- -

W
KW

W
W

KEF

KEF

K
W
K

W
K

W
K K
K K

W
K K

- -

K
WK
KW
KW

K
K

- -

Physical Properties of Fluids

Density:L

m kg
V m3

(3.1)

20 CK1000 kg/m3 4 C
FK1.2

kg/m

EE JF

Specific weight L

W N
V m3

(3.2)

W
= g =

mg
V

(3.3)

Specific volume

v :L

K
V 1
v= =
m

m3
kg

- -

( 3.4 )

Specific Gravity SGL

K(4 C)

SG =

f
w

(3.5)

W
P V = m R T

( 3 .6 )

P
RT

(3.7)

p = N m2
R ( R= 287 J/kg K)
T (K)

kg/m3

WE JF

K3.6 m K4 m2 m W
K

9772 kg

m
V

kg
m3

m = 9772 kg
V=

d2 h
d=

- -

h = EF

V =

:V
0.02 2 3.6 = 11 31 m 3

W
=

m 9772
kg
=
= 864 3
V 11 31
m

WE JF

F6750 kg 1000 kg/m3

KE

Fw E F2w w

KE

WV
V = l w h = 2w w w = 2w 3

=
1000

6750
2 w3

6750
= 3.375
2000

w3 =
w =

m
V

3.375 = 1.5 m

l = 2 w = 2 1 .5 = 3 .0 m
h = w = 1.5 m

- -

WEF

K 1.6 k
(0.001 m3)

f =

m
=
V

1000 cm3

1.6
kg
= 800 3
2 0.001
m

W
SG f =

f
w

800
1000

= 0.8

kg/m3

1000

70.7

682

298

13560

809

2700

921

1100

800

8900

1443

R-134a

E JF

- -

Viscosity

KK

K
KK

KK

u=U

u=0

EF

EFF

A y U

KF

shear stress F

W w

w =

F
A

(3.8)

y u
W

du
dy

W
- -

w =

du
dy

( 3 9)

WK
=

( 3 10 )

du

dy

= N 2s = Pa.Sec ??EKKFEKKF
m

E F
kinematic Viscosity
=

m 2

sec

( 3 . 11 )

K m

sec

W
K

- -

EF
WEF

dv = 100
dy

sec

K 10 3 Pa. sec

dv
dy

= 10 3 100 = 0.1 Pa

- -

W

Fluid static's

W
KK


K

Pressure
K
P =

F N

A m 2

( 3 12 )

N
= Pascal

2
m

= (Pa)

F =(N)

(Pa )

A= (m2)

( m)

1Pa = 1 N

( m ) = 100kPa

1bar = 100000 N

K1kN

EF

50mm

(piston)

KE JF

A=

d2

- -

P=

P =

F
A

1000
50 2 10 6

kN
m2

P = 509

P = 509

kPa = 5.09 bar

EF

K
EFE JFK
(b)(a)EFE JF
K(d)(c)

- -

E JF
EF
K
Pressure Head

K
F

()

()EF

(m)(F)

W(P)(g)
P = gh

P = g (h )

(3 13)

(3 14)

Kh

- -

EFW

450cm 250cm 300cm

KE JF1000kg/m3.
W

EFEF
F = mg

F = ( V ) g

F = (A h) g
F = 1000

kg
m
0 . 25 m 0 . 30 m 0 . 45 m 9 . 81
3
m
sec

F = 331 N

P=

F
331
N
=
= 4400 2
A 0.30 0.25
m

P = g h

P = 1000 kg3 9.81
m

P = 4400

m
0.45 m
sec 2

N
kN
= 4.40 2 = 4.40 kPa
2
m
m

K
- -

EF

K 200m 300m B A
K1023 kg3
m

KE3-10F
A

PA = g h A
PA = 1023 9.81 300

PA = 3.011 10 6 Pa

B
PB = g h B

PB = 1023 9.81 200

PB = 2.007 10

Pa

W
PA PB = 3.011 10 6 2.007 10 6 = 1.004 10 6 Pa

P = PA PB = g h

= 1023 9.81 (300 200 ) = 1.004 10 6 Pa

- -

: ( 101.325 kN/m2)
. 1000 kg/m3
. 13.6

EF

EF

(13.6)(1000kg/m3)(101.325kN/m2)
K(9.81m/sec2)

p = g h

hH o
2

p
=
H 2o g

101.325 1000 N

m2
1000 kg 3 9.81 m 2
sec
m

h H 2o

= 10.33 m

10.33m

W
Hg

= H 2o 13.6

- -

Hg

= 1000 13.6 kg

m3

hHg

101.325 1000 N

m2
(13.6 1000 kg 3 )(9.81 m 2 )
sec
m

h Hg

= 0.76 m

10.33m 0.76m
K

- -

W
K

KK

K E JF

1.013 bar 101.3 kN/m2

EF

1 atm

(standard)

E JF

- -

EF

K
0.61m3.66m
K K

917kg/m31000kg/m3 K

K101.3 kN/m2

po

h2

p2
p1

h1

EFEF

p1Kp2EF
Kp2

p2

p2

= p0 + 2 gh2
= ( 101.3 1000 N 2 ) + ( 917 kg 3 ) ( 9.81 m
) ( 3.66 0.51 )m
m
m
sec 2

= 128737 N

m2

W p1
p1

p1
= 128737 N

m2

= p2 + 1 gh1
+ ( 1000 kg 3 ) ( 9.81 m
) ( 0.61m )
m
sec 2

- -

= 134721.1 N

m2

W
p1( guage )

p1 p0( atm )

= 134721.1 101.3 1000

= 33421.1 N

m2

334 kN/m2

- -

Pressure Measurement
The Barometer
p

EF

E JFK

(p)

JF
K

E J

hK
W

p = gh
KKg

1.013 bar
W

1.013 100000 = 1000 9.81 h

h = 1.013 100000 = 10.326 m
1000 9.81

- -

K10.326 m

K13.6

1.013 100000
h

= 13600 9.81 h

1.013 100000
13600 9.81

= 0.76 m = 760 mm

K(760 mm Hg)760 mm

The ManometersW

K

U

KK

K
K

KE JF

KU

KEF
KCB

KhB
KC

- -

pB

= pC

= p 0 + Hg gh

(3 15)

A
C

EF

Differential Manometer
JFK

K(h)KE
KCD

Kzhp2D

K(h + z)p1C
p1 + (h + z ) A g = p2 + B gh + A gz

p1 p2 = B hg + A gz A gz A gh

- -

P
2

z
A

h
D

EF
p1 p 2 = ( B A )gh
( 3 16 )
A

W(3-12) KBA
p1 p 2

= B g h

(3 17)

inclined manometerW
K

xx sinh K
.

p1 p 2 = gx sin

(3 18)

P1

P2
h

EF

W
- -

Fluids in Motion

Types of Fluid Flow

K K

(particles)

K
EF(laminar

flow)

KEF(turbulent flow)

EF

EF

Fluids in Motion

K K

KEFsteady uniform flow

(convergent)

KEFF

K(steady non-uniform flow)

- -

EF

EF
Rate of FlowW

E JF

K Q

EF

Q& = A v

W
( 3 19 )
m3

sec
m&

m = V
m& = Q&

( 3 20 )

- -

EF
K0.6 m/sec15mm
K

Q&

Q& = A v

= 4 ( 0.015 ) 2 0.6

3
= 106.02 10 6 m

sec

W
m&

m&

= Q&

= 1000 ( 106.02 10 6 ) = 0.106 kg

- -

sec

Continuity EquationEF
E
F

m = 1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2

(3 21)

continuity equation E F EF
. law of conservation of mass

K
W

1 = 2 =
A1 v1 = A2 v 2

W
(3 22)

Q1 = Q2

converging
m

sec

0.3

pipe

WEF

0.15m 0.46m
K
A1
A2
v1

v2

EFEF

- -

W
Q = A1 v1
K
v1 =

Q
A1

WA1

A1 = d12 = (0.46 2 ) = 166.19 10 3 m 2

4

v1 =

0.3
= 1.8 m
3
sec
1.66019 10

K
v2 =

Q
=
A2

0 .3
= 16.98 17 m
sec
0.15 2

K K

A1 v1 = A2 v2

v2 = A1 v1 =
A2

d12 v1
2

4 d2

v2 =

0.46 2 1.8

0.15

= 16.93

m
sec

- -

WEF

5cm998kg/m3
3.75cm7.5cm
W 0.015m3/sec

K
K

EFEF

W
m& 1 = A1 v1

m& 1 = Q1

m& 1

= ( 998 kg

)( 0.015 m

sec

= 14.970 kg

sec

m& 1

= 2 m3
- -

m& 3 = 1 m1

1
14.97 = 7.485 kg
sec
2
W

A1

A1 = 4 d12

= 4 ( 0.05 )2

= 0.001963 m 2

Q1

= A1 v1

v1 = Q1
A1

v1 =

0.015 m

sec
0.001963 m 2

= 7.6 m

sec

A3

A3 = 4 d 32 = 4 ( 0.0375 )2 = 0.001104 m 2
v3 =

Q3
=
A3

0.0075 m

sec
0.001104 m 2

= 6.76 m

sec

- -

Energy Of A Liquid In Motion

K? ?

."the capacity to do work"

K??
W
K

(
(
(

K
Potential Energy W

datum linez m

WKE JF

potential energy = m g z

m
kg
2
sec

(3.23)

"J""Joule"??

datum line

mEF
potential energy

J
per unit mass = g z
kg
- -

(3.24)

Pressure Energy EF

pAK
KpA

K Q&
Q& = A v

&

KE F v = Q A pA
W(work)
work =

force dis tan ce

work = p A v

&

work = p A Q

work = p Q

W m
m& = Q&
WEF
work done per unit mass =

p Q& p J
=

Q& kg

J kg L
K p EF

pressure energy

- -

(3.25)

Kinetic EnergyW

(12 m v 2 ) EF

kinetic energy = 12 m v 2
(3.26)
W
kinetic energy per unit mass = 12 v 2

J

kg

(3.27)

WK

HH=

total energy per kg

gz+

+ 12 v 2

(3.28)

EF

W(height or head)
(potential head)

(pressure head)

(velocity head)

WK

total head

per kg

p
v2
z+
+
g 2g

(3.29)

N m 3 sec 2
total head per kg = m + 2
kg
m
m

m 2 sec 2
+

m
sec 2

W
total head

per kg = m + m + m = m

- -

Bernoulli Equation
F?W

E
W?

K + +

p1

v12
p
v2
gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2

2
2

(3 30)

K
K

EF

E JF
AKh v
KC

C=A
pA

v A2
+ gz A
2

pC

vC2
+ gz C
2

( 3.31 )

Ec FA

- -

0 + 0 + gz A

= 0+

vC2
+0
2

CA

WK

vC = 2 g z A
= 2 g h

v 2A
+
+ gz A

pA

v B2
=
+
+ gz B +

2
pB

energy loss between A and B

(3.32)

WEF

1.52m/sec
K9.14m/sec

K2.339kPa15.2m
K983 kg/m3 998 kg/m3

W
p1

2.339 1000 + 1.52

998

+
2

v12
+ gz1
2

p2

+ 9.81 15.2 =

v22
+ gz2
2

p 2 1000 9.14 2
+
+ 9.81 0
983
2

p 2 1000
+ 41.77 + 0
983

p 1000
110.84 983
152.611 41.77 = 2
p2 =
= 108.955 kPa
983
1000
2.344 + 1.155 + 149.112 =

- -

K
ht = h s + h v
(3.33)
K hvhsht
K

W
hv

v2
=
2g

= 2 gh v

(3.34)

(m/sec)

(m) hv

WEF

KK21.6m 22m

hv = ht hs

hv
v

= 22 21.6 = 0.4 m
= 2 ghv

= 2 9.81 0.4

- -

= 2.8 m

sec

WEF

13600kg/m31.2kg/m3K20mm

pv

= ghHg

= 13600 9.81 0.02 = 2668.32 N

m2

v2
=
2

pv

air

v2

= 2

pv

air

v = 2

2668.32
1.2

= 66.7 m

sec

K K
K

- -

Pitot TubeW

KE JF

WEFEF

p1

v12
+ gz1
2

p2

v 22
+ gz 2
2

KEF

v 22

2
2
v2 = p1 p 2
2

p1

p2

( p1 p 2 )

( 3 . 35 )

p1 p 2

K

2

EF
- -

Venturi-Meter


KEFK

KEFEF

EF

KK

KEFEF
p1

v12
p
v2
+ gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz2
2
2 2

v12
+
2

p1

v 22
=
+
2 2
p2

v 22 v12

(I )

p1 p 2

W
v1

A2
v2
A1

WEF(I)

- -

v2

2( p 1 p 2 )

(1

A22
A12

(3.36)

KEFEF A2A1

WEF

EFK25 C

2.5 cm EF7.5 cmEF42.1 cm

K

EF
v2

2 p
A22
(1 2 )
A1

2 g h
A22
(1 2 )
A1

v2

2 9.81 0.421
0.0252

1
2
0.075

v2

8.08
0.988

= 8.18 = 2.86 m

sec

= A2 v2 = 4 (0.025) 2.86 = 0.0014 m

sec

- -

0.0014 m
0.001 m

sec = 1.4 lit

lit

sec

= 84 lit

min

Orifice MeterW

K KE JF

v2

2( p 1 p 2 )

(1

A22
A12

(3.37)

WE JF

WEF

K0.3 m/secE JF

K0.06 m0.3 m
KCv = 0.82
W

v2 = Cv

2 p

A
1 2
A1

v2 =

v 1 A1
A2

- -

W v 2

v 2 = 7.5 m / sec

p =

v 22 ( 1

A22
)
A12

2 C v2

= 73048 .9 Pa

- -

W

Fluid Flow in Pipes and Ducts

W
K

K K

KEF

K
K

W
v

KK
W

Re = v d

(3.38)

- -

2100 K

10000 K

100002100 K
K

WEF

= 1050 kg/m35cm

.10000 . = 995*10-6 Pa.sec

Re =

10000
D

= A v

vD

= 10000

995 10 6 10000
1050 0 . 05

= 0 . 1895 m

3
= 4 (0.05) 2 0.1895 = 3.72 10 4 m

= 0.372 lit

sec

= 22.3 lit

sec

sec

min

W
E F

KEF

Ksurface roughness

- -

energy head losspressure drop

Kfriction head loss

L

EF

EF

p1 p 2

= f

W(2) (1)

l v2

D 2

(3 39)

Kvf

KN/m2
WH

Hf

p1 p 2
g

= f

l
v2

D 2g

( 3 16 )

Km

(Re = V D )

(Relative roughness)

EF D

(f)
- -

mm

(material)
Riveted Steel

0.9-9

Concrete

0.3-3

Cost Iron

0.26

Galvanized Iron

0.15

Asphalted Cast Iron

0.12

Commercial Steel

0.046

Drawn Tubing

0.0015

Glass

Smooth

EF

Moody Diagram

(1944)E

JF

EF

Reynolds Number Friction Factor

W

W
Re 2 10 3

f =

64
Re

(3.41)

0.001 Re 4 10 3
WSmooth Pipe
f

0.316
Re 0.25

- -

(3.42)

Zone.

Rough Pipe

(D () F

K
=0.014

Transitional Zone

6mm15m

K848 kg/m32 m/secPa.sec

W

Re

vD

848 2 0.006
0.014

= 727

K2100
W
f =

64
Re

64
727

= 0.088

l v2

d
2

15
22

848
p 1 p 2 = p = 0.088
0.006 2
p1 p 2

= f

= 373.12 kpa

6 mm

15 m

- -

Moody DiagramE

- -

JF

WEF
Q = 20

min

10m (P)
. = 50 103 Pa sec1030kg/m33.81cm

W
Q = 20 l

m3
= 0.02
min

min

0.02 m 3
sec
60

3
= 3.333 10 4 m

sec

W
Q = A v

Q 3.333 10 4
=
A 4 ( 0.0381 )2

= 0.292

= 0.292 m

sec

m
sec

Re =

v D
1030 0.292 0.0381
=
= 229.2

50 103

Q Re

p = f

2100

Laminar Flow
l V2

D 2
f =

f =

64
229.2

64
Re

= 0.279

p =

0 .279

( 0 .292 ) 2
10

1030 = 3215 .5 Pa
0 .0381
2

- -

WEF

80C 3 L/sec
3

971.64 kg/m

40m 52.5mm

80 C

0.358*10-3 Pa.sec 80 C

Q=3L

V=

sec

= 0.003 m

sec

0.003
Q
=
= 1.386 m
sec
A
2
(0.0525)
4

Re =

v D 971.64 1.386 0.0525

=
= 197500 200000

0.358 10 3

.40000
K
= 0.000046 m

0.000876

0.000046
0.0525

= 0.000876

Re = 197500

= 0.0208

L V2
p = f

D 2
= 0.0208

40 (1.386) 2
971.64 = 14.8 kPa
0.0525
2

- -

Correction

FactorK

KE JFE JF

425pa/m50mm

K0.881.386m/sec80 CE JF
p = 425 0.88 = 374 Pa / m
m

for 40m

40 m

= 374 40 = 15 kPa

- -

Pressure drop,

pa / m
3000

2000

1500

1000
800

500
400

300

200

150

100

80

50
40

30
0.03
0.06 0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

15
mm
20
mm

0.5
m

25
mm

/s

1m

3 4 5

/s

50
mm
60
mm

Water flow rate,

35
mm
40
mm

75
mm

8 10

L/s

10
0
12
5

20

mm

Ve
l
o
cit
y

/s

mm

4m

mm

/s

80 100

30
0

3m

/s

25
0

2m

mm

/s

30 40 50

20
0

mm

1.5
m

15
0

mm

200 300

20C E JF
- -

EFE JF

Pressure Drop in Fittings

K
K

- -

EKKKKTF

K
EFK

(mm)

(mm)

EF

90

45

15
20
2.5
35
40
50
60
75
100
125
150

15.80
20.93
26.46
34.04
40.90
52.51
62.65
77.92
102.3
128.2
154.1

0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
2.4
3.0
4.3
5.2
6.1

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.7

0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
3.0
3.7
4.6
6.4
7.6
9.1

0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8

5
6
8
11
14
17
20
24
38
43
50

0.2
0.25
0.28
0.42
0.51
0.65
0.79
0.90
1.27
1.70
2.00

EF
W

75mm

E
F30m 90 o
kg
998.21 mg
.

6 L/secW
KK 1.008 10 3 Pa / sec

= 3.0 m (90)

= 93 = 27 m

= 0.90 m

2.7 m
- -

30

L = 30 + 27 + 2.7 EF
= 59.7 m

V

Q
0.006
=
A
(0.07792) 2
4

= 1.258 m / sec
W
pvD

Re =

998.21 1.258 0.07792

1.008 10 3

= 97071
K

= 0.00046 = 0.0006
D

0.07792

= 0.0208 EF

L V2
p = f

D 2

= 0.0208

59.7
( 1.258 ) 2

998.21
0.07792
2

= 12587 Pa = 12.587 kPa

- -

Pumps And Pumping Requirements :

(pressure head)K

K(efficiency) (power)(flow rate)

K

EF

WEFEFEF

p frict
v12
p 2 v 22
+
+ z1 g + w =
+
+ z2 g +

2
g

p1

( 3.43 )

- -

2.110-4 Pa sec1100 kg/m3

K(w)50

kg/min52.51mm

T90

KE JFK30 kPa

EF
p1

p frict
v12
p
v2
+ z1 g + w = 2 + 2 + z 2 g +
g
2

KEFEFEF
w

p frict
v 22
+ z 2 g z1 g +
2

HH

W
Re = v D = 1100 v 0.0508
4

2.1 10

W
- -

50
Q
=
= 0.35 m
sec
A 1100 60 ( 4 ( 0.05251 ) 2 )

Re = v D = 1100 0.35 04.05251

2.1 10

= 96268 2100

EE JFFf

0.15
=
= 0.00286
D 52.51

E JF

f= 0.027

W
L V2

D 2
L = 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 15 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 6 2.1 + 1 0.6 + 2 0.65

L = 29 + 12.6 + 0.6 + 1.3 = 43.5 m

p =

(0.35) 1100 = 1507 Pa

43.5

0.05251
2
2

= 0.027

W
ptot

= 1507 + 30000 = 31507 Pa

WEF

ptot

w
w

31507 N
1100 kg

m2

= 28.64 J

kg

m3

p frict
v 22
+ z 2 g z1 g +
2

0.35 2
+ 9 * 9.81 3 * 9.81 + 28.64
2

= 87.5 J / kg

- -

Pressure Drop In Air Duct Flow

p = f

L v 2
D 2

1
p = k ( v 2 )
2
L
k =(f )
D

(3.44)

Resistance Coeff. or Press. Loss Coefficient K

(Dampers)

E
K= f

Le =

Le
D

KD
f
Le = Equivalent Length(m)

K =

f =

KD =(m)

D = 4 A
P

KPA
- -

P = p Q

K

Friction Loss

p = f

L v2

D 2

Dynamic Press. Losses

p = K

v2

WEF
W
K

W
K

EF K
K

KKKK K

(Diagrams)

KK

- -

0.2m3015m3012m3

K1.15 kg/m3

997 15002750 FK

KE

100 1/sec EF
K0.001 Pa.sec

0.85 E
F
2.87 10 3 N sec/ m 2

EF

6000N K7.5 cm

EF

(R-134a)7.5 m

EF

.95 kPaE
F150 kPa

EF

K1 MPa1206 kg/m3
K

.999kg/m3K101.325 kPa
K

- -

750 kg/m3

2m 3mK103kg/m3
K1 barK

2m

3m

K EF
30 C1.5 bar EF
250

mmB400mm*300mmA

BBA0.2

bar

K18 m/secAR = 287J/kg K

4m

d = 100 mm
2

- -

K EF
80 C 6 L/sec EF

801 kg/m3 80 C K40m52.5 mm

K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 C

K60mm
42

K
480

45 90

L/min0.02

KE1000kg/m3FK

- -

K K

KK

WK

= m = 1
V

v = V

W
m

= V

mg

= 2750 0.12 = 330 kg

ms

= 1500 0.15 = 225 kg

mw

= 997 0.2 = 199.4 kg

ma

= 1.15 0.53 = 0.61 kg

W
W
W
Wmt
mt

= 755 kg

mt 755
=
= 755 kg 3
m
Vt
1
- -

vt

3
Vt
1
=
= 0.001325 m
kg
mt 755

du
dy

K du
dy

= 0.001 100 = 0.1 Pa

EF
K

KH

W
p

E
F

F
A

W
A

= r 2 = 4 D 2 = 4 (0.075) 2 = 0.004418 m 2
p = 6000 = 1358080 Pa 1358 kPa
0.004418

EF

7.5 m

R-134a

EF
- -

p
p

= ptop + p134 a

= ptop + ( g h)134 a

= 1000000 + (1206 9.81 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 kPa

Kp

EF

H
p abs

= p g + p atm

= 150 + 95 = 245 kPa

W
p

= g h

101.325 = 999 9.81 h

h = 101.325 10

999 9.81

= 10.34 m

E13600 kg/m3F
p

= g h

101.325 10 3 = 13600 9.81 h

K
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2

WEF
A1 v1 = A2 v 2

- -

W
A

EBFEAFK
K

WEFA
1
1

p1
RT1

1.5 10 5
287 (30 + 273)

= 1.725 kg

m3

EFB
2

p2
RT2

(1.5 0.2) 10 5
287 (30 = 273)

= 1.495 kg

m3

EF( B)
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2
v2
v2

1 A1 v1
2 A2

1.725 (0.4 0.3) 18

1.495 (0.25) 2

W
= 39.87 m

sec

- -

v12
+
+ z1 g

p1

v 22
=
+
+ z2 g

2
p2

EFK
EFEF
KEF
W

v 22
2

= z1 g z 2 g

= g ( z1 z 2 )

W4m ( z1 z2 )
v 2 = (2 g ( z1 z 2 ))

= 2 9.81 4

v2

= 8.86 m

sec

WQ

Q = 4 (d 22 ) v 2

Q = A 2 v 2
= 4 (0.1) 2 8.86 = 0.0695 m

sec

EF
F K

WE

= f

L v2

D 2

EF

10 0.001
Q
=
= 4.62 m
sec
A 4 (0.0525) 2

Re =

801 4.62 0.0525

v D
=
= 43561 40000
4.46 10 3

- -

K
EF0.046 mm

0.000046
= 0.000876
0.0525

f = 0.025

W
p = f

L v2

D 2

40
(4.62) 2
p = 0.025

801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa

0.0525
2

W
L

= 42 + 8 2.4 + 4 1.5 + 6 0.79 = 71.94 m

E0.001m3FW

Q = A v
v =

480 0.001
Q
=
A 60 ( 4 (0.06265) 2 )

= 2.6 m

sec

= f

L v2

D 2

71.94 2.62
p = 0.02

1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa

0.06265
2

- -