Study Package

Srivastavas
HEAT & HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT
Thermometry
1.
Relation between different scales of temperature
C F 32 K 273 R

5
9
5
4
Temperature measurement
x x0

' 0
x' x 0
Temperature coefficient
x x1
2

2 x1 1x 2
Calorimetery
Specific heat
dQ
s
m d
Thermal capacity
dQ
C
d
Water equivalent
w ms C
Latent heat
dQ
l
dm
Thermal expansion
Coefficient of thermal expansion
dl
l l 0 1

ld
dS
S S0 1

Sd
dV
V V0 1

Vd

0
1
: : 1: 2 : 3

Thermal Stress
F Y
A
Change in time period of simple pendulum

t
t
2
Radius of curvature of bimetallic strip

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Heat & Thermodynamics

(1 2 )

HEAT TRANSFER :
Conduction
Rate of flow of heat through a conductor
dQ KA( )

h (also called thermal current)

dt
l
Thermal resistance

l
RT

h
KA
Temperature of interface
K 11 K 22

l
l2
= 1
K1 K 2

l1
l2
Rate of flow of heat through cylindrical shell
dQ 2 K ( )
h

r
dt
ln 2
r1
Rate of flow of heat through spherical shell
dQ 4 K r1r2 ( )
h

dt
(r2 r1 )
Convection
dQ
dQ
A and
, then
dt
dt
dQ
h A
dt
Where h is known as convection coefficient.
Radiation
Absorbitivity of a surface
amount of radiation energy of that particular wavelength absorbed by the surface
a
amount of radiation energy of a particular wavelength incident on the same surface
Reflectivity of a surface
amount of radiation energy of that particular wavelength reflected by the surface
r =
amount of radiation energy of a particular wavelength incident on the same surface
r 1 a
reflectivity of the perfect black body is
R 0
Stefan's law of radiation (emissive power of perfect black body)
E T 4 where = 5.67 108 J s1 m2 K4
Kirchhoff's law
e
E (constant)
a
Emissivity of a surface

Srivastavas

SCO 18, 2nd Floor, Sec. 20 D, CHANDIGARH.

Ph : 0172-6543210

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Heat & Thermodynamics

Emissivity of the surface =

emissive power of the surface

emissive power of black body at same temperature.

Newtons law of cooling

dQ
4 ATo3 T
dt

T = Ti e

4 ATo3
t
mc

Ti
T0

Spectral Distribution of Black - Body Radiation

T3 > T2 > T1
E

T3
T2
T1
m3

m1

m2

m T = constant.
GAS LAWS AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES :
Gas Laws
Boyles law (Isothermal law)
V 1 P1V1 = P2V2
P
Charles Law (Isobaric law)
V
V T V1
= 2
T1
T2
Pressure Law (Isochoric law)
P
P T P1
= 2
T1
T2
Ideal Gas Equation
PM
PV = nRT =
RT
Avogadros hypothesis
N = 6.02 1023 particles per gram-mole
Daltons law of partial pressure
n RT
P pi where pi i
V

Srivastavas

SCO 18, 2nd Floor, Sec. 20 D, CHANDIGARH.

Ph : 0172-6543210

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Heat & Thermodynamics

Grahms law of diffusion

r 1

Degree of freedom of gas molecules

for monatomic gas
f 3
for diatomic or linear poly atomic gas
f 5
for non-linear poly atomic gas
f 6
relation between and f
2
1 2 f f =
1
Law of equipartition of energy
U k 1 kT
2
nRT

U f nRT
2
1
Pressure formula for Ideal Gas
pressure of gas
P = 1 c2
3
Root mean square velocity of gas molecules
3RT
c rms
M
mean velocity of gas molecules
8RT
, and
c
M
most probable velocity of gas molecules
2RT
c mp
M
Barometric Formula

Mgh

P Po e RT
Internal Energy of the Ideal Gas
f
nRT
U nRT
2
1

THERMODYNAMICS :
Energies involved in the thermodynamic system
change in internal energy is always
U f
nR T
2
Work done by thermodynamic system

V2

PdV

V1

Heat exchange with the thermodynamic system

Srivastavas

SCO 18, 2nd Floor, Sec. 20 D, CHANDIGARH.

Ph : 0172-6543210

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Heat & Thermodynamics

Q U W

(First law of thermodynamics)

V

2
f
Q nR T PdV
2
V1

Thermodynamic Processes
Isochoric Process
f
U V P
2
w=0
f
f
Q V P nR T
2
2
Isobaric Process
f
U P V
2
w P V
f

Q 1 P V 1 nR T
2

Isothermal Process
U 0
V
P
w nRT ln 2 nRT ln 1
V1
P2
V
P
Q nRT ln 2 nRT ln 1
V1
P2
Adiabatic Process
PV = constant

TV 1 = constant
T

= constant
P 1
P V PV
1 1
U 2 2
1

P V PV
1 1
w 2 2

Q= 0
Polytropic process
P V PV
1 1
U 2 2
1
P V P1V1
w 2 2
1
1
1
Q nR T

1 1

Specific Heat Of An Ideal Gas

Relation between Mass & molar specific heat
C mc

Srivastavas

SCO 18, 2nd Floor, Sec. 20 D, CHANDIGARH.

Ph : 0172-6543210

MARATHON-10

65

Heat & Thermodynamics

C process

dU
dw

ndT ndT

C process CV

PdV
ndT

process

process

C P CV R called Mayors result, and

CP

CV

Mixture of gases
Average molecular weight
ni M i
M
ni

Molar specific heat

ni CP i and C
CP
V
ni
Adiabatic constant

eq 1

n
i 1
i

n C
n
i

n C
n C
i

Volume elasticity of gases

P V P

E
V
V
V

Isothermal elasticity
Eisothermal = Pf
Adiabatic elasticity
Eadiabatic = Pf
Cyclic process
Efficiency of a heat engine operating in a cyclic process
Q
1 sink
Qsource
Carnot cycle
T
1 sink
Tsource

Srivastavas

SCO 18, 2nd Floor, Sec. 20 D, CHANDIGARH.

Ph : 0172-6543210