Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Thc hnh : Phn tch tnh hung sau thy s khc nhau gia ni dung ca qu trnh giao tip v cch
n c chuyn ti:
Hoa l gim st ti mt vn phng. Mt bui sng khi n vn phng c pht hin thy Tun, nhn vin
hnh chnh, ang chi tr chi trn my tnh mc d chnh sch ca cng ty l nghim cm chi tr chi
trong gi lm vic.
Ni dung ca thng tin m Hoa mun thng bo n Tun l g?
Nu bn l Hoa, bn s s dng nhng t ng no chuyn ti thng tin n Tun?
Phn tch ca chng ti
Thng ip m Hoa mun truyn ti: vic chi cc tr chi trn my tnh ti ni lm vic l b cm
Nhiu cch khc nhau th hin thng ip
o Cu hi nghim khc: Ti sao anh li vi phm ni quy ca cng ty v vic cm chi trong gi lm
vic, Tun?
o Mt mnh lnh: Hy tt ngay tr chi i, Tun
o Mt tuyn b: Ti nhn thy anh chi tr chi trong gi lm vic. Vic ny vi phm chnh sch ca
cng ty
o Mt cu hi quan tm:
o Mi vic u n ch? Anh thng khng chi tr chi trong gi lm vic c m!
o Mt thng ip bng vn bn: Hoa c th khng ni g nhng thay vo , c gi cho Tun mt thng
bo ngn hoc dn thng bo nhc nh mi ngi khng chi tr chi trong gi lm vic
3.2. Con ngi (People)
Cc yu t no nh hng n ngi gi v ngi nhn? (What affects the sender and receiver?)
Cm xc (Feelings):
o Mi trng vn ha truyn thng, chnh thng
o Bn c th ang tc gin, bc bi, hay hnh
v c k lut
phc v iu tc ng n vic truyn thng
o Mi trng vn ha ci m, mi ngi c
ca bn.
khuyn khch by t kin, tnh cm ca mnh,
Thi (Attitudes):
d bt k v tr no trong t chc
o Mt s nh qun l khng tin rng chc nng
Tnh cch (Personality):
ca phng nhn s l rt quan trng
o Bn c th quyt on, t tin hoc nht nht
Cc gi tr (Values):
Kin thc (Knowledge):
o Mt s nh qun l nh gi vic hon tt
o Bn c th hiu bit rt t hoc rt nhiu v
nhim v l quan trng hn vic quan tm n
nhng g bn ni, bn nghe
con ngi.
Thi , kinh nghim, kin thc, tnh cch
Kinh nghim (Experiences)
ca bn v vn ha ca t chc s quyt nh
vic bn gi v nhn thng tin nh th no.
Vn ha (Culture): vn ha ca bn thn v
nhng yu t ny = ng cnh (context)
vn ha ca t chc
V d
Bnh l nhn vin phng bn hng ca mt cng ty v b ngi qun l nh gi l ngi lun than phin
v mi th. Sm li l mt nhn vin bn hng tt v lun sn sng hp tc bt c khi no c s thay i
trong k hoch cng vic. C trng phng mong mun l c hai u lm vic c trch nhim v thc
hin cc cng vic mc tt nht c th m khng cn phi gim st. i li, c lun t ra rt cng
bng v mi c gng tht s u c ghi nhn v thng cng.
Sau khi a ra cc mc tiu ca phng, vo qy II, c ngh Bnh cho bit kin ca mnh v cc mc
tiu ny. Cu tr li ca Bnh l: Cc mc tiu ny qu cao. Chng c cch no mi ngi c th
t c nhng mc tiu ny c . Cu tr li ca Sm l: , ti cng cha r vic ny lm, nhng ti
cm thy rng mnh kh c th t c cc mc tiu ny. Ti ngh nhng ngi khc u c cm gic
tng t .
Phn tch ca chng ti
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Phn hi t nguyn
Hai cu hi quan trng truyn thng hiu
qu:
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thnh vin vn phng gy qu ca trng i hc u ci. H ang bn lun v Dan OConnor, 1 thnh
vin mi trong i ca h.)
C th lm, Kelly khc khch ci p li, n ci ca anh ta hon ton c th lm mt hn mt s
ngi, trong c c ti y! Nhng phi c g hn th na c. Bi c nhiu ngi rt quyn r lm
ch chng ta, nhng h u lm cng vic ny khng tt lm. Anh ta lm gi m quyn gp c tn ngn
nh?
Ti khng chc lm, nhng ti c mt vi y ngh, Ch ch ra c mt nguyn nhn: Anh ta r rng
rt ng mn. Anh ta thu c thin cm ca mi ngi ngay trong ln gp u tin.
Quy gn x hi l qu trnh suy din nhm tm hiu ngha hnh ng ca ngi khc hoc cc s kin
x hi bng vic chng ta gn nhng nguyn nhn n nh nm trong kinh nghim bn thn gii thch
chng.
Khi tm hiu nguyn nhn cho hnh vi nht nh, chng ta thng xc nh liu nguyn nhn ca hnh vi
l do tnh hung, mi trng mang li hay do tnh cch ca c nhn thc hin hnh vi chi phi. V
nhng nguyn nhn ny thng l nhng nguyn nhn c trong kinh nghim ca chng ta.
Trong qu trnh quy gn chng ta hay cho rng hnh vi v thi ca mnh l chun, ca ngi khc l
khng chun, t chng ta nhn theo n i chiu cho ngi khc v p ngi khc theo chun ca
mnh.
1.3 nh kin x hi
Tnh hung:
A: Cu thy T. thnh vin mi ca lp mnh th no?
B: Cu ta c v p trai, con nh giu. M t khng thch my ngi nh vy u v a s t thy p
trai m con nh giu na th ch n chi lu lng ch chng lm c g ra tr.
nh kin l kiu thi tiu cc v ngi khc da trn nhng thng tin thiu cn c, phin din, mt
chiu t ch th mang nh kin.
nh kin x hi khin cho mt s ngi tr thnh nn nhn ca vic phn bit i x, lm cho h mt
nim tin vo gi tr ca mnh, t h thp mnh.
VD: nh kin vng min, nh kin tn gio, dn tc .
nh kin x hi c th khin cho chng ta nhn xt, nh gi sai ngi khc v c nhng hnh vi, thi
khng ph hp lm cho mi quan h giao tip b cn tr. Do trong giao tip chng ta cn trnh hnh
thnh nh kin v ngi khc hoc c gng thay i nh kin c c th nhn thc chnh xc hn
v i tng giao tip v khng mt i c hi thit lp v pht trin mi quan h.
2. nh hng tc ng qua li trong giao tip
a. Ly lan cm xc
Ly lan cm xc l s nh hng qua li ca cm xc, tm trng t ngi ny sang ngi khc. Hay ni
cch khc n l s lan truyn cm xc khi con ngi tip thu cm xc ca ngi khc.
Trong mt t chc, mt nhm cm xc, tm trng ca thnh vin ny cng c th ly lan sang thnh vin
khc. Chng hn, khi mt nhm ngi chun b thc thu mt nhim v no , ch cn mt ngi ku
chn, ni ngang hay ngp, th di l c th lm nhng ngi khc chn nn theo. Ti vn phng, mt
nhn vin c tm trng xu c th lm cho bu khng kh tm l ca c vn phng m m, nng n. Cho
nn, trong giao tip, chng ta cn bit gi tm trng vui v, thoi mi trnh nh hng xu n tm
trng ca ngi khc.
b. m th
m th l dung li ni, vic lm, c ch, vt tc ng vo mt ngi hay mt nhm ngi, lm cho h
tip nhn thng tin thiu s kim tra, ph phn.
m th l mt hin tng ph bin trong cuc sng, tc ng ca qung co cng da trn c ch m th.
Nhng hnh nh c lp i lp li nhiu ln trn truyn hnh s ngm vo khn gi m ta khng hay bit.
Tnh b m th l mt c ch chung ca con ngi, ai cng c th b m th, nhng mc d, kh th
khng ging nhau. Ni chung, tr em d b m th hn ngi ln, c lp trng vng vng. Trong trng
thi hoang mang, lo lng, thiu thng tin, chng ta cng tr nn d b m th. Ngoi ra, kh nng m th
ca mt ngi cn ph thuc vo c im ca ngi tin hnh.
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=> V vy, cn nhn ra mc v ngng cm gic ca mi ngi c nhng iu chnh hnh vi giao
tip ng mc l ht sc cn thit gip cho cuc sng gip cho con ngi trnh c nhng giao hiu
khng hiu qu.
b.S thch ng ca cm gic
Mt kch thch nu tc ng lin tc vo gic quan mt cch n iu th kch thch s yu dn i v
c th mt hn.
S thch ng ca cm gic nhc nh chng ta trong cuc sng t cch n mc, trang im, trang tr nh
ca, vn phngthnh thong phi i mi trnh s n iu, nhm chn, gy nn tm trng mt mi
con ngi.
Trong lnh vc qun tr chng ta nn ch n vic thay i bu khng kh, thay i tnh cht hot ng
(chng hn thnh thong nn t chc vui chi, gii tr, vn ngh, th thao). Trong lnh vc t chc lao
ng, nn ch b tr, lp t dy chuyn sn xut trnh s nhm chn. Nhng nh qun tr hc khuyn
rng mi thao tc lao ng khng nn ngn hn 30 giy v phi t nht l 5 ng tc.
=> Khng nn n iu v rp khun trong nhng ln giao tip trn cng mt itng. Khi tc ng mt
vn g nhiu ln m ni dung khng c g mi s lm cho ngi i din nhm chn, phn tc dng.
Khng nn s dng cng phong cch giao tip cho nhiu ln giao tip trn cng mt i tng khc nhau,
cc giai on tnh cm khc nhau. Ch s nhy cm (ngng cm gic pha di) v mc chu
ng (ngng cm gic pha trn) khi giao tip.
Nhng yu t nh hng n gii hn ngng cm gic pha trn v ngng cm gic pha di:
Cng ca tc nhn kch thch.
Hon cnh din ra kch thch .
Yu t c nhn ca ngi chu tc nhn kch thch.
Thi , hnh vi ca tc nhn kch kch thch.
Nhng yu t trung gian gy nn kch thch .
3.2 Quy lut ca tri gic
Quy lut v tnh tng gic
Quy lut tng gic ni rng trong giao tip hnh nh ca s vt hin tng ph thuc vo ni dung i
sng ca con ngi v c im nhn cch ca con ngi.
V vy trnh s nh gi khng chnh xc v mang tnh ch quan chng ta nn:
- Nn trnh bn chuyn quan trng khi 1 trong hai i tng c tm trng khng tt.
- Khi ang bc tc, bun b khng nn nhn xt v ngi khc.
- Khng nn lm bt c vic g khi bn ang nng gin.
3.3 Quy lut ca i sng tnh cm ca con ngi
a. Quy lut ly lan ca tnh cm
Tnh cm v xc cm ca ngi ny c th lan truyn sang ngi khc. Chnh v c iu ny m trong
cuc sng hng ngy chng ta thy cc hin tng, vui ly, bun ly, ng cm, mt con nga
au c tu b c, Chnh v iu ny lm cho tm hn chng ta thng d dng cng cm thng, cng
chia s, cng tri qua nhng cm gic vi ngi thn, bn b, ca mnh.
b. Quy lut thch ng
Mt cm xc no c lp i lp li khng thay i th cui cng cng s b lng xung hay mt i.
to nn s chai sn ca cm xc v s lng xung ca tnh cm.
Mt s hin tng chng ta vn thng thy trong cuc sng l sn phm ca s chai sn trong tnh cm
nh Xa thm, gn thi gn thng, xa thng v trong thc t mun trnh iu ny mi c nhn t
thc thng xuyn to nn ci mi m, trnh s n iu.
VD: Trong giao tip, ban u nht nht nhng nu c tip tc to c hi giao tip nhiu th s dn mt i
s nht nht
c. Quy lut tng phn :
L s tc ng qua li gia nhng cm xc, tnh cm tch cc v tiu cc. S tri nghim mt xc cm,
tnh cm no c th lm tng mt xc cm, tnh cm i cc vi n.
iu ny th hin rt r trong cuc sng ca chng ta nh: cng yu nhiu th khi chia tay c th ngi
cng hn nhiu, cng ght mt ngi no chng ta li kh qun c ngi ny
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VD: S c n, bun b khi ch i s lm nim vui tng gp bi khi gp mt. S mt mi khi c gng
lm vic g s mang li nim vui to ln khi t c thnh cng
d. Quy lut di chuyn ca xc cm tnh cm
Xc cm v tnh cm ca con ngi c th di chuyn t i tng ny sang i tng khc. Mt s hin
tng m chng ta thy trong thc t nh: Gin c chm tht hay yu nhau yu c ng i, ght nhau
ght c tong ty h hng chnh l do quy lut ny to nn.
Quy lut nhc nh c nhn trong giao tip trnh xc cm, tnh cm ca mnh ln t v khng kim ch,
l nh hng nhng ngi xung quanh, cn kim sot thi v cm xc ca mnh trc mi vic.
e. Quy lut pha trn
Nhng tnh cm v xc cm khc nhau thm ch i cc nhau c th cng xut hin ng thi mt
ngi, chng khng loi tr nhau m quy nh ln nhau. Nhiu khi chng ta thng hay c nhng cm
gic vui bun ln ln, va gin va thng, va t ho va lo u khi lm mt nhim v mi. Quy lut ny
cho thy tnh cht phc tp ca i sng tnh cm ca con ngi.
Bi 3 NHN DIN BN THN TRONG GIAO TIP
1. Khi nim bn thn
Cch ta hnh dung v chnh mnh
Biu hin bn cht ca con ngi
Khi nim then cht, c nh hng n hnh
vi ca con ngi
Cng ng
Nh trng
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d/S ci m v t tin
KNBT nh hng n tnh cht cc mi quan h ca chng ta vi ngi khc:
Thi tiu cc v bn thn, thng qua lng knh c nhn thng l gii mt cch tiu cc cc tc
ng t bn ngoi Thi tch cc vi chnh mnh: con ngi ci m, thnh thc
5. Bc l bn thn
5.1. Bc l bn thn l nn tng ca mi quan h tt p
Bc l bn thn cng l mt nhu cu : Hnh phc ca con ngi l sng trong sut vi mnh v ngi
khc. Nhng iu ny cng rt kh khn.
T bc l l hnh ng lm cho chnh mnh r rng hoc bc l mnh ra ngi khc c th hiu c
mnh: bc l nhng g ring t nht nh nhng cm xc, c mun, cm ngh, nim tin, gi tr, lo lng
cho tng lai, kinh nghim
Bc l bn thn l chia s thng tin v nhng kinh nghim, cm xc, c m, nhng
hon cnh c nhn v nhng kin ca chng ta.
Bc l bn thn l chia s phn ng hin ti v chn tht ca chng ta v ni s tht,
ch khng ch l gii thiu mt tt p
Bc l bn thn l vic giao tip nhng chi tit ring t v bn thn chng ta cho mt
ngi khc
Bc l bn thn bao hm vic ni cho ngi khc v nhng b mt ca chng ta, nhng bi ri ca chng
ta, nhng tht bi, nhng khao kht ca chng ta, nhng cm xc ca chng ta, v tt c nhng g l quan
trng i vi c nhn chng ta, nhng chng ta khng sn sng chia s chng vi bt k ai.
Bi 4 K NNG GIAO TIP HIU QU
Ni dung chnh
Cc knh giao tip (Communication chanels)
Cc k nng h tr qu trnh giao tip (The supporting skills for good communication process)
o K nng t cu hi (Questioning skills)
o K nng lng nghe (Listening skills)
o S thu cm (Empathy)
o thc v s khc bit vn ha (Cultural awareness)
Phn 1 - Cc knh giao tip (Communication channels)
1.1. Giao tip phi ngn ng (Non-verbal Communication)
Cc yu t phi ngn ng bao gm:
Tip xc bng mt (Eye contact)
o Ti sao Con mt l ca s tm hn ?
Din t bng nt mt (Facial expressions)
o Trong vn ha VN: nhn mt m bt hnh dong
o Mt mt , Vut mt n mi , Mt dy my dn
Cch chng ta ng hay ngi (The way we stand or sit)
o Vn ha VN: ng ln khi ngi ln, ng knh bc vo
C iu (Gestures)
o Ty nn vn ha, c iu c s dng mc no
Khong cch (How far we stand from people)
o VD: ng x trong thang my
c im ca ging ni (Voice characteristics)
o Ging iu (tone), cao (pitch), vn tc (speed), nhn ging (emphasis), ng iu (intonation)
Sp xp khng gian (Spatial arrangements), v d : cch sp xp c (furniture) v trang thit b
(equipment)
Design/ trang tr ca mt cn phng (decor of a room): mu sn tng ca bnh vin, ca cha
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ang lm 2 vic cng mt lc. Vd: va vit thng bo ni b, va lng nghe ngi khc ni. Hoc
n gin l ang suy ngh tip v 1 ci g quan trng hn, cp thit hn
3.4. Qu trnh lng nghe tch cc bao gm:
Chm ch nghe (Attending)
Theo di (Following)
Phn hi (Reflecting)
a/ K nng chm ch nghe (Attending Skills)
Chng t cho ngi khc bit bn c chun b v sn sng mun nghe / Showing another person that
you are prepared and willing to listen
Th hin cho ngi ni bit s ch ca bn (Showing listener that you are paying attention)
o Hy bt u bng mt thi tch cc v nhit tnh / Beginning with a positive and enthousiastic
attitude
o Duy tr vic giao tip bng nh mt mt cch thng xuyn v ngn / Maintaining regular and short
eye contact
S dng ngn ng c th bng iu b m by t rng bn ang ch / Using body
language with open gesture that shows you are paying attention
o Ng ngi v pha ngi ni hoc ngi li gn hn th hin rng bn ang quan tm ti nhng g
ang ni
o ng/ngi i din vi ngi ni v tp trung hon ton vo ngi ni
o Khng nn khoanh tay trc ngc: t th phng th
o Gi mt t th thoi mi
To mt mi trng ph hp / Creating an appropriate environment
o Duy tr mt khong cch va phi v hp l gia bn vi ngi ni
o Nu ngi qu xa: c th khng nghe r
o Nu ngi qu gn: ngi ni khng cm thy thoi mi
o Khi nim v khong cch v khong cch ring t : mang tnh vn ha
m bo mt mi trng giao tip khng b cc tc ng lm phn tn (distraction) hay ngt qung
(interruption)
Vd: chn ni yn tnh hay ring t, ngn cc cuc in thoi gi n, tt in thoi di ng
D b tt c mi ro cn hu hnh gia bn v ngi ni
Mt chic bn ln c th to ra bu kh xa cch, lnh lng
Mt ng ti liu cht cao cng c th cn tr cuc ni chuyn
b/ K nng theo di (Following Skills)
Chng t bn quan tm n iu ang ni, v bn mun nghe thm bng cch / Show you are interested
in what is being said, and want to hear more by:
Thnh thong ni: nh, phi, ng
Attentive silences
Minimal encouragers Mm, yes, right
Thnh thang t cu hi
C nhng khong lng
Occasional questions
c/ K nng phn hi (Reflecting skills)
Chng t bn hiu iu va ni bng cch:
Show that you understand what has been said by:
Lp li nhng phn chnh va ni
Restating the essential parts of what has been said
Tm tt cc im chnh
Summarising the main points
Biu hin cm xc sau khi nhn thng ip
Reflecting the feelings behind the message
3.5. Nhng thi quen xu khi lng nghe (The bad habits when listening)
Gi v ch nhng thc s khng nghe g c
on trc thng ip
Vi v ct ngang, cp li ngi ni
Nghe mt cch my mc
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6. X l sau cuc gi
- Chuyn thng tin n ngi c trch nhim x
- Thit lp mt th t gii quyt
l
- Quan tm n tin trnh ca s vic
+ Chuyn thng tin bng phiu chuyn
- Thc hin nhng iu ha (nu c)
+ Nhc nh khi n gn thi hn tr li khch
hng
7. Hon thin k thut s dng in thoi vi 10 nguyn tc vng
1. Hc cch ci qua in thoi
6. Thnh thong nhc li tn ngi gi
2. Tp s dng ging iu tch cc, ha nh
3. Pht hin ging iu ngi gi giao tip
ph hp
4. Tp ni r rng, tc va phi
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c. Thu cm vi h bng vic nhc li nhng s vic v s dng ngn ng thn th mt cch tch cc
nhn mnh thm mi quan tm ca bn. Mt khi khch hng thy bn c thu cm vi mnh, tch cc hp
tc v quan tm mt cch chn thnh c gng tm ra gii php, mc cng thng s gim xung.
d. Bn tm tt li hiu bit ca mnh v vn ang ni v kim tra li vi khch hng xem h c ng
tnh hay c thay i g khng. Lun lun mm do v linh hot; khng c p t quan im ca bn ln
khch hng.
e. Tp trung ch mt cch nh nhn nhng kin nh v cng rn khi hi chi tit ca bt k vn g;
trnh bin tnh th thnh chuyn ring t, c nhn.
f. Chun b tinh thn m phn t c kt qu tch cc
g. C hnh ng gii quyt vn v thng bo cho khch hng mi giai on ca qu trnh. Nu cn
phi c hnh ng tip theo, thng bo cho khch hng v tin hnh nhng bc i cn thit thc hin
gii php khc.
h. Gi s tn ty i vi nhu cu ca khch hng v chuyn nghip, tn trng ngay c khi bn khng ngh
rng khch hng ng. Nn xem phn nn ca khch hng l c hi sa cha vn tn ng v ci
thin sn phm v dch v ca cng ty.
X l phn nn ca khch hng l mt php th tt cho kh nng phc v khch hng ca bn. Nu bn
x l tt, khch hng s li lu di vi cng ty. Nhng nhng khch hng khng hi lng do vn
khng c gii quyt tha ng s ri b bn v ni vi nhiu ngi khc v dch v ti t ca cng ty
bn.
Cch thng lng vi khch hng kh chu:
Tht khng may v khng phi tt c mi ngi u d dng thng lng. Thm ch c quan tm k n
my, mt vi khch hng cng ry r, kh chu. Khch hng cn:
- Cm thy c cho mng
- Nhn c s phc v chnh xc
- Cm thy c ngi lng nghe mnh
- C ngi hiu mnh
- Cm thy c coi trng
- c i x tn trng
- c cung cp thng tin chnh xc v tin cy v nhng li khuyn
- c gii quyt xong vn
Khch hng lun nh gi cao s quan tm ca bn v nhu cu ca h. Khi mt khch hng tip cn bn,
nn:
- Ngng ngay vic ang lm, nhn h, mm ci v hi liu bn c th gip g c h
- Gi thi tch cc thng qua ngn ng thn th ca bn
- Tp trung vo yu cu ca h
- Tm kim nhng tn hiu cho thy rng h cn s ch ca bn
- ti s hin din ca h khi h phi ch
o Gi tn hiu khng li bng mt n ci hay c ch ni vi h rng bn ang ch ti h
o Xin li ngn gn ngi khch hin ti cho h bit h phi ch bn bao lu
o Thit lp th t khch ch nu vic ch i l ph bin ti cng ty bn (pht s th t)
BI 7 QUN L XUNG T
A. NGUYN NHN V DU HIU
Ni dung chnh
Xung t l g?
Nguyn nhn ca xung t
Cc du hiu tin on xung t cc mc khc nhau
Cc yu t dn n s pht trin xung t
Nghin cu tnh hung:
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Mt t chc nui dng 1 vn ha cnh tranh mnh m th ngi ta c xu hng phn nh cch tip cn
ny khi x l xung t qua hnh vi nh nhau.
Khng n nh (uncertainty) v h thng, qu trnh lm gia tng xung t
T quan liu (bureauacracy) trong c quan l ngun gc ca xung t v h thng khng uyn chuyn,
khng ch vi khch hng.
Tnh trng kinh doanh (state of business)
Cty lm n bt bt dn n xung t, ch lo gi ch.
p lc t khch hng (pressure from clients) :
Hnh vi khch hng c th nh hng n vic qun l xung t ca cc nhn vin nht l khi h i hi
v thi hn p ng l khng hin thc.
Kh hu (weather)
Ma nng nc, ma dm strees xung t
3.3. Phong cch c nhn (Individual/personal styles)
Phong cch lm vic (work style)
Cch m mt ngi lm vic trong mt c quan, cng ty
Phc hp ca c tnh, th gii quan v mi trng
Phong cch lm vic c th l:
Ca bn thn mnh
Ca cc ng nghip
Ca cc thnh vin trong nhm
Cung cch qun l
V d v cch x l xung t ca mt s ngi: coi nh xung t
T chi nhn nhn rng ang c xung t
Giu mnh khi tnh hung xung t
Lm nh xung t bng mi gi...
V d v cch x l xung t ca mt s ngi: tm cch gii quyt xung t
Tr nn hung hng (aggressive),
C gng hp tc, tp trung vo con ngi (people-centred)
p dng cc chin lc (strategies) gii quyt xung t...
Phong cch lm vic (Work style)
Phong cch lm vic (work style) hay tnh kh (temperaments) cng l mt dng ca phong cch lm vic
Bn loi phong cch lm vic chnh:
(1) Ngi thuc nhm tn tm, chu o (Conscientious)
C trt t v tnh h thng
C c t chc tt
Thn trng v khng quyt on (deliberate
Cn nhc cc chn la
and unassertive)
Cn cc hng dn vn hnh chun mc
Thch hc tp v phn tch
Cch u n v lng l
Ngi c c phn bin (critical thinker)
Khng thch nhng thay i bt ng
Thch chi tit v t m (detailed and thorough)
(2) Ngi thuc nhm trc tip (Direct)
Hng v kt qu (results oriented)
C tham vng
Chp nhn th thch (accept challenges)
C nhy cm v tnh hnh cp thit (sense of
C ch (strong willed)
urgency)
C sng kin (takes initiative)
Quyt on (Assertive)
Sn sng i din
Thch gii quyt vn
Ly quyt nh d hn
Cht vn hin trng
(3). Ngi thuc nhm Mun gi s n nh
Tha thit thch lm ngi khc vui lng (eager
Tnh cnh tranh khng cao
to please)
C n, kh lng ni khng
Thch gip ngi khc (helpful)
Trung thnh
Thiu quan tm n vic thit lp mc ch
Lm du nhng ngi qu kch ng
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Lng nghe tt
C nhu cu an ton
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Bc 1 Ghi nhn cm xc
Cm xc c nh hng ln trong vic x l xung t
Hy dng li xem bn c b xc ng trc khi quyt nh lm g hay ni g
Hy suy ngh truc khi hnh ng (think before you react)
Bc 2 Xc nh vn
C mt bc tranh r rng v vn l iu
chnh yu x l bt c xung t no.
Xung t thng xy ra v hiu nhm, hay
Khng nm vn . V vy phi nm c ct
li ca vn
Lu :
Coi chng ch bit triu chng m li khng
bit vn thc s gy ra xung t
Vn ny ln vi vn khc, lm bn ri.
Phi bit cch tm ra vn tht
Bc 3 - Ln k hoch hnh ng
Lu : Lun lun ngh vic ln k hoch ny l c gng gii quyt xung t
Cc giai on ln k hoch:
1. Xc nh ch n cho tnh hung.
Bit tht r mun t n iu g, khi no l n ch
Nh c th b ra ngoi nhng vn (issues), nhng hnh vi (behaviours) khng lin quan.
2. Ln danh sch cc vn (issues) lin quan, bao gm:
Nhng yu t nh hng n xung t
Thng tin v cc c nhn lin quan n xung t
Cc vn lin quan (relevant issues)
C th tm kim s c vn ca nhng ngi khc
Nu lm tt giai on ny, gii php c th xut hin hay t nht tm ra l trnh gip bn qun l xung t
3. Xc lp nhu cu ca cc ngi lin quan
Nhng ngi lin quan l ai?
o Ngi trc tip lin quan n xung t
o Ngi b nh hng bi kt qu gii quyt
o Ngi c nh hng n qu trnh gii quyt
Xc lp cc nhu cu, mong mun ca h bn t mnh vo trong hon cnh ny (nh li s thu cm)
C th bn t nhiu khng ng vi cc quan im ca h, nhng t nht cng gip bn suy ngh v
cch p ng nhu cu ca h cng nh ca bn
4. Xc lp cc phng n chnh tip cn vn
Rt tic khng c mt cng thc chung x l mi xung t
Vi mt k hoch hiu qu bn s thy t xut hin ra cc gii php khc nhau
5. Chn gii php thch hp nht
Gii php tt nht l gii php gip bn t c mc ch ca bn cng nh mc ch ca nhng
ngi khc
Tuy nhin phi c gii php phng h v khng phi mi th u din ra theo k hoch gip bn
khng b c ch v gii php trn khng p dng c
Bc 4 Truyn thng hiu qu
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o Phn kt lun
a. Phn m u: c phn m u hay, bn nn ch ti cc yu t sau:
Gy n tng: k mt cu chuyn, c mt cu th, din mt tiu phm, chiu mt video clip, a ra
li n i hoc mt s kin lm khn gi ngc nhin Ch l khng nn gy n tng qu mc v
phi t c 2 mc ch:
To ra bu khng kh gn gi, lm cu ni lin h vi khn gi
Thu ht s tp trung, ch ca khn gi h lng nghe bn thuyt trnh
Hoan nghnh khn thnh gi v gii thiu v bn thn/nhm thuyt trnh. Bit c bn l ai v kinh
nghim, kin thc ca bn trong lnh vc s trnh by, khn gi s tin tng hn.
Gii thiu ti: tn ti, ngha, tm quan trng, mc ch bui thuyt trnh, phm vi thuyt trnh
v ti sao bn gii hn phm vi nh vy
Gii thiu dn bi thuyt trnh khn gi ch ng theo di
Tha thun c ch trnh by: Bn hy cho khn gi c bit: trong bui thuyt trnh c phn giao lu
vi khn gi khng? Nu c th vo thi im no? Cch khn gi nu cu hi cho bn
Chuyn : Ht phn m u nn c cu chuyn sang phn din thuyt chnh. Nn thay i ging
tng thm s sinh ng, hp dn ca bi ni
b. Phn thn bi. Thn bi nn c t 3 ti 5 vn chnh.
Nu bi thuyt trnh ngn th mi vn nn c trnh by thnh mt on vn. Bi thuyt trnh di
th mi c trnh by thnh mt on vn, mi vn gm nhiu .
Gia cc phn, cc vn cn c phn chuyn cu kt ni gia cc phn, cc vi nhau. Trong bi
thuyt trnh nn c nhiu cch chuyn khc nhau gip bi ni thm phn sinh ng.
V d: Trc ht, ti/chng ti xin gii thiu vi cc bn v (nu tn vn s trnh by).
Trn y, chng ti gii thiu v phn tip theo xin trnh by v
Trn c s nhng nh gi (nu tn phn), xin xut cc gii php
Ni tm li
Cui cng, chng ti i n kt lun
c. Phn kt lun. c c phn kt cho mt bi thuyt trnh hay, cn ch 3 yu t:
C ch chuyn sang phn kt: trnh cho khn gi khi ht hng, bt ng, bn nn m u phn kt
bng mt cu chuyn . Tip cm n khn thnh gi ch lng nghe, ngh h t cu hi. C th
ngh khn gi cho xin li bng hi nu pht trc . Tr li cc cu hi nu c th v thi gian.
Tm tt nhng ni dung ch yu ca bi thuyt trnh: Nu bt c nhng ni dung hoc mc ch
chnh ca bi thuyt trnh.
Cu kt. Bn cn bit cn c vo nhng bi cnh, i tng ngi nghe c th nu cu kt.
VD: Ti hi tho quan trng, i tng nghe l ngi ln tui th cu kt thch hp l Xin cm n.
Cn vi i tng l ngi tr tui (8x, 9x) th nn chn cu kt c o, tr trung hn
Tp trung tr li nhng cu hi:
- Liu khn gi c hiu c cc t ng (c bit l cc t chuyn mn, t mi) m bn s dng trong bi
thuyt trnh khng?
- Cc s liu minh ha cho bi ni ca bn c trnh by sinh ng cha?
- Nhng vn no cn a ln slide? Dng loi nn no, hnh nh g minh ha l thch hp nht?
- Lng trc nhng ch khn gi c th phn ng v cch phc p ca bn.
- Ch no nn nhn mnh, ni su thm?
Giai on 5: Thuyt trnh th
c k bn tho cui cng ca bi pht biu
Nm vng ni dung ca bi pht biu, c bit l cc chnh, ch yu
Nh k phn gii thiu. Bn s t tin hn vi phn m u tri chy
Hy sn sng nhng th gi (nu cn)
Tp dt thuyt trnh kt hp vi slide power point v th nh. C th nh ngi khc lm c ta
bn c cm gic tht hn khi tp dt.
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