trng trung tnh ( khi dung bot kem vi amoniclorua ) co the
tach c phenylhidroxylamin.
Trong moi trng kiem, nitrozobenzen va phenylhydroxylamin tng
tac vi nhau tao thanh azoxybenzen
+
C6H5 N NH C6H5
OH
- H2O
C6H5 N
C6H5
Neu dung chat kh yeu, natri metylat, phan ng dng lai giai oan nay va
tach ra c azoxybenzen, neu dung chat kh manh, bot kem trong kiem
tao thanh hidrazobenzen qua giai oan tao thanh azoxybenzen va
azobenzen
C6H5NO2
C6H5NO
C6H5 - N = N- C6H5
C6H5NHOH
C6H5-N= N- C6H5
C6H5 - N H- N H- C6H5
Phan ng kh bang thiec t dung trong cong nghiep, thng dung trong
phong th nghiem v co tac dung kh manh. Phng trnh kh
2C6H5-NO2
3Sn +
3SnCl4
12HCl
+
4H2O
2C6H5-NH2 +
Amin hoa bang phan ng chuyen v cac hp chat cha nit cung dung
e ieu che amin bac mot.
Cac amit cua acid phan ng vi brom hay clo trong moi trng kiem tao
thanh amin bac mot co so cacbon nho hn amit ban au la mot cacbon
RC - NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH
O
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- 64 -
TH NGHIEM 18
NH2
Phan ng chnh
C6H5NO2 +
C6H5NH2.HCl
3Fe
+
+
3FeCl2
NaOH
7HCl
C6H5NH2.HCl
+
2H2O
C6H5NH2
NaCl +
+
H 2O
Hoa chat
Nitrobenzen 12,4g hay 10,1ml ; acid clohydric (d=1,19) 90ml ; sat (vo
bao) 20g;NaOH; etylic ; CaCl2 ;KOH.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0,1ml nitrobenzen va 20g vo bao sat vao bnh cau co lap ong sinh
han hoi lu. Cho tng phan 1-2ml cua 90ml acid clohydric vao bnh phan
ng (1) ong thi lac bnh. Neu phan ng xay ra manh th lam lanh bnh bang
nc ; neu qua cham co the un nhe bnh. Sau khi cho het na lng acid,
co the cho nhanh hn moi lan 10-20ml. Sau o un nong bnh tren bep cach
thuy trong 30 phut va lac. Phan ng c coi nh ket thuc khi het mui
nitrobenzen va sat chuyen thanh oxit mau o gach. Sau o cho them 20ml
nc va tng phan nho dung dch 30g NaOH trong 40ml nc cho en khi
phan ng kiem theo giay qu.
Chng cat loi cuon hi nc lay anilin cho en khi nc cat ra tr thanh
hoan toan trong suot (2). Dung pheu chiet tach lay anilin.
Chiet lp nc bang eter ( moi lan 20ml), lam kho tat ca bang KOH ran.
Chng cat tren cach thuy thu lay eter roi chng cat bang ong sinh han khong
kh thu lay anilin nhiet o 182-185oC.
Hieu suat 7g ( 71% so vi ly thuyet) (3)
Ghi chu
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- 65 -
1) Dung lng d ln acid HCl e giam thi gian phan ng. Co the dung 10ml
acid vi 37ml nc vi lng chat au nh tren nhng cho sat, nc va acid un
soi trong 10 phut roi cho dan nitrobenzen. Co the cho 24g Sn va nitrobenzen vao
bnh roi cho dan acid clohidric vao sau
2) Khi chng cat co the them vao bnh hng NaCl e han che tnh tan cua
anilin.
3) Anilin la chat long khong mau hay vang nhat, sam lai khi tac dung vi anh
sang va khong kh, tan trong ru etylic, eter, t tan trong nc. ts=181,1oC, d=
1,0217
Th nghiem 19
+
+
HCl
4KOH CH3-NH2
2KBr +
2H2O
K2CO3
CH3NH2.HCl ( CH 3 N H 3 Cl )
Hoa chat
axetamit 15 gam, Brom 15 ml, KOH, axit clohidric, ru etylic tuyet oi.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 15 gam axetamit va 13ml Brom vao bnh cau, lac hon hp va lam
lanh trong nc lanh, cho them tng phan dung dch cua 25gam KOH trong
175ml nc cho en khi mau o sam chuyen thanh mau vang sang cua
bromaxetamit.
Lap ong sinh han hoi lu va pheu nho giot cha dung dch gom 40gam
KOH trong 75ml nc. Cho t t dung dch kiem o xuong bnh, xong un
nong hon hp tren bep cach thuy 70-75oC cho en khi mat mau thng 1530 phut(1).
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 66 -
Tach lay metylamin tao thanh bang cach chng cat loi cuon hi nc
vao bnh hng cha 30 ml axit clohidric ac trong 20 ml nc e tao thanh
muoi metylamin clohidrat. Chng cat cho en khi nc ngng trong bnh
hng khong con phan ng kiem. Chuyen chat thu c vao bat s, co tren
bep cach thuy cho en kho, sau o cho vao bnh lam kho trong 10-12gi
(trong bnh lam kho chan khong ) hay lam kho trong tu say 100oC cho kho
hoan toan.
Cho san pham vao ru etylic tuyet oi, un soi, loc loai amoniclorua,
co nc loc con lai en the tch nho, lam lanh nhanh se tach ra ket tua
metylamin clohidrat, loc tren pheu Buchner, ra bang t ru etylic va lam
kho trong bnh lam kho.
Hieu suat metylamin clohidrat 7-10 gam.
Muon thu c metylamin t do, cho 3gam metylamin clohidrat vao
bnh Wurtz, lap pheu nho giot, ong noi va ong sinh han xuoi. Cho them t
pheu nho giot 35ml dung dch KOH 50%, va un nong bnh. Metylamin tach
ra dang kh co mui hac.
CH3NH3Cl+
KOH CH3NH2
KCl
H2O
Ghi chu
1) Khong c qua nhiet o tren, metylamin clohidrat bot ket tinh khong mau tan
trong nc, ru etylic, khong tan trong eter, axeton, tnc = 227-228oC. Metylamin la
chat kh mui tanh, de chay de tan trong etylic ancol, oc.
HONO
CH3OH
H2O
N2
nen phan ng nay ac trng cho cac amin thm bac mot
+
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 67 -
Tren thc te acid nitro khong ben nen thng dung acid nitro mi sinh khi
tac dung natri nitrit vi acid vo c manh ( thng acid clohidric hay sunfuric)
+
+ H2O (- NO2- )
-
+ NO2 (- H2O )
+H
+
- H2O
H2O -N=O
H2O
+
N=O
+X
- X-
X-N=O
+
NaNO2
HX
ArNH3X
+
HX
2H2O +NaX
[ArN2]+X-
H2O
ArNH2
H3O+
Trong moi trng acid yeu (pH ln) can bang ion amoni
amin
chuyen mach ve pha tao ra amin t do, rat kho tan trong nc (tr cac amin
co cha nhom sunfo va cacboxyl) va co phan ng phu
[ArN2+]X- +
ArNH2
Ar - N = N - NH - Ar
HX
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- 68 -
Di tac dung cua acid d, hp chat diazoamoni phan huy thanh muoi
diazoni va muoi amoni
ArN = NHAr
2HX
[ArNH3+]X-
[ArN2+]X-
Acid anh hng en phan ng diazo hoa theo hai hng ngc nhau :
mot mat, acid lam giam nong o amin t do, lam giam kha nang phan ng,
mat khac lam tang nong o tac nhan diazo hoa, lam tang kha nang phan
ng.Thng s xuc tien diazo hoa gay ra do s tang nong o tac nhan diazo
hoa chiem u the hn, nen trong phan ng diazo hoa bao gi cung dung
acid.
Trong dung dch nc ton tai can bang gia cac dang khac nhau cua hp
chat diazo, phu thuoc vao nong o cua ion hidro trong dung dch
+
HO
HO
]
Ar-N=N-OH
[Ar N N
+
+
H
H
cation diazoni
diazohidrat
Ar-N
Ar-N
O N
syn-diazotat
Ar-NH-NO
N O
anti-diazotat
nitrozamin
Trong moi trng acid, can bang chuyen ve pha tao thanh cation
diazoni, khi tang pH cua moi trng, can bang chuyen ve pha ion diazotat.
Phan ng diazo hoa c tien hanh nhiet o thap, thng 0-2oC,
bang cach lam lanh dung dch trong nc a, co khi them nc a vao bnh
phan ng. Cac dung dch diazo khong c e lau va khong e ngoai anh
sang mat tri.
1. Phan ng cua muoi diazoni
Nhom diazo co the b the bi cac nhom the khac co tnh nucleophin nh
hydroxyl, nitrin, clo, brom, iod...Muoi diazoni khong ben thng b phan tch
ong li hay d li
.
[Ar N N]X Ar + X+ N 2
+
[Ar N N]X Ar + + X + N 2
S phan tch d li xay ra trong dung moi phan cc, con ong li trong moi
trng kem phan cc hn va anion cua muoi la anion cua acid yeu.
Khi un nong dung dch acid cua muoi diazoni se tao thanh phenol va
tach nit
+
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- 69 -
[C 6 H 5 N N]Cl + KI C 6 H 5 I + KCl + N 2
Nitrin cua acid thm cung thu c khi tac dung xyanua ong ( thng dung
phc tan Na[Cu(CN)2] vi dung dch muoi diazoni
+
Na[ Cu ( CN ) ]
2
[C 6 H 5 N N]Cl
C 6 H 5 CN + N 2 + NaCl + CuCN
[Ar N N]X + H Ar Y Ar N = N Ar Y + HX
2
[Ar N N]X
Ar NH NH 2 . HX
Thng thc hien phan ng nay bang cach tron muoi diazoni vi dung
dch cua thiec clorua nhiet o thap hay tac dung acid sunfur vi muoi
diazoni.
TH NGHIEM 20
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- 70 -
HO
N=N
NaO3S
Phan ng chnh
O3S
+
NH3 + NaOH
NaO3S
NaO3S
HO
NH2 + H2O
+
N
O 3S
NaO
+ NaOH
+ H2O
NaO
O 3S
N + 2H2O + 2 NaCl
+
N
HO
NaO3S
N +
N N
Hoa chat
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- 71 -
cua chat mau, cho them dung dch NaCl bao hoa. Loc lay chat mau tren
pheu Buchner, ra bang mot t nc lanh, ep chat mau tren pheu roi lam
kho trong khong kh.
Hieu suat 8 gam ( 70-75% so vi ly thuyet )(1).
Ghi chu :
1) -Naptol da cam hay con goi la da cam (II), da cam axit la chat ket tinh
mau vang da cam sang, tan tot trong nc,la pham nhuom len, lua,da, go,
giay trong cong nghiep.
TH NGHIEM 21
CH3
NaO3S
N N
CH3
Phan ng chnh
O 3S
NaO 3S
+
N N
NaO 3S
+
N
O 3S
+
N H3 + NaOH
CH3
N +
HCl
O 3S
N H2 + H2O
SO3 + 2 H2O + 2NaCl
+
NH N=
CH3
-
O 3S
N H N=
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
+ NaOH
CH3
- H2O
NaO 3S
N
CH3
Hoa chat
Axit sunfanilic 5gam; Natrinitrit 2 gam; dung dch natrihydroxit 2N (12,5 ml);
axit clohidric 2N (12,5 ml); axit clohidric 1N (25 ml) ; Dimetylanilin 3gam(3ml).
Cach tien hanh
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- 72 -
Hoa tan 5 gam tinh the axit sunfanilic vao 12,5 ml dung dch NaOH 2N
trong mot coc 250 ml ong thi un nhe. Axit sunfanilic tan kem trong nc
nen phai chuyen no di dang muoi natri.
NaO3S
NH2
Khi axit a hoa tan het, dung dch phai co moi trng kiem( th bang
giay qu). Lam lanh dung dch trong nc, roi cho 2 gam Natrinitrit trong
120ml nc vao, khuay eu hon hp cho en khi natrinitrit tan hoan toan.
Sau o lam lanh dung dch bang nc a.
Rot dung dch tren vao coc 500ml co cha 12,5ml dung dch axit
clohidric 2N, ong thi khuay manh, mot phut sau nhng ket tua bot trang
cua muoi diazonium xuat hien.
+
N N
SO3
Trong moi trng kiem Helianthin co mau vang. Trong moi trng
trung tnh no co mau cam, trong moi trng axit no co mau o, no co the
chuyen mau pH = 3-4,5 do s thay oi mot nhom mang mau t cau truc
quinoid sang nhom cau truc azo -N=N-.
o helianthin co cau truc quinoid:
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 73 -
CH3
NH N
HO3S
+
-
Cl
N
CH3
Khi cho kiem vao, vang helianthin c tao thanh vi cau truc azo
CH3
NaO3S
N
CH3
Lam lanh hon hp trong nc a, loc ket tua muoi natri cua pham mau
cam tren pheu Buchner.
San phan co the ket tinh lai ngay trong mot lng nho nc.
Helianthin co dang vay hay bot, thng dung lam chat ch th mau axit,
kiem.
TH NGHIEM 22
OH
Phan ng chnh
C6H5NH2 +
NaNO2
+2H2SO4
2H2O + NaHSO4
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4-
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4- +
+ H2SO4 + N2
Phan ng phu
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4-
+ C6H5-NH2
H2SO4
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
C6H5-NH- N=N-C6H5 +
[ C6H5-N = N ]+HSO4-
- 74 -
Hoa chat
Cho 50 ml nc vao coc c 300 ml, them dan dan 10 ml H2SO4 (1), roi
va khuay va cho t t 9,2 ml anilin vao dung dch dang nong o sao cho
anilin tan hoan toan. Neu dung dch khong trong suot th un nong cho tan
hoan toan. Lam lanh dung dch thu c en nhiet o thng, them dan
khoang 75 gam a nghien nho e a nhiet o xuong 0oC(2).
Cho dung dch 7 gam natri nitrit trong 50 ml nc cha trong pheu nho
giot lac tren coc vao hon hp lam lanh. Trong thi gian phan ng gi cho
nhiet o khong vt qua 5oC. Khi can thiet, cho them nc a. Khi a cho
phan ln dung dch natri nitrit, khuay 5 phut, lay mau th bang ho tinh bot
e kiem tra nong o nitr t do. Khi thay phan ng co mau xanh vi giay ho
tinh bot th ket thuc phan ng(3).
Chuyen dung dch muoi Diazoni thu c trong suot o vao bnh cau c
500ml va e nhiet o thng trong 15 - 20 phut. Muoi phenyldiazoni dan
dan b phan tch, tach ra N2 tao thanh phenol. Neu phan ng cham th co the
un nong tren cach thuy 40 - 50oC, thnh thoang lac va tien hanh cho en
khi khong thay bot kh N2 tach ra.
Tach lay phenol bang chng cat loi cuon hi nc cho en khi th nc
cat ra khong con co phan ng cua phenol (bang nc Brom). Cho them 7,5
gam NaCl, chiet lay phenol bang eter ( hai lan vi eter ) lam kho bang
natrisunfat khan hay CaCl2, chng cat lay eter tren cach thuy roi chng cat
lay phenol nhiet o 170-183oC, thu c phenol ket tinh khi lam lanh.
Hieu suat 6 gam ( 65% ly thuyet )(4).
Ghi chu
1) Trong moi trng axit sunfuric, toc o phan ng diazo hoa thap hn trong moi
trng axit HCl, song trong axit HCl co tao thanh san pham phu la dan xuat clo.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 75 -
2) Trong khi lam lanh, can khuay manh e anilin sunfat tach ra dang tinh the nho
de diazo hoa.
3) Moi lan th, phai lay mau sau khi cho axit nitr c 5 phut. Cung co the cho
phan ng ket thuc khi tat ca cac muoi anilinsunfat hoan toan chuyen vao dung
dch.
4) Phenol la chat ket tinh, de tan trong ru, eter, tS = 182,3oC ; nD = 1,5402,
tao hidrat vi nc C6H5OH.0,5H2O, la chat de gay bong da oc vi he than
kinh.
Qua trnh oxy hoa manh cacbon cua phan t tc la gan nguyen t
oxy vao nguyen t cacbon.
Tac nhan oxy hoa thng dung la oxy khong kh hay cac tac nhan oxy
hoa khac. Nhieu c che oxy hoa cha c thiet lap ro rang, nhng co the
cho rang, trong qua trnh oxy hoa, chat hu c bieu hien tnh chat
nucleophin, s de dang oxy hoa tang theo o nucleophin cua no, ngha la
vao kha nang cho electron, con tac nhan oxyhoa la tac nhan electrophin.
Qua trnh oxyhoa khong ch phu thuoc vao ban chat cua chat oxyhoa va
chat b oxy hoa ma con vao ieu kien phan ng ( nhiet o, dung moi, nong
ov.v..)
Qua trnh oxy hoa co kem theo s tach hidro nguyen t co ten chung la
phan ng ehidro hoa.
TAC NHAN OXY HOA : thng dung cac tac nhan vo c hay hu c, nh
sau :
H2O
2MnO2
2KOH +
3(O)
2H2SO4
3H2O +5(O)
K2SO4 +
2MnSO4
Anhidrit cromic
2CrO3
Cr2O3 +
3(O)
Natri hay kali bicromat : la chat oxy hoa pho bien nhat
K2Cr2O7 va Na2Cr2O7.2H2O
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 76 -
H2O
Cr2O3 +
2NaOH
3(O)
4H2SO4
+
Cr2(SO4)3
Na2SO4
3(O)
4H2O +
2NO
2HNO3
2NO2 +
H 2O +
H2O +
3(O)
(O)
O2
CH3CHCH2CH3 H
O O H
CH3CHCH2CH3
+
O O H2
-H2O, -H+
CH3COCH2CH3
S oxyhoa cac parafin ran c thc hien bang cach cho khong kh i
vao hydrocacbon nong chay (80-100oC) co mat xuc tac nh muoi Mn, khi o
phan t b phan cat va tao thanh mot hon hp cac acid cacboxylic.
Lien ket oi cua anken b oxy hoa de dang. Khi tac dung vi oxy co xuc
tac bac hay cac peacid, anken b oxy hoa thanh -oxit
C C
+ C6H5COOH
C C
+ C6H5COOH
ac iem cua phan ng nay la bao toan c cau hnh cua anken
C6H5
C6H5
CH
CH
+ CH3COOH
C6H5
CH
+ CH3COOH
CH
O
C6H5
Khi tac dung dung dch KMnO4 loang trong moi trng kiem, anken b
oxy hoa thanh 1,2-diol, thng goi la phan ng hydroxyl hoa
C
KMnO4
HO
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C C
OH OH
- 77 -
Khi oxy hoa bang nhng tac nhan manh nh KMnO4 trong moi trng
acid, hay CrO3, K2Cr2O7 trong moi trng acid se phan cat mach cacbon
cho noi oi tao thanh cac acid va nhng hp chat cha oxy.
H3C
CH
CH3
KMnO4, H
H3C
O2 , V2O5
o
450 C
HC
CO
Khi chat oxy hoa mang tac dung vi ong ang cua benzen th nguyen
t cacbon mach nhanh nh vi nhan thm b oxy hoa, ngha la s oxy hoa
xay ra v tr benzyl.
CO
O
CO
O2 , V2O5
380oC
(O)
C6H5 CH2CH2CH3
dd . KMnO4
o
100 C
hay
+
C
OXI HOA ANCOL : Ancol bac mot b oxy hoa thanh andehyt khi dung
natri bicromat trong acid sunfuric hay acid cromic trong ru etylic hay
piridin
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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RCH2OH
- 78 -
Na2Cr2O7
H2SO4,60oC
CrO3
C6H5CH2OH
H2O
RCHO +
H2O
C6H5CHO +
(CH3)3COH
Andehyt tao thanh c cat ngay ra khoi moi trng oxi hoa e ngan
nga s oxy hoa tiep.
Co the cho hon hp hi ancol va oxi khong kh i qua xuc tac Cu hay Zn
nhiet o 400-600oC
O2
RCH2OH
R-CHO + H2O
Cu
Ancol bac hai trong nhng ieu kien tng t b oxy hoa thanh xeton
O2
R-CHOH-R
R-CO-R + H2O
Cu
Na2Cr2O7
R-CHOH-R
R-CO-R +
H2SO4,
H2O
Ancol bac ba ben vng vi chat oxy hoa, tuy nhien trong nhng ieu
kien cao, s oxy hoa xay ra co s phan cat mach C-C tao thanh acid va
ceton co mach cacbon ngan hn so vi ancol ban au
+
CH3COOH + CH3COCH3
CH3 - CH C - CH3
CH3
CH3
Hien nay phng phap co tnh chat cong nghiep la ehidro hoa ancol
bang xuc tac, thng dung Cu, Ag, ong cromat, Pt, Ni, Pd
Cu
RCH2OH
200-300o C
R-CHO + H2
Cu
R-CHOH-R
R-CO-R + H2
200-300 C
Phan ng thng nhiet o cao. Ngi ta co the dung chat nhan hidro
nh quinon, nitrobenzen,v.v...
S oxy hoa cac acid beo thanh hydroxyacid ch at c trong trng
hp acid cacboxylic co cha nguyen t cacbon bac cao
-
CH3 - C
HO
CH3
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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COOH
CH3
Khoa Hoa Hoc
- 79 -
Phenol rat de b oxy hoa ngay ca vi oxy khong kh nen khi gi phenol
lau se co mau hong. Phenol cang khong tinh khiet, cang de b oxy hoa
nhanh hn. S oxi hoa phenol bang oxy khong kh xay ra theo c che goc,
tao thanh goc phenoxy chuyen thanh goc phenyl trang thai can bang. Cac
goc nay khong ben de tham gia vao nhng chuyen hoa khac nhau, trong o
co s tao ra nhng dime va polime khong mau.
O
CH CHO
2
3
CH 3 CHO
CH 3 CO O OH
2CH 3 COOH
Cac tac nhan oxi hoa yeu nh Ag2O cung oxi hoa c andehyt
RCHO
Ag2O
RCOOH
2Ag
3
CH 3 CHO + SeO 2
CHO CHO + Se + H 2 O
R CH 2 CHO + SeO 2
o R CO CHO + Se + H 2 O
t soi
Oxi hoa ceton thanh acid oi hoi ieu kien khac nghiet hn va xay ra
phan cat mach cacbon
RCOOH + R'CH2OH
R CH2
CH2
R'
RCH2COOH + R'COOH
2. Phan ng kh
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S cong hp hidro vao cac lien ket boi c thc hien khi co xuc tac
kim loai ap suat cao.
Anken tac dung vi hydro co xuc tac en Platin tao thanh ankan
-CH = CH-
2H
-CH2- CH2 -
Kh cac lien ket oi bang tac nhan hoa hoc nh natri trong amoniac
long khi co ru etylic hay canxi amoniacat
CH3(CH2)4CH
Na / NH3
C2H5OH
CH2
CH3(CH2)4CH2CH3
R CHO R CH 2 OH
2H
R CO R R CHOH R
e tranh tao thanh hydrocacbon no, thng dung phng phap au oc
xuc tac bang quinolin, ch cacbonat v.v...
Hien nay thng dung liti nhom hidrua, natri bo hydrua e kh andehyt
va ceton, cung nh acid, este ( este no va cha no ) thanh ancol ma van gi
nguyen c noi oi.
Cac hon hong kem kh andehyt va ceton en hidrocacbon khi co HCl
(phan ng Clemensen)
C6H5 CO
CH3
4(H)
Zn / Hg + HCl
Trong ieu kien phan ng tren ancol khong b kh. Acid b kh bang
LiAlH4 thanh ancol
4RCOOH +
3LiAlH4
LiAl(OCH2R)4
4H2
2LiAlO2
2H O
2
LiAl (OCH 2 R) 4
4RCH 2 OH + LiAlO 2
Phan ng kh trc tiep acid thanh andehit khong thc hien c nhng
co the kh cloranhidrit bang hidro khi co xuc tac Pd
RCOCl
2H
Pd
R-CHO + HC
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Phng phap kh andehyt hoac ceton thanh ancol khi co nhom ancolat
c dung rong rai, trong qua trnh nay, ancolat b oxy hoa thanh hp chat
cacbonyl tng ng
3 R2CO + [(CH3)2CHO]3Al
(R2CHO)3Al + 3CH3COCH3
H2SO4
loang
3 R2CH
OH
Dang phan ng chuyen ion hidrua quan trong khac la phan ng oxi-hoa
kh cua cac andehyt va ceton khong co H khi co tac dung cua KOH ac
hay canxi hydroxyt (phan ng Cannizzaro)
KOH
2C 6 H 5 CHO C 6 H 5 CH 2 OH + C 6 H 5 COOK
Th nghiem 23
ieu che axit benzoic
COOH
Phan ng chnh
C6H5CH3 +
C6H5COOK
2KMnO4
+
C6H5COOK +
KOH +
H2O
HCl
2MnO2
C6H5COOH +
KCl
Hoa chat
Toluen 2g hay 2.3ml ; KMnO4 7g ; acid clohydric
Cach tien hanh
Cho 2g toluen, 100ml va 7g kali pemanganat vao bnh cau c 250ml, lap
ong sinh han nc hoi lu.Cho them vai vien a bot. un nong bnh tren
bep cach thuy sao cho hon hp soi ieu hoa va lac bnh. un trong 4 gi cho
dung dch nhat mau hay mat mau. Neu hon hp con co mau th cho them
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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vai giot ru etylic hay acid oxalic e oxy hoa pemanganat con d. Lam
lanh dung dch, loc loai bo mangan oxit, ra hai lan bang nc nong (moi
lan khoang 10-15ml ). Cho bay hi nc loc tren cach thuy (1) hay cach cat
en the tch 20-25ml, acid hoa bang acid clohidric cho en phan ng acid
theo giay congo. Acid benzoic se tach ra. Loc lay acid benzoic, ra bang
mot lng nho nc lanh va lam kho trong khong kh (2).
Hieu suat 2g (75% so vi ly thuyet).
Ghi chu
1) Neu sau khi co, e nguoi, thay co van uc cua MnO2 th phai loc lai.
2) Co the tinh che bang phng phap thang hoa.
TH NGHIEM 24
COOH va
CH2OH
Phan ng chnh
2C6H5-CHO
KOH
C6H5-CH2OH
C6H5-COOK
Hoa chat
Benzalehit 10,6g hay 10ml ; KOH ; eter ; NaHSO3
Cach tien hanh
Cho 10ml Benzalehit va mi chng cat lai va dung dch a lam lanh
cua 9g KOH trong 6ml nc vao bnh cau c 50ml. Lam lanh bnh va lac
manh e tao nhu tng ben. ay nut bnh va e yen qua mot em.
Sau o cho them mot lng nho nc u e hoa tan hon hp. Chiet
dung dch bang eter ba lan, moi lan 10ml eter. Ket hp 3 lan chiet eter lai
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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e tinh che lay ancol benzylic va gi dung dch nc lai e tinh che e tinh
che lay acid benzoic.
Lac dung dch eter, vi 5ml dung dch NaHSO3 40% (1) roi bang dung
dch Na2CO3, lam kho bang natri sunfat khan, chng cat lay eter tren noi
cach thuy roi chng cat lay ancol benzylic 204-207oC.
Hieu suat 4g(2)( 40% so vi ly thuyet theo tong lng benzaldehit)
Acid hoa dung dch nc bang acid clohidric ac, loc lay acid benzoic
tach ra, tinh che lai bang nc nong
Hieu suat 5g ( 50% so vi ly thuyet tnh theo tong lng benzaldehit )
Ghi chu
1) e loai benzaldehit cha phan ng ra khoi hon hp chat bisunfit
2) Ancol benzylic la chat long, tan tot trong ru etylic, eter, aceton,
ts=206oC ; d=1,045.
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- 85 -
CHAT HU C
Coc s.
Cach tien hanh
a) Cho khoang 0.1g saccaroz hoac tinh bot vao coc s. un nong can
than coc s tren ngon la en con cho en khi ng chuyen thanh than.
b) Rot vao coc s khoang 0.5ml benzen. Dung que diem ang chay e
ot benzen trong coc. Quan sat ngon la va viet phng trnh phan ng
chay.
Saccaroz ( hoac acid benzoic ), bot CuO, dung dch bao hoa Ca(OH)2,
hoac Ba(OH)2, CuSO4 khan (bot).
Cach tien hanh
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Hnh 1
1- Hon hp va CuO khan
2- Bong va CuSO4 khan
3- Dung dch Ca(OH)2.
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Ure (khan), axetamit, Na, dung dch FeSO4 1%, dung dch FeCl3 1%,
dung dch HCl ac, dung dch HCl 10%, hon hp voi - xut (ran), C2H5OH
960.
Cach tien hanh
a) Trng hp rieng: Hp chat co N lien ket trc tiep vi C va H
Tron eu khoang 0.1g ure va 1g voi - xut roi cho vao ong nghiem kho.
un nong ong nghiem. Nhan xet ket qua th nghiem bang ba cach sau:
-Ngi mui kh thoat ra mieng ong nghiem.
-at mau giay quy o a tam t len mieng ong nghiem.
-a au ua thuy tinh co tam dung dch HCl ac vao mieng ong
nghiem.
b) Trng hp chung:
Acid sunfanilic hoac thioure, Na, dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 2%, dung
dch NaOH 10%, dung dch HCl 10%.
Cach tien hanh
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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- 87 -
Tien hanh phan huy hp chat cha lu huynh bang cach nung nong vi
Na nh phan 2 cua th nghiem 1.3. Loc nhieu lan e lay dung dch trong.
Chia dung dch va loc thanh hai phan e lam cac th nghiem tiep theo.
a) Lay mot ong nghiem khac a co 0.5ml dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 2%,
nho t t tng giot dung dch NaOH 10% cho en khi hoa tan het ch
hirdoxit (va sinh ra). Rot dung dch muoi ch va thu c vao dung dch
loc tren (phan th nhat).
V. XAC NH HALOGEN
Hoa chat
Lay mot si day ong nho uon thanh nhng vong lo xo nho va buoc
vao au ua thuy tinh. ot day ong tren ngon la en con ti khi khong
con ngon la mau xanh cua tap chat. Nhung day ong vao hp chat hu c
co cha halogen, em ot tren ngon la en con. Nhan xet mau ac trng
cua ngon la.
Phng phap 2
Lay mot manh giay nho, tam ancol etylic va nho them may giot hp
chat hu c co cha halogen (chat long hoac dung dch trong etanol). ong
thi chuan b mot pheu thuy tinh, nho vao thanh pha trong cua pheu may
giot dung dch AgNO3 1%, up pheu len pha tren manh giay roi ot chay
giay. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra thanh pheu. Sau o nho len thanh pha
trong cua pheu may giot NH3.
Tiep tuc theo doi hien tng xay ra.
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Natri axetat khan, voi xut khan (hon hp NaOH ran va CaO), nc
brom bao hoa, dung dch KMnO4 rat loang, dung dch Na2CO3 5%.
Cach tien hanh
a) ieu che va ot chay metan
Cho vao ong nghiem kho co nut va ong dan kh cong (Hnh 1) khoang 4
5g hon hp natri axetat khan va voi xut (theo t le 1 phan muoi, 2 phan voi
xut ve khoi lng) a c nghien nho va tron eu trong coi s. Kep ong
nghiem tren gia sat va un nong bang ngon la en con. Luc au un nong
nhe toan bo ong nghiem, sau o un nong manh phan co hon hp phan ng.
au tien khong kh trong ong nghiem thoat ra, tiep theo la kh metan.
ot kh metan au ong dan kh (1). Nhan xet mau ngon la. a nap
chen s cham vao ngon la cua metan ang chay. Quan sat mau sac cua
nap chen s trc va sau khi th nghiem.
Lng kh metan con lai e lam cac th nghiem tiep theo.
b) Tng tac cua metan vi nc brom va dung dch kali pemanganat:
Trong khi chuan b th nghiem ieu che metan cung chuan b san hai
ong nghiem sau: ong th nhat cha 2ml nc brom, ong th hai cha 2ml
dung dch KMnO4 loang va 1ml dung dch Na2CO3 5%.
Sau th nghiem ot chay dan kh metan con lai vao ong cha nc brom
trong khoang 1 phut. Nhan xet xem nc brom co b mat mau hay khong ?
a ong dan kh metan vao ong nghiem cha dung dch KMnO4. Quan
sat mau cua dung dch.
n-Hexan hoac hon hp hidrocacbon no(2) (th du ete dau hoa co nhiet o
soi khoang 60 700 C), dung dch Br2 5% trong CCl4, dung dch NH3 25%.
Trc khi ot can xoay ong nghiem phan ng e au ong dan kh hng len pha tren.
Dung hon hp Hidrocacbon no long, khong lan Hidrocacbon khong no. Kiem tra s co mat cua
Hidrocacbon khong no bang cach lac hon hp vi nc brom hoac dung dch kalipemanganat.
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- 89 -
Rot vao ong nghiem kho khoang 1ml hidrocacbon no. Nho them vai giot
dung dch Br2 5% trong CCl4. Lac nhe hon hp phan ng.Quan sat mau cua
dung dch Br2.
un hon hp trong noi nc nong. Theo doi ket qua th nghiem bang
cac cach sau:
-Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch Br2.
-a mau giay quy xanh tam t vao mieng ong nghiem.
-a au ua thuy tinh tam dung dch NH3 vao mieng ong nghiem.
Hidrocacbon no long (xem th nghiem 2.2), dung dch Na2CO3 5%, dung
dch KMnO4 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem khoang 0.5ml hodrocacbon no, 0.5ml dung dch
Na2CO3 5%, sau o nho them vai giot dung dch KMnO4 1% va lac eu.
Quan sat mau sac cua dung dch KMnO4.
Cho vao ong nghiem kho khoang 0.5ml hidrocacbon long, 0.5ml H2SO4
ac. Lac nhe hon hp trong 2 3 phut. Theo doi mau sac va nhiet cua hon
hp.
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Cho khoang 0.5ml hidrocacbon long vao ong nghiem kho, cho them
0.5ml HNO3 ac. Lac nhe hon hp trong 2 3 phut. e yen va quan sat hon
hp phan ng.
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Ancol etilic 960, acid sunfuric ac, voi xut, cat sach hoac s xop (hat
nho).
Cach tien hanh
Hnh 2
1- Hon hp C2H5OH va H2SO4
2- S xop
ot kh etilen au ong dan kh. Nhan xet mau ngon la. a nap chen
s cham vao ngon la etilen ang chay. Quan sat mau cua nap chen s
trc va sau khi th nghiem.
Lng kh etilen con lai e lam cac th nghiem tiep theo.
Cho 1ml dung dch nc brom vao ong nghiem. Dan kh etilen vao nc
brom. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch.
e kh de i qua phai dung voi xut dang hat va khong c nhoi qua chat.
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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- 92 -
Cho 2ml dung dch KMnO4 2% va 0.5ml dung dch Na2CO310% vao ong
nghiem. Dan kh etilen vao hon hp. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung
dch.
Canxi cacbua.
Hnh 3
1- Canxi cacbua
2- Ong dan kh co au vuot nhon
3- Ong dan kh cong
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- 93 -
Cho 1ml dung dch nc brom bao hoa vao ong nghiem (chuan b san
ngay khi lap dung cu ieu che axetilen (Hnh 3). Dan kh axetilen vao dung
dch bang ong dan kh cong (Hnh 3.3). Nhan xet qua trnh bien oi mau cua
nc brom.
Cho 1ml dung dch KMnO41% va 1ml dung dch Na2CO3 10% vao ong
nghiem. Dan kh C2H2 vao hon hp. Quan sat mau cua dung dch.
Cho 2ml dung dch AgNO3 1% vao ong nghiem. Nho them tng giot
dung dch NH3 5% cho en khi hoa tan hoan toan ket tua Ag2O (va c
sinh ra). Dan kh axetilen vao hon hp. Quan sat s xuat hien ket tua bac
axetilua va mau sac ket tua.
Loc lay ket tua bac axetilua, ra ket tua bang lng nc nho, ep ket
tua trong t giay loc. Nung nong can than ket tua tren tam li amiang bang
en con hoac bep ien (can than ! Can bao ve mat). Theo doi qua trnh
phan huy va nhng tieng no nho cua bac axetilua.
Giay loc va nhng vet bac axetilua con lai c cho vao coc nc. Cho
them mot lng nho acid clohidric ac hoac acid nitric ac (khoang 1/4 the
tch nc trong coc).
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Benzen (tinh khiet), toluen, dung dch KMnO4 5%, dung dch H2SO4 2N.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch KMnO4 5% va 1ml
dung dch H2SO4 2N. Cho tiep vao ong th nhat 0.5ml benzen, ong th hai
0.5ml toluen. Ca hai ong nghiem c ay nut co ong thuy tinh thang ng.
Lac nhe va un nong ca hai ong nghiem tren noi nc. Quan sat hien tng
(mau, ket tua) xay ra trong ca hai ong nghiem.
Benzen (tinh khiet), dung dch brom trong cacbon tetraclorua (t le 1:5
theo the tch), bot sat.
Cach tien hanh
a) Lay hai ong nghiem kho, cho 1ml benzen vao ong th nhat va 1ml
toluen vao ong th hai. Cho tiep vao moi ong 1ml brom roi lac eu.
Chia dung dch trong moi ong thanh hai phan bang nhau. Phan th nhat
c at len gia. Phan th hai un nong en soi nhe (nen ay ong nghiem
bang nut co lap ong thuy tinh thang ng) tren noi nc roi at vao gia.
Quan sat va so sanh mau dung dch cua phan th nhat va phan th hai cua
tng hidrocacbon.
b) Cho mot nhum bot sat (bang hat au xanh), 1ml benzen va 1ml dung
dch brom vao ong nghiem kho. Lac nhe va un nong hon hp en soi nhe
tren noi nc. Khi hon hp ang soi a manh giay quy xanh tam t vao
mieng ong nghiem. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch va mau cua
manh giay quy.
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Rot t t 2ml acid sunfuric vao ong nghiem (hoac bnh cau nho) a cha
san 1.5ml acid nitric va lam lanh trong chau nc. Nho t t 1ml benzen vao
hon hp acid ong thi lac manh ong nghiem trong chau nc. Sau khi a
lac lien tuc hon hp trong vong 6 10 phut rot t t hon hp vao coc cha
20 30ml nc lanh. Dung ua thuy tinh khuay eu hon hp, sau o e
yen. Quan sat qua trnh phan lp cua hon hp. Nhan xet mau va mui thm
ac trng (mui hanh nhan) cua lp chat hu c ( di) co cha
nitrobenzen.
Ong nghiem co nut lap vi ong thuy tinh thang, coc thuy tinh 50ml.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml benzen vao ong nghiem th nhat, 0.5ml toluen vao ong
nghiem th hai. Cho tiep vao moi ong 2ml acid sunfuric. Ca hai ong nghiem
c ay bang nut co ong thuy tinh thang ng va un nong tren noi nc
soi, ong thi lac eu. Theo doi qua trnh hoa tan dan cac chat trong hon
hp. Tiep tuc un nong en khi c hon hp ong nhat. e nguoi. Tng
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hon hp c rot vao mot coc rieng cha san 20ml nc. Nhan xet kha nang
hoa tan cua hon hp phan ng trong nc.
Cho 0.5g naphtalen (dang bot) vao ong nghiem a cha san 2ml acid nitric
ac. Lac hon hp nhiet o phong. Nhan xet s bien oi mau cua hon hp!
un nong hon hp tren noi nc soi va lac nhe cho en khi hoa tan het
naphtalen. Rot hon hp vao coc cha 10ml nc lanh. Quan sat mau sac cua
cac tinh the -nitronaphtalen. Loc lay san pham. Ra ket tua bang nc.
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Cho 1.5ml ancol etylic va 1ml nc vao ong nghiem (1). at ong
nghiem vao chau nc lanh, nho t t tng giot 1.5ml H2SO4 vao dung dch
ancol ong thi lac eu. Lam lanh hon hp
en nhiet o phong, cho tiep 1.5g KBr vao
hon hp. Lap dung cu nh hnh 4. Ong
nghiem hng (ong 2)
cha 1ml nc va vai vien nc a.
un nong hon hp phan ng, luc au
Hnh 4
un nhe, sau o un nong en soi.Quan sat
1- Hon hp ancol etylic, acid
nhng giot chat long t t lang xuong ay
ong nghiem hng. Ngng un khi thay lng sunfuric va kali bromua.
chat long trong bnh hng khong tang. Dung 2- Ong nghiem hng.
pipette lay mot giot chat ay ong nghiem 3- Coc cha nc a.
hng. Nho giot chat long o len si day ong
(uon thanh nhng vong lo xo nho va a c ot nong tren ngon la en
con) va a si day ong vao ngon la en con. Nhan xet mau ngon la.
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Hnh 5
1- ong thuy tinh vuot nhon
2- hon hp ancol etylic, acid sunfuric
ac va natri clorua
2N.
Ru etylic, axeton, dung dch KI bao hoa I2 va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH
Cho vao ong nghiem 0.5ml ru etylic, 1.5ml dung dch KI bao hoa iod
va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 2N. Lac deu ong nghiem va un nhe (khong
c un soi !) cho en khi dung dch xuat hien ket tua van uc. Lam lanh
ong nghiem bang nc lanh. Quan sat mam chat ket tua.
b) ieu che iodofom t axeton
Cho vao ong nghiem 2ml dung dch KI bao hoa iod va 2ml dung dch
NaOH 2N. Rot 0.5ml axeton vao hon hp tren va lac nhe. Quan sat mau cua
chat ket tua.
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Cho 1.5ml axeton, 3ml dung dch NaOH 10% va 10 giot Br2 ( can than !
Lam trong tu hot ) vao ong nghiem. Lac nhe hon hp. Quan sat dung dch
phan ng (mau sac, trang thai...).
Gan bo lp nc tren, lay si day ong nhung vao phan con lai ay
ong nghiem roi a vao ngon la en con (lam tng t nh th nghiem 5
Chng I). Nhan xet mau ngon la.
Benzen, brom, sat (bot), voi xut, dung dch NaOH 2N.
Cach tien hanh
Hnh 6
(60 700C) khoang 2phut. a ong nghiem ra khoi nc nong, lam lanh.
Lac hon hp san pham vi dung dch NaOH cho en khi dung dch khong
con mau cua brom. Lp nc tren c hut bang pipette. Lp chat long
con lai cha brombenzen. Co the s bo nhan ra brombenzen nh phan ng
xac nh nh tnh (tng t th nghiem 5 Chng I).
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Hoa chat
Dan xuat halogen mach h (C2H5Br, C2H5Cl), dung dch NaOH 10%
(trong nc, khong lan ion halogen), dung dch HNO3 20%, dung dch
AgNO3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml dan xuat halogen va 2 3ml nc cat vao ong nghiem roi lac
eu. e hon hp tach thanh hai lp, gan bo lp nc tren sang ong
nghiem khac a cha san vai giot AgNO3. Neu thay co ket tua bac
halogenua, tiep tuc tien hanh nh tren en khi th nc ra khong con thay
ion halogen.
Sau o cho 2ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem cha dan xuat
halogen. Lac nhe va un hon hp phan ng en soi. e nguoi, gan lp nc
tren sang ong nghiem khac, acid hoa lp nc nay bang HNO3 20% va
nho them vai giot dung dch AgNO3. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
Clorofom, dung dch NaOH 10% (trong nc, khong lan ion halogen),
dung dch HNO3 20%, dung dch AgNO3 1%, dung dch amoniac 10%, dung
dch KMnO41%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml CHCl3 a ra sach ion halogen (xem th nghiem 5.6) va 3ml
dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va can than un soi hon
hp. Lam lanh hon hp phan ng, gan lay phan dung dch trong pha tren
roi chia thanh ba phan:
-Phan th nhat c acid hoa bang HNO3, sau o nho them vai giot
dung dch AgNO3 1%. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
-Cho 1ml dung dch bac amoniacat vao phan th hai va un nong nhe.
Quan sat hien tng ket tua bam vao thanh ong nghiem.
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Dung dch bac amoniacat c ieu che nh sau: nho tng giot
dung dch NH3 10% vao ong nghiem a cha san 1 2ml dung dch AgNO3
1% cho en khi hoa tan het ket tua Ag2O.
-Nho mot vai giot dung dch KMnO41% vao phan th ba. Nhan xet hien
tng bien oi mau cua hon hp phan ng.
Clobenzen hoac brom benzen, dung dch NaOH 10% (trong nc, khong
co lan ion halogen), dung dch HNO3 10%, dung dch AgNO3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml clobenzen a loai het ion halogen (xem th nghiem 5.6) va 1
2ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va un hon hp en
soi. Lam lanh hon hp, gan lay phan dung dch pha tren. Acid hoa phan
o bang dung dch HNO3 10%, nho them 1 2 giot dung dch AgNO3 1%.
Quan sat xem co hien tng ket tua hay khong?
Benzyl clorua, dung dch NaOH 10% (trong nc, khong lan ion
halogen), dung dch HNO3 20%, dung dch AgNO3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
a) Cho 0.5ml benzen clorua a loai het ion halogen (xem th nghiem
5.6) va1 2ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va un can
than en soi. Lam lanh hon hp, roi gan lay phan dung dch trong pha
tren. Acid hoa phan dung dch va gan c bang HNO3 20% va nho them
vao o 1 2 giot dung dch AgNO3 1%. Quan sat hien tong xay ra.
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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- 104 -
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- 105 -
Ancol etylic tuyet oi, natri kim loai, phenolphtalein (dung dch 1%
trong ancol etylic).
Cach tien hanh
Cho mot mau Na (bang hat au xanh nho) a c cao sach (lp oxit...)
vao ong nghiem kho a cha san 2ml ancol etylic khan. Bt mieng ong
nghiem bang ngon tay cai. Khi phan ng a ket thuc, a mieng ong
nghiem lai gan ngon la en con va bo ngon tay bt mieng ong nghiem ra.
Ket tua trang con lai trong ong nghiem c hoa tan bang 0.5 1ml
nc cat. Nho vao ong nghiem mot vai giot phenolphtalein. Nhan xet cac
hien tng xay ra trong qua trnh th nghiem.
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Ancol etylic, day ong (uon thanh vong xoan), dung dch acid
fucsinsunfur (thuoc th Sip).
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5 1ml ancol etylic vao ong nghiem kho. Nung nong si day
ong (phan vong xoan) tren ngon la en con cho en khi tao ra lp ong
(II) oxit mau en. Nhung ngay si day ong ang con nong vao ong nghiem
cha ancol etylic. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua si day ong. Lap lai th
nghiem tren vai lan. Nho vao ong nghiem 5 6 giot dung dch acid sunfur.
Quan sat s thay oi mau cua dung dch (xem th nghiem ve phan ng mau
cua andehit, Chng VII).
RO-C-SK + H2O
||
S
4 RO-C-SK
||
||
||
S
Tron 1ml ancol etylic vi 1ml cacbon isunfur, them vao o 1 vien kali
hidroxit un nong nhe roi o vao dung dch CuSO4. Neu phan ng chay tot
th se xuat hien mau nau cua ong xantogenat. Neu khong co xantogenat th
mau cua ket tua se la xanh.
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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- 107 -
Ancol etylic, dung dch KMnO4 0.1N, dung dch H2SO4 2N, dung dch
acid fucsinsunfur (thuoc th Sip).
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml ancol etylic, 1ml dung dch KMnO4 0.1N va dung dch H2SO4
2N vao ong nghiem. un nong nhe ong nghiem tren ngon la en con (un
rat nhe e tranh ru, ac biet san pham sinh ra de bay hi) va quan sat s
thay oi mau cua dung dch. Neu dung dch van con mau tm hong th them
vao o vai tinh the natri sunfit hoac natri hidrosunfit.
Sau khi hon hp phan ng a mat mau hoan toan, nho vao o 5 6 giot
dung dch acid fucsinsunfur. Quan sat mau cua hon hp.
Cho vao 3 ong nghiem kho, moi ong 0.5ml mot trong cac ancol sau:
ancol n-propylic, ancol isopropylic, ancol tert-butylic. Cho tiep vao moi ong
1.5ml thuoc th Luca. Lac eu hon hp, sau o e yen tren gia ong nghiem
khoang 2 3 phut. Quan sat hien tng (phan lp, uc...) xay ra trong 3 ong
nghiem.
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Cho vao ong nghiem kho 1ml CH3OH, 0.5g acid salixylic (hoac natri
salixylat) va vai giot acid sunfuric am ac. un soi en khoang 1 phut. e
nguoi. o t t vai ml nc lanh. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua san pham.
b) Vi acid axetic
Hoa chat
Ancol isoamylic, natri axetat hoac acid axetic, acid sunfuric am ac.
Cach tien hanh
un soi nhe 1ml ancol isoamylic vi 0.5g natri axetat (hoac 1ml acid
axetic) va vai giot acid sunfuric am ac trong khoang 1 phut. e nguoi,
them vai ml nc lanh. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua san pham.
Ancol etylic, dung dch NaOH 5%, dung dch iod-kali iodua 10% (KI3).
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml C2H5OH vao ong nghiem. Them vao o 5ml dung dch NaOH
5% roi nho them vao tng giot dung dch iod-kali iodua 10%. Lac manh cho
ti khi dung dch trong ong nghiem sam mau. Neu can co the nhung ong
nghiem vao nc nong. Quan sat hien tng, mau sac. Nhan xet mui cua
san pham.
Phan ng xay ra nh sau:
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I2
HOI +
- 109 -
NaI
NaOH
HOI
NaOI +
NaOH
CH 3CH OH
+
2
NaOI
NaI
H O2
+ CH 3CH OH
OH
O
CH 3 CH OH
CH 3C
OH
O
CH 3 C
HO
2
3HO
2
O
+ 3 HOI
CI 3 C
O
CI 3 C
+ NaOH
CHI 3
+ HCOONa
Etylenglicol, glyxerin, ancol etylic, dung dch CuSO4 2%, dung dch
NaOH 10%, dung dch HCl 10%.
Cach tien hanh
Chuan b 3 ong nghiem, cho vao moi ong 3 4 giot dung dch CuSO4
2% va 2 3ml dung dch NaOH 10%. Lac nhe. Tiep tuc nho vao ong th
nhat 2 3 giot etylenglicol, ong th hai 2 3 giot glyxerin, ong th ba 2
3 giot ancol etylic. Lac nhe ca ba ong nghiem va quan sat cac hien tng
(mau sac dung dch, ket tua) xay ra. Sau o them vao ba ong nghiem tng
giot dung dch HCl 10% va tiep tuc quan sat cac hien tng (mau sac dung
dch...) xay ra.
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Hoa chat
Glixerin, kali hoac natri hidrosunfat khan, dung dch acid fucsinsunfur.
Cach tien hanh
Cho khoang 1g kali hidrosunfat khan vao ong nghiem kho va nho them
vao o 5 6 giot glyxerin. un nong manh ong nghiem va at mot manh
nho giay loc co tam dung dch acid fucsinsunfur len mieng ong nghiem.
Nhan xet mui ac trng cua san pham va quan sat s xuat hien mau cua
manh giay loc.
Cho 1ml ancol etylic vao ong nghiem kho, cho tiep t t tng giot
H2SO4 ac (1ml) va lac eu. un can than hon hp en soi nhe. a ong
nghiem ra xa nguon nhiet va nho t t 5 10 giot ancol etylic theo thanh
ong nghiem vao hon hp ang nong. Nhan xet mui ac trng cua ietyl ete
bay ra. Sau o, ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh thang c vuot
nho au pha tren. Tiep tuc un nong can than hon hp va dung que diem
chay e ot ete thoat ra t ong dan kh. Nhan xet mau ngon la ete.
Dung dch bao hoa phenol trong nc, dung dch NaOH 2N, dung dch
NaCO3 2N, dung dch NaHCO3 2N, dung dch HCl 2N.
Cach tien hanh
a) Cho 1ml dung dch phenol vao ong nghiem va cho them t t tng
giot NaOH 2N cho en khi dung dch trong suot.
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-Dan luong kh CO2 d vao phan th hai. Quan sat hien tng xay ra.
b) Cho vao ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch phenol bao hoa. Trong
khi lac nhe them vao ong th nhat 1ml dung dch NaCO3 2N va vao ong th
hai 1ml dung dch NaHCO3 2N. Theo doi hien tng xay ra ca hai ong
nghiem.
Dung dch phenol 5%, dung dch m-crezol 5%,dung dch p-crezol 5%,
dung dch FeCl3 5%, ancol etylic, dung dch HCl 2N.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ba ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch cua mot trong cac chat
sau: phenol, m-crezol, p-crezol. Cho tiep vao moi ong mot giot dung dch
FeCl3 5% va lac nhe. Nhan xet s oi mau cua cac dung dch.
Moi dung dch c chia thanh hai phan. Nho t t tng giot ancol etylic
vao phan th nhat va dung dch HCl vao phan th hai cho en khi dung dch
mat mau.
Dung dch phenol 5%, dung dch bao hoa brom trong nc.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml dung dch phenol vao ong nghiem va nho tiep tng giot dung
dch nc brom, ong thi lac nhe ong nghiem cho en khi ket tua xuat
hien. Tiep tuc nho that d nc brom vao dung dch. Nhan xet s bien oi
mau sac cua ket tua.
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- 112 -
Cho 0.05 0.1g anhidrit phtalic (nghien nho), 0.1 0.2g phenol va 3 4
giot H2SO4 vao ong nghiem kho. un nong hon hp en nong chay (hon
hp nhuom mau o toi) tren ngon la en con trong vong 2 3 phut. Lam
nguoi hon hp, rot vao o 5 6 ml nc. un nong nhe ong nghiem e san
pham mau tan. Lay mot giot dung dch nho len t giay loc. Sau khi dung
dch a tham het vao giay, em nho them vao gia vet tham 1 giot dung
dch kiem. Nhan xet mau cua vet tham tren giay loc.
Nho len vet tham co mau mot giot dung dch HCl. Nho tiep vao o
1giot dung dch kiem. Theo doi s bien oi mau tren giay tham.
NaNO2 (tinh the), phenol, H2SO4 (ac), dung dch NaOH 1N.
Cach tien hanh
Bo mot t tinh the NaNO2 vao ong nghiem sach va kho. Them vao o
mot vai tinh the phenol va un nong nhe trong khoang 30 giay. e nguoi.
Them 1ml H2SO4 ac vao. Lac eu. Mau xanh tm se xuat hien. Sau 1 - 2
phut pha loang t t hon hp bang nc lanh, dung dch se xuat hien mau
hong o. Sau o kiem hoa bang dung dch NaOH 1N se thay xuat hien mau
xanh luc.
Hoa tan 1g phenol vi 15ml dung dch NaOH 10% ng trong ong
nghiem. Them vao o 2ml benzoyl clorua. ay chat nut va lac eu khoang
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- 113 -
10 phut. Loc lay chat ran, ra sach va ket tinh lai trong ancol metylic. Th
iem chay.
Este cua benzoyl clorua vi phenol thng (C6H5OH) co t0nc =690C.
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Hnh 7
1- Bnh cau co nhanh cha CaCl2
2- Ong nghiem cha HgO va
H2SO4
3- Ong nghiem
axetandehit
hng
4- Coc nc nong
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cha
- 115 -
Canxi axetat khan (nghien nho thanh bot), dung dch NaOH 10%, dung
dch HCl 10%, iod tinh the.
Cach tien hanh
Cho canxi axetat khan vao ong nghiem kho (lng canxi axetat chiem
khoang 1/4 chieu cao ong nghiem). ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan
kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh nhung vao ong nghiem hng cha san 1
- 1.5ml H2O (xem hnh 1, Chng I). un nong nhe toan bo ong nghiem, sau
o tap trung un nong phan cha canxi axetat trong khoang 5 - 7 phut. Nhan
xet s tang the tch cua dung dch trong ong nghiem hng.
Cho vai tinh the iot vao dung dch trong ong nghiem hng lac eu va
cho them tng giot dung dch NaOH 10% cho en khi mat mau iot. Theo doi
hien tng ket tua trong dung dch.
Sau khi lam lanh ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng ban au, nho vao
o 1 - 2ml dung dch HCl 10%. Theo doi hien tng sui bot kh.
Dung dch fomanehit 40%, dung dch axetanehit 20%, dung dch acid
fucsinsunfur, dung dch HCl ac.
Cach tien hanh
Dung dch acid fucsinsunfur c ieu che bang cach hoa tan 0.2g
fucsin (rosanilin) trong 200ml nc cat va cho them vai ml dung dch
nc bao hoa kh SO2 (hoac 2g NaHSO3 va 2ml dung dch HCl ac).
Neu sau 15 - 20 phut ma dung dch khong mat mau th cho them mot t
than hoat tnh, lac cho en
khi mat mau, sau o loc bo than hoat
tnh.
Thuoc th c gi trong bnh kn, tranh anh sang. Lng d
trong SO2 cang t, thuoc th cang nhay.
Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 2 giot dung dch acid fucsinsunfur.
Nho vao ong nghiem th nhat 5 giot dung dch fomanehit 40% va vao ong
un nong canxi axetat tinh the ngam nc Ca(CH3COO)2. 2H2O trong chen s 120 - 1300.
e nguoi, nghien nho thanh bot va bao quan trong bnh lam kho.
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- 116 -
nghiem th hai 5 giot dung dch axetanehit 20%. Nhan xet hien tng xuat
hien mau trong ca hai ong nghiem.
Sau o, nho vao tng ong nghiem 5 giot dung dch HCl ac. Quan sat s
thay oi mau trong ca hai ong nghiem.
Cho vao ong nghiem (a ra sach) 1ml AgNO3 1%, lac ong nghiem va
nho them t t tng giot dung dch NH3 5% cho en khi va hoa tan ket tua
bac oxit (thuoc th Tolen se kem nhay neu cho d dung dch NH3).
Nho vai giot dung dch fomanehit vao dung dch thuoc th Tolen. un
nong hon hp tren noi nc nong 60 - 700C. Quan sat lp bac kim loai bam
tren thanh ong nghiem (oi khi bac kim loai tach ra dang ket tua vo nh
hnh mau en). Tien hanh th nghiem tng t vi axetanehit.
Dung dch fomanehit 5%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4 2%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch fomanehit 5% va 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao
ong nghiem. Lac hon hp va nho t t tng giot CuSO4 2% cho en khi xuat
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- 117 -
hien huyen phu. un nong phan tren cua hon hp tren ngon la en con cho
en soi, con phan di cua hon hp e so sanh. Quan sat hien tng bien
oi t mau xanh nhat (cua huyen phu) sang mau vang (cua ket tua) roi mau
o (cua ket tua).
Cho 1ml dung dch thuoc th Felinh va 1 - 2 giot dung dch fomanehit
vao ong nghiem. un nong nhe hon hp tren ngon la en con. Quan sat
hien tng xay ra trong hon hp.
Axeton, anehit benzoic, dung dch bao hoa NaHSO3, dung dch HCl
10%, dung dch Na2CO3 10%.
Cach tien hanh
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- 118 -
a) Rot 3ml dung dch bao hoa NaHSO3 vao ong nghiem. Lac manh va
cho tiep 1ml axeton vao dung dch cha NaHSO3. Hon hp toa nhiet. at
ong nghiem trong coc nc a va quan sat s xuat hien ket tua tinh the
trong ong nghiem. Neu hien tng ket tua xay ra cham th co the khi mao
ket tua bang cach dung ua thuy tinh co nhe vao thanh ong nghiem. (cho co
dung dch). Loc lay ket tua tinh the. Chia thanh hai phan va cho vao hai ong
nghiem. Rot vao phan th nhat 1ml dung dch HCl 10%, va phan th hai 1ml
dung dch Na2CO3 10%. un nong nhe ca hai ong nghiem va nhan xet mui
bay len (can than khi ngi mui !).
b) Rot 0.5ml anehit benzoic, 2ml dung dch bao hoa NaHSO3 vao ong
nghiem va lac manh. Mui ac trng cua anehit benzoic dan dan bien mat
va san pham tao ra dang tinh the. Tiep tuc lac hon hp en khi lng ket
tua khong tang len. Rot 6 - 8 ml nc vao hon hp va at ong nghiem vao
noi nc nong. Quan sat hien tng xay ra (lng ket tua, mui).
Cho vao ong nghiem 1 - 2ml dung dch 2,4-initrophenylhirazin va 1 2 giot benzanehit. Lac nhe hon hp. Theo doi hien tng xay ra (ket tua,
mau). Loc va ra ket tua bang nc, say kho san pham e dung cho th
nghiem 7.14.
Tien hanh th nghiem tng t oi vi axeton.
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Hoa tan 0.5g semicacbazit hidroclorua trong 2ml nc sau o cho tiep
0.5ml axeton va 0.4g kali axetat. ay ong nghiem bang nut va lac manh
hon hp trong 2 - 3 phut. at ong nghiem vao coc nc lanh va quan sat s
xuat hien ket tua.
Cho 5 giot benzanehit vao ong nghiem, them vao o 1ml etanol, 1ml
dung dch natri axetat va 0.5g semicacbazit hidroclorua. un cach thuy
700C trong khoang 15 phut. Lai a them vao ong nghiem 2ml nc roi e
yen trong nc am khoang 10 phut na. Sau o lam lanh ong nghiem va
quan sat ket tua. Sau khi ket tua het. Loc lay tinh the, ket tinh lai trong hon
hp ancol-nc. Th iem chay.
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o vao 3 ong nghiem moi ong 1ml nc, sau o them vao ong nghiem
th nhat 2 - 3 giot axeton, ong nghiem th hai 2 - 3 giot metyl etyl xeton,
ong nghiem th ba 2 - 3 giot axetophenol. Tiep theo them vao moi ong
nghiem 1ml dung dch natri nitropruxit (Natri penta xiano nitroferoat
Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]) 5% trong nc, cuoi cung them vao moi ong nghiem mot
vai giot dung dch NaOH 1N. Luc o se thay cac mau xuat hien, quan sat
hien tng chuyen mau cua cac hon hp.
o vao ong nghiem 5ml nc, 0.5ml acid axetic, 0.5ml phenyl hidrazin
va 3 giot benzanehit hoac axeton. Lac eu hon hp. Sau 1 - 2 phut se co
ket tua. Quan sat dang ket tua. Neu can lam lanh ket tua. Quan sat.
Rot 3ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong nghiem. Cho them 5 - 6 giot
anehit axetic va un nong nhe hon hp. Luc au phan ng tao ra anol (co
mui de chu), sau o, anol chuyen thanh anehit crotonic (co mui kho chu,
can than khi ngi mui). Khi tiep tuc un nong lau hn, chat long chuyen
thanh nha mau nau.
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Hoa chat
Anehit benzoic, dung dch KOH 10% (trong ancol etylic, va mi pha),
kali bicromat (bot), acid sunfuric ac.
Cach tien hanh
Rot 5ml dung dch KOH 10% (trong ancol etylic) vao 1ml anehit
benzoic trong ong nghiem va lac eu. Hon hp phat nhiet va xuat hien khoi
ong ac cac tinh the san pham (tinh the kali benzoat). Loc lay phan ket tua
tinh the, roi chuyen vao ong nghiem. Cho them vao o 4 - 5ml nc, lac cho
tan ket tua, roi rot them 1ml HCl loang. Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua.
Chuyen phan dung dch loc (sau khi a loc lay phan kali benzoat tren
pheu) vao ong nghiem va un trong noi nc soi e lam bay hi phan ln
ancol etylic. Cho 1 - 2ml nc, mot t bot kali bicromat va 1ml acid sunfuric
ac vao phan con lai trong ong nghiem. un hon hp en soi tren ngon la
en con. Nhan xet mui cua hon hp.
Anehit axetic (mi chng cat), acid sunfuric ac, dung dch acid
fucsinsunfur.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml anehit axetic va 1ml acid sunfuric ac vao ong nghiem roi lac
nhe hon hp. Phan ng phat nhiet. Sau 2 - 3 phut ra paranehit bang nc:
cho 1ml nc vao hon hp va lac nhe, e yen hon hp, dung pipette hut lay
lp paranehit tren. Ra vai lan nh tren, sau o cho 1ml dung dch acid
fucsinsunfur vao paranehit. Nhan xet mau cua hon hp.
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Cho khoang 1g parafomanehit va 1ml dung dch H2SO4 10% vao ong
nghiem. Ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng c ay bang nut co ong dan
kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh c dan vao ong nghiem hng co cha
1ml nc va 1ml dung dch acid fucsinsunfur. Ong nghiem hng c at
trong coc nc a (xem hnh 4 chng V). un nong hon hp phan ng tren
ngon la en con. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch trong ong
nghiem hng.
Lay vao ong nghiem 1ml nc va 1 - 2 giot axeton. Them 2 giot dung
dch am ac cua I2 trong KI va them tiep tng giot dung dch NaOH 10%.
Quan sat hien tng mat mau va xuat hien ket tua, mau cua ket tua.
o vao mat knh ong ho 1ml dung dch fomalin 40% va 8ml dung dch
NH4OH am ac. Co can cach thuy trong tu hut hay ngoai san rong. Quan
sat san pham khi co can. Lay chat ran ket tinh lai trong ancol etylic. Th
iem chay cua tinh the.
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Pha 3 dung dch bao hoa cac chat sau trong benzen: dung dch th nhat
cha 2,4 -initrophenyl hirazon cua benzanehit, dung dch th hai cha
2,4 initrophenyl hirazon cua axeton dung dch th ba cha hon hp cua
hai chat tren theo t le: 1 : 1 ve khoi lng.
Dung ba ong mao quan e lay ba dung dch tren va cham vao vach xuat
phat tren nhom oxit. e kho. at ban sac k vao bnh sac k cha hon hp
dung moi xiclohexan, clorofom va nitrobenzen (theo t le 12 : 3 : 1 ve the
tch). Ban sac k c at nghieng sao cho hon hp dung moi tiep xuc c
vi ban sac k nhng di vach xuat phat. ay kn bnh sac k bang nap
thuy tinh. Khi dung moi a tham len cach canh pha tren cua cua ban sac k
khoang 1cm th lay ra khoi bnh va anh dau lay v tr o. Sau khi lam bay
het dung moi em at ban sac k vao bnh cha hi iot. Theo doi qua trnh
xuat hien cac vet ac trng cho tng 2,4 -initrophenyl hirazon va tnh cac
gia tr Rf cua chung.
Xem them thc hanh hoa hoc hu c. Tap I - trang 51 - 55. NXBGD 1992.
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Dung dch CH3COOH 10%, acid axetic ket tinh( ), dung dch Na2CO3
10%, Mg (bot), dung dch metyl dacam, dung dch quy xanh, dung dch
phenolphtalein 1% (trong ancol etylic).
Cach tien hanh
a) Nho vao ba ong nghiem, moi ong 1 - 2 giot dung dch CH3COOH
10%. Them vao ong th nhat 1 giot metyl dacam, ong th hai 1 giot dung
dch quy xanh, ong th ba 1 giot phenolphtalein. Theo doi s bien oi mau
trong ca ba ong nghiem.
b) Rot 1 - 2ml acid axetic ket tinh vao ong nghiem, cho them mot t Mg
bot (bang hat au xanh). ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh thang,
au pha tren c vuot nho (xem hnh 5). a au que diem ang chay vao
au vuot nho cua ong dan kh. Quan sat hien tng bung chay cua ngon la.
c) Cho khoang 0.1 - 0.2g CuO vao ong nghiem. Rot tiep vao o 1 - 2ml
acid axetic va un nhe hon hp tren ngon la en con. Quan sat mau cua
dung dch.
d) Rot 1 - 2ml acid axetic ket tinh vao ong nghiem a chasan 1 - 2ml
dung dch Na2CO3 10%. a que diem ang chay vao mieng ong nghiem.
Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong dung dch va ngon la au que diem.
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Tron eu 1g acid khao sat vi 1g voi toi xut tan nho, cho tat ca vao ong
nghiem, un nong nhe roi manh dan. Hng cac chat sinh ra vao ong nghiem
A neu la chat kh va ong nghiem B neu la chat long.
?).
Acid axetic, propionic, anilin hoac p-toludin, dung dch HCl 5%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 5 giot acid axetic hoac propionic vao ong nghiem roi them vao o
1ml anilin (hay 1.5g p-toludin). un nong 190 - 2000 (tot nhat la un cach
dau) trong khoang 30 phut roi e nguoi. Them vao 7ml HCl 5% va un nong
khoang 2 - 5 phut na. e nguoi han. Loc lay tinh the anilit va ket tinh lai
trong ancol. Th iem nong chay.
Lu y: oi vi cac acid co trong lng phan t cao th phai chuyen
thanh clorua acid bang tac dung cua tionyl clorua roi mi cho tac dung vi
amin thm c.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 10 giot acid cacboxylic (hoac 0.5g acid ran hay
muoi cua no) va 8 giot tionyl clorua. Lap mot thuy tinh dai dung lam sinh
han hoi lu. un nhe trong khoang 30 phut. e nguoi va them t t vao o
1ml anilin. un cach thuy soi khoang 2 phut na. e nguoi. Loc chat ran thu
c, lan lt ra bang 1ml nc, 2ml HCl 5%, 2ml NaOH 5% va cuoi cung
bang 1ml nc lanh.
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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Ket tinh lai anilit trong nc hoac ancol etylic tuy tng trng hp. Th
iem chay.
Acid fomic, acid axetic, acid benzoic, acid sucxinic, acid salixylic, acid
tactric, acid citric, dung dch FeCl3 trung tnh, dung dch NH4OH ac.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5g acid khao sat vao ong nghiem va kiem hoa bang mot lng d
amoniac (ti khi lam xanh giay quy o). un soi nhe het han mui amoniac
t do. e nguoi. Them vao o vai giot dung dch FeCl3 trung tnh. Quan sat
mau.
Acid fomic, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch AgNO3 1%, dung dch NH3
5%, dung dch H2SO4 10%, dung dch KMnO4 5%, dung dch nc voi trong.
Cach tien hanh
a) Oxi hoa acid fomic bang thuoc th Tolen
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat 1 - 2ml AgNO3 1%, cho tiep khoang 1 - 2
giot dung dch NaOH 10% ti khi that xuat hien ket tua. Nho them tng giot
dung dch NH3 5% e va hoa tan ket tua.
Cho vao ong nghiem th hai 0.5ml acid fomic, nho them tng giot dung
dch NaOH 10% cho ti khi at moi trng trung tnh (th bang giay quy
trung tnh).
Rot hon hp trong ong nghiem hai vao hon hp trong ong nghiem mot.
un nong hon hp phan ng trong noi nc nong 60 - -700C. Nhan xet hien
tng xay ra trong ong nghiem.
b) Oxi hoa acid fomic bang dung dch kali pemanganat
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Cho 0.5ml acid fomic, 0.5ml dung dch H2SO4 10% va 1ml dung dch
KMnO4 5% vao ong nghiem. ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh
cong, au cuoi cua ong dan kh nhung vao ong nghiem cha san 2ml dung
dch nc voi trong. un nong ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng. Quan
sat hien tng xay ra trong ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng va ong
nghiem cha nc voi trong.
Dung dch acid oxalic bao hoa, dung dch KMnO4 5%, dung dch H2SO4
10%, dung dch nc voi trong.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 3 - 4ml dung dch KMnO4 5%, 1 - 2ml dung dch
H2SO4 10% va 1ml dung dch acid oxalic bao hoa. ay ong nghiem bang
nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan kh c dan vao ong
nghiem khac a cha san 1 - 2ml dung dch nc voi trong. un nong can
than hon hp phan ng. Nhan xet s bien oi mau trong ong nghiem cha
hon hp phan ng va hien tng xay ra ong nghiem cha nc voi trong.
Acid oleic, nc brom bao hoa, dung dch KMnO4 2%, dung dch
Na2CO3 10%.
Cach tien hanh
a) Phan ng cua acid oleic vi nc brom
b) Cho vao ong nghiem khoang 0.5ml acid oleic va 2ml nc brom. Lac
manh hon hp. Theo doi s bien oi mau cua nc brom.
c) Phan ng cua acid oleic vi KMnO4
Cho khoang 0.5ml acid oleic, 1ml dung dch KMnO4 5% va 1ml dung
dch Na2CO3 10% vao ong nghiem. Lac manh hon hp. Quan sat s bien oi
mau cua dung dch KMnO4.
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Nho 2 - 3 giot dung dch CH3COONa 10% vao ong nghiem, nho them
vai giot dung dch FeCl3 3%. Dung dch nhuom mau o sam cua hp chat
phc (tan trong dung dch).
un soi dung dch. Hp chat phc cua sat b thuy phan, tao ra muoi
baz cua sat dang ket tua bong mau nau o.
Ancol etylic, acid acetic ket tinh, acid sunfuric ac, dung dch natri
clorua bao hoa.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat (kho) 2ml ancol etylic, 2ml acid axetic
ket tinh va 2 giot acid sunfu ric ac.
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Cho vao ong nghiem th hai ( kho) lng ancol etylic va acid axetic ket
tinh tng t nh ong nghiem th nhat.
Lien tuc lac eu ca hai ong nghiem va ong thi un nong 8 - 10 phut
trong noi nc nong 65 - 700C (khong c un soi hon hp phan ng !). Sau
o lam lanh ca hai ong nghiem. Rot vao moi ong 3 - 4ml natri clorua bao
hoa. Theo doi s phan lp chat long va so sanh lng chat long lp tren
trong ca hai ong nghiem.
Cho 2ml ancol isoamylic, 2ml acid axetic ket tinh va 2 giot acid sunfuric
ac vao ong nghiem kho. Lac eu, un nong hon hp 8 - 10 phut trong noi
nc soi. Sau khi lam lanh, rot hon hp san pham vao ong nghiem cha 3 4ml nc lanh. Theo doi lp este noi pha tren va nhan xet mui thm ac
trng cua no.
Etyl axetat, dung dch H2SO4 20%, dung dch NaOH 30%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao 3 ong nghiem, moi ong 2ml etyl axetat. Cho them vao ong th
nhat 1ml nc, ong th hai 1ml dung dch H2SO4 20%, ong th ba 1ml dung
dch NaOH 30%. Lac eu ca ba ong nghiem, ong thi un nong 5 - 10 phut
trong noi nc nong 65 - 750C. Sau khi ngng un, so sanh lp este con lai
trong ong nghiem.
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Anhirit axetic, dung dch NaOH 1%, ancol etylic (tuyet oi), dung dch
NaHCO3 10%.
Cach tien hanh
a) Phan ng cua anhirit axetic vi nc
Cho 1ml anhirit axetic va 2ml nc vao ong nghiem. Lac manh hon
hp, sau o e yen. Hon hp phan lp, lp di la anhirit axetic. Tiep tuc
lac, ong thi un hon hp trong noi nc soi cho en khi c hon hp
ong nhat.
b) Phan ng cua anhirit axetic vi dung dch kiem
Cho 0.5ml anhirit axetic va 1ml dung dch NaOH 1% vao ong nghiem.
Lac eu hon hp cho en khi c dung dch ong nhat.
c) Phan ng cua anhirit axetic vi ancol etylic
Cho 2ml ancol etylic va 1ml anhirit axetic vao ong nghiem kho. un
nong hon hp phan ng trong noi nc nong 65 - 750C khoang vai phut. e
nguoi rot 1 - 2ml nc vao hon hp san pham, lac nhe va nho them tng
giot dung dch natri hidrocacbonat cho en khi ngng tach ra cac bot kh.
Theo doi s phan lp cua chat long va mui cua san pham.
Dau thc vat hoac m ong vat, dung dch NaOH 40%, dung dch NaCl
bao hoa.
Dung cu
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Cho vao capsun s loai nho khoang 3g chat beo (hoac dau tha vat) va
6 - 7ml dung dch NaOH 40%. un hon hp soi nhe tren bep ien hoac en
con trong khoang 20 - 30 phut va lien tuc khuay nhe bang ua thuy tinh. Do
nc b boc hi trong qua trnh un soi nen thnh thoang cho them nc cat
vao hon hp phan ng e gi cho the tch ban au cua hon hp khong thay
oi.
Sau khi un soi hon hp c khoang 15 - 20 phut, can tien hanh kiem
tra s ket thuc phan ng bang cach lay mot vai giot hon hp vao ong
nghiem co cha san 5 - 6ml nc. Lac nhe va un nong hon hp trong noi
nc soi. Neu mau th hoa tan hoan toan trong nc, khong tach thanh giot
dau, xem nh phan ng thuy phan a ket thuc. Trong trng hp ngc lai,
can tiep tuc un nong capsun, sau o tiep tuc th nh tren.
Khi phan ng thuy phan ket thuc, rot them vao hon hp 10 - 15ml dung
dch muoi an bao hoa nong va khuay nhe. e nguoi va gi yen hon hp.
Gan bo lp chat long di, tach lay khoi xa phong ran noi tren.
Nho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 2 - 3 giot dau thc vat. Cho them vao
ong nghiem th nhat 2ml nc cat, ong nghiem th hai 2ml dung dch xa
phong 1%. Lac manh ca hai ong nghiem. Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong
hai ong nghiem.
Xa phong natri, nc cat, dung dch CaCl2 5%, dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2
5%, dung dch CuSO4 5%.
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Dung cu
Hoa tan khoang 1g xa phong natri trong 10ml nc cat cha trong coc
thuy tinh. Chia dung dch xa phong thanh ba phan.
Cho 1ml dung dch CaCl2 5% vao phan th nhat, 1ml dung dch
Pb(CH3COO)2 5% vao phan th hai va 1ml dung dch CuSO4 5% vao phan
th ba. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra trong ca ba ong nghiem.
un nong en soi ong nghiem cha xa phong ong. Quan sat hien tng
xay ra.
Hoa tan hoan toan khoang 0.2g xa phong natri trong ong nghiem cha
2ml nc cat. Cho 2ml dung dch H2SO4 10% vao dung dch xa phong va
thu c va lac eu.
un hon hp en soi, sau o e nguoi. Nhan xet cac hien tng xay ra.
Dung dch dau thc vat 10% trong CHCl3, dung dch iot 0.05% trong
ancol etylic, dung dch ho tinh bot 2%.
Dung cu
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Cho 10ml dung dch dau thc vat 10% (trong CHCl3) vao bnh thuy tinh
hnh non va nho them vao o 2 giot ho tinh bot 2%. Lac eu hon hp va t
burette nho tng giot dung dch iot 0.05% (trong ancol etylic) vao hon hp
cho en khi xuat hien mau xanh (tren be mat dung dch xuat hien mau vang
xanh).
Tnh ch so iot cua dau thc vat a dung trong th nghiem (biet rang ch
so iot la so gam iot a phan ng vi 100g chat beo).
Dau thc vat, ancol etylic, benzen, dung dch phenolphtalein 1% (trong
ancol etylic), dung dch KOH 0.1N.
Dung cu
Hoa tan khoang 2g dau thc vat trong hon hp ancol etylic va benzen (1
: 1) trong bnh hnh non 50ml va nho them vao o 2 giot dung dch
phenolphtalein.
Trong khi lac lien tuc, nho tng giot dung dch KOH 0.1N t burette
vao dung dch dau thc vat cho en khi xuat hien mau hong nhat va mau
nay khong b mat sau khi lac. Ghi lay the tch dung dch KOH a dung. Tnh
ch so acid cua dau thc vat a dung trong th nghiem, biet rang ch so acid
la so mg KOH can e trung hoa acid beo t do co trong 1g chat beo.
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Dung cu
Hoa tan 10mg metyl propionat trong 5ml CDCl3. Cho dung dch thu c
vao ampun, han kn va at vao may. Dung chat chuan TMS ((CH3)4Si).
Tien hanh ghi pho e nhan cac vach cong hng ac trng cho proton trong
nhom CH3, CH2.
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Cho vao ong nghiem 5 giot dung dch metylamin (hoac etylamin) va 2
giot dung dch phenolphtalein. Nhan xet mau cua hon hp.
b) Phan ng vi dung dch CuSO4
Cho vao ong nghiem 5 giot dung dch CuSO4 5%. Nho t t tng giot
dung dch metylamin (hoac etylamin) vao dung dch CuSO4 cho en khi xuat
hien ket tua. Nhan xet mau chat ket tua. Tiep tuc nho them dung dch
metylamin cho en khi ket tua tan. Nhan xet mau dung dch.
c) Phan ng vi dung dch sat (III) clorua.
Cho 5giot dung dch FeCl3 3% vao ong nghiem. Nho t t tng giot
metylamin (hoac etylamin) vao dung dch FeCl3 cho en khi xuat hien ket
tua. Nhan xet mau cua chat ket tua.
d) Phan ng vi clorofom (phan ng tao ra isonitrin) (phan ng ac
trung cho amin bac 1).
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Cho vao ong nghiem 3 giot dung dch metylamin (hoac etylamin), 1 giot
dung dch clorofom va 1 giot dung dch kiem ac. un nong hon hp tren
ngon la en con (trong tu hot !) phan ng tao ra isonitrin co mui tanh rat
kho chu.
Chu y: isonitrin rat oc. Can lam th nghiem trong tu hot. Sau khi th
nghiem can phan huy ngay bang cach nho dung dch HCl ac vao ong
nghiem cha isonitrin.
e) Phan ng vi dung dch acid clohidric ac.
Dung ua thuy tinh, nhung mot au vao dung dch acid clohidric ac va
a vao mieng ong nghiem cha dung dch metylamin. Nhan xet hien tng
xay ra.
(Th nghiem nay co the c thc hien ngay khi ieu che metylamin
(th nghiem9.1 ) : a au ua thuy tinh co tam acid clohidric ac vao mieng
ong nghiem hng metylamin).
g) Phan ng cua cac amin bac 1 vi acid nitr (phan ng nhan ra amin
bac 1)
Cho 1ml dung dch metylamin va 1ml dung dch NaNO2 10% vao ong
nghiem. Khi lac nho them vao hon hp tng giot acid axetic ket tinh. Theo
doi hien tng cac bot kh tach ra t dung dch.
Cho vao ong nghiem mot hat thiec, 10 giot dung dch HCl ac va1 giot
nitrobenzen. un nong nhe ong nghiem tren ngon la en con va lac eu.
Khi phan ng xay ra qua manh th ngng un, neu xay ra qua cham tiep tuc
un. Phan ng c coi la ket thuc khi mui thm hanh nhan cua nitrobenzen
bien mat. Lam lanh ong nghiem va them tng giot dung dch NaOH 20%
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vao hon hp cho en moi trng kiem (th bang giay quy o). Nhan xet
hien tng xay ra.
e xac nhan co tao ra anilin, em nho vao hon hp mot vai giot acid
sunfuric ac en moi trng acid manh va 1 giot dung dch K2Cr2O7 15%.
Neu co anilin, dung dch xuat hien mau xanh la cay hoac mau xanh tham
(xem th nghiem 9.6).
Anilin, dung dch HCl ac, dung dch H2SO4 ac, dung dch NaOH 20%,
giay quy o.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 2 - 3ml nc vao ong nghiem a cha san 5 - 6 giot anilin. Lac
manh hon hp va th moi trng cua hon hp bang giay quy o. Nhan xet
mau cua giay quy trc va sau khi th.
Chia hon hp thanh hai phan. Nho t t tng giot acid clohidrit ac vao
phan th nhat, lac eu en khi c dung dch ong nhat. Sau o nho t t
tng giot dung dch natri hidroxit va lac eu. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
Nho t t tng giot dung dch acid sunfuric ac vao phan th hai cho
en khi xuat hien ket tua trang. Sau o nho tiep tng giot natri hidroxit.
Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
Dung dch anilin, dung dch K2Cr2O7 bao hoa, dung dch acid sunfuric
loang.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch anilin (xem th nghiem 9.4) vao ong nghiem. Cho
tiep 2 - 3 giot dung dch kali bicromat, 0.5ml dung dch acid sunfuric loang
va lac nhe. Theo doi hien tng chuyen mau cua hon hp.
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Cho vao ong nghiem 0.5ml dung dch anilin va 1 -2ml nc brom. Lac
nhe hon hp. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua brom va hien tng ket tua
trong dung dch.
Cho vao ong nghiem 5 giot anilin, 5 giot acid sunsuric ac. Lac eu va
at ong nghiem vao noi cach cat. Phan ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng
phai nam di cat. Noi cach cat c un nong ti 1800C va gi hon hp
phan ng nhiet o nay trong thi gian 2 - 3 phut. Sau o nhac ong nghiem
ra khoi noi cat. e hon hp nguoi; san pham (acid sunfanilic) ong ac
ay ong nghiem.
Thu c acid sunfanilic dang tinh the can tien hanh nh sau: nho 15 20 giot nc nong vao phan ket tua neu tren. un nong hon hp tren ngon
l a en con cho ti khi ket tua tan hoan toan. Sau o lam lanh t t se thu
c san pham dang tinh the.
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Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml anilin va 3ml nc. Lac manh hon hp. Rot
1ml anhidrit axetic vao hon hp tren ( dang nhu tng). ay ong nghiem
bang nut va lac manh hon hp. M nut, sau o lai ay nut va tiep tuc lac
manh cho en khi hon hp bat au ong ac. Loc san pham va ket tinh lai
trong nc.
Viet phng trnh phan ng tao ra axetanilit t anilin va anhidrit axetic.
Cho vao bnh cau nho (dung tch 50 - 100ml) 1ml anilin, 8ml nc va
2.5ml HCl ac. Lac eu hon hp roi at bnh cau vao chau nc a e nhiet
o cua hon hp trong bnh cau at c 00C.
Chuan b rieng trong ong nghiem mot dung dch gom 0.8g NaNO2 trong
2ml nc. Nho t t tng giot NaNO2 vao bnh cau cha dung dch muoi
anilin hidroclorua. Lac eu bnh cau va tiep tuc lam lanh. Trong qua trnh
th nghiem nhiet o cua hon hp phan ng khong c cao hn 50C. e at
c nhiet o o can cho vao bnh cau tng vien a nho (tat ca khoang 10 15g). Sau khoang 5 - 6 phut, khi a cho vao hon hp phan ng khoang mot
na lng dung dch NaNO2, can tiep tuc lac hon hp phan ng them 1 - 2
phut, dung ua thuy tinh lay 1 giot dung dch, tam vao giay iot ho tinh bot.
Neu giay khong nhuom mau xanh, tiep tuc nho them dung dch NaNO2 va
lai tiep tuc th vi giay iot ho tinh bot nh tren cho en khi giay nhuom
mau xanh.
Dung dch phenyliazoni clorua trong suot c at trong chau nc a
e dung cho cac th nghiem tiep theo.
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Cho khoang 5ml dung dch muoi phenyliazoni clorua (va ieu che
th nghiem 9.10) vao ong nghiem. at ong nghiem vao noi nc nong va
un nong nhe en khi ngng tach ra nhng bot kh nit. Nhan xet hien tng
xay ra tren be mat chat long (trang thai chat long, mui).
ay ong nghiem bang nut co ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan
kh c dan vao ong nghiem hng. un nong ong nghiem co cha dung
dch bang ngon la en con. Phenol bay hi cung vi hi nc va c
ngng lai trong ong nghiem hng. Nho them vao ong nghiem hng vai giot
nc va 1 giot dung dch FeCl3 5%. Quan sat s xuat hien mau ac trng
cua dung dch trong ong nghiem hng.
Rot 5ml dung dch phenyliazoni clorua (t th nghiem 9.10) vao dung
dch cua 1g KI trong 2ml nc. Lac eu va un nong hon hp trong noi nc
cho en khi ngng tach ra kh nit. ay ong nghiem xuat hien nhng giot
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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dau (iotbenzen) nhuom mau nau cua iot. Tach lay iotbenzen bang pheu
chiet. Lac iotbenzen vi 2 - 3ml dung dch NaHSO3 10%, sau o vi 2 - 3ml
nc.
imetylanilin, acid sunfanilic, natri nitrit, dung dch HCl ac, dung dch
HCl 2N, dung dch NaOH 2N.
Dung cu
Cho vao coc thuy tinh th nhat 0.5g imetylanilin va 5ml acid clohidrit
ac. Khuay eu hon hp bang ua thuy tinh.
Cho vao coc th hai 0.5g acid sunfanilic va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 2N.
Khuay eu, cho tiep vao o 0.2g NaNO2 trong 2.5ml nc. Lam lanh hon
hp trong coc th hai bang nc a, roi rot t t toan bo hon hp sang coc
th ba a cha san 1.5ml dung dch HCl 2N, khuay eu.
Rot hon hp trong coc th ba vao hon hp trong coc th nhat va khuay
eu. Sau o them dung dch NaOH 2N cho ti khi at moi trng kiem.
Chat mau tach ra dang ket tua bong, vang da cam. Loc lay ket tua va lam
kho bang cach ep gia hai t giay loc.
Phan nc loc c chia vao hai ong nghiem (moi ong khoang 1ml),
pha loang tiep bang nc. Cho dung dch acid loang vao ong nghiem th
nhat va dung dch kiem loang vao ong nghiem th hai. Nhan xet mau cua
dung dch trong hai ong nghiem.
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-naphtol, dung dch NaOH 2N, acid sunfanilic, dung dch NaNO2 0.4N,
dung dch HCl 2N, NaCl tinh the.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.35g -naphtol va 5ml dung dch NaOH 2N vao coc va un nong
nhe, sau o e nguoi.
Trong coc khac, hoa tan 0.5g acid sunfanilic trong 1.5ml dung dch
NaOH 2N. Rot 2.5ml dung dch NaNO2 0.4N vao dung dch cha muoi natri
cua acid sunfanilic. Lam lanh hon hp bang nc a, roi rot hon hp vao
5ml dung dch HCl 2N cung a c lam lanh bang nc a.
Rot dung dch natri - naphtolatvao dung dch muoi iazoni va ieu
che tren. Khuay eu hon hp, sau o at vao chau nc a. Sau khoang
30 phut, chat mau ket tua xuong. Cho them dung dch bao hoa cua 1.5g
NaCl. Loc va lam kho san pham giay hai t giay loc.
Metyl dacam, metylen xanh, etanol, nhom oxit (loai co hoat tnh III).
Dung cu
Ong thuy tinh (ng knh 10 - 12mm, dai 25 - 30 cm) co khoa cuoi
ong, pheu nho giot loai nho, bnh tam giac.
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Acid lactic, acid axetic, dung dch phenol 1%, dung dch FeCl3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vai giot FeCl3 1% vao ong nghiem a cha san 2 - 3ml dung dch
phenol 1%. Nhan xet mau cua dung dch. Chia dung dch thu c thanh hai
phan. Rot 0.5ml acid lactic vao phan th nhat va 0.5ml acid axetic vao phan
th hai. Nhan xet s thay oi mau dung dch trong ca hai ong nghiem.
Dung dch sa chua. dung dch phenol 1%, dung dch FeCl3 1%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vai giot FeCl3 1% vao 1ml dung dch phenol 1%. Rot 0.5ml dung
dch sa chua vao hon hp tren va lac nhe ong nghiem. Theo doi s bien
oi mau cua dung dch trong qua trnh th nghiem va rut ra ket luan.
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a) Phan huy bi H2SO4 ac. Cho vao ong nghiem co lap ong dan kh
0.5ml acid lactic, 1ml H2SO4 ac va vai vien a bot.un nong hon hp en
soi, ong thi a que diem ang chay vao phan pha tren cua ong dan kh.
Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
b) Phan huy bi H2SO4 loang. Cho 1ml acid lactic va 1ml H2SO4loang
(1:2) vao ong nghiem co noi vi ong dan kh cong. au cuoi cua ong dan
kh c nhung vao ong nghiem cha 2ml dung dch acid fucsinsunfur va
at trong coc nc a. un nong hon hp phan ng en soi. Nhan xet s
bien oi mau cua dung dch acid fucsinsunfur.
Cho vao ong nghiem 0.5ml acid lactic, 0.5ml dung dch H2SO4 loang
(1:2), 1ml dung dch KMnO4 5%. Lac nhe va un nong can than ong
nghiem. Nhan xet s thay oi mau va mui ( ngi can than !) cua dung dch.
Dung dch acid tactric 1N, dung dch KOH 1N, dung dch NaOH 1N.
Cach tien hanh
Nho 2ml dung dch acid tactric 1N t burette th nhat va 1ml dung dch
KOH 1N t burette th hai vao ong nghiem. Lac nhe hon hp va quan sat
hien tng ket tua (co the gay mam ket tinh bang cach dung ua thuy tinh
co nhe vao thanh ong nghiem).
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Dung dch natri kali tactrat ( th nghiem 10.5), dung dch CuSO4 0.5N,
dung dch NaOH 1N nhan xet.
Cach tien hanh
Rot 1ml dung dch NaOH 1N vao 0.5ml dung dch CuSO4 0.5N va lac
nhe hon hp. Cho t t dung dch natri kali tactrat ( th nghiem 10.5) vao
hon hp tren va lac nhe cho ti khi ket tua tan. Nhan xet s thay o mau
cua hon hp.
Dung dch acid lactic 5%, dung dch KMnO4 1%, dung dch Na2CO3
10%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch NaHSO3 bao hoa.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml acid lactic 5% vao ong nghiem, nho them tng giot dung dch
Na2CO3 10% va lac nhe hon hp cho ti khi at moi trng trunh tnh (th
bang giay quy o). Cho tiep 0.5ml dung dch KMnO4 1% va un soi hon
hp. e nguoi, loc lay dung dch. Cho 4 - 5ml dung dch NaHSO3 bao hoa
vao phan dung dch va loc va lac eu hon hp. Theo doi s xuat hien ket
tua t dung dch (xem th nghiem 7.7).
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Hoa chat
Etyl axetoaxetat, dung dch NaOH 2%, dung dch HCl 10%, giay ch th
Conggo.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5ml etyl axetoaxetat vao ong nghiem va va lac va nho them
tng giot dung dch NaOH 2% cho en khi etyl axetoaxetat tan het.
Nho t t tng giot dung dch HCl 10% vao dung dch trong suot tren
cho ti khi at moi trng acid (th moi trng acid bang giay ch th
Conggo). Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
Hoa tan 1 - 2 giot etyl axetoaxetat trong 2ml nc, sau o nho them 1
giot dung dch FeCl3 2%. Dung dch xuat hien mau tm.
Nho them vai giot nc brom bao hoa va nhan xet s bien oi mau
dung dch. Tiep tuc nho them nc brom vai lan na, theo doi s bien oi
mau.
Cho vai tinh the acid salixilic vao ong nghiem th nhat, vai tinh the acid
benzoic vao ong nghiem th hai. Nho vao ong nghiem vai giot nc va un
nong nhe ca hai ong nghiem. Sau khi e nguoi nho vai giot dung dch FeCl3
0.1N vao tng ong nghiem. Quan sat mau cua tng dung dch.
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Dung dch acid salixilic bao hoa, dung dch acid benzoic bao hoa, nc
brom.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch acid salixilic vao ong nghiem th nhat, 1ml dung
dch acid benzoic vao ong nghiem th hai. Nho vao moi ong nghiem vai
giot nc brom. Theo doi hien tng xay ra hai ong nghiem.
Hoa tan 0.1 - 0.2g acid axetylsalixilic trong 3 - 5ml nc. Chia dung dch
thanh hai phan. un soi phan th nhat trong khoang 2 - 3 phut roi e nguoi.
Nho vao ca hai phan, moi phan 1 - 2 giot dung dch FeCl3 0.1N. Quan sat s
xuat hien mau mot trong hai ong nghiem.
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Dung dch glucoz 1%, dung dch glucoz 20%, dung dch fructoz 1%,
dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4 5%, dung dch voi sa, kh CO2
(ieu che t bnh kp).
Cach tien hanh
a) Phan ng cua monosaccarit vi ong (II) hidroxit
Cho 2ml dung dch glucoz 1% va 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong
nghiem, sau o cho tng giot dung dch CuSO4 5% vao hon hp cho ti khi
xuat hien ket tua xanh. Lac nhe ong nghiem. Nhan xet cac hien tng xay
ra (ket tua, mau sac) trong dung dch.
Lam th nghiem tng t vi fructoz.
b) Phan ng cua monosaccarit vi canxi hidroxit
Nho tng giot dung dch voi sa vao 2ml dung dch glucoz 20% va lac
eu. So sanh mc o uc cua voi sa vi hon hp phan ng. Tiep tuc nho
vi lng d voi sa vao ong nghiem va lac nhe. Theo doi s thay oi mc
o trong suot cua dung dch. Sau 5 phut, em loc lay 1ml dung dch trong
suot va dan t t vao o dong kh CO2. Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua t
dung dch.
Dung dchglucoz 1%; 2%; 5%, dung dch fructoz 1%; 25; 5%, dung
dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4, dung dch thuoc th Felinh (xem th
Pham Van Tat - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
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nghiem 7.6), dung dch AgNO31%, dung dch NH3 5%, nc brom bao hoa,
dung dch FeCl3 1%, dung dch phenol 1%, dung dch phenylhidrazin axetat
5%.
Cach tien hanh
a) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang ong (II) hidroxit
Cho 2ml dung dch glucoz 1%, 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% vao ong
nghiem va lac tron eu. Va lac ong nghiem va nho tng giot dung dch
CuSO4 5% ti khi bat au xuat hien van uc mau xanh (khong c d va
cung khong nen thieu CuSO4). un nong hon hp en bat au soi (ch un
nong phan tren cua dung dch, phan di e so sanh). Nhan xet cac hien
tng xay ra.
Lam th nghiem tng t vi dung dch fructoz 1%.
b) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang thuoc th Felinh
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat 1ml dung dch glucoz 1%, vao ong
nghiem th ha1ml dung dch fructoz 1%. Cho tiep vao moi ong nghiem
mot the tch tng ng dung dch thuoc th Felinh. Sau khi lac eu hon
hp, un nong nhe phan tren cua dung dch cho ti khi bat au soi th ngng
un. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra (ket tua, mau) trong ong nghiem.
c) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang hp chat phc bac - amoniac
Chuan b hai ong nghiem sach va ieu che dung dch phc bac amoniac (xem th nghiem 7.4) t 2ml dung dch AgNO3 1%. Chia dung dch
phc bac - amoniac thanh hai phan bang nhau. Cho vao phan th nhat 1ml
dung dch glucoz 1%, vao phan th hai 1ml dung dch fructoz 1%. at ca
hai ong nghiem vao noi nc nong 70 - 800C (khong lac ong nghiem). Nhan
xet hien tng xay ra trong hai ong nghiem.
d) Oxi hoa monosaccarit bang nc brom
Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 3ml nc brom. Nho vao ong th
nhat 0.5ml dung dch glucoz 2%, ong th hai 0.5ml dung dch fructoz 2%.
un nong ca hai ong nghiem trong noi nc soi trong khoang 15 phut. Neu
mau o nau cua dung dch brom cha bien mat th un tiep 1 phut na tren
ngon la en con. Sau khi e nguoi, nho vao moi ong nghiem mot vai giot
dung dch phc phenol - sat (III) clorua (co mau tm, xem ieu che th
nghiem 10.1). Nhan xet va so sanh s bien oi mau ca hai ong nghiem.
e) Phan ng the nguyen t oxi trong nhom cacbonyl cua monosaccarit :
phan ng tao ozazon
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Cho 1ml dung dch glucoz 5% va 3ml dung dch phenylhidrazin axetat
5% ( hoac lay phenylhidrazin hidro clorua tinh the va natri axetat tinh the
theo t le 1 : 2 ve khoi lng) vao ong nghiem, lac tron eu. at ong
nghiem vao noi nc soi trong khoang 20 - 30 phut. Lay ong nghiem ra khoi
noi nc va lam lanh. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra (ket tua, mau).
Lam th nghiem tng t vi dung dch fructoz 5%.
Dung dch fructoz 1% va 2%, dung dch glucoz 1% va 2%, dung dch
rezoxin (0.5g trong 100ml dung dch HCl 1 : 1), dung dch mat ong 5%,
C2H5OH, H2SO4 ac, dung dch - naphtol 5% trong etanol.
Cach tien hanh
a) Phan ng cua fructoz va rezoxin
Rot vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 2ml dung dch rezoxin. Nho tiep vao
ong nghiem th nhat 2 giot dung dch fructoz 1%, ong th hai 2 giot dung
dch glutoz 1%. Lac eu ca hai ong nghiem trong noi nc nong 800C va
gi nhiet o nay trong 8 phut. Nhan xet va so sanh mau cua hai dung dch.
b) Nhan biet fructoz trong mat ong
Tien hanh tng t nh 11.3a, nhng thay dung dch fructoz bang dung
dch mat ong 5%. So sanh ket qua th nghiem 11.3a va 11.3b.
c) Phan ng cua fructoz vi - naphtol
Rot 0.5ml dung dch fructoz 2% vao ong nghiem th nhat, 0.5ml dung
dch glucoz 2% vao ong nghiem th hai. Rot tiep vao moi ong nghiem 5ml
dung dch etanol trong H2SO4 (4ml C2H5OH : 1ml H2SO4 ac). Sau o nho
vao moi ong nghiem 2 - 3 giot dung dch - naphtol 5% trong etanol. Lac
eu hon hp va un nong trong noi nc soi trong khoang 2 - 3 phut. Theo
doi s xuat hien mau mot trong hai ong nghiem.
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Dung dch saccaroz 1% va 20%, dung dch lactoz 1% ( hoac dung dch
mantoz 1% ), dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch CuSO4 5%, voi sa (mi
pha che).
Cach tien hanh
a) Phan ng cua isaccarit vi ong (II) hidroxit
Cho vao ong nghiem th nhat 1.5ml dung dch saccaroz 1% va 1.5ml
dung dch NaOH 10%; vao ong nghiem th hai 1.5ml dung dch lactoz 1%
(hoac dung dch mantoz 1%) va 1.5ml dung dch NaOH 10%. Nho vao moi
ong tng giot dung dch CuSO4 5% cho ti khi xuat hien ket tua xanh th
dng lai. Lac nhe hon hp va quan sat hien tng xay ra (s bien oi ket
tua, mau sac).
b) Phan ng tao thanh canxi saccarat
Cho 5 - 7ml dung dch saccaroz 20% vao coc thuy tinh roi va khuay
va nho them tng giot dung dch voi sa. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
Cho them lng d voi sa (3 - 4ml), khuay eu hon hp roi e yen
trong khoang 5 - 7 phut. Loc lay canxi saccarat. un dung dch va loc en
soi. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra. Sau o lam lanh hon hp bang nc a.
Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
Dung dch saccaroz 1%, dung dch mantoz 1% va 5%, dung dch
lactoz 1% va 5%, dung dch thuoc th Felinh (xem th nghiem 7.6), acid
axetic, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch sa (pha loang vi nc theo t le 1
: 1 ve the tch), dung dch phenylhidrazin axetat 5%, dung dch (hoac giay)
phenolphtalein.
Dung cu
Coc thuy tinh (dung tch 25ml), pheu thuy tinh, ua thuy tinh.
Cach tien hanh
a) Phan ng vi thuoc th Felinh
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Rot vao ba ong nghiem, moi ong 1.5 - 2ml dung dch 1% cua mot trong
ba isaccarit sau: saccaroz, mantoz, lactoz.Sau o rot vao tng ong mot
the tch tng ng dung dch thuoc th Felinh. Lac eu hon hp va un
nong nhe phan tren cua tng dung dch bang ngon la en con cho ti khi
bat au soi. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra trong ca ba ong nghiem.
b) Nhan biet lactoz trong sa
Cach tien hanh th nghiem nh a lam th nghiem 11.2e. Theo doi qua
trnh tao thanh ket tua trong hai ong nghiem.
Dung dch saccaroz 1%, dung dch H2SO4 10%, NaHCO3 tinh the, dung
dch Felinh, dung dch rezoxin trong HCl (xem th nghiem 11.3).
Cach tien hanh
Rot 3ml dung dch saccaroz 1% vao ong nghiem va rot them vao
o1ml dung dch H2SO4 10%. un nong dung dch trong khoang 2 - 3 phut,
sau o lam lanh. Chia hon hp thanh hai phan:
-Trung hoa phan th nhat bang cach cho t t NaHCO3 (tinh the)
vao va khuay eu cho ti khi ngng tach ra kh CO2 (can than dung dch co
the b trao ra theo kh CO2). Sau khi trung hoa, rot vao o mot the tch
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tng ng dung dch Felinh va un nong phan tren cua dung dch bang
ngon la en con. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
- Rot vao phan th hai 2ml dung dch rezoxin. Lac eu hon hp
va at vao noi nc nong 800C trong khoang 8 phut (xem them th nghiem
11.3). Nhan xet s thay oi mau cua dung dch.
Dung dch ho tinh bot 2%, xenluloz (giay loc hoac bong), dung dch
H2SO4 10%, dung dch H2SO4 70%, dung dch NaOH 10%, dung dch loang
I2 va KI (mau vang sang).
Cach tien hanh
a) Thuy phan tinh bot
Cho 3 - 4ml dung dch ho tinh bot 2% va 0.5 - 1ml dung dch H2SO4 10%
vao ong nghiem. Lac eu va at ong nghiem vao noi nc soi trong khoang
20 phut. Nhan xet s thay oi trang thai dung dch. Dung pipette lay khoang
1 - 2 giot dung dch a thuy phan va chuyen vao ong nghiem th hai a
cha san 1ml dung dch I2 va KI. Nhan xet mau cua dung dch. Neu dung
dch va th co mau vang sang th lay ong nghiem cha ho tinh bot ra khoi
noi nc. Chuyen khoang 1ml dung dch a thuy phan sang ong nghiem th
ba. Trung hoa hon hp bang dung dch NaOH 10%. Cho vao dung dch a
trung hoa mot the tch tng ng dung dch thuoc th Felinh. un nong
nhe hon hp va nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
b) Thuy phan xenluloz
Cho mot bang giay loc (hoac mot nhum nho bong) va khoang 1ml dung
dch H2SO4 70% vao ong nghiem. Khuay eu hon hp bang ua thuy tinh.
at ong nghiem vao noi nc soi cho en khi c dung dch ong nhat. e
nguoi, trung hoa hon hp bang dung dch NaOH 10% en moi trng kiem.
Cho vao hon hp a trung hoa mot the tch tng ng thuoc th Felinh.
un nong nhe hon hp. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
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Hoa chat
Cho vao ong nghiem 4ml HNO3 ac va t t cho them 8ml H2SO4 ac,
ong thi lac eu, hon hp phat nhiet. Sau khi lam lanh, dung ua thuy tinh
a mot nhum bong vao dung dch hon hp acid. at ong nghiem vao noi
nc nong 60 - 700C, ong thi khuay nhe hon hp bang ua thuy tinh. Sau
5 phut dung ua thuy tinh lay xenluloz nitrat ra khoi dung dch. Ra can
than san pham bang nc cho en khi het acid (au tien ra trong coc nc,
sau o ra di voi nc). Ep san pham gia hai t giay loc, sau o lam kho
trong capsun s at tren noi nc soi. San pham (co mau vang sang) c
chia thanh hai phan :
xay ra.
- a phan th nhat vao gan ngon en con. Nhan xet hien tng
- Cho phan th hai vao ong nghiem kho. Rot vao o mot the tch
thch hp hon hp etanol khan va ietyl ete (theo t le 1 : 1) ong thi khuay
eu e c dung dch nht (dung dch colodion). Nho dung dch va thu
c len mat knh thuy tinh. Sau khi dung moi bay hi het, tach lay lp
mang mong va a lai gan ngon en con. Nhan xet hien tng xay ra.
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Dung dch acid aminoaxetic (glixin) 2%, dung dch metyl dacam, dung
dch metyl o, dung dch quy.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 1ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 2% vao ong nghiem va nho tiep 2
giot dung dch metyl dacam. Lam th nghiem tng t vi dung dch metyl
o, dung dch quy.
Nhan xet mau sac cua cac dung dch acid aminoaxetic trc va sau khi
cho them cac dung dch thuoc th.
Dung dch acid aminoaxetic 2%, bot CuO, dung dch NaOH 10%.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 0.5g bot CuO va 2 - 3ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 2% vao ong
nghiem. Lac eu ong nghiem va un nong hon hp tren ngon la en con
trong khoang 3 - 4 phut. Sau khi un nong em at ong nghiem tren gia e
CuO con d lang xuong. Nhan xet mau cua dung dch.
Rot khoang 0.5ml dung dch sang ong nghiem th hai va nho vao o1 2 giot dung dch NaOH 10%. Quan sat xem co s xuat hien ket tua Cu(OH)2
khong? Tai sao? Gan lay phan dung dch con lai sang ong nghiem th ba va
lam lanh trong coc cha hon hp nc a va NaCl. Quan sat s xuat hien
ket tua cua hp chat phc ong (II) vi acid aminoaxetic.
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Dung dch acid aminoaxetic 10%, dung dch NaNO2 10%, acid axetic ket
tinh.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 2ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 10%, 2ml dung
dch NaNO2 10% va 2 giot acid axetic ket tinh. Lac nhe ong nghiem va quan
sat hien tng xay ra trong dung dch.
Cho vao ong nghiem 2ml dung dch acid aminoaxetic 1% va 2 - 3 giot
dung dch ninhidrin 0.1%. Lac nhe ong nghiem, at ong nghiem len gia e
quan sat. Theo doi s xuat hien mau ac trng cua dung dch (chu y : s
xuat hien mau xay ra t t, nen can theo doi sau mot thi gian a at ong
nghiem len gia).
Dung dch protit (long trang trng hoac zelatin), dung dch HCl
(d=1.19g/ml), dung dch NaOH ac, dung dch o Conggo, dung dch
phenolphtalein 1% (trong etanol).
Cach tien hanh
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a) Pha loang 1ml dung dch HCl (d=1.19g/ml) bang 15ml nc cat. Sau
o lai pha loang 1ml dung dch HCl va thu c bang 15ml nc cat.
Nho 2 - 3 giot dung dch o Conggo vao dung dch HCl va c pha rat
loang, dung dch xuat hien mau xanh.
Cho vao ong nghiem 2 - 3ml dung dch protit va 1ml dung dch HCl
nhuom mau xanh tren. Quan sat s chuyen mau cua dung dch.
b) Chuan b dung dch NaOH rat loang (nh a chuan b dung dch HCl
rat loang neu tren va cho them 2 - 3 giot dung dch phenolphtalein, dung
dch xuat hien mau hong.
Cho vao ong nghiem sach 2 - 3ml dung dch protit va 1ml dung dch
NaOH loang nhuom mau hong. Quan sat s bien oi mau.
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch (NH4)2SO4 42%,
(NH4)2SO4 tinh the.
Cach tien hanh
Cho vao ong nghiem 3 - 4ml dung dch protit va the tch tng ng
dung dch (NH4)2SO4 42%. Lac nhe ong nghiem thay dung dch tr nen uc
hn hoac xuat hien ket tua bong cua globulin. Rot khoang 1ml dung dch
uc sang ong nghiem khac a cha san 2 - 3ml nc cat. Lac nhe ong
nghiem. Nhan xet s thay oi o uc cua dung dch.
Phan con lai cua dung dch uc c loc qua giay loc. Va lac nhe phan
nc loc va cho t t (NH4)2SO4 tinh the vao, en khi muoi amoni sunfat
khong tan het (khoang 1 -2g). Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua bong cua protit
(hoac dung dch tr nen uc hn).
Rot vao dung dch cha ket tua mot lng nc cat co the tch gap hai
lan the tch dung dch. Lac nhe va nhan xet s thay oi o uc cua dung
dch.
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Hoa chat
Rot vao ong nghiem th nhat 1ml HNO3 ac, vao ong nghiem th hai 1
- 2ml HCl ac. Nghieng ong nghiem va can than rot vao thanh tng ong
nghiem 1 - 1.5ml dung dch protit (khong cho protit tron lan vi lp acid).
at ca hai ong nghiem tren gia. Theo doi s xuat hien ket tua protit tren be
mat phan chia hai lp chat long. Sau o lac nhe ca hai ong nghiem va nhan
xet s thay oi lng ket tua protit trong dung dch.
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch CuSO4 bao hoa, dung dch
Pb(CH3COO)2 20%.
Cach tien hanh
Rot vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 1 - 1.5ml dung dch protit. Trong khi
lac nhe, nho t t tng giot CuSO4 bao hoa vao ong nghiem th nhat va
tng giot Pb(CH3COO)2 20% vao ong nghiem th hai. Quan sat s xuat hien
ket tua va mau cua ket tua protit trong ca hai trng hp.
Tiep tuc nho them lng d dung dch muoi CuSO4 va Pb(CH3COO)2
vao hai ong nghiem tren. Nhan xet s bien oi lng ket tua protit trong ca
hai ong nghiem.
Dung dch protit bao hoa (long trang trng), phenol (tinh the), fomalin
40%.
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Cho vao hai ong nghiem, moi ong 1ml dung dch protit bao hoa. Cho
them vao ong nghiem th nhat vai tinh the phenol, vao ong nghiem th hai
1ml fomalin. Lac nhe ong nghiem va theo doi s xuat hien ket tua.
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch (NH4)2SO4 15%, dung dch
NaOH 10%, CH3COOH.
Cach tien hanh
Cho 2 -3ml protit vao ong nghiem, un nong tren ngon la en con cho
en soi trong khoang 1 phut. Quan sat s xuat hien protit ong tu.
Lam lanh hon hp, chia hon hp thanh hai phan. Nho vao phan th nhat
1 - 2 giot acid axetic, nho vao phan th hai 1 - 2 giot dung dch (NH4)2SO4
15%. Lac eu va un nong ca hai ong nghiem cho en soi. Nhan xet s thay
oi lng protit ong tu trong ca hai ong nghiem.
Lam lanh ca hai ong nghiem. Rot vao tng ong nghiem mot the tch
nc tng ng vi dung dch cha ket tua protit va lac nhe hon hp. Sau
o cho tiep vao phan ong nghiem 1ml dung dch NaOH 10% va lac nhe hon
hp. Nhan xet s thay oi lng protit ong tu khi cho them nc va khi cho
them dung dch kiem.
Dung dch protit (long trang trng), dung dch NaOH 30%, dung dch
NaOH 10%, HNO3 (d=1.4g/ml), dung dch CuSO4 2%, dung dch
Pb(CH3COO)2 10%, dung dch ninhidrin 0.1%, dung dch thuoc th milon.
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Thuoc th Milon c ieu che bang cach hoa tan khi un nong
2g ( 0.15ml) thuy ngan kim loai trong 3ml HNO3 ac. Dung dch
va
ieu che c pha loang bang nc cat en the tch 10ml. e yen vai gi,
sau o loc lay dung dch.
a) Phan ng biure
Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml dung dch protit, 1ml dung dch NaOH 30% va
1 giot CuSO4 2%. Quan sat mau ac trng cua dung dch.
b) Phan ng vi ninhidrin
Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml dung dch protit, 2 - 3 giot dung dch ninhidrin.
Lac nhe ong nghiem va un soi vai phut. Quan sat mau ac trng cua dung
dch (xem them th nghiem 12.4).
c) Phan ng xangtoprotein
Cho vao ong nghiem 1ml dung dch protit va 0.2 - 0.3ml HNO3 ac. Lac
nhe thay dung dch xuat hien ket tua trang. un nong hon hp tren ngon la
en con cho en soi trong khoang 1 - 2 phut. Nhan xet mau ac trng cua
hon hp. Lam lanh hon hp, can than nho tng giot NaOH 30% (khoang 1 2ml). Theo doi s bien oi mau cua hon hp.
d)Phan ng vi thuoc th Milon
Cho 1ml dung dch protit va 1ml dung dch thuoc th Milon vao ong
nghiem. un nong hon hp (khong lac ong nghiem) trong noi nc soi. Luc
au dung dch co ket tua bong trang, khi un nong ket tua b ong von va
xuat hien mau. Nhan xet mau ac trng cua ket tua va cua dung dch.
e) Phan ng nhan biet lu huynh trong protit
Cho vao ong nghiem 1 - 2ml dung dch protit va mot the tch dung dch
NaOH 30% gap oi. un soi hon hp trong khoang 2 - 3 phut. Nhan xet mui
cua hon hp.
Cho vao dung dch nong tren 1ml dung dch Pb(CH3COO)2 10% va
un soi hon hp. Theo doi s xuat hien mau va ket tua trong dung dch.
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