Power System Analysis Lab Manual

POWERSYSTEMANALYSISLABMANUAL
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
SUBMITTEDTO:
ENGR.M.JUNAID
SUBMITTEDBY:
ASAD NAEEM
2006-RCET-EE-22
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(A CONSTITUENT COLLEGE: RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA)
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LAHORE, PAKISTAN
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01
To plot the daily load curve for the given data using MATLAB
02
Introduction to basics of Electrical Transients Analyzer

Program (ETAP)
03
Evaluate the value of voltages for a 4-BUS system using node

equations in MATLAB
04
Modeling and Load flow analysis of RCET power distribution

network using ETAP
05
06
07
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Bus elimination of a 4-BUS system using MATLAB
To study the Concept of Modifications of an Existing BusImpedance Matrix & Implementing in MATLAB
Application of Gauss-Siedal and Newton-Raphson method for

load flow studies on a three bus system using MATLAB
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
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Harmonic Load Modeling using built-in and user defined

models of ETAP
Impact of personal computer load on power distribution
network of RCET
Flow of triplen harmonics (zero-sequence harmonics) during 5
different schemes of connection for a 3-phase transformer with
presence of large non-linear load using ETAP
Three phase short circuit analysis (3-phase faults-device duty)
for a given power system using ETAP
Three phase short circuit analysis (3-phase faults-30 cycle
network) for a given power system using ETAP
Three phase short circuit analysis (LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase
Faults - Cycle) for a given power system using ETAP
Faults - 1.5 to 4 Cycle) for a given power system using ETAP
Faults - 30 Cycle) for a given power system using ETAP
EXPERIMENT#01
Toplotthedailyloadcurveforthegivendatausing
MATLAB
Givendata:
Intervalfrom
12A.M
2
6
9
12P.M
2
4
6
8
10
11
To
2A.M
6
9
12
2P.M
4
6
8
10
11
12A.M
Requirements:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Findaveragevalueofload
Findpeakvalueofload
Findtheloadfactor
Plottheloadcurve
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LoadMW
6
5
10
15
12
14
16
18
16
12
6
Theory
Loads:
Loads of power systems are divided into three main categories that are
given below.
1. Industrial Loads
2. Commercial Loads
3. Residential Loads
Very large industrial loads are served through the transmission lines.
Large industrial loads are served directly from the sub-transmission
level. And small industrial loads are served directly from the primary
distribution network. The industrial loads are composite loads and
induction motors from a high proportion of these loads. These
composite loads are functions of voltage and frequency and form a
major part of the system load. Commercial and residential load consist
largely of lighting, heating and cooling. These loads are independent of
frequency and consume negligibly small reactive power.
The real power of loads is expressed in terms of kilowatts or
megawatts. The magnitude of load varies throughout the day and
power must be available to the consumer on demand.
The daily load curve of a utility is a composite of demands made by
various classes of users. The greatest value of load during a twenty
four hours is called the peak or maximum demand. Smaller peaking
generators may be commissioned to meet the peak load that occurs
for only a few hours. In order to asses the usefulness of the generating
plant the load factor is defined.
The load factor is the ratio of average load over a designated period of
time to the peak load occurring in that period. Load factor may be
given for a day, a month or an year. Yearly or annual load factor is the
most useful since a year represents a full cycle of time. The daily load
factor is
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Daily load factor = average load / peak load

Multiplying the numerator and denominator by a time period of 24 hr
we have
Daily load factor= average load*24 hr / (peak load*24 hrs)
= energy consumed during 24 hr/ (peak load*24 hr)
The annual load factor is
Annual load factor = total annual energy / (peak load*8760 hr)
Todays typical system load factors are in range of 55-70%. In
Pakistan WAPDA standard for urban areas load factor is 60% and that
of rural areas is 65%.
Matlab code:
data=[0 2 6;
2 6 5;
6 9 10;
9 12 15;
12 14 12;
14 16 14;
16 18 16;
18 20 18;
20 22 16;
22 23 12;
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23 24 6];
p=data(:,3);
Dt=data(:,2)-data(:,1);
w=p'*Dt;
pavg=w/sum(Dt)
peak=max(p)
LF=pavg/peak*100
L=length(data);
tt = [data(:,1) data(:,2)];
t = sort(reshape(tt, 1, 2*L));
for n = 1:L
pp(2*n-1)=p(n);
pp(2*n)=p(n);
end
plot(t,pp)
xlabel('TIME,Hr'),ylabel('P,MW')
Matlab results:
pavg=11.5417
peak=18
LF=64.1204
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18
16
14
P,MW
12
10
4
0
10
15
20
25
TIME,Hr
COMMENTS:
In this experiment we learn how to find the daily load curve
for any power system using MATLAB. Load curve is very
important as we can achieve very important information
from it like:
Peak load
Average load
Load factor
These quantities are very helpful for understanding any
power system.
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EXPERIMENT#02
IntroductiontobasicsofElectricalTransientsAnalyzer
Program(ETAP)
What is ETAP?
ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design,
simulation, operation, control, optimization, and automation of
generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power systems.
Project Toolbar
TheProjectToolbarcontainsiconsthatallowyoutoperformshortcutsofmany
commonlyusedfunctionsinPowerStation.
Create
Createanewprojectfile
Open
Openanexistingprojectfile
Save
Savetheprojectfile
Print
PrinttheonelinediagramorU/Gracewaysystem
Cut
CuttheselectedelementsfromtheonelinediagramorU/Graceway
systemtotheDumpster
Copy
CopytheselectedelementsfromtheonelinediagramorU/Graceway
systemtotheDumpster
Paste
raceway
PasteelementsfromaDumpsterCelltotheonelinediagramorU/G
system
ZoomIn
MagnifytheonelinediagramorU/Gracewaysystem
ZoomOut
ReducetheonelinediagramorU/Gracewaysystem
ZoomtoFitPage
Resizetheonelinediagramtofitthewindow
CheckContinuity
Checkthesystemcontinuityfornonenergizedelements
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PowerCalculator
Help
ActivatePowerStationCalculatorthatrelatesMW,MVAR,MVA,
kV,Amp,andPFtogetherwitheitherkVAorMVAunits
PointtoaspecificareatolearnmoreaboutPowerStation
Mode Toolbar
ETAPoffersasuiteoffullyintegratedsoftwaresolutionsincludingarcflash,loadflow,
shortcircuit,transientstability,relaycoordination,cableampacity,optimalpowerflow,
andmore.Itsmodularfunctionalitycanbecustomizedtofittheneedsofanycompany,
fromsmalltolargepowersystems.
EditMode
Editmodeenablesyoutobuildyouronelinediagram,changesystemconnections,edit
engineeringproperties,saveyourproject,andgenerateschedulereportsinCrystal
Reportsformats.TheEditToolbarsforbothACandDCelementswillbedisplayedtothe
rightofthescreenwhenthismodeisactive.Thismodeprovidesawidevarietyoftasks
including:
Drag&DropElements
ConnectElements
ChangeIDs
Cut,Copy,&PasteElements
MovefromDumpster
InsertOLEObjects
Cut,Copy&OLEObjects
MergePowerStationProject
Hide/ShowGroupsofProtectiveDevices
RotateElements
SizeElements
ChangeSymbols
EditProperties
RunScheduleReportManager
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Example implementation:
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EXPERIMENT#03
Evaluatethevalueofvoltagesfora4BUSsystemusing
nodeequationsinMATLAB
GIVEN ONE LINE DIAGRAM
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
In the first step, we draw the reactance diagram of the given
one-line diagram as shown below:
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SOURCE TRANSFORM
After making the reactance diagram, we apply source
transformation on the given network by replacing the
voltage sources with current sources
Replace all the reactance by admittances using the
relation:
Y=1/X
The resultant diagram now can be shown as:
NODE EQUATIONS
Now, using the above figure write the node equations of the
system:
Applying KCL at node-1:
I1= (V1-0) y10 + (V1-V4) y14+ (V1-V3) y13
I1= (y10+y14+y13) V1 + 0V2 + (-y13) V3+ (-y14) V4
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I2= (V2-0) y20 + (V2-V3) y23+ (V2-V4) y24
I2= 0V1+ (y20+y23+y24) V2 + (-y23) V3+ (-y24) V4
I3= (V3-0) y30 + (V3-V1) y31+ (V3-V4) y34 + (V3-V2) y32
I3= (-y31) V1+ (-y32) V2+ (y30+y31+y34) V3 + (-y34) V4
0= (V4-V1) y14+ (V4-V3) y43 + (V4-V2) y42
0= (-y14) V1+ (-y42) V2 + (-y34) V3+ (y14+y43+y42) V4
Matrix form of the node equations is:
Where:
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CALCULATIONS
MATLAB CODE
YBUS=
[0-9.80i
0+4.00i
0+5.00i;
0-8.30i
0+2.50i
0+5.00i;
0+4.00i
0+2.50i
0-15.30i
0+8.00i;
0+5.00i
0+5.00i
0+8.00i
0-18.00i];
I= [0-1.20i; 0-0.7200-0.9600i; 0-1.2000i; 0];

ZBUS=inv (YBUS);
V=ZBUS*I
MATLAB RESULTS
V=
1.4111 - 0.2668i
1.3831 - 0.3508i
1.4059 - 0.2824i
1.4010 - 0.2971i
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COMMENTS:
In this experiment we learn that using the bus impedance or
admittance matrix we can find the voltages and currents for
all buses of a given power system.
Moreover, we use MATLAB for the calculation of these
quantities by just entering the bus impedance matrix and
one given quantity (current or voltage) and MATLAB gives
the results of very complex networks within no time.
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EXPERIMENT#04
ModelingandLoadflowanalysisofRCETpower
distributionnetworkusingETAP
INTRODUCTION:
LOAD FLOW STUDIES

In power engineering, the power flow study (also known as
load-flow study) is an important tool involving numerical
analysis applied to a power system. Unlike traditional circuit
analysis, a power flow study usually uses simplified notation
such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses
on various forms of AC power (i.e: reactive, real, and
apparent) rather than voltage and current. It analyses the
power systems in normal steady-state operation. There exist
a number of software implementations of power flow
studies.
The great importance of power flow or load-flow studies is in
the planning the future expansion of power systems as well
as in determining the best operation of existing systems.
The principal information obtained from the power flow
study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at
each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each
line.
LOAD FLOW STUDIES IN ETAP

ETAP load flow analysis software calculates bus voltages,
branch power factors, currents, and power flows throughout
the electrical system. ETAP allows for swing, voltage
regulated, and unregulated power sources with multiple
power grids and generator connections. It is capable of
performing analysis on both radial and loop systems. ETAP
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allows you to select from several different methods in order

to achieve the best calculation efficiency and accuracy.
Run Load Flow Studies

Update Cable Load Currents
Load Flow display Option

Alert View
Report Manager
Halt current calculations
Net on line data
STEPS
Modeling of the main network

Modeling of composite networks
Running of load flow analysis
Complete report from ETAP load flow analyzer
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MODELING OF BASIC RCET NETWORK
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MODELING OF COMPOSITE NETWORKS

STAFF COLONY:
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OLD BUILDING:
NEW BUILDING:
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HOSTEL-A,B:
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HOSTEL-E:
Complete ETAP load flow analysis report of the given

network is attached with this experiment.
COMMENTS:
In this experiment we learn how to:
Model a power system in ETAP

Model composite networks in a basic network
Assign properties of components added
Study the load flow analysis for that network
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EXPERIMENT#05
Buseliminationofa4BUSsystemusingMATLAB
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
It is given that the transformer and generator at bus-3 are
disconnected, so the reactance diagram now becomes:
SOURCE TRANSFORM
After making the reactance diagram, we apply source
transformation on the given network by replacing the
voltage sources with current sources
Replace all the reactance by admittances using the
relation:
Y=1/X
The resultant diagram now can be shown as:
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Part1:EliminationofBus3&4
MATRIX FORM
Where:
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MATLAB CODE
>>YBUS= [0-9.80i 0
0+4.00i
0+5.00i;
0-8.30i
0+2.50i
0+5.00i;
0+4.00i
0+2.50i
0-14.5i
0+8.00i;
0+5.00i
0+5.00i
0+8.00i
0-18.00i];
>>K= [0-9.80i 0; 0 0-8.30i];

>>L= [0+4.00i 0+5.00i; 0+2.50i 0+5.00i];
>>M= [0-14.5i 0+8.00i; 0+8.00i 0-18.00i];
>>LT= [0+4.00i 0+2.50i; 0+5.00i 0+5.00i];
>>N=inv (M);
>>P=L*N*LT;
>>Ybus=K-P
MATLAB RESULTS
Ybus =
0 - 4.8736i
0 + 4.0736i
0 + 4.0736i
0 - 4.8736i
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Part-2: Elimination Bus-4
MATLAB CODE:
>>Ybus=[-9.8i
4.0i
5i;
-8.3i
2.5i
5i;
4i
2.5i
-14.5i
8i;
5i
5i
8i
-18i];
>>K=[-9.8i 0 4i;0 -8.3i 2.5i;4i 2.5i -14.5i];

>>L=[5i;5i;8i];
>>M=[-18i];
>>P=L';
>>T=inv(M);
>>A=K-L*T*P
MATLAB RESULTS
A=
0 -11.1889i
0 - 1.3889i
0 + 1.7778i
0 - 1.3889i
0 - 9.6889i
0 + 0.2778i
0 + 1.7778i
0 + 0.2778i
0 -18.0556i
Part-3: Elimination Bus-3
MATLAB CODE:
>>P=[-11.1889i -1.3889i;-1.3889i -9.6889i];
>>Q=[1.7778i;0.2778i];
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>>R=[-18.0556i];
>>S=Q';
>>T=inv(R);
>>B=P-Q*T*S
MATLAB RESULTS
B=
0 -11.3639i
0 - 1.4163i
0 - 1.4163i
0 - 9.6932i
COMMENTS:
Bus impedance matrix is a very important tool for the
calculation of voltages and currents at all the buses of a
given network. Suppose that any fault occurs in the power
system then we can get a task to modify the bus impedance
matrix by eliminating the faulty node which will reduce the
order of matrix by eliminating the faulty node.
In this experiment we learn how to:
Eliminate last two nodes together
Eliminate only one last node
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EXPERIMENT#06
TostudytheConceptofModificationsofanExistingBus
ImpedanceMatrix&ImplementinginMATLAB
IMPEDANCE MATRIX
Impedance matrix is a very important tool in power system
analysis. Using this matrix we can find:
Voltages at all buses when currents are given
Currents at all buses when voltages are given
So it is very important that how to modify the bus
impedance matrix when any new impedance is add into the
original system.
Suppose a power system with n-buses having the
impedances matrix of order n*n:
There are four cases that can take place while adding a new
impedance Zb in the system:
Adding
Adding
Adding
Adding
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Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
from a new bus-P to reference bus

from a new bus-P to an existing bus-K
from an existing bus-K to reference bus
between two existing buses
MODIFICATION CASES
CASE1:ADDINGZbFROMANEWBUSTOREFERENCEBUS
This condition is explained in the following diagram:
Clearly,
Vp-0=Ib*Zb
Vp=Ib*Zb
Hence the modified matrix will take the form as:
MATLAB CODE
function [Z]=Case1(Zorg,Zb)
Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10]
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Zb=17;
l=length(Zorg);
for i=1:l+1
for j=1:l+1
if i<=l && j<=l
Znew(i,j)=Zorg(i,j);
elseif i==l+1 && j==l+1
Znew(i,j)=Zb;
else
Znew(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
Znew
MATLAB RESULTS
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CASE2:ADDINGZbFROMANEWBUSPTOANEXISTINGBUSK
Clearly,
Vp-Vk,new=Ip*Zb
Vp=Vk,new+Ip*Zb
Where,
Vk,new=Vk,org+Ip*Zkk
Vp= Vk,org+Ip(Zkk+Zb)
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MATLAB CODE:
function [Z]=CASE2(Zorg,Zb)
Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10]
Zb=5;
l=length(Zorg);
row =Zorg(l,:);
column =Zorg(:,l);
for i=1:l+1
for j=1:l+1
if i<=l && j<=l
elseif i==l+1
for p=1:l
Znew(i,p)=row(p);
end
elseif j==l+1
for q=1:l
Znew(q,j)=column(q);
end
end
if i==l+1 && j==l+1
Znew(i,j)=Zb+Zorg(l,l);
end
end
end
Znew
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MATLAB RESULTS
CASE3:ADDINGZbFROMANEXISTINGBUSKTOREFERENCE
BUS
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Here we can apply the same case as in case-2 and then put
Vp=0. This task can be achieved by eliminating the last row
and column of the Znew matrix.
Now this matrix is of the order (n+1)*(n+1), we have to

achieve a matrix of order n*n using formula:
Zkj(new)=Zkj(org)-(Zk(n+1)Z(n+1)j/Zkk+Zb)
In this case,
K=n
MATLAB CODE:
Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10]
Zb=5;
l=length(Zorg);
row =Zorg(l,:);
column =Zorg(:,l);
for i=1:l+1
for j=1:l+1
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if i<=l && j<=l

elseif i==l+1
for p=1:l
Znew(i,p)=row(p);
end
elseif j==l+1
for q=1:l
Znew(q,j)=column(q);
end
end
if i==l+1 && j==l+1
Znew(i,j)=Zb+Zorg(l,l);
end
end
end
Znew
for a=1:l
for b=1:l
K(a,b)=Znew(a,b);
end
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end
for a=1:l
L(a,1)=Znew(a,5);
end
M=Znew(l+1,l+1);
P=L';
T=inv(M);
Zwithnewbusrefferenced=K-L*T*P
MATLAB RESULTS
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CASE4:ADDINGZbBETWEENTWOEXISTINGBUSES
In this case,
Zbb=Zb+Zjj+Zkk-2Zjk
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Here again we have to eliminate the last row and column to

achieve the final matrix.
MATLAB CODE:
Zorg=[1 2 3 4;2 5 6 7;3 6 8 9;4 7 9 10]
Zb=5;
l=length(Zorg);
R1 =Zorg(l,:);
C1 =Zorg(:,l);
R2 =Zorg(l-1,:);
C2 =Zorg(:,l-1);
for i=1:l+1
for j=1:l+1
if i<=l && j<=l
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elseif i==l+1
for p=1:l
Znew(i,p)=R1(p)-R2(p);
End
elseif j==l+1
for q=1:l
Znew(q,j)=C1(q)-C2(q);
End
End
if i==l+1 && j==l+1
Znew(i,j)=Zb+Zorg(l,l)+Zorg(l-1,l-1)-(2*Zorg(l,l-1));
end
end
end
Znew
for a=1:l
for b=1:l
K(a,b)=Znew(a,b);
end
end
for a=1:l
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L(a,1)=Znew(a,5);
end
M=Znew(l+1,l+1);
P=L';
T=inv(M);
Zfinal=K-L*T*P
MATLAB RESULTS
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COMMENTS:
Bus impedance matrix is a very important tool for the
calculation of voltages and currents at all the buses of a
given network. Suppose that any improvement occurs in the
power system then we can get a task to modify the bus
impedance matrix by adding the new impedance in the
system. The new impedance can be added in four different
conditions:
Addition of new
bus
Addition of new
bus
Addition of new
reference bus
Addition of new
impedance from a new bus to reference

impedance from a new bus to existing
impedance from an existing bus to
impedance between two existing buses
In this experiment we learn how to modify the bus

impedance matrix for all four cases using MATLAB.
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EXPERIMENT#07
ApplicationofGaussSiedalandNewtonRaphsonmethodforload
flowstudiesonathreebussystemusingMATLAB(Implimentation
ofexample#6.7,6.8&6.10fromPOWERSYSTEMANALYSISbyHadi
Saadat)
EXAMPLE 6.7
Given figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three
bus system with generation at bus-1. The magnitude of
voltage at bus-1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled
loads at buses-2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line
impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA base and
the line charging susceptances are neglected.
(A) Using the Gauss-Siedal method, determine the

phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and
3 (P&Q buses) accurate to four decimal places
(B) Find the slack bus real and reactive power
(C) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a
power flow diagram showing the direction of line flow
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SOLUTION
Line impedances are converted to admittances:
At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per unit

are:
S2sch=-(256.6+j110.2)/100= -2.566-j1.102 pu
S3sch=-(138.6+j45.2)/100= -1.386-j0.452 pu
Starting from an initial estimate of V2(0)=1.0+j0.0 and
V3(0)=1.0+j0.0
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GAUSS-SIEDEL FARMULA
SLACK1=conj(V1)*[V1*(y12+y13)-( y12*V2+y13*V3)]
Sij=Vi*conj(Iij)
Iij=yij*(Vi-Vj)
MATLAB CODE
y12=10-j*20;
y13=10-j*30;
y23=16-j*32;
V1=1.05+j*0;
%CODE FOR PART-A
iter=0;
s2=-2.566-j*1.102;
s3=-1.386-j*0.452;
V2=1+j*0.0;
V3=1+j*0.0;
for I=1:10;
iter=iter+1;
V2=(conj(s2)/conj(V2)+y12*V1+y23*V3)/(y12+y23);
V3=(conj(s3)/conj(V3)+y13*V1+y23*V2)/(y13+y23);
end
V2
V3
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%CODE FOR PART-B

Pslack=conj(V1)*[V1*(y12+y13)-(y12*V2+y13*V3)]
%CODE FOR PART-C
I12=y12*(V1-V2)
I21=-I12
I13=y13*(V1-V3)
I31=-I13
I23=y23*(V2-V3)
I32=-I23
s12=V1*conj(I12)
s21=V2*conj(I21)
s13=V1*conj(I13)
s31=V3*conj(I31)
s23=V2*conj(I23)
s32=V3*conj(I32)
SL12=s12+s21
SL13=s13+s31
SL23=s23+s32
MATLAB RESULTS
PART-A RESULTS
V2 =
0.9800 - 0.0600i
V3 =
1.0000 - 0.0500i
PART-B RESULTS
SLACK-BUS POWER
Pslack = 4.0949 - 1.8900i
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PART-C RESULTS
I12 =
1.9000 - 0.8000i
I21 = -1.9000 + 0.8000i

I13 =
2.0000 - 1.0000i
I31 = -2.0000 + 1.0000i

I23 = -0.6400 + 0.4800i
I32 =
0.6400 - 0.4800i
LINE FLOWS
s12 =
1.9950 + 0.8400i
s21 = -1.9100 - 0.6700i

s13 =
2.1000 + 1.0500i
s31 = -2.0500 - 0.9000i

s23 = -0.6560 - 0.4320i
s32 =
0.6640 + 0.4480i
LINE LOSSES
SL12 =
0.0850 + 0.1700i
SL13 =
0.0500 + 0.1500i
SL23 =
0.0080 + 0.0160i
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EXAMPLE 6.8
bus system with generators at buses-1 and 3. The
magnitude of voltage at bus-1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. voltage
magnitude at bus-3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power
generation of 200MW. A load consisting of 400MW and
250MVAR is taken from bus-2. Line impedances are marked
in per unit on a 100MVA base, and the line charging
susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution
by the Gauss-Siedal method including line flows and line
losses.
Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:
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FARMULAS
S3=conj(V3)*(y33*V3-y13*V1-y23*V2)
Q3=-imag(conj(V3)*(y33*V3-y13*V1-y23*V2))
MATLAB CODE
y12=10-j*20;
y13=10-j*30;
y23=16-j*32;
y33=y13+y23;
V1=1.05+j*0;
format long
iter=0;
s2=-4.0-j*2.5;
p3=2;
V2=1+j*0.0;
Vm3=1.04;
V3=1.04+j*0;
for I=1:10;
iter=iter+1;
E2=V2;
E3=V3;
V2=(conj(s2)/conj(V2)+y12*V1+y23*V3)/(y12+y23)
DV2=V2-E2;
Q3=-imag(conj(V3)*(y33*V3-y13*V1-y23*V2))
s3=p3+j*Q3;
Vc3=(conj(s3)/conj(V3)+y13*V1+y23*V2)/(y13+y23);
Vi3=imag(Vc3);
Vr3=sqrt(Vm3^2-Vi3^2);
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V3=Vr3+j*Vi3
DV3=V3-E3;
end
V2
V3
Q3
format short
I12=y12*(V1-V2);
I21=-I12;
I13=y13*(V1-V3);
I31=-I13;
I23=y23*(V2-V3);
I32=-I23;
s12=V1*conj(I12);
s21=V2*conj(I21);
s13=V1*conj(I13);
s31=V3*conj(I31);
s23=V2*conj(I23);
s32=V3*conj(I32);
I1221=[I12,I21];
I1331=[I13,I31];
I2332=[I23,I32];
SL12=s12+s21
SL13=s13+s31
SL23=s23+s32
S1=(s12+s13)
S2=(s23+s21)
S3=(s31+s32)
S12=s12
S21=s21
S13=s13
S31=s31
S23=s23
S32=s32
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MATLAB RESULTS
ITERATIONRESULTS:
1STITERATION
V2 = 0.974615384615385 - 0.042307692307692i
Q3 = 1.160000000000002
V3 = 1.039987148574197 - 0.005170183798502i
2NDITERATION
V2 = 0.971057059512953 - 0.043431876337850i
Q3 = 1.387957731052817
V3 = 1.039974378708180 - 0.007300111679686i
3RDITERATION
V2 = 0.970733708554698 - 0.044791724463619i
Q3 = 1.429040300785471
V3 = 1.039966679445820 - 0.008325001047174i
4THITERATION
V2 = 0.970652437281433 - 0.045329920732880i
Q3 = 1.448333275594840
V3 = 1.039963173621928 - 0.008752000354604i
5THITERATION
V2 = 0.970623655331095 - 0.045554240372625i
Q3 = 1.456209166612119
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V3 = 1.039961668920058 - 0.008929007616053i
6THITERATION
V2 = 0.970612037114234 - 0.045646940090561i
Q3 = 1.459469889628077
V3 = 1.039961037734205 - 0.009002221658867i
7THITERATION
V2 = 0.970607253520093 - 0.045685276728252i
Q3 = 1.460818201396914
V3 = 1.039960775170297 - 0.009032502820155i
8THITERATION
V2 = 0.970605276281561 - 0.045701131870879i
Q3 = 1.461375872168914
V3 = 1.039960666313617 - 0.009045027392915i
9THITERATION
V2 = 0.970604458527297 - 0.045707689707255i
Q3 = 1.461606535170454
V3 = 1.039960621244008 - 0.009050207830587i
10THITERATION
V2 = 0.970604120282796 - 0.045710402176455i
Q3 = 1.461701943643423
V3 = 1.039960602594413 - 0.009052350604469i
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FINALRESULTS:
V2 = 0.970604120282796 - 0.045710402176455i
V3 = 1.039960602594413 - 0.009052350604469i
Q3 = 1.461701943643423
SL12 = 0.0839 + 0.1679i
SL13 = 0.0018 + 0.0055i
SL23 = 0.0985 + 0.1969i
S1 = 2.1841 + 1.4085i
S2 = -3.9999 - 2.5000i
S3 = 2.0000 + 1.4618i
S12 = 1.7936 + 1.1874i
S21 = -1.7096 - 1.0195i
S13 = 0.3906 + 0.2212i
S31 = -0.3887 - 0.2157i
S23 = -2.2903 - 1.4805i
S32 = 2.3888 + 1.6775i
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EXAMPLE 6.10
bus system with generators at buses-1 and 3. The
magnitude of voltage at bus-1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. voltage
magnitude at bus-3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power
generation of 200MW. A load consisting of 400MW and
250MVAR is taken from bus-2. Line impedances are marked
in per unit on a 100MVA base, and the line charging
susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution
by the Newton-Raphson method including line flows and line
losses.
Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:
The bus impedance matrix can be constructed as:

YBUS=[20-j50
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-10+j20
-10+j30
-10+j20
26-j52
-10+j30
-16+j32
-16+j32
26-j62];
FARMULAS
P1=V1^2*Y11*cos(11)+V1*V2*Y12*cos(12-d1+d2)+...
V1*V3*Y13*cos(13-d1+d3)
Q1=-V1^2*Y11*sin(11)-V1*V2*Y12*sin(12-d1+d2)-...
V1*V3*Y13*sin(13-d1+d3)
Q3=-V3*V1*Y31*sin(31)-d3+d1)-V3*V2*Y32*...
sin(32-d3+d2)-V3^2*Y33*sin33
MATLAB CODE
V=[1.05;1.0;1.04];
d=[0;0;0];
Ps=[-4;2.0];
Qs=-2.5;
YB=[20-j*50 -10+j*20 -10+j*30
-10+j*20 26-j*52 -16+j*32
-10+j*30 -16+j*32 26-j*62];
Y=abs(YB);
t=angle(YB);
iter=0;
pwracur=0.00025;
%power accuracy
DC=10;
%set the maximun power residue to a high value
while max(abs(DC))>pwracur
iter=iter+1
P=[V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)d(2)+d(1))+V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)d(3)+d(1))+V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))];
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Q=-V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(1,3)=V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)d(2)+d(1))+2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+...
V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(2,1)=-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,2)=V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+...
V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(2,3)=V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
J(3,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+...
V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
J(3,3)=-V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*V(2)*Y(2,2)
*sin(t(2,2)) ...
V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
DP=Ps-P;
DQ=Qs-Q;
DC=[DP;DQ]
J
DX=J\DC
d(2)=d(2)+DX(1);
d(3)=d(3)+DX(2);
V(2)=V(2)+DX(3);
V, d, delta=180/pi*d;
end
P1=V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)d(1)+d(2))+...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q1=-V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)d(1)+d(2))-...
V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3))
Q3=-V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*...
sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))-V(3)^2*Y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))
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MATLAB RESULTS
1STITERATION
DC =
-2.8600
1.4384
-0.2200
J=
54.2800 -33.2800
24.8600
-33.2800
66.0400 -16.6400
-27.1400
16.6400
DX =
-0.0453
-0.0077
-0.0265
V=
1.0500
0.9735
1.0400
d=
-0.0453
-0.0077
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49.7200
2NDITERATION
DC =
-0.0992
0.0217
-0.0509
J=
51.7247 -31.7656
21.3026
-32.9816
65.6564 -15.3791
-28.5386
17.4028
DX =
-0.0018
-0.0010
-0.0018
V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
0
-0.0471
-0.0087
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48.1036
3RDITERATION
DC =
1.0e-003 *
-0.2166
0.0382
-0.1430
J=
51.5967 -31.6939
21.1474
-32.9339
65.5976 -15.3516
-28.5482
17.3969
DX =
1.0e-005 *
-0.3856
-0.2386
-0.4412
V=
1.0500
0.9717
1.0400
d=
-0.0471
-0.0087
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47.9549
FINALRESULTS:
P1 =
2.1842
Q1 =
1.4085
Q3 =
1.4618
COMMENTS:
Power system calculations are mostly very complex for large
power systems. To analyze such power systems, there are
two very important iterative methods:
Gauss Siedel Method
Newton Raphson method
In this experiment we learn how to apply these two methods
using MATLAB.
Gauss-Seidel iteration has two advantages:
Errors do not accumulate during the calculation. If the

procedure converges, it approaches the correct answer
without rounding errors such as can occur during
inversion of large matrices.
The method can be used for nonlinear sets of

equations.
While Newton Raphson method is readily applied to nonlinear equations, and can use finite-difference estimates
of the derivatives to evaluate the gradients.
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EXPERIMENT#08
HarmonicLoadModelingusingbuiltinanduserdefined
modelsofETAP
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
Becauseofthewideandeverincreasingapplicationsofpower
electronicdevices,suchasvariablespeeddrives,uninterruptible
powersupplies(UPS),staticpowerconverters,etc.,powersystem
voltageandcurrentqualityhasbeenseverelyaffectedinsome
areas.Intheseareascomponentsotherthanthatoffundamental
frequencycanbefoundtoexistinthedistortedvoltageand
currentwaveforms.Thesecomponentsusuallyaretheinteger
multipliersofthefundamentalfrequency,calledharmonics.In
additiontoelectronicdevices,someothernonlinearloads,or
devicesincludingsaturatedtransformers,arcfurnaces,
fluorescentlights,andcycloconvertersarealsoresponsibleforthe
deteriorationinpowersystemquality.
HARMONIC SOURCES
Thefollowingcomponentscanbemodeledasaharmonicvoltage
sourceinPowerStation:
PowerGrid
SynchronousGenerator
Inverter
Charger/Converter
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StaticLoad
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Transients
Thetermtransienthaslongbeenusedintheanalysisofpower
systemvariationstodenoteaneventthatisundesirableand
momentaryinnature.Transientisthatpartofthechangeina
variablethatdisappearsduringtransitionfromonesteadystate
operatingconditiontoanother.
Impulsive transient
Animpulsivetransientisasudden;nonpowerfrequencychange
inthesteadystateconditionofvoltage,current,orboththatis
unidirectionalinpolarity(primarilyeitherpositiveornegative).
Oscillatory transient
Anoscillatorytransientisasudden,nonpowerfrequencychange
inthesteadystateconditionofvoltage,current,orboth,that
includesbothpositiveandnegativepolarityvalues.
Long-Duration Voltage Variations
Longdurationvariationsencompassrootmeansquare(rms)
deviationsatpowerfrequenciesforlongerthan1minute.
Overvoltage
Anovervoltageisanincreaseinthermsacvoltagegreaterthan
110percentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationlongerthan1
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min.Overvoltagesareusuallytheresultsofloadswitching(e.g.,
switchingoffalargeloadorenergizingacapacitorbank).
Under voltage
Anundervoltageisadecreaseinthermsacvoltagetolessthan
90percentatthepowerfrequencyforadurationlongerthan1
min.Undervoltagesaretheresultsofswitchingeventsthatare
theoppositeoftheeventsthatcauseovervoltages.
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
ThiscategoryencompassestheIECcategoryofvoltagedipsand
shortinterruptions.Eachtypeofvariationcanbedesignatedas
instantaneous,momentary,ortemporary,dependingonits
duration.
Shortdurationvoltagevariationsarecausedbyfaultconditions,
theenergizationoflargeloadswhichrequirehighstarting
currents,orintermittentlooseconnectionsinpowerwiring.
Interruption
Aninterruptionoccurswhenthesupplyvoltageorloadcurrent
decreasestolessthan0.1puforaperiodoftimenotexceeding1
min.
Sags (dips)
Sagisadecreasetobetween0.1and0.9puinrmsvoltageor
currentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationsfrom0.5cycleto1
min.
Swells
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Aswellisdefinedasanincreasetobetween1.1and1.8puinrms
voltageorcurrentatthepowerfrequencyfordurationsfrom0.5
cycleto1min.
Voltage Imbalance
Voltageimbalance(alsocalledvoltageunbalance)issometimes
definedasthemaximumdeviationfromtheaverageofthethree
phasevoltagesorcurrents,dividedbytheaverageofthethree
phasevoltagesorcurrents,expressedinpercent.
Waveform Distortion
Waveformdistortionisdefinedasasteadystatedeviationfrom
anidealsinewaveofpowerfrequencyprincipallycharacterized
bythespectralcontentofthedeviation.
Harmonics
Harmonicsaresinusoidalvoltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencies
thatareintegermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupply
systemisdesignedtooperate(termedthefundamental
frequencyusually50or60Hz).
Interharmonics
Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatarenot
integermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupplysystemis
designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledInterharmonics.
Odd harmonics
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Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatareodd
designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledoddharmonics.
Even harmonics
Voltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencycomponentsthatareeven
designedtooperate(e.g.,50or60Hz)arecalledevenharmonics.
Voltage Fluctuation
Voltagefluctuationsaresystematicvariationsofthevoltage
envelopeoraseriesofrandomvoltagechanges,themagnitudeof
whichdoesnotnormallyexceedthevoltagerangesspecifiedby
ANSIC84.1of0.9to1.1pu.
Power Frequency Variations
Powerfrequencyvariationsaredefinedasthedeviationofthe
powersystemfundamentalfrequencyfromitspecifiednominal
value(e.g.,50or60Hz).
Power factor, displacement
Thepowerfactorofthefundamentalfrequencycomponentsof
thevoltageandcurrentwaveforms
Power factor (true)
Theratioofactivepower(watts)toapparentpower(volt
amperes)
Total harmonic distortion (THD)
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Theratiooftherootmeansquareoftheharmoniccontenttothe
rmsvalueofthefundamentalquantity,expressedasapercentof
thefundamental.
Triplen harmonics
Atermfrequentlyusedtorefertotheoddmultiplesofthethird
harmonic,whichdeservespecialattentionbecauseoftheir
naturaltendencytobezerosequence.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
MODELING OF HARMONIC LOAD

Double click on the charger
Select the harmonics section
Select the type of harmonics from the given library of
harmonics
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BUILT-IN MODELS OF ETAP
ROCKWELL (12-Pulse-VFD)
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TOSHIBA (PWM-ASD)
TYPICAL (LCI)
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TYPICAL-IEEE (12-Pulse1)
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TYPICAL-IEEE (18-Pulse-CT)
TYPICAL-IEEE (18-Pulse-VT)
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TYPICAL-IEEE (Fluorescent)
TYPICAL-IEEE (Large-ASD)
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TYPICAL-IEEE (SPC)
TYPICAL-IEEE (XFMR-Magnet)
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USER DEFINED MODELING
Go to the library tab given on the main window of ETAP

Select the harmonic section
Click on add tab
Enter the name of new harmonic model
Click on edit tab
Enter the spectrum components in the table
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COMMENTS
In this experiment, we learnt:
How to model a harmonic load using built-in models
How to built a user-defined harmonic model
How to model a harmonic load using user-defined
models
So, ETAP is a very powerful tool for harmonic analysis of any
power distribution network.
EXPERIMENT#09
Impactofpersonalcomputerloadonpowerdistribution
networkofRCET
Harmonics
Harmonicsaresinusoidalvoltagesorcurrentshavingfrequencies
thatareintegermultiplesofthefrequencyatwhichthesupply
systemisdesignedtooperate(termedthefundamental
frequencyusually50or60Hz).
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PC LOAD THDS
Harmonic No.
rd
%THD
91.63
5th
86.61
7th
69.87
th
44.76
11th
54.81
13th
46.44
15th
46.44
th
17
33.05
19th
24.70
23rd
11.74
th
25
7.900
29th
5.120
%THD
178.97
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
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LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM

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LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS REPORT
HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

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VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS
BUS-5:
BUS-11:
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BUS-27:
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BUS-33:
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CURRENT WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS

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CABLE-2:
CABLE-7:
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CABLE-11:
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CABLE-18:
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HARMONIC ANALYSIS REPORT
COMMENTS
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In this experiment, we learnt:

How to apply harmonic analysis to a power distribution
network
How to perform load flow analysis on a power
distribution network
How to perform harmonic analysis on a power
distribution network
How to get harmonic spectra at required locations
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EXPERIMENT#10
Flowoftriplenharmonics(zerosequenceharmonics)
during5differentschemesofconnectionfora3phase
transformerwithpresenceoflargenonlinearloadusing
ETAP
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
HARMONIC MODEL USED

PC load is used as a source of harmonics in this experiment
that has the following range of THDS.
Harmonic No.
3rd
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%THD
91.63
5th
86.61
7th
69.87
9th
44.76
11th
54.81
th
13
46.44
15th
46.44
17th
33.05
th
19
24.70
23rd
11.74
25th
7.900
th
5.120
29
%THD
178.97
5 DIFFERENT SCHEMES OF TRANSFORMER

WINDING
PRIMARY SIDE
SECONDARY SIDE
Y-Grounded
Y-Grounded
Y-Grounded
Y-Ungrounded
Delta
Y-Ungrounded
Y-Grounded
Delta
Delta
Delta
1
2
3
4
5
HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

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CASE-1:
Transformer primary side Y-Grounded and
secondary Y-Ungrounded
VOLTAGE SPECTRA ON LT-SIDE
VOLTAGE SPECTRA ON HT-SIDE
VOLTAGE WAVEFORM ON LT-SIDE
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VOLTAGE WAVEFORM ON HT-SIDE
CURRENT SPECTRA ON LT-SIDE
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CURRENT SPECTRA ON HT-SIDE
CURRENT WAVEFORM ON LT-SIDE
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CURRENT WAVEFORM ON HT-SIDE
OBSERVATIONS:
Harmonic source is connected on the LT side of transformer,
so the triplen harmonics are blocked due to ungrounded Yconnection. The magnitude of remaining harmonic
components is reduced on the HT side of transformer.
CASE-2:
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secondary Y-Grounded
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OBSERVATIONS:
so the triplen harmonics are not blocked due to grounded Yconnection. The triplen harmonics are also present on the HT
side of transformer as that is also Y-grounded.
CASE-3:
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secondary Delta
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS ON LT-SIDE
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OBSERVATIONS:
so the triplen harmonics are blocked due to deltaconnection. The triplen harmonics are also blocked on the
HT side of transformer as there are no triplen harmonics on
secondary side of transformer.
CASE-4:
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Transformer primary side Y-Ungrounded and

secondary Delta
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OBSERVATIONS:
secondary side of transformer.
CASE-5:
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Transformer primary side Delta and secondary

Delta
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OBSERVATIONS:
secondary side of transformer. Moreover, primary side is
also delta-connected.
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EXPERIMENT#11
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(3phasefaultsdevice
duty)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

The power station short circuit analysis program analyze the
effect of three phase, line to ground, line to line, and line to
line to ground faults on the electrical distribution networks.
The program calculates the total short circuit currents as
well as the contributions of individual motors, generators,
and utility ties in the system. Fault duties are in compliance
with the latest editions of the ANSI/IEEE standards and IEC
standards.
The ANSI/IEEE Short-Circuit Toolbar and IEC Short-Circuit
Toolbar sections explain how you can launch a short-circuit
calculation, open and view an output report, or select display
options. The Short-Circuit Study Case Editor section
explains how you can create a new study case, what
parameters are required to specify a study case, and how to
set them. The Display Options section explains what options
are available for displaying some key system parameters
and the output results on the one-line diagram, and how to
set them.
Short-Circuit Toolbar
This toolbar is active when you are in Short-Circuit mode and
the standard is set to ANSI in the Short-Circuit Study Case
Editor.
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3-Phase Faults - Device Duty

Click on this button to perform a three-phase fault study per
ANSI C37 Standard. This study calculates momentary
symmetrical and asymmetrical rms, momentary
asymmetrical crest, interrupting symmetrical rms, and
interrupting adjusted symmetrical rms short-circuit currents
at faulted buses. The program checks the protective device
rated close and latching, and adjusted interrupting capacities
against the fault currents, and flags inadequate devices.
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Generators and motors are modeled by their positive

sequence sub-transient reactance.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
BUS-15
There is a short circuit fault on bus-15.
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LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
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SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS DIAGRAM
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COMMENTS:
In this experiment, we use three phase fault-device duty
analysis to analyze the effect of fault on the system.
Following results are obtained in this experiment:
At bus-15:
Current
Power flow
Before fault
568A
345KW
After fault
4.8KA
3.6KW
We observe that the current flowing through bus-15 is

increased up to many times as compared to the current
before fault.
We observe that the power flowing through bus-15 is
decreased up to many times as compared to the power
before fault due to the short circuit at bus-15 as the load
connected to that bus is now shorted and no power is
flowing into that load.
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EXPERIMENT#12
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(3phasefaults30cycle
network)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
3-Phase Faults 30-Cycle Network

Click on this button to perform a three-phase fault study per
ANSI standards. This study calculates short-circuit currents
in their rms values after 30 cycles at faulted buses.
Generators are modeled by their positive sequence transient
reactances, and short-circuit current contributions from
motors are ignored.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
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BUS-15
LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
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COMMENTS:
At bus-15:
Current
Power flow
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Before fault
568A
345KW
After fault
3.6KA
3.6KW

before fault.
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EXPERIMENT#13
Threephaseshortcircuitanalysis(LG,LL,LLG,&3Phase
FaultsCycle)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - Cycle

Click on this button to perform line-to-ground, line-to-line,
line-to-line-to-ground, and three-phase fault studies per
ANSI standards. This study calculates short-circuit currents
in their rms values at cycles at faulted buses.
Generators and motors are modeled by their positive,
negative, and zero sequence sub-transient reactance.
In all the unbalanced fault calculations ( cycle, 1.5-4 cycle
and 30 cycles), it is assumed that the negative sequence
impedance of a machine is equal to its positive sequence
impedance. Generator, motor, and transformer grounding
types and winding connections are taken into consideration
when constructing system positive, negative, and zero
sequence networks.
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ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
BUS-15
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LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
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COMMENTS:
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At bus-15:
Current
Power flow
Before fault
568A
345KW
After fault
6.2KA
5.1KW

before fault.
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EXPERIMENT#14
Faults1.5to4Cycle)foragivenpowersystemusing
ETAP
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 1.5 to 4 Cycle

Click on this button to perform three-phase, line-to-ground,
line-to-line, line-to-line-to-ground, and three-phase fault
studies per ANSI standards. This study calculates shortcircuit currents in their rms values between 1.5 to 4 cycles
at faulted buses.
Generators are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero
sequence sub-transient reactance, and motors are modeled
by their positive, negative and zero sequence transient
reactance. Generator, motor and transformer grounding
types and winding connections are taken into considerations
when constructing system positive, negative, and zero
sequential networks.
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ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
BUS-15
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LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
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COMMENTS:
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At bus-15:
Current
Power flow
Before fault
568A
345KW
After fault
5.7KA
5KW

before fault.
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EXPERIMENT#15
Faults30Cycle)foragivenpowersystemusingETAP
LG, LL, LLG, & 3-Phase Faults - 30 Cycle

Click on this button to perform three-phase, line-to-ground,
line-to-line, line-to-line-to-ground, and three-phase fault
studies per ANSI standards. This study calculates shortcircuit currents in their rms values at 30-cycles at faulted
buses.
Generators are modeled by their positive, negative, and zero
sequence reactance, and short-circuit current contributions
from motors are ignored. Generator, motor, and
transformer grounding types and winding connections are
taken into consideration when constructing system positive,
negative, and zero sequence networks.
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ONE LINE DIAGRAM
FAULTY POINT
BUS-15
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LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM
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COMMENTS:
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At bus-15:
Current
Power flow
Before fault
568A
345KW
After fault
4.8KA
4.8KW

before fault.
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COMPARISON OF SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
3phasefaults
deviceduty
3phasefaults30
cyclenetwork
LG,LL,LLG,&3
PhaseFaults
Cycle
LG,LL,LLG,&3
PhaseFaults1.5to
4Cycle
LG,LL,LLG,&3
PhaseFaults30
Cycle
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CURRENT
POWER
4.8
3.6
3.6
3.6
6.2
5.1
5.7
4.8
4.8

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POWERSYSTEMANALYSISLABMANUAL

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Introduction to basics of Electrical Transients Analyzer

Evaluate the value of voltages for a 4-BUS system using node

Modeling and Load flow analysis of RCET power distribution

Bus elimination of a 4-BUS system using MATLAB

Application of Gauss-Siedal and Newton-Raphson method for

Harmonic Load Modeling using built-in and user defined

Daily load factor = average load / peak load

GIVEN ONE LINE DIAGRAM

Applying KCL at node-2:

I= [0-1.20i; 0-0.7200-0.9600i; 0-1.2000i; 0];

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

LOAD FLOW STUDIES IN ETAP

allows you to select from several different methods in order

Run Load Flow Studies

Load Flow display Option

Halt current calculations

Net on line data

Modeling of the main network

MODELING OF BASIC RCET NETWORK

MODELING OF COMPOSITE NETWORKS

Complete ETAP load flow analysis report of the given

Model a power system in ETAP

>>K= [0-9.80i 0; 0 0-8.30i];

Part-2: Elimination Bus-4

>>K=[-9.8i 0 4i;0 -8.3i 2.5i;4i 2.5i -14.5i];

Part-3: Elimination Bus-3

from a new bus-P to reference bus

Now this matrix is of the order (n+1)*(n+1), we have to

if i<=l && j<=l

Here again we have to eliminate the last row and column to

impedance from a new bus to reference

In this experiment we learn how to modify the bus

(A) Using the Gauss-Siedal method, determine the

At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per unit

%CODE FOR PART-B

I21 = -1.9000 + 0.8000i

I31 = -2.0000 + 1.0000i

s21 = -1.9100 - 0.6700i

s31 = -2.0500 - 0.9000i

Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:

Where,impedances are replaced by admittances as:

The bus impedance matrix can be constructed as:

Errors do not accumulate during the calculation. If the

The method can be used for nonlinear sets of

ONE LINE DIAGRAM

MODELING OF HARMONIC LOAD

BUILT-IN MODELS OF ETAP

USER DEFINED MODELING

Go to the library tab given on the main window of ETAP

ONE LINE DIAGRAM

LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS REPORT

HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS

CURRENT WAVEFORMS & SPECTRAS

HARMONIC ANALYSIS REPORT

In this experiment, we learnt:

ONE LINE DIAGRAM

HARMONIC MODEL USED

5 DIFFERENT SCHEMES OF TRANSFORMER