1.

Transistor (Intrinsic emitter resistance, )

Transconductance,

overall gain G ,
,
.
, emitter

? G
,

. Transistor
. Dynamic
Resistance , .

2. Ebers-Moll Equation
Transistor Collector .
Transistor Transistor .
Collector ,

Ebers-Moll Equation .
Exponential -1

. 300k ,

. , .
-Ebers-Moll Equation

, Transconductance ,

3. Grounded Emitter Amplifier

V (triangle wave) ,

, triangle

wave , .
.

, . ,

G .
Transistor gain .

emitter ,

. .
base collector ,
Negative Feedback .

4. Current Mirror

Current Mirror
. Q1 Transistor

R V

Q1, Q2 Base
Q2
.
Current Mirror

,
.
n, 1/n
.

5. Temperature effects

, Transistor ,
.

, T exponential

,
. exponential .
, ~9%/ ,
2/ .
-Current Mirror
, Q1, Q2 ,
. Q1 Transistor Transistor
. . Q1 Q2
, Q2
, . Q2 Q1

. Current Mirror .

A. Negative Feedback

Transistor Emitter , Negative Feedback .

, Transistor .
, . G
.

B. High Gain in AC

, gain
.

, , ,

Transistor
.
High-pass Filter , 0.1R
.

6. Early Effect

 , current source ,

. , current source
, current source
. , Early
Effect .
Early Effect , .
saturation region
.

, 0.2V 15V

. Q1 Q2 15V Early Effect

1.5 . , ,
. .


A. Wilson Mirror

Q2 0.6V
.
B. Negative Feedback
,
0.1V
Q2 Negative Feedback
.
,

.

7. Using Early Effects to Estimate

.
Early Effect
.

0.1V .
0.1 .

 1 : Dynamic Curve Tracer

:Tracer Diode, Transistor .

A. Diode Curve

Curve Tracer .
/div, V/div , .
H,V scope Ebers-Moll's Equation
.

Diode , Diode .

B. Transistor Curve

Diode Transistor

.

Transistor Base Emitter , E B Diode

.



: A , 100/decade, B


60/decade .
2 : Grounded Emitter Amplifier
:

Gain, , .

.
Collector , 10 triangle wave,
clipping . .
15 .
15 function generator
.
: 15 triangle wave ,
,
.
3 : Current Mirror
: Current Mirror , Mirror
.

A. Simple Mirror
1. Discrete Transistors

 Current Mirror .
P r .
Transistor , P r .
2. Matched Transistors

2N3906 Transistor
.
B. Wilson Mirror

 Wilson Mirror . current mirror

.
: mirror , A-2, B
.
4 : Ebers-Moll Equation
: Collector ( ) Ebers-Moll Equation
.

. R .
.

 : Ebers-Moll Equation

60/decade .
5 : Biasing: Good and Bad
: Biasing ,
.

A. Biasing with DC Feedback

DC

Feedback ,
.
Collector 11
, , .
Transistor
.

B. An Example of BADBiasing
A , 68 Collector C
.
clipping , 1000
Diode .
Diode , 68 C correct
biasing .
feedback , DC
feedback signal feedback
.
6.8 .

: A , negative feedback , B
.

 6 : Push-Pull
:
.

Crossover distortion .
sine wave, 1 . Function Generator offset 0
.
, dc offset control .
: .

The Art of Electronics, Paul Horowitz, Winfield Hill, Cambridge University Press.
http://tcada.iitkgp.ernet.in/netlab/current%20gain.html
http://diranieh.com/Electrenicas/OpAmps1.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_effect
http://diranieh.com/Electrenicas/BJT_2.htm