Chng 1: Mch Diode

CHNG I
MCH DIODE
Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn
dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n
lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c
a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch.

1.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE):

Xem mch hnh 1.1a

Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi ID l

dng in thun chy qua diode v VD l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:

Trong :

I0 l dng in r nghch

=1 khi ID ln (vi mA tr ln)

=1 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Ge
=2 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Si
Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c:
Tc

Trng Vn Tm

E - VD - VR = 0
E = VD + RID

(1.2)

I-1

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c gi l

phng trnh ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c tuyn ca diode
ID = f(VD) l im iu hnh Q.

1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU

- Ngc li khi E < VK, mch c xem nh h, nn:
ID = IR = 0mA ; VR = R.IR = 0V ; VD = E - VR = E

1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU

Mch chnh lu l ng dng thng dng v quan trng nht ca diode bn dn, c mc
ch i t in xoay chiu (m thng l dng Sin hoc vung) thnh in mt chiu.
1.3.1. Khi nim v tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng
1.3.1.1. Tr trung bnh: Hay cn gi l tr mt chiu
Tr trung bnh ca mt sng tun hon c nh ngha bng tng i s trong
mt chu k ca din tch nm trn trc 0 (dng) v din tch nm di trc 0 (m)
chia cho chu k.
Mt cch tng qut, tng i s din tch trong mt chu k T ca mt sng tun
hon v(t) c tnh bng cng thc:

Mt vi v d:

Trng Vn Tm

I-2

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Dng sng

Tr trung bnh

1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng:

Ngi ta nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l tr
s tng ng ca dng in mt chiu IDC m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong mt chu
k s c nng lng ta nhit bng nhau.

Trng Vn Tm

I-3

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Vi th d:
Dng sng

Trng Vn Tm

Tr trung bnh v hiu dng

I-4

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Hnh 1.6

Trng Vn Tm

I-5

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k)

Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic phn tch
mch.
Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh hnh 1.7

Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca vi(t) a vo mch

Ta c:
- Bin nh ca vo(t)
Vdcm = Vm - 0.7V

(1.6)

- in th trung bnh ng ra:

- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l:

VRM=Vm

(1.8)

Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.

Trng Vn Tm

I-6

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia

Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b

- bn k dng, diode D1 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D2 phn cc

nghch nn xem nh h mch (hnh 1.9)

- bn k m, diode D2 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D1 phn cc nghch

nn xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.10)

l trong 2 trng hp, IL u chy qua RL theo chiu t trn xung v dng in
u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u RL l:
Vdcm=Vm-0,7V

(1.9)

V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l:

VRM=Vdcm+Vm=2Vm-0,7V

(1.10)

- Dng sng thng trc 2 u RL c din t hnh 1.11

Trng Vn Tm

I-7

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u RL bng cch i cc ca

2 diode li.
1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode
Mch c bn

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D2 v D4 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D1

v D2 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch in c
v li nh hnh 1.13

Trng Vn Tm

I-8

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

- bn k m ca ngun in, D1 v D3 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D2, D4

phn cc nghch xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)

T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy:

- in th nh Vdcm ngang qua hai u RL l:
Vdcm =Vm-2VD=Vm-1.4V

(1.12)

- in th nh phn cc nghch VRM mi diode l:

VRM=Vdcm+VD=Vm-VD
VRM =Vm-0,7V

(1.13)

l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng 1/2

dng in trung bnh qua ti.

Trng Vn Tm

I-9

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc
Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn
trn:
- in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V
- in th trung bnh 2 u RL l: VDC=0,637Vdcm
Nu ta thay RL bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C
s np nhanh n in th nh Vdcm. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng
phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l Vdcm. y l trng hp l tng.
Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637Vdcm n Vdcm. Thc ra ngun in phi cung
cp cho ti, th d RL mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t C np in n tr Vdcm.
Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua RL cho n khi gp bn k k tip t C
mi np in li n Vdcm v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng
2 u t C (tc RL). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l Vr(p-p).

Do in th nh ti a l Vdcm nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l

Vdcmin=Vdcm-Vr(p-p)

Trng Vn Tm

I-10

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

* H s sng d: (ripple factor)

Ta xem li dng sng 2 u RL. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh in
th 2 u ti bng tng ca thnh phn mt chiu VDC vi thnh phn sng d xoay chiu c
tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.

V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca thnh

phn sng d c th xem gn ng nh dng tam gic

Trng Vn Tm

I-11

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu.

* Phng trnh in th sng d
Nu gi ic l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v VC l in th 2 u t
in th:

chiu.

Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in ic l dng in mt

Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l IDC.
chnh l dng in qua ti

Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.

Nu gi fr l tn s sng d, ta c

Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi in

dung C. Sng d s tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=fr

1.4. MCH CT (Clippers)

Mch ny dng ct mt phn tn hiu xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu na sng l mt
th d n gin v mch ct.
Trng Vn Tm

I-12

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip

Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho thy p ng ca mch ct cn bn i
vi cc dng sng thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.

By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh hnh

1.22b. Nu tn hiu vo vi(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s c dng
nh hnh v 1.22c vi in th nh Vm-V tc V0=Vi-V (coi diode l tng)

1.4.2. Mch ct song song

* Mch cn bn c dng

Trng Vn Tm

I-13

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng dng

(diode l tng)

* Mch c phn cc
Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng
sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode.
Th d: ta xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi vi c dng tam gic v diode xem nh l
tng

- Khi diode dn in: v0=V=4V

- Khi vi=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li
- Khi vi<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V
- Khi vi>V=4V, diode ngng dn Vo= vi
Hnh
ca ng ra

Trng Vn Tm

1.26 l dng v bin

v0

I-14

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers)

y l mch i mc DC (mt chiu) ca tn hiu. Mch phi c mt t in, mt
diode v mt in tr. Nhng mch cng c th c mt ngun in th c lp. Tr s ca
in tr R v t in C phi c la chn sao cho thi hng =RC ln hiu th 2 u
t gim khng ng k khi t phng in (trong sut thi gian diode khng dn in). Mch
ghim p cn bn nh hnh 1.27

Dng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy:

- Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh n tr s V v v0=0V
- Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do =RC ln nn C x in
khng ng k, (thng ngi ta chn T10).
Lc ny ta c: v0=-2V

im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v vo lun bng

nhau.
Sinh vin th xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.29

Trng Vn Tm

I-15

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER:

Cng tng t nh diode chnh lu, vi diode zener ta cng dng kiu mu gn ng
trong vic phn gii mch: Khi dn in diode zener tng ng vi mt ngun in th
mt chiu vz (in th zener) v khi ngng n tng ng vi mt mch h.
1.6.1. Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh
Mch cn bn dng diode zener c dng nh hnh 1.30

Khi vi v RL c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc:

- Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch v
tnh hiu th V hai u ca mch h

Trng Vn Tm

I-16

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi

(1.23)
Pz=Vz.Iz
Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a PZM=VZIZM ca diode zener (IZM: dng
in ti a qua zener m khng lm hng)
Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th
chun. Mch hnh 1.30 l 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng i
2 u RL. Khi dng to in th chun, in th zener nh l mt mc chun so snh vi
mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch
iu khin, bo v...

1.6.2. Ngun Vi c nh v RL thay i

Khi Vi c nh, trng thi ngng hoc dn ca diode zener ty thuc vo in tr ti RL

Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th VR ngang qua in tr R s c nh:

VR=Vi - Vz
Do dng IR cng c nh:

Dng IZ s nh nht khi IL ln nht. Dng IZ c gii hn bi IZM do nh sn xut cho

bit, do dng in nh nht qua RL l ILmin phi tha mn:

Trng Vn Tm

I-17

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Cui cng khi Vi c nh, RL phi c chn trong khong RLmin v RLmax
1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i
Xem li hnh 1.30

Nu ta gi RL c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca Vi

zener c th dn in c xc nh bi:

1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P

1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th
Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D1 dn ,D2 ngng. T C1 np in n in th nh Vm

- bn k m D1 ngng v D2 dn in. T C2 np in n in th C2=Vm+VC1=2Vm
- Bn k dng k tip, D2 ngng, C2 phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip C2 li
np in 2Vm. V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k. in th
nh nghch 2 u diode l 2Vm.
- Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu tng i
in th.

Trng Vn Tm

I-18

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng

- bn k dng ca ngun in D1 dn, C1 np in VC1=Vm trong lc D2 ngng.

- bn k m D2 dn, C2 np in VC2=Vm trong lc D1 ngng.
- in th ng ra V0=VC1+VC2=2Vm
1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn

Trng Vn Tm

I-19

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

u tin C1 np in n VC1=Vm khi D1 dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D2 dn

in, C2 np in n VC2=2Vm (tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C1). Bn k
dng k tip D2 dn, C3 np in n VC3=2Vm (D1 v D2 dn, D2 ngng nn in th
2Vm ca C2 np vo C3). Bn k m k tip D2, D4 dn, in th 2Vm ca C3 np vo C4 ...
in th 2 u C2 l 2Vm
2 u C1+C= l 3Vm
2 u C2+C4 l 4Vm

BI TP CUI CHNG 1
******
Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8
Bi 1: Xc nh VD, VR v ID trong mch in hnh 1.36

Bi 2: Xc nh VD2 v ID trong mch in hnh 1.37

Bi 3: Xc nh V0, v ID trong mch in hnh 1.38

Bi 4: Xc nh I, V1, V2 v V0 trong mch hnh 1.39

Bi 5: Xc nh V0, V1, ID1 v ID2 trong mch hnh 1.40

Trng Vn Tm

I-20

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 6: Xc nh V0 trong mch hnh 1.41

Bi 7: Xc nh I1, I2, ID2 trong mch hnh 1.42

Bi 8: Xc nh dng in I trong mch hnh 1.43

Bi 9: Dng kiu mu diode l tng, xc nh V0 trong 2 mch hnh 1.44a v 1.44b

Bi 10: Dng kiu mu in th ngng, xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 1.45

Bi 11: Thit k mch ghip p c c tnh nh hnh 1.46 v hnh 1.47

Trng Vn Tm

I-21

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 12: Cho mch in hnh 1.48

a. Xc nh VL, IL, IZ v IR nu RL=180

b. Xc nh gi tr ca RL sao cho diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut
c. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca RL zener c th hot ng c.
Bi 13:

a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng VL=12V khi IL thay i t
0 n 200mA. Xc nh RS v VZ
b. Xc nh PZM ca zener.

Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca vi sao cho VL=8V v
diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.

Trng Vn Tm

I-22

Mch in T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Trng Vn Tm

I-23

Mch in T