Laisac Vecto

Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
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CHNG I: VECT
I.
nh ngha:
1. Vect AB la mot oan thang co nh hng t A en B, k hieu AB .
a)
A: iem goc.
B
b)
B: iem ngon.
A
c)
ng thang AB: gia cua AB .
2. Phng cua AB : tap hp cac ng thang song song vi ng thang AB, hoac trung vi ng
thang AB.
3. Hng cua AB : hng (chieu) t A en B theo phng cua AB .
4. Moun cua AB , k hieu AB la o dai cua oan thang AB.
5. Vect khong, k hieu 0 , la vect co moun bang 0 (iem goc va iem ngon trung nhau). 0 co
phng va hng tuy y.
II. Vect cung phng, cung hng, ngc hng:
d 1 // d 2 // d 3 (d1, d2, d3 cung phng)
a)
b)
B
E
AB va CD cung phng, cung hng.

AB va EF cung phng ngc hng.
F
C
III. Vect bang nhau, oi nhau, t do:

1. Vect bang nhau:
AB va CD cun g phng
AB = CD AB va CD cun g hn g
AB = CD
2. Vect oi nhau:
AB va EF cun g phng
AB va EF oi nhau AB va EF ngc hn g
AB = EF
K hieu: AB = EF; AB = BA
3. Vect t do: la cac vect bang nhau a = b = c... vi goc tuy y.
IV. Phep cong va tr vect:
1. Tong cua hai vect:
a) nh ngha: OA = a, AB = b, OB = c
c
b
Neu OB = OA + AB th c = a + b .
b) Quy tac ba iem cua phep cong vect:
O, A, B bat ky: OB = OA + AB OB = OA + AC + CD + DB
1
a
a
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
c) Tnh chat cua phep cong vect:

a+b = b+a
a+0 = 0+a = a
( a + b ) + c = a + ( b + c)
( )
a + a = 0
d) Quy tac hnh bnh hanh:

OA + OB = OC
OACB la hnh bnh han h
2. Hieu cua hai vect:
( )
a) nh ngha: a b = a + b
b) Quy tac ba iem cua phep tr vect:

O, A, B bat ky: OB OA = AB
O
V. Phep nhan vect:

1. nh ngha: Cho a 0, m R, m 0
2.
b cun g hn g vi a neu m>0
ma = b : b ngc hn g vi a neu m<0
b = ma
0.a = 0, a
m = 0
Quy c:
ma = 0
a = 0
m.0 = 0, m
Tnh chat:
( )
m. n.a = ( m.n ) .a
Chu y:
m a + b = ma + mb
( 1) .a = 1. ( a ) = a
( m + n ) .a = ma + na
3.
Vect cung phng: a va b cun g phng, b 0 co m R duy nhat sao cho a = mb .
1.
O, A, B than g han g OA va OB cun g phng OA = kOB ( k R ) .
2.
M la tr ung iem MA + MB = 0 .
3.
AM la tr ung tuyen cua ABC AB + AC = 2AM
4.
G la tr on g tam cua ABC GA + GB + GC = 0 .
5.
OA1 = OA 2 A1 A 2 , O
BAI TAP
1. Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ABEF. Dng cac vect EH va FG bang vect AD , chng minh
rang CDGH la hnh bnh hanh.
F
G
Hng dan:
V ABCD va ABEF la hnh bnh hanh
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
GH = DC
gt : FG = EH FE = GH
Do G, H, D, C khong thang hang. Vay CDGH la hnh bnh hanh.
nen : AB = DC = FE
2.
Cho bon iem A, B, C, D. Tnh cac vect sau:

a) v = AB + DC + BD + CA .
b) u = AB + CD + BC + DA .
Hng dan:
(
) (
)
v = AB + CD + BC + DA = ( AB + BC ) + ( CD + DA ) = AC + CA = 0 .
a) v = AB + DC + BD + CA = AB + BD + DC + CA = AD + DA = 0 .
b)
3.
Cho bon iem A, B, C, D. Chng minh rang AB CD = AC + DB .
Hng dan:
AB CD = AC + DB AB CD = AC BD AB + BD = AC + CD AD = AD (ang thc ung).
) (
Cach khac: AB CD = AC + CB CB + BD = AC BD = AC + DB .
Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD, O la giao iem hai ng cheo.
Chng minh OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 .
Hng dan:
O la giao iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD:
4.
) (
OA + OB + OC + OD = OA + OC + OB + OD = 0
5. Cho sau iem A, B, C, D, E, F. Chng minh: AD + BE + CF = AE + BF + CD .

Hng dan:
(
) (
) (
)
= ( AE + BF + CD ) + ( ED + DF + FE )
AD + BE + CF = AE + ED + BF + FE + CD + DF
= AE + BF + CD
6.
Cho hai vect a va b ( a, b 0 ) . Hay tm moi quan he gia a va b neu co mot trong hai ieu kien
sau: a + b = a + b ; a + b = a b .
A
a
Hng dan:
Neu a + b = a + b
Ta co: OB = OA + AB A nam gia O va B a, b cun g hn g

3
b
c = a+b
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Neu a + b = a b
Ta co: OB = CA
Hnh bnh hanh OABC co hai ng cheo bang nhau
OABC la hnh ch nhat OA OC
ab
7.
Cho t giac ABCD, I va J lan lt la trung iem cua hai ng cheo AC va BD.
Chng minh AB + CD = 2IJ .
Hng dan:
) (
)
= 2IJ + ( AI + CI ) + ( JB + JD )
AB + CD = AI + IJ + JB + CI + IJ + JD
= 2IJ
8.
C
Cho tam giac ABC. Goi M, N, P lan lt la trung iem cua BC, CA, AB.
Chng minh: AM + BN + CP = 0 .
Hng dan:
) (
) (
AM + BN + CP = AB + BM + BC + CN + CB + BP = AB +
1
1
BA, BM = MC, MN = BA
2
2
Cach khac: Dung quy tac trung iem
1
AM = 2 AB + AC
BA + BC pcm
BN =
2
CP = 2 CA + CB
1
1
BC + MC + CN = AB + MN = 0 .
2
2
V BC + CB = 0, BP =
(
(
(
)
)
)
9.
Cho t giac ABCD, M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AD va BC.

1
AB + DC .
Chng minh rang MN =
2
Hng dan:
1
1
MN =
MB + MC =
MA + AB + MD + DC
2
2
1
1
1
=
MA + MD + AB + DC =
AB + DC
2
2
2
(
(
) (
) (
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
10. Cho hai vect a va b . Chng minh rang:

a) a + b = a + b
b) a + b = a b
Khi nao xay ra dau ang thc?
Hng dan:
a) Dn g OA = a, AB = b, OB = a + b .
Vi ba iem O, A, B luon co OB OA+AB hay a + b a + b .
Dau " = " xay r a khi O, A, B than g han g va A nam tr ong OB .
b) Dn g OA = a, OB = b. Ta co: a b = OB OA = BA .
Suy r a: a b = AB = AB OA OB = a b .
Dau " = " xay r a khi a // b .

11. Cho oan thang AB va hai so , khong ong thi bang 0. Chng minh rang:
a) Neu + 0 th ton tai duy nhat iem M sao cho MA + MB = 0 .
b) Neu + = 0 th khon g ton tai iem M sao cho MA + MB = 0 .
c) Neu + = 0 th v = MA + MB khon g oi, khon g phu thuoc v tr iem M .
d) Neu + 0 th vi moi iem M, ta co: MA + MB = ( + ) MI, trong o I la iem xac nh
bi IA + IB = 0 .
e) Neu + 0, M va N xac nh bi MN = MA + MB .
Chng minh rang ng thang i qua mot iem co nh.
Hng dan:
a) MA + MB = 0 MA + AB AM = 0 ( + ) AM = AB AM =
ton tai duy nhat M .
AB
+
b) Gia s M sao cho MA + MB = 0 MA MB = 0 MA MB = 0 BA = 0

= 0 = 0 : trai gia thiet. Vay khong ton tai M thoa yeu cau bai toan.
c) v = MA + MB = BA la vect khon g oi.
) (
d) MA + MB = MI + IA + MI + IB = ( + ) MI + IA + IB
Vay MA + MB = ( + ) MI hay MI =
MA +
MB .
+
+
e) at MN = MA + MB MN = ( + ) MI MN // MI M, N, I than g han g
Vay ng thang MN luon qua iem I co nh.
12. Cho tam giac ABC. Goi A1, B1, C1 la cac iem xac nh bi 2A1 B + 3A1C = 0 , 2B1C + 3B1 A = 0 .
Chng minh rang tam giac ABC va A1B1C1 co cung trong tam.
5
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hng dan:
Gia thiet ta co:
2GB + 3GC = 5GA1
2GC + 3GA = 5GB1 5 GA + GB + GC = 5 GC 1 + GA1 + GB1 GG 1 = 0 hay G G 1 .
2GA + 3GB = 5GC 1

Trong o G la trong tam tam giac ABC, G1 la trong tam tam giac A1B1C1.
) (
13. Cho hai vect a, b khac 0 va khong cung phng. Goi u, v la hai vect nh bi u = 1 a + 1 b ,
v = 2 a + 2 b . Chng minh rang u = v 1 = 2 va 1 = 2 , con u, v cung phng 1 2 2 1 = 0 .
Hng dan:
u = v 1 a + 1 b = 2 a + 2 b ( 1 2 ) a = ( 2 1 ) b
(1)
ieu nay vo ly neu 1 2 0 hoac 2 1 0 .
Vay ( 1 ) 1 2 = 0 = 2 1 1 = 2 va 1 = 2 .
Ta co u va v cun g phng k 1 ,k 2 R; k 12 + k 12 > 0

k 1 1 + k 2 2 = 0
.
Sao cho k 1 u + k 2 v = 0 ( k 11 + k 2 2 ) a + ( k 1 1 + k 2 2 ) b = 0
=
k
k
0
2 2
1 1
He co nghiem khi k 1 = k 2 = 0
ieu kien k 12 + k 22 > 0 D =
= 0 1 2 2 1 = 0
14. A, B, C la ba iem phan biet.

Chng minh rang: A, B, C than g han g AB va AC cun g phng .
Hng dan:
Thuan: A, B, C than g han g AB va AC cun g gia AB, AC cun g phng .
ao: Neu AB, AC cung phng th hai ng thang AB, AC cung phng. Nhng hai ng thang nay
co chung iem A nen trung nhau. Suy ra A, B, C thang hang
15. Cho hnh thang ABCD co hai ay AB, CD vi AB = 2CD . T C ve CI = DA . Chng to:
a) I la trung iem AB.
b) DI = CB .
Hng dan:
a) Do CI = DA nen CIAD la hnh bnh hanh AI // CD .
Do o I tren AB.
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
AI = DC
AB
Mat khac:
AI =
I la trung iem AB.
2
AB = 2DC
b) CIAD la hnh bnh han h DC = AI
DC = IB DCIB la hnh bnh han h DI = CB
I la tr ung iem AB nen AI = IB
16. Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ACEF.

a) Dng cac iem M, N sao cho EM = BD, FN = BD .
b) Chng minh rang CD = MN .
Hng dan:
ABCD la hnh bnh han h CD = BA
CD = EF
ABEF la hnh bnh han h EF = BA
EM = BD
EM = FN EMNF la hnh bnh han h MN = EF
FN = BD
17. Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD. Dng cac iem M, N thoa man:
a) MA MB MC = AD .
b) NC + ND NA = AB + AD AC .
c) Chng minh MN = BA .
Hng dan:
a) MA MB MC = AD BA MC = AD CM = AD BA = AD + AB = AC
C la tr ung iem AM
b) AC + ND = AC AC DN = AC N la nh th t cua hnh bnh han h DACN .
c) T cau a va b CM = DN DCMN la hnh bnh han h CD = MN
Tng t BA = CD MN = BA .
18. Cho tam giac eu ABC canh a. Xac nh vect AB + AC va tnh moun vect nay.
Hng dan:
Ve trung tuyen AM, keo dai AM lay iem E sao cho ME = AM .
Ta co: AB + AC = 2AM = AE .
a 3
Do o: AB + AC = 2 AM = 2.
=a 3.
2
1
AB + AC + AD va tnh moun vect nay.
19. Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a. Xac nh vect
2
7
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hng dan:
1
1
1
AB + AC + AD = AB + AD + AC =
AC + AC = AC
2
2
2
1
AB + AC + AD = AC = a 2 .
Do o:
2
20. Cho tam giac eu ABC canh a, trc tam H. Tnh moun HA, HB, HC .
Hng dan:
HA = HB = HC =
2
2 a 3 a 3
(AA la ng cao).
AA = .
=
3
3 2
3
21. Cho hnh vuong ABCD tam O canh a. Xac nh moun cac AB + AD, AB + AC, AB AD
Hng dan:
Theo quy tac hnh bnh hanh: AB + AD = AC AB + AD = AC = AC = a 2 .
Ve CA = AB. Ta co: AB + AC = AC + CA = AA
AB + AC = AA = AA = AD 2 + DA 2 = a 2 + 4a 2 = a 5 (pitago) .
AB AD = DA + AB = DB AB AD = DB = DB = a 2 .
VAN E 1: CHNG MINH ANG THC VECT

9 Dung quy tac ba iem AB + BC = AC; AC AB = BC .
9 M rong quy tac ba iem A1 A 2 + A 2 A 3 + ... + A n 1 A n = A1 A n .
9 Quy tac rut gon:
Neu 1 IA1 + 2 IA 2 + ... + n IA n = 0 th 1 MA1 + 2 MA 2 + ... + n MA n = ( 1 + 2 + ... + n ) MI .
( A1 , A2 , ..., An )
9 Neu G la trong tam cua
va G la trong tam cua
( B1 , B2 , ..., Bn )
th ta co
A1 B1 + A 2 B2 + ... + A n Bn = nGG .
9 Quy tac hnh bnh hanh: Cho hai vect AB, CD khac 0 va khong cung phng. Dng hnh bnh hanh
ABCD. Ta co: AC = AB + AD = 2AM .
BAI TAP
1. Cho t giac ABCD. M, N lan lt la trung iem AD, BC, O la trung iem MN. Chng minh:
a) AD CD = AC + DB .
1
1
AB + DC =
AD + BC + BD .
b) MN =
2
2
c) OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 .
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
d) MA + MB + MC + MD = 4MO; M
e) Goi F la trung iem CD. Chng minh rang: 2 AB + AN + FA + DA = 3DB .

Hng dan:
a) Quy tac ba iem: AB CD = AC + CB CD = AC + DC + CB = AC + DB .
b) Quy tac ba iem, trung iem:
) (
) (
) (
AB + DC = AM + MN + NB + DM + MN + NC = AM + DM + NB + NC = 2MN (2 vect oi nhau).
c) Quy tac trung tuyen, trung iem:
(
) (
)
(
)
MA + MB + MC + MD = ( MO + OA ) + ( MB + OB ) + ( MC + OC ) + ( MD + OD )
OA + OB + OC + OD = OA + OD + OB + OC = 2OM + 2ON = 2 OM + ON = 0
d)
= 4MO + OA + OB + OC + OD = 4MO + 0 = 4MO
e) 2 AB + AN + FA + DA = 3DB 2 DA + AB + FA + AN = 3DB
2 DB + FN = 3DB
2FN = DB : hien nhien ung.
2. Cho tam giac ABC va tam giac ABC co trong tam la G va G.

a) Chng minh GA + GB + GC = 0 .
b) Chng minh AA + BB + CC = 3GG .
c) Suy ra ieu kien can va u e hai tam giac co chung trong tam la AA + BB + CC = 0 .
d) Goi G1, G2, G3 la trong tam BAC , CAB, ABC . Chng minh G la trong tam G 1G 2 G 3 . Biet
ABC va AB C co cung trong tam G.
A
Hng dan:
a) GB + GC = 2GM (tnh chat trung iem)
Ma AG = 2GM
Nen GA + GB + GC = AG + 2GM = 0
b) Quy tac ba iem:
AA = AG + GG + G A
N
G
B
BB = BG + GG + G B
CC = CG + GG + G C
AA + BB + CC = 3GG + AG + BG + CG + G A + G B + G C
) (
Ma AG + BG + CG = 0 (cau 1)
G A + G B + G C = 0 (tnh chat tr on g tam )
Nen AA + BB + CC = 3GG
c) G G GG = 0 AA + BB + CC = 0
9
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
d) Theo tren ta co: AG 1 + BG 2 + CG 3 = 0

Ta co: AB + AC + AA = 3AG 1 (G1 la trong tam tam giac BCA)
BA + BC + BB = 3BG 2 (G2 la trong tam tam giac CAB)
CA + CB + CC = 3CG 3 (G3 la trong tam tam giac ABC)
AA + BB + CC + AC + BC + CB + AB + BA + CA = 3 AG 1 + BG 2 + CG 3
(1)
Ma AA + BB + CC = 0 va ABC, AB C co chung trong tam G.
Suy ra (1): 3 AG 1 + BG 2 + CG 3 = 0 .
Vay G la trong tam tam giac G1G2G3.
3. Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD.
a) Cho AB = a, AD = b , I la trung iem CD, G la trong tam tam giac BCD.
1
Chng minh rang BI = b a , tnh AG theo a, b .
2
5
2
b) Neu G la trong tam tam giac BCI. Chng minh AG = a + b .
6
3
c) Tren ABC , goi A1, B1, C1 la cac iem xac nh bi 2A1 B + 3A1C = 0 , 2B1C + 3B1 A = 0 ,
2C 1 A + 3C 1 B = 0 . Chng minh rang ABC va A1 B1C 1 co cung trong tam.
d) Neu B1, C1 cau c la trung iem cua CA, AB. at BB1 = u, CC 1 = v .

Tnh BC, CA, AB theo u, v .
Hng dan:
1
1
1
1
1
BC + BD = AD + AD AB =
2AD AB =
2b a = b a
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
AG = AB + BG = AB + BI = a + b a
D
I
3
3
2
a) BI =
Vay AG = a +
2
1
b a
3
2
(
= 2AB + AD + ( AD + DI )
b) 3AG = AB + AC + AI = AB + AB + AD + AI
= 2AB + 2AD +
1
5
AB = AB + 2AD
2
2
5
2
a + b (pcm)
6
3
c) Goi G va G1 lan lt la trong tam ABC va A1 B1C 1 .
Vay AG =
) (
Ta co: 2A1 B + 3A1C = 0 2 A1G + GB + 3 A1G + GC = 0 2GB + 3GC = 5GA1 .

Tng t ta co: 2B1C + 3B1 A = 0 2GC + 3GA = 5GB1
10
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2C 1 A + 3C 1 B = 0 2GA + 3GB = 5GC 1
) (
Vay t ba ang thc suy ra 5 GA + GB + GC = 5 GA1 + GB1 + GC 1
GA1 + GB1 + GC 1 = 0
GG 1 + G 1 A1 + GG 1 + G 1 B1 + GG 1 + G 1C 1 = 0
3GG 1 = 0 G G 1
d) Ta co: BA + BC = 2BB1 = 2u
CA + CB = 2CC 1 = 2v hay CB + BA + CB = 2CB + BA = 2v
BC =
2u = BA + BC
Vay:
2v = BA 2BC
BA =
2
uv
2
3
2v + u
CA = CB + BA =
2
3
2u + v
3
(
(
4. Cho tam giac ABC, trong tam G.

a) Goi A1, B1, C1 lan lt la trung iem cua BC, AC, AB. at BB1 = u, CC 1 = v . Chng minh rang
AA1 + BB1 + CC 1 = 0 va tnh BC, CA, AB theo u va v .
b) Goi I la iem tren canh BC sao cho 2CI = 3BI , F la iem tren canh BC keo dai sao cho
5FB = 2FC . Tnh AI, AF theo AB va AC , tnh AG theo AI va AF .
2
1
1
c) H la iem oi xng cua B qua G. Chng minh AH = AC AB; CH =
AB + AC .
3
3
3
Hng dan:
a) Ta co:
AB + AC = 2AA1
BA + BC = 2BB1 AA1 + BB1 + CC 1 = AB + BA + CA + AC + BC + CB = 0
CA + CB = 2CC 1
BA + BC = 2u
Theo tr en :
CA + CB = 2CB + BA = 2v
2
2
2
BC =
u v ; BA =
2u + v AB =
2u + v
3
3
3
(
(
) (
) (
) (
2 CA + AI + 3 BA + AI = 0
2CI + 3BI = 0
b) Ta co:
5BF 2CF = 0
5 BA + AF 2 CA + AF = 0
3
2
3
2
5AI = 3AB + 2AC AI = AB + AC va AF = AB AC
5
5
5
5
Ta lai co: 3AG = AA + AB + AC = AB + AC
11
) (
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3
2
5
3
AF = 5 AB 5 AC
AB = 8 AI + 8 AF
Do
AI = 3 AB + 2 AC
AC = 25 AI 9 AF
5
5
16
16
1
1
35
1
AI AF .
Vay AG = AB + AC =
3
3
48
16
2
2
1
c) AH + AB = 2AG =
AA + AB + AC hay AH = AC AB(pcm)
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
CH = CA CB = CA CA + AB = CA AB
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
Vay CH = AC AB .
3
3
VAN E 2: XAC NH MOT IEM THOA MAN MOT HE THC VECT

Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC, hay dng cac iem I, J, K, L biet rang:
1) IA 2IB = 0 .
2) JA JB 2JC = 0 .
3) KA + KB + KC = BC .
4) 2LA LB + 3LC = AB + AC
Hng dan:
B
G
C
1) IA 2IB = 0 IA 2 AB AI = 0 AI = 2AB .
Vay I la iem oi xng cua A qua B.
1
AB
2
3) Cach 1: Goi G la trong tam tam giac ABC, ta co:
I
KA + KB + KC = 3KG
1
Vay 3KG = BC GK = CB , K thuoc AB.
3
Cach 2: Ta co: BC = KC KB
2) JA JB 2JC = 0 BA + 2CJ = 0 CJ =
Vay KA + KB + KC = KC KB KA + 2KB = 0 KA + 2 AB AK = 0 AK =
Vay K thuoc AB.
) (
4) Ta co: 2LA LB + 3LC = AB + AC 2AL AB AI + 3 AC AL = AB + AC

4AL = 2AC 2AB AL =
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Hay dng iem I, F, K, L sao cho:
1) 2IA 3IB = 3BC .
2) FA + FB + 2FC = 0 .
12
1
BC .
2
2
AB
3
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3) 2KA + KB = 2CB + CA .
4) IA + IB IC = BC .
5) FA + FB + FC = AB + AC .
6) 3KA + KB + KC = 0 .
7) 3LA 2LB + LC = 0 .
Hng dan:
1) 2AI = 3 IB + BC = 3IC 3AC + IA = 0 .

Vay I la iem tren AC sao cho AI = 3AC .
2) Goi M la iem gia oan AB, ta co: FA + FB + 2FC = 0 2FM + 2FC = 0 FM + FC = 0 .
Vay F la iem gia cua oan MC.
3) Goi N la iem tren BA sao cho 2NB + NA = 0 va P la iem tren BA sao cho 2PA + PB = 0 .
BA
Ta co: 2KA + KB = 2CB + CA 3KP = 3CN hay KP = CN CK = NP =
3
1
Vay K thoa CK = BA .
3
4) Ta co: IA + CB = BC IA = 2BC .
Vay I la iem tren ng thang qua A, song song vi BC sao cho IA = 2BC
5) Ta co: FA + GB AB + FC AC = 0 3FA = 0 F A
6) Goi G la trong tam tam giac ABC, ta co: 3KA + GB + GC = 5GK 2GA = 5GK .
2
Vay K nam trong oan GA sao cho GK = GA
5
7) Goi M la trung iem AC, ta co: 3LA 2LB + LC = 0
3MA 2MB + MC = 2ML 2MA 2MB + MA + MB = 2ML MA MB = ML hay BA = ML .
Vay L la iem th t cua hnh bnh hanh dng tren hai vect BA va BM .
Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC va iem D, E.
1) Chng minh neu OA + OB + OC = 0 th O la trong tam tam giac ABC.
2) Xac nh M thoa:
a) MA + 2MB = 0 .
b) MA + MB + 2MC = 0 .
c) MA + MB + MD = MD ME .
d) 2MA + 3MB MC = 0 .
3) Xac nh iem M thoa:
a) MA 3MB = 0 .
b) MA + MB + MC = AB + AC .
c) 2MA 3MB + 4MC = 0 .
4) Goi I la iem xac nh bi 5IA 7IB IC = 0 , G la trong tam tam giac ABC.
a) Chng minh GI = 2AB .
13
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
OA
.
OI
c) Xac nh iem thuoc ng thang d sao cho 5MA 3MB
b) AI BG = O . Tnh
Hng dan:
1) Goi G la trong tam tam giac ABC.
) (
) (
min
OA + OB + OC = 0 OG + GA + OG + GB + OG + GC = 0
3OG + GA + GB + GC = 0 3OG = 0 hay O G
1
AB .
3
b) MA + MB + 2MC = 0 2MI + 2MC = 0 ( I la tr ung iem AB ) MI + MC = 0
2) a) MA + 2MB = 0 MB + BA + 2MB = 0 3MB AB = 0 MB =
Vay M la trung iem IC.

c) MA + MB + MC = MD ME 3MG = EM + MD = ED
1
1
MG = ED hay GM = DE ( G la tr on g tam ABC ) .
3
3
(
) (
)
1
1
MA = ( AC 3AB ) hay AM = ( 3AB AC ) .
4
4
3) a) 2MA 3MB = 0 2MA 3 ( MA + AB ) = 0 AM = 3AB .
d) 2MA + 3MB MC = 0 2MA + 3 MA + AB MA + AC = 0 4MA + 3AB AC = 0
b) MA + MB + MC = AB + AC 3MG = 2AI ( G la tr on g tam ABC, I la tr ung iem BC )

GM =
2
2
AI MG = AI .
3
3
) (
)
5IA 7IB IC = 0 5 ( GA GI ) 7 ( GB GI ) ( GC GI ) = 0
c) 2MA 3MB + 4MC = 0 2MA 3 MA + AB + 4 MA + AC = 0 MA =

4) a)
3GI = 5GA + 7GB + GC = 6GA + 6GB v GA + GB + GC = 0
GI = 2 GB GA = 2AB
OA AB 1
=
= .
OI
GI 2
c) Goi K la iem thoa: 5KA 3KB = 0
b) GI = 2AB GI // AB
) (
5MA 3MB = 5 MK + KA 3 MK + KB = 2MK = 2MK

5MA 3MB
min
M la hnh chieu cua K len ( d ) .
Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC, trong tam G.

1) Xac nh v tr iem M sao cho:
a) MA + MB + 2MC = 0 .
b) MA MB + MC = 0 .
14
1
AB 4AC
3
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
c) MA + 2MB = 0 .
d) MA + 2MB = CB .
2) Goi A la iem oi xng cua A qua B, B la iem oi xng cua B qua C va C la iem oi xng cua C
qua A. Chng minh rang tam giac ABC va tam giac ABC co cung trong tam G.
Hng dan:
1) a) Goi I la trung iem AB. Ta co:
MA + MB = 2MI MA + MB + 2MC = 2 MI + MC = 0 MI + MC = 0
1
CI M la trung iem CI.
2
b) MA MB + MC = 0 MA MB = CM BA = CM .
Vay M xac nh bi he thc BA = CM . Do vay M la nh th t cua hnh bnh hanh ABCM.
1
c) MA + 2MB = 0 MB + BA + 2MB = 0 3BM = BA hay BM = BA .
3
AB
Vay M la iem nam trong AB sao cho BM =
.
3
MC + CI + MC = 0 CM =
d) Ta co: MA + 2MB = CB MB + BA + 2MB = CB 3MB = CB BA = BA + BC

3BM = BA + BC = 2BJ
( J la tr ung iem AC ) BM = 23 BJ M la tr on g tam tam giac ABC .
2) Ta co: AB + BC + CA = 0 2 AB + BC + CA = 0
2AB + 2BC + 2CA = 0 AA + BB + CC = 0
Mat khac: AA + BB + CC = 0 AG + GA + BG + GB + CG + GC = 0
GA + GB + GC GA + GB + GC = 0
) (
GA + GB + GC = 0 (1)
(G la tr on g tam tam giac ABC)

GA + GB + GC = 0
(1) un g khi G la tr on g tam tam giac A' B' C' .
Vay tam giac ABC va tam giac ABC co cung trong tam G.
Bai 5:
1) Cho tam giac ABC eu canh a. Xac nh vect AB + AC va tnh moun cua vect nay.
1
2) Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a. Xac nh vect
AB + AC + AD va tnh moun cua vect nay.
2
3) Gia s M va N theo th t la trung iem cua cac canh AD va BC cua t giac ABCD. Chng minh rang
1
MN ( AB + CD ) . Khi nao xay ra ang thc?
2
Hng dan:
1) Ve trung tuyen AM, keo dai AM lay iem E sao cho: ME = AM .
a 3
=a 3
Ta co: AB + AC = 2AM = AE AB + AC = 2 AM = 2.
2
15
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1
1
1
AB + AC + AD = AB + AD + AC =
AC + AC = AC .
2
2
2
1
Do o:
AB + AC + AD = AC = a 2
2
1
3) Ta chng minh MN =
AB + DC
2
1
1
1
Suy ra MN = AB + DC
AB + DC hay MN ( AB + DC )
2
2
2
ang thc xay ra khi AB // DC hay ABCD la hnh thang ay AB, CD.
2)
Bai 6: Cho t giac ABCD.

1) Tm iem co nh I va hang so k e he thc sau thoa vi moi M:
a) MA + MB + 2MC = kMI .
b) 2MA + 3MB MD = kMI .
c) MA MB 2MC = kMI .
d) MA + 2MB + 3MC 4MD = kMI .
2) OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 . Chng minh O xac nh duy nhat.
3) Neu ABCD la hnh bnh hanh. Vi moi M, hay tm K va iem I co nh thoa:
a) MA + MB + MC + 3MD = kMI .
b) MA + 2MB = kMI .
c) 2MA + MB MC = kMI .
4) Xac nh v tr iem S e SA + SB + SC + SD = 0 .
5) Goi G la trong tam t giac ABCD, A, B, C, D lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD, ACD, ABD,
ABC. Chng minh rang G la iem chung cua cac oan thang AA, BB, CC, DD va cung la trong tam t
giac ABCD.
Hng dan:
1) a) I la trung iem AB.
MA + MB + 2MC = kMI 2MI + 2MC = kMI 2 MI + MC = kMI

4MO = kMI (O la trung iem IC).
He thc cho cau a ung M I O, k = 4
) (
b) Goi IS la iem thoa 2SA + 3SB SD = 0 2SA + 3 SA + AB SA + AD = 0

AS =
1
3AB AD khi S la iem co nh.
4
) (
) (
Khi o 2MA + 3MB MD = kMI 2 MS + SA + 3 MS + SB MS + SD = kMI

4MS + 2SA + 3SB SD = kMI 4MS = kMI .
He thc cho cau b ung M khi I S,k = 4 .
1
c) Goi J la iem thoa JA JB 2JC = 0 JC = BA (J xac nh)
2
16
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
) (
) (
MA MB 2MC = kMI MJ + JA MJ + JB 2 MJ + JC = kMI
2MJ + JA JB 2JC = kMI 2MJ = kMI

He thc cho cau c ung M khi I J ,k = 2 .
2) Goi N, L la trung iem AB, CD.
OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 2ON + 2OL = 0 ON + OL = 0 O la trung iem NL
O xac nh duy nhat
3) a) Goi G la trong tam tam giac ABC, ta co: MA + MB + MC = 3MG
) (
MA + MB + MC + 3MD = 3 MG + MD = 3 2MI = 6MI (I la trung iem GD).

Vay k = 6 .
b) Goi I la iem thoa IA + 2IB = 0 AI =
MA + 2MB = ( 1 + 2 ) MI = 3MI .
2
AB .
3
Vay k = 3 .
c) I la iem nh bi 2IA + IB IC = 0 2IA + CB = 0 hay AI =
2MA + MB MC = ( 2 + 1 1 ) MI = 2MI .
1
CB .
2
Vay k = 2 .
4) Goi P, Q lan lt la trung iem BD, AC. Ta co:
SA + SC = 2SN
SA + SB + SC + SD = 2 SN + SM (xem cac bai tap trc) SM + SN = 0
SB + SD = 2SM
S la tr ung iem MN
(1)
5) V G la trong tam t giac ABCD nen GA + GB + GC + GD = 0
Mat khac A la trong tam tam giac BCD nen
GB + GC + GD = GA + AB + GA + AC + GA + AD GB + GC + GD = 3GA (2)
) (
) (
T (1) va (2) suy ra GA + 3GA = 0 GA = 3GA .

Vay 3 iem G, A, A thang hang.
Chng minh tng t ta co: G, B, B thang hang; G, C, C thang hang.
Hay AA, BB, CC ong quy tai G.
T (1) va (2) suy ra GA + GB + GC + GD = 3 GA + GB + GC + GD = 0
Hay GA + GB + GC + GD = 0 G la tr on g tam t giac AB C D .

Bai 12: Cho tam giac ABC, k la hang so, M la iem di dong sao cho v = MN = 2MA 3MB + kMC .
1) Vi k = 1 . Chng minh MN co phng khong oi.
2) Vi k 1 . Chng minh MN luon i qua mot iem co nh.
Hng dan:
) (
1) k = 1 : v = 2MA 3MB + MC = 2MA 3 MA + AB + MA + AC = 3AB + AC vect khong oi.

Vay MN co phng khong oi.
17
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
) (
2) Goi I: 2IA 3IB + kIC = 0 2 CA CI 3 CB CI kCI = 0 ( 1 k ) CI = 3CB 2CA

CI =
3CB 2CA
I co nh, k 1 .
1 k
) (
) (
Va: MN = 2 MI + IA 3 MI + IB + k MI + IC = ( k 1 ) MI + 2IA 3IB + kIC = ( k 1 ) MI .

Vay MN = ( k 1 ) MI MN // MI MN i qua I co nh .
Bai 13: Cho tam giac ABC, trong tam G. Cac iem M, N thoa man: 3MA + 4MB = 0, CN =
1
BC . Chng
2
minh MN i qua trong tam G cua tam giac ABC.
Hng dan:
3
3MA + 4MB = 0 MB = AB
7
1
3
CN = BC BN = BC
2
2
3
3
(1)
Ta co: MN = MB + BN = AB + BC
7
2
G la trong tam tam giac ABC nen :
3
2
3
2 1
2
1
MG = MB + BG = AB + BE = AB + . BA + BC =
AB + BC
7
3
7
3 2
21
3
9
T (1) va (2) suy ra MN = MG .
2
Vay ba iem M, N, G thang hang.
(2)
Bai 14: Cho tam giac ABC.

1) MN = v = 2MA + 3MB + kMC .
a. Khi k 5 . Chng minh gia cua MN luon qua mot iem co nh.
b. Tm k e MN la mot vect khong oi.
1
1
2) Lay E, F tren tam giac ABC sao cho AE = AB, AF =
AC ( k 0; 1 ) . Chng minh EF luon qua
k
k +1
mot iem co nh.
Hng dan:
) (
1) a) Goi I la iem thoa 2IA + 3IB + kIC = 0 2IA + 3 IA + AB + k IA + AC = 0

( 5 + k ) IA = 3AB k AC IA =
3AB k AC
( k 5 ) I co nh.
5+ k
) (
) (
)
b) MN = 2MA + 3 ( MA + AB ) + k ( MA + AC ) = ( 5 + k ) MA + 3AB + k AC
MN = v = 2 MI + IA + 3 MI + IB + k MI + IC = ( 5 + k ) MI MN // MI hay MN qua I co nh.
MN khong oi khi 5 + k = 0 k = 5 .
2) AC = ( k + 1 ) AF = k AF + AF = k AE + EF + AF AC = AB kEF + AF
18
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hay kEF = AC AB AF = BC AF
Ve AI = BC th AI AF = kEF kEF = FI E, F, I thang hang EF qua I co nh.
Bai 15: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD.
1) Goi I, F, K la cac iem xac nh bi AI = AB, AF = AC, AK = AD . Chng minh ieu kien can va u
1 1 1
e I, F, K thang hang la = + ( , , 0 ) .

AM 1 CN 1
= ,
= . Goi G la trong tam tam giac
2) Goi M, N la 2 iem lan lt tren oan AB va CD sao cho
AB 3 CD 2
BMN.
a) Tnh AN, AG theo AB, AC .
b) Goi H la iem nh bi BH = kBC . Tnh AH theo AB, AC va k . Tm k e AH qua G.
Hng dan:
1) Ta co: KI = AI AK = AB AD
KF = AF AK = AC AD
Ma AC = AB + AD
Vay KF = AB + ( ) AD
ieu kien can va u e K, I, F thang hang va ton tai so k sao cho KF = kKI
AB + ( ) AD = k AB k AD ( k ) AB + ( + k ) AD = 0 (1)
Do AB, AD khong cung phng nen ( 1 ) k = 0 = + k
=k=
= 1
1 1 1
= + ( , , 0 ) (pcm).

2) a) Ta co:
AD + AC = 2AN
1
AC AB = 2AN AC AN = AC AB
2
AD + AB = AC
1
Va ta co: 3AG = AB + AM + AN = AB + AN + AB
3
4
1
5
3AG = AB + AC AB = AB + AC
3
2
6
5
1
AG =
AB + AC
18
3
b) AH = AB + BH = AB + kBC = AB + kBA + k AC = ( 1 k ) AB + k AC
ieu kien can va u e AG qua H la AG cung phng AH
5
1
6
.
k = (1 k ) k =
18
3
11

1) Goi I la trung iem cua BC, D va E la hai iem sao cho BD = DE = EC .
19
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
a) Chng minh rang AB + AC = AD + AE .

b) Tnh AS = AB + AD + AC + AE theo AI , suy ra A, I , S thang hang.
2) Goi M la iem nh bi BM = BC 2AB , N la iem nh bi CN = xAC BC .
a) Xac nh x e A, M, N thang hang.
IM
b) Xac nh x e MN qua iem gia I cua BC. Tnh
.
IN
Hng dan:
1) a) Ta co:
AB + AC = 2AI ( I la tr ung iem BC )
AB + AC = AD + AE
AD + AE = 2AI ( I la tr ung iem DE )
) (
b) AS = AB + AC + AD + AE = 2AI + 2AI = 4AI

V AS = 4AI nen AS va AI cung phng hay A, S, I thang hang.
2) a) Ta co: BM = BC 2AB 2AB = BC BM
) (
(1)
Hay 2AB = BA + AC BA + AM = AC AM AM = AC 2AB
) (
CN = xAC BC xAC = CN CB = CA + AN CA + AB
Hay xAC = AN AB AN = xAC + AB (2)
e A, M, N thang hang AM, AN cung phng AM = k AN
) (
)
)
Chon k = 2 th AM = 2AN AM + 2AN = 0 AC 2AB + 2 xAC + AB = 0

( 2x + 1 ) AC = 0 2x + 1 = 0 x =
Vay vi x =
1
th A, M, N thang hang.
2
) (
1
2
) (
b) BM = BC 2AB 2 BI + IA + BI + IC BI + IM = 0
2IB = 2IA + IC IM IM = 2IA + 3IC
CN = xAC BC x CI + IA + CI + IN CI IB = 0
xCI = xIA + IN IB IN = xIA + ( x 1 ) IC

e M, N, I thang hang IM va IN cun g phng IM = kIN .
Chon k = 5 th IM = 5IN IM + 5IN = 0 2IA + 3IC 5 xIA + ( x 1 ) IC = 0
2 ( x 1 ) + 3x = 0 x =
2
5
2
th M, N, I thang hang.
5
IM = 2IA + 3IC
2
IM
Khi x = th
IM = 5IN
=5
2
3
5
IN
IN = IA IC
5
5
Vay vi x =
20
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bai 17: Cho ba iem co nh A, B, C va ba so thc sao cho a + b + c 0 .

1) Chng minh rang ch co mot iem G thoa man he thc aGA + bGB + cGC = 0 .
2) Goi M va P la hai iem di ong sao cho MP = aMA + bMB + cMC . Chng minh rang ba iem G, M, P
thang hang.
Hng dan:
) (
1) Ta co: aGA + bGB + cGC = 0 aGA + b GA + AB + c GA + AC = 0

( a + b + c ) GA = bAB cAC AG =
Do o G c xac nh va duy nhat.
bAB + cAC
khong oi.
a+b+c
) (
) (
2) MP = aMA + bMB + cMC = aMP = a MG + GA + b MG + GB + c MG + GC
MP = ( a + b + c ) MG + aGA + bGB + cGC = ( a + b + c ) MG .
Vay M, P ,G thang hang.

1) Goi M la trung iem BC, I va J la hai iem xac nh bi AI = AB va AJ = AC . Tm he thc lien he
gia va e AM cat IJ tai trung iem cua AM.
2) Goi P la iem lu ong. Dng vect PQ = 2PA + 3PB PC . Chng minh PQ i qua mot iem co nh khi
P thay oi . Goi H la trung iem cua CQ. Chng minh rang PH i qua mot iem co nh khi P thay oi.
Hng dan:
a. Neu = 0 = 0 : khong thoa man gia thiet. Do vay 0 va 0 .
Ta co: AM =
1
1 1
1 1
1
AB + AC = AI + AI =
AI +
AI
2
2
2
2
1
1
Do o AM se cat IJ tai K ma AM =
+
AK (tam t c)
2 2
1
1
1 1
+
=2 + =4
Vay K la trung iem cua AM th
2 2

) (
b. Goi E la iem nh bi 2EA + 3EB EC = 0 2EA + 3 EA + AB EA + AC = 0

5AE = 3AB AC E co nh .
Ta chng minh PQ qua E.
) (
) (
PQ = 2PA + 3PB PC = 2 PE + EA + 3 PE + EB PE + EC = 4PE + 2EA + 3EB EC = 4PE

P, Q, E thang hang PQ qua iem co nh E.
1
1
1
5
Ta co: PH =
PQ + PC =
2PA + 3PB = ( 2 + 3 ) PJ = PJ
2
2
2
2
P, H, J thang hang PH qua iem co nh J.
Bai 19: Cho bon iem A, B, C, M thoa man MA + 2MB 3MC = 0 . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang.
21
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hng dan:
) (
MA + 2MB 3MC = 0 MA + 2 MA + AB 3 MA + AC = 0 2AB 3AC = 0 AB =
3
AC
2
A, B, C thang hang.
Bai 20: Cho tam giac ABC, M va N thay oi sao cho MN = 2MA + 3MB MC
1) Tm iem I thoa man 2IA + 3IB IC = 0 .
2) Chng minh ng thang MN luon i qua mot iem co nh.
Hng dan:
) (
1) 0 = 2IA + 3IB IC = 2IA + 3 IA + AB IA + AC = 4IA + 3AB AC

IA =
1
AC 3AB : ang thc xac nh iem I
4
) (
) (
2) MN = 2MA + 3MB MC = 2 MI + IA + 3 MI + IB MI + IC = 4MI + 2IA + 3IB IC = 4MI

M, N, I thang hang hay MN i qua iem I co nh.
Bai 21: Cho tam giac ABC, goi I, J la hai iem xac nh bi IA = 2IB; 3JA + 2JC = 0
1) Tnh IJ theo AB va AC .
2) Chng minh ng thang IJ i qua trong tam G cua tam giac ABC.
Hng dan:
1) IJ = AJ AI
AI = 2BI = 2 BA + AI AI = 2AB
3JA + 2JC = 0 3JA + 2 JA + AC = 0 AJ =

2
AC 2AB
5
1
2) Ta co: AG =
AB + AC
3
2
AC
5
Vay IJ =
Mat khac: IG = AG AI =
IJ =
1
AC + 5AB
3
6
IG I, J, G thang hang.
5
Bai 22: Cho tam giac ABC, hai iem M, N thay oi sao cho MN = 2MA MB + MC
1) Dng iem I sao cho 2IA IB + 3IC = 0 .
2) Chng minh rang MN i qua mot iem co nh khi M thay oi.
3) Goi P la trung iem cua BN. Chng minh MP i qua mot iem co nh khi M thay oi.
Hng dan:
) (
) (
1) 2IA IB + 3IC = 0 2 OA OI OB OI + 3 OC OI = 0 2OA OB + 3OC = 4OI

Neu chon O C th 4CI = 2CA CB : ang thc nay hoan toan xac nh I.
22
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
) (
) (
2) MN = 2MA MB + 3MC = 2 MI + IA MI + IB + 3 MI + IC MN = 4MI

M, N, I thang hang hay MN qua I co nh.
1
1
3) MP =
MB + MN =
2MA + 3MC
2
2
Goi J la iem thoa man 2JA + 3JC = 0 , J xac nh.
1
5
MP = 2 MJ + JA + 3 MJ + JC = MJ .
2
2
Vay M, P, J thang hang hay MP qua J co nh.
) (
Bai tap:
Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC va tam giac ABC. Goi G, G lan lt la trong tam cua hai tam giac tren.
1.Chng to AA + BB + CC = 3GG suy ra ieu kien can va u e hai tam giac co cung trong tam.
2.Gia s A, B, C lan lt thuoc canh BC, CA, AB. Chng minh rang ieu kien can va u e hai tam
BA CB AC
=
=
giac ABC va ABC co cung trong tam la
.
BC CA AB
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC, ben ngoai tam giac ve cac hnh bnh hanh ABIF, BCPQ, CARS. Chng minh rang
RF + IQ + PS = 0 .
Hng dan:
RF + FI + IQ + QP + PS + SR = 0 RF + AB + IQ + BC + PS + CA = 0
RF + IQ + PS + AB + BC + CA = 0
RF + IQ + PS = 0
Bai 3: Cho hnh thang ABCD, AC cat BD tai O. Qua O ve ng thang MN song song hai ay AD, BC. at
bAB + aDC
a = AB , b = CD . Chng minh MN =
.
a+b
Hng dan:
MA NB OA OB AB a
=
=
=
=
=
MN // AB // CD
MB NC OC OC DC b
a
OA + OD
b
OM =
a
a
1+
MA = b MD
b
MN = ON OM (pcm)
a
NB = a NC
OB + OC
ON =
b
b
a
1+
Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC. M va N la cac iem xac nh bi 3MA + 4MB = NB 3NC = 0 , AC cat MN tai P.
PA
.
Tnh t so
PC
Hng dan:
Gia s AC = k AP .
23
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
7
AM
4
1
1 7
3k
7
3k
NB = 3NC AN = AB 3AC = . .AM +
AP AN = AM +
AP
2
2 4
2
8
2
3k 7
5
V M, N, P thang hang nen
=1 k = .
2 8
4
PA
Vay
=4.
PC
1
1
Bai 5: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD. M va N la cac iem thoa man AM = AB; DN = DC , G la trong tam
3
2
AG BI
tam giac MNB, AG cat BC tai I. Tnh cac t so
.
,
GI IC
Hng dan:
AG
BI
= ,
=.
at
GI
IC
Ta co:
AI
1
+1 1
+1 1
+ 1 11
AI =
.AG =
. AM + AN + AB =
AB + AD + DC + AB =
AB + AD
AG
3
3 3
2
3 3
11 ( + 1 )
+1
(1)
AB +
AD
AI =
18
3
AB + AC
IB = IC AI =
AD + AB
=
(2)
1+
1+
11 ( + 1 )
11
AG 11
= 1 =
GI = 7
18
7
T (1) va (2) suy ra

+ 1 =
= 6
BI = 6
3
5
1+
IC 5
Ta co: 3MA + 4MB = 0 3AM + 4 AB AM = 0 AB =

1.Goi I la iem tren canh BC sao cho BI = 2IC . Hay tnh vect AI theo hai vect AB va AC .
2.Goi N, P lan lt la trung iem cua CA, AB. at BN = a, CP = b . Tnh AB, BC, CA theo a va b .
Hng dan:
1.Ta co:
2
AI = AB + BI = AB + 3 BC
1
AB + 2AC
AI =
3
AI = AC + CI = AB 1 BC
3
2.Ta co:
AB
AB = AC + CP + PB = AC + b +
4
2
2
4
2
2
2
AB = a b; CA = a + b; BC = a b
3
3
3
3
3
3
CA
=
+
+
=
CA
CN
NB
BA
a
AB
24
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bai 7: Cho bon iem A, B, C, D. Ta dng cac iem M , N, P thoa man AM = 2AB, AN = 2AC, AP = 2AD .
1.Tnh MN theo BC, NP theo CD .
2.Chng minh rang M ,N, P thang hang neu va ch neu B, C, D thang hang.
Hng dan:
1.Ta co:
AM = 2AB MM = 2BC
AN = 2AC
NP = 2CD
M, N, D thang hang MN = kNP BC = kCD pcm
TAM TY C
Bai 1: Cho ba iem A, B, C ng vi ba so , , .
3) Neu
++ 0
th
ton
tai
duy
nhat
iem
thoa:
IA + IB + IC = 0
khi
v = MA + MB + MC = ( + + ) MI, M .
4) Neu + + = 0 th MA + MB + MC la mot vect khong oi.
5) nh M e 2MA + 3MB MC
trong tam giac ABC.
min
6) Chng minh rang ton tai duy nhat iem I thoa IA + IB = 0 . Suy ra rang vi M bat ky, ta co:
MA + MB = ( + ) MI .
Hng dan:
) (
1) IA + IB + IC = 0 AI + AB AI + AC AI = 0 ( + + ) AI = AB + AC
AI =
1
AB + AC
++
( + + 0 ) I xac nh duy nhat.
) (
Ta co: v = MA + MB + MC = MA + MA + AB + MA + AC = ( + + ) MA + AB + AC
v = AB + AC, M
) (
) (
Mat khac: v = MI + IA + MI + IB + MI + IC
= ( + + ) MI + IA + IB + IC
= ( + + ) MI
Bai toan tren I goi la tam t c cua he iem A, B, C.

2) at f ( M ) = MA + MB + MC = ( + + ) MI 0 f ( M ) min khi M I .
Do o f(M) la mot vect khong oi.
3) Goi I la iem thoa 2MA + 3MB MC .
I ton tai v + + = 2 + 3 1 = 4 0 .
Theo cau 2 f ( M ) = ( + + ) MI = 4MI 0 f ( M ) min khi M I
25
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
4) IA + IB = 0 IA + IA + AB = 0 ( + ) IA + AB = 0 AI =
Do A, B co nh, vect
AB .
+
AB khong oi nen ton tai mot iem I duy nhat thoa IA + IB = 0 .

+
) (
Ta cung co: MA + MB = MI + IA + MI + IB = ( + ) MI + IA + IB .
Vay MA + MB = ( + ) MI .
3) Goi I la iem xac nh bi IA + IB + IC = 0 ( + + 0; + 0; + 0; + 0 ) . Goi D, E, F
lan lt la giao iem cua IA, IB, IC vi BC, CA, AB. Chng minh rang
DB + DC = EC + EA = FB + FA = 0 (1).
4) ao lai D, E, F la cac iem thoa (1) . Chng minh AD, BE, CF ong quy tai I xac nh nh cau 1.
5) Ap dung: Goi M la iem tuy y trong tam giac ABC eu; x, y, z lan lt la khoang cach t M ti BC, CA,
AB. Chng minh rang xMA + yMB + zMC = 0 .
Hng dan:
3) Goi D la iem thoa DB + DC = 0 IB + IC = ( + ) ID ( tam t c ) IA + ( + ) ID = 0
I, A, D thang hang D chnh la giao iem cua IA vi BC.
Tng t cho E, F.
4) Xet I la tam t c cua A ( ) , B ( ) , C ( ) .
IA + IB + IC = 0 IA + ( + ) ID = 0
IB + ( + ) IE = 0; IC + ( + ) IF = 0
( I, D, A ) ; ( I, E, B ) ; ( I, F, C ) la nhn g bo ba iem than g han g.
Do o: DA, EB, FC ong quy tai I.
5) Goi D = AM BC; E = BM CA; F = CM AB
DB dt ABD dt ABM z
=
=
= yDB = zDC yDB + zDC = 0
Ta co:
DC dt ACD dt ACM y
Tng t ta co: zEC + xEA = 0
xFA + yFB = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
T (1), (2) va (3) suy ra AD, BE, CF ong quy tai M thoa man xMA + yMB + zMC = 0 .
Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC, ng tron noi tiep (co tam I), tiep xuc vi BC, CA, AB lan lt tai D, E, F. AA,
BB, CC la cac ng phan giac trong cua tam giac ABC ( A BC; B AC; C AB ) va a, b, c la o dai
cua BC, CA, AB.
3) Chng minh aIA + bIB + cIC = 0 .
4) Chng minh AD, BE, CF ong quy tai J thoa
1
1
1
JA +
JB +
JC = 0 .
pa
pb
pc
26
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
5) Chng minh tam giac ABC eu neu xay ra mot trong hai he thc sau ay: AA + BB + CC = 0 ;
AD + BE + CF = 0 .
Hng dan:
AB AB c
3) AA, BB, CC ong quy tai I va
=
= bAB + cAC = 0 .
AC AC b
9 Cach 1:
Tng t ta co cB C + aB A = 0 va aC A + bC B = 0
Vay aIA + bIB + cIC = 0 .
9 Cach 2: Neu I la iem ben trong tam giac ABC bat ky, ta luon co I la tam t c cua A ( SIBC ) ,
B ( S ICA ) , C ( S IAB ) . Ngha la SIBC .IA + SICA .IB + S IAB .IC = 0
1
1
1
r a.IA + r b.IB + r c.IC = 0
2
2
2
aIA + bIB + cIC = 0 .

4) Ta co: BD = BF = p b; CD = CE = p c; AE = AF = p a
1
1
( p c ) DB + ( p b ) DC = 0
DB +
DC = 0
pb
pc
1
1
1
1
Tng t ta co:
EC +
EA = 0 va
FA +
FB = 0 .
pc
pa
pa
pb
1
1
1
Do o DA, EB, FC ong quy tai J thoa
JA +
JB +
JC = 0
pa
pb
pc
5) Chng minh bo e: iem M nam trong tam giac ABC, AM cat BC tai D, BM cat CA tai E, CM cat AB
tai F. Neu ta co AD + BE + CF = 0 th M G (G la trong tam tam giac ABC). Bo e nay ang tren tap
ch toan hoc tuoi tre.
at S = dt ABC , S1 = dt MBC , S 2 = dt MCA , S3 = dt MAB
Ta co: S1 .MA + S2 .MB + S 3 .MC = 0 (tam t c cach 2 cau 1)

AD
BE
CF
.MA +
.MB +
.MC = 0
Mat khac: AD + BE + CF = 0
AM
BM
CM
S
S
S
.MA +
.MB +
.MC = 0 .
S S1
S S2
S S3
1
1
1
.MA +
.MB +
.MC = 0 .
S S1
S S2
S S3
Do tnh chat cac giao iem AM BC, BM CA, CM AB nen ta co:

1
1
1
S S1 S S 2 S S 3
=
=
S1 ( S S1 ) = S2 ( S S2 ) = S3 ( S S3 )
S1
S2
S3
S1 ( S2 + S3 ) = S 2 ( S1 + S3 ) = S3 ( S2 + S1 ) S1S2 = S 2 S 3 = S 3 S1 S1 = S2 = S 3
MA + MB + MC = 0 M G. Bo e c chn g minh.
Vay neu ta co AA + BB + CC = 0 tam n g tr on noi tiep cun g la tr on g tam cua tam giac ABC
tam giac ABC eu .
27
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vay neu ta co AD + BE + CF = 0 AD, BE, CF la cac tr ung tuyen cua tam giac ABC DB = DC ;
EC = EA; FA = FB p b = p c; p c = p a; p a = p b a = b = c tam giac ABC eu .
Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC, hay dng I, J, K, L thoa:
3) IA 3IB = AC .
4) JA JB + 2JC = 0 .
5) KA + 2KB = 2CB .
6) LA + 3LB LC = 0 .
7) IA IB + 2IC = AB .
8) JA + JB + JC = AB 2AC .
9) KA + KB + 2KC = 0 .
3LA 2LB + LC = 0 .
10)
Bai 5: Cho tam giac ABC, tm tap hp nhng iem M sao cho:
3
1) MA + MB + MC = MB + MC .
2
2) MA + BC = MA MB .
3) 2MA + MB = 4MB MC .
4) 4MA + MB + MC = 2MA MB MC .
Bai 6: Cho t giac ABCD, hay tm so k va iem I co nh sao cho tong cac vect sau co the viet dang
kMI, M .
2)
3)
4)
5)
MA + MB MC = kMI .
MA + MB + 2MC = kMI .
MA + MB + MC + MD = kMI .
2MA 3MC + 2MD = kMI .
Bai 7: Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a, M la iem bat ky. Chng minh rang cac vect sau day khong oi va
moun cua chung la:
3) 2MA + MB MC 2MD = 3a .
4) 3MA MB 2MC = a 13 .
5) 4MA MB MC MD = 2a 2 .
VAN E 4: CHNG MINH IEM THANG HANG,

NG THANG QUA IEM CO NH, NG SONG SONG
Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC, G la trong tam.
28
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3) I va J la hai iem thoa IC IB + IA = 0 va JA + JB 3JC = 0 . Chng minh I, G, B thang hang va

IJ cun g phng AC .
4) Goi M la iem di ong tren BC, ve MP, MQ lan lt song song AC, AB cat AB, AC theo th t tai P, Q.
ve hnh bnh hanh BMPR va CMQS. Tm tap hp trung iem I cua RS.
5) Goi N la iem xac nh bi 3NA NB + 2NC = 0 . Tm AN BC, NB CA, NC AB .
AD
.
6) Neu AB = 3, AC = 4 , phan giac trong AD cua goc BAC cat trung tuyen BK tai L. Tnh
AL
Hng dan:
) (
) (
)
IG = 2GB ( v GA + GC = GB ) I, G, B thang hang.
3) IC IB + IA = 0 IG + GC IG + GB + IG + GA = 0 IG + GC + GA GB = 0
IC IB + IA = 0 BC + IA = 0
(1)
) (
JA + JB 3JC = 0 JA + JA + AB 3 JA + AC = 0 AB JA 3AC = 0
(2)
Cong (1) va (2) ta c IJ 2AC = 0 hay IJ = 2AC

Vay IJ va AC cung phng.
4) Ta co: 2AI = AR + AS
AR = AB + AP AM (v BP va MR co cung trung iem)
AS = AC + AQ AM (v CQ va MS co cung trung iem)
Vay 2AI = AR + AS = AB + AC + AP + AQ 2AM = AB + AC AM .
V M tren oan BC nen: AM = k AB + ( 1 k ) AC, 0 k 1 .
1
1
Do o 2AI = ( 1 k ) AB + k AC AI = ( 1 k ) . .AB + k. AC .
2
2
Goi E, F la trung iem AB va AC th AI = ( 1 k ) AE + k AF I thuoc oan EF.
Vay tap hp I la ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABC, ng vi canh BC.
5) Goi M, H, P la cac iem xac nh bi: 3PA PB = 3HA + 2HC = 2MC MB .
Do A, B, C khong thang hang nen NA cat PC tai N va 3NA NB + 2NC = 0 nen ta co: 3NA + NM = 0
hay A, M, N thang hang M BC M = AN BC .
Tng t H = NB CA, P = NC AB .
LB AB 3
DB AB 3
=
= va
=
= 2LB + LK = 0
6) Theo tnh chat phan giac, ta co:
LK BK 2
DC AC 4
2LB + 3LK = 0
2AB + 3AK = 5AL
3AC 6AK = 7AD 10AL

4DB
3DC
0
4AB
3AC
7AD
+
=
+
=
0 = 7AD 10AL
AD 10
=
AL
7
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC, at AB = u, AC = v .

1) Goi P la iem oi xng cua B qua C. Tnh AP theo u, v .
29
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2) Goi Q va R la iem nh bi AQ =
iem P, Q, R thang hang.
3) Neu E, F xac nh bi AE =
1
1
AC va AR = AB . Tnh RP va RQ theo u va v . T o suy ra ba
2
3
1
1
AB, AF =
AC ( k 0; k 1 ) . Chng minh EF luon i qua mot iem
k
k +1
co nh khi k thay oi.

Hng dan:
1) Xet tam giac ABP, ta co: 2AC = AB + AP AP = 2AC AB = 2v u .
Vay AP = 2v u .
1
2) Ta co: RP = RA + AP = AB + AP
3
1
4
Theo cau 1: AP = 2v u RP = u + 2v u hay RP =
3v 2u
3
6
1
1
1
1
1
RQ = RA + AQ = AB + AC = u + v =
3v 2u
3
2
3
2
6
4
RP = 6 3v 2u
Ta co:
RP = 4RQ RP va RQ cun g phng hay R, P, Q than g han g.
RQ = 1 3v 2u
6
3) Ta co:
1
AE = k AB
AB = k AE
AC AB = ( 1 + k ) AF k AE BC = ( 1 + k ) AF k AE (1)
1
AC
1
k
AF
=
+
(
)
AF =
AC
k +1
(2)
Goi M la iem thuoc EF sao cho ( k + 1 ) MF kME = 0
(
(
(
)
)
)
Va (1) ta co: BC = AM M co nh va M la nh th t cua hnh bnh hanh ABCM.

k
T ( 2 ) ( k + 1 ) MF = kME MF =
ME .
k +1
Vay M, E, F thang hang hay EF i qua iem co nh M.
Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC, trong tam G.
1) Bieu dien JI theo c = AB, b = AC .
2) Chng minh IJ qua G IJ cun g phng IG .

3) Lay iem M, N ,P sao cho MB 2MC = NA + 2NC = PA + PB = 0 .
a) Tnh PM, PN theo AB va AC .
b) Chng minh rang M, N, P thang hang.
Hng dan:
1) IA = 2IB IA = 2 IA + AB IA = 2AB hay AI = 2c
30
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3JA + 2JB = 0 3JA + 2 JA + AB = 0 AJ =
2
2
AC = b
5
5
2
b
5
1
1
6
2) IG = AG AI =
AB + AC AI =
b 5c JI = IG IJ // IG hay IJ qua G.
3
3
5
1
2
3) a) Ta co: PN = PA + AN = AB + AC
2
3
1
1
3
PM = PB + BM = AB + 2BC = AB + 2 BA + AC = AB + 2AC
2
2
2
b) Theo cau 3a, ta co: PM = 3PN .
Vay P, M, N thang hang.
Vay JI = JA + AI = AI AJ = 2c

1) MB = 3MC, NA + 3NC = 0, PA + PB = 0 . Phan tch PM, PN theo a = BC, b = CA . Chng minh M, N, P
thang hang.
2) Xac nh hai iem I, F bi IA + 3IC = 0, FA + 2FB + 3FC = 0 . Chng minh I, F, B thang hang.
Hng dan:
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
1) Cach 1: PM = PB + BM = AB + BC = CB CA BC hay PM =
a b + a = a b (1).
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
3
2a + b
(2)
PN = PA + AN = AB CA =
a+b b =
2
4
2
4
4
T (1), (2) suy ra PM = 2PN PM // PN P, M, N thang hang.
Cach 2: Ta co:
1
AP = AB
2
PA + PB = 0
NA + 3NC = 0 AN = AC
4
MB
3MC
=
3
1
AB AM = 3 AC AM AM = 2 AC 2 AB
MP = AP AM = AB 2 AC
MP = 2MN M, N, P thang hang.
Va
MN = AN AM = 1 AB 3 AC
2
4
2) T IA + 3IC = 0 ta co FA + 3FC = 4FI
Va FA + 2FB + 3FC = 0 2FB + 4FI = 0 F, B, I thang hang.
Bai 5: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD, M va N la hai iem lan lt tren oan AB va CD sao cho
CN 1
= .
CD 2
31
AM 1
= va
AB 3
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
1) Tnh AN theo AB, AC .

2) Goi G la trong tam tam giac MNB, tnh AG theo AB, AC .
3) Goi I la iem nh bi BI = kBC. Tnh AI theo AB, AC va k. Tnh k e AI qua G .
Hng dan:
1) Ta co:
AD + AC = 2AN
1
2AN = 2AC AB AN = AC AB
2
AD + DC = AC
1
1
1
2) AB + AM + AN = 3AG (tnh chat trong tam) 3AG = AB + AN + AB = AB + AC AB + AC
3
2
3
5
1
AG =
AB + AC
18
3
3) AI = AB + BI = AB + kBC = AB + k BA + AC = ( 1 k ) AB + k AC
ieu kien can va u e AI i qua G la AI, AG cung phng
5
1
6
.
k = (1 k ) k =
18
3
11
Bai 6: Cho tam giac ABC. Tren BC lay iem D sao cho: BD =
3
BC (1). Goi E la mot iem thoa
5
4EA + 2EB + 3EC = 0 (2).

1) Tnh ED theo EB va EC .
2) Chng minh A, E, D thang hang.
3) Tren AC lay iem F sao cho AF = xAC . Hay xac nh x sao cho B, E, F thang hang.
Hng dan:
3
3
2
3
2
BE + EC ED = EC BE = EC + EB .
1) T (1) ta co: BE + ED =
5
5
5
5
5
2) T (2) ta co: 4EA + 2EB + 3EC = 4EA + 5ED = 0 .
5
Suy ra EA = ED hay A, E, D thang hang.
4
1
3) T (2) ta co: EB = 4EA + 3EC (1)
2
AF = xAC AE + EF = x AE + EC EF = ( 1 x ) EA + xEC (2)
Ba iem B, E, F thang hang EB = kEF ( k 0 )
1 x
x
3
=
do ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) ) x = .
(
3
2
7
Bai 7: Cho tam giac ABC, M la iem sao cho BM = BC 2AB (1) va N la iem xac nh bi
CN = xAC BC (2).
1) Xac nh x sao cho A, M, N thang hang.
2) Xac nh x e MN i qua trung iem cua canh BC.
Hng dan:
32
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
(
)
AN = AC + CN = AC + ( xAC BC ) = ( x + 1 ) AC BC = ( 1 + x ) AB + xBC
1) AM = AB + BM = AB + BC 2AB = BC + BA
A, M, N thang hang khi AM = k AN ( k 0 ) x =

1
BC
2
MN = MA + AN = ( 2 + x ) AB + ( x 1 ) BC
1
2
2) D la trung iem BC: MD = 2AB
e M, N, D thang hang, ieu kien can va u la MN = kMD x =
2
5
Bai 8: Cho tam giac ABC, k la hang so, M la iem di dong sao cho v = MN = 2MA 3MB + kMC .
7) Vi k = 1 . Chng minh MN co phng khong oi.
8) Vi k 1 . Chng minh MN luon i qua mot iem co nh.
Hng dan:
) (
1) k = 1 : v = 2MA 3MB + MC = 2MA 3 MA + AB + MA + AC = 3AB + AC vect khong oi.

Vay MN co phng khong oi.
) (
2) Goi I: 2IA 3IB + kIC = 0 2 CA CI 3 CB CI kCI = 0 ( 1 k ) CI = 3CB 2CA

CI =
3CB 2CA
I co nh, k 1 .
1 k
) (
) (
Va: MN = 2 MI + IA 3 MI + IB + k MI + IC = ( k 1 ) MI + 2IA 3IB + kIC = ( k 1 ) MI .

Vay MN = ( k 1 ) MI MN // MI MN i qua I co nh .
Bai 9: Cho tam giac ABC, trong tam G. Cac iem M, N thoa man: 3MA + 4MB = 0, CN =
minh MN i qua trong tam G cua tam giac ABC.
Hng dan:
3
3MA + 4MB = 0 MB = AB
7
1
3
CN = BC BN = BC
2
2
3
3
(1)
Ta co: MN = MB + BN = AB + BC
7
2
G la trong tam tam giac ABC nen :
3
2
3
2 1
2
1
MG = MB + BG = AB + BE = AB + . BA + BC =
AB + BC
7
3
7
3 2
21
3
9
T (1) va (2) suy ra MN = MG .
2
33
(2)
1
BC . Chng
2
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Vay ba iem M, N, G thang hang.

6) MN = v = 2MA + 3MB + kMC .
a. Khi k 5 . Chng minh gia cua MN luon qua mot iem co nh.
b. Tm k e MN la mot vect khong oi.
1
1
7) Lay E, F tren tam giac ABC sao cho AE = AB, AF =
AC ( k 0; 1 ) . Chng minh EF luon qua
k
k +1
mot iem co nh.
Hng dan:
) (
6) a) Goi I la iem thoa 2IA + 3IB + kIC = 0 2IA + 3 IA + AB + k IA + AC = 0

( 5 + k ) IA = 3AB k AC IA =
3AB k AC
( k 5 ) I co nh.
5+ k
) (
) (
)
b) MN = 2MA + 3 ( MA + AB ) + k ( MA + AC ) = ( 5 + k ) MA + 3AB + k AC
MN = v = 2 MI + IA + 3 MI + IB + k MI + IC = ( 5 + k ) MI MN // MI hay MN qua I co nh.
MN khong oi khi 5 + k = 0 k = 5 .
7) AC = ( k + 1 ) AF = k AF + AF = k AE + EF + AF AC = AB kEF + AF
Hay kEF = AC AB AF = BC AF
Ve AI = BC th AI AF = kEF kEF = FI E, F, I thang hang EF qua I co nh.
6) Goi I, F, K la cac iem xac nh bi AI = AB, AF = AC, AK = AD . Chng minh ieu kien can va u
1 1 1
e I, F, K thang hang la = + ( , , 0 ) .

AM 1 CN 1
7) Goi M, N la 2 iem lan lt tren oan AB va CD sao cho
= ,
= . Goi G la trong tam tam giac
AB 3 CD 2
BMN.
a) Tnh AN, AG theo AB, AC .
b) Goi H la iem nh bi BH = kBC . Tnh AH theo AB, AC va k . Tm k e AH qua G.
Hng dan:
6) Ta co: KI = AI AK = AB AD
KF = AF AK = AC AD
Ma AC = AB + AD
Vay KF = AB + ( ) AD
ieu kien can va u e K, I, F thang hang va ton tai so k sao cho KF = kKI
AB + ( ) AD = k AB k AD ( k ) AB + ( + k ) AD = 0 (1)
34
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Do AB, AD khong cung phng nen ( 1 ) k = 0 = + k
=k=
= 1
1 1 1
= + ( , , 0 ) (pcm).

7) a) Ta co:
AD + AC = 2AN
1
AC AB = 2AN AC AN = AC AB
2
AD + AB = AC
1
Va ta co: 3AG = AB + AM + AN = AB + AN + AB
3
4
1
5
3AG = AB + AC AB = AB + AC
3
2
6
5
1
AB + AC
AG =
18
3
b) AH = AB + BH = AB + kBC = AB + kBA + k AC = ( 1 k ) AB + k AC
ieu kien can va u e AG qua H la AG cung phng AH
5
1
6
.
k = (1 k ) k =
18
3
11

11) Goi I la trung iem cua BC, D va E la hai iem sao cho BD = DE = EC .
c) Chng minh rang AB + AC = AD + AE .
d) Tnh AS = AB + AD + AC + AE theo AI , suy ra A, I , S thang hang.
12) Goi M la iem nh bi BM = BC 2AB , N la iem nh bi CN = xAC BC .
c) Xac nh x e A, M, N thang hang.
IM
.
d) Xac nh x e MN qua iem gia I cua BC. Tnh
IN
Hng dan:
1) a) Ta co:
AB + AC = 2AI ( I la tr ung iem BC )
AB + AC = AD + AE
AD + AE = 2AI ( I la tr ung iem DE )
) (
b) AS = AB + AC + AD + AE = 2AI + 2AI = 4AI

V AS = 4AI nen AS va AI cung phng hay A, S, I thang hang.
2) a) Ta co: BM = BC 2AB 2AB = BC BM
) (
(1)
Hay 2AB = BA + AC BA + AM = AC AM AM = AC 2AB
) (
CN = xAC BC xAC = CN CB = CA + AN CA + AB
Hay xAC = AN AB AN = xAC + AB (2)

e A, M, N thang hang AM, AN cung phng AM = k AN
35
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
) (
Chon k = 2 th AM = 2AN AM + 2AN = 0 AC 2AB + 2 xAC + AB = 0

( 2x + 1 ) AC = 0 2x + 1 = 0 x =
Vay vi x =
1
th A, M, N thang hang.
2
1
2
) (
) (
b) BM = BC 2AB 2 BI + IA + BI + IC BI + IM = 0
2IB = 2IA + IC IM IM = 2IA + 3IC
CN = xAC BC x CI + IA + CI + IN CI IB = 0
xCI = xIA + IN IB IN = xIA + ( x 1 ) IC

e M, N, I thang hang IM va IN cun g phng IM = kIN .
Chon k = 5 th IM = 5IN IM + 5IN = 0 2IA + 3IC 5 xIA + ( x 1 ) IC = 0
2 ( x 1 ) + 3x = 0 x =
2
5
2
th M, N, I thang hang.
5
IM = 2IA + 3IC
2
IM
Khi x = th
IM = 5IN
=5
2
3
5
IN
IN
IA
IC
=
5
5
Vay vi x =
Bai 12: Cho ba iem co nh A, B, C va ba so thc sao cho a + b + c 0 .

6) Chng minh rang ch co mot iem G thoa man he thc aGA + bGB + cGC = 0 .
7) Goi M va P la hai iem di ong sao cho MP = aMA + bMB + cMC . Chng minh rang ba iem G, M, P
thang hang.
Hng dan:
) (
7) Ta co: aGA + bGB + cGC = 0 aGA + b GA + AB + c GA + AC = 0

( a + b + c ) GA = bAB cAC AG =
Do o G c xac nh va duy nhat.
bAB + cAC
khong oi.
a+b+c
) (
) (
8) MP = aMA + bMB + cMC = aMP = a MG + GA + b MG + GB + c MG + GC
MP = ( a + b + c ) MG + aGA + bGB + cGC = ( a + b + c ) MG .
Vay M, P ,G thang hang.

7) Goi M la trung iem BC, I va J la hai iem xac nh bi AI = AB va AJ = AC . Tm he thc lien he
gia va e AM cat IJ tai trung iem cua AM.
36
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
8) Goi P la iem lu ong. Dng vect PQ = 2PA + 3PB PC . Chng minh PQ i qua mot iem co nh khi
P thay oi . Goi H la trung iem cua CQ. Chng minh rang PH i qua mot iem co nh khi P thay oi.
Hng dan:
a. Neu = 0 = 0 : khong thoa man gia thiet. Do vay 0 va 0 .
Ta co: AM =
1
1 1
1 1
1
AB + AC = AI + AI =
AI +
AI
2
2
2
2
1
1
Do o AM se cat IJ tai K ma AM =
+
AK (tam t c)
2 2
1
1
1 1
Vay K la trung iem cua AM th
+
=2 + =4
2 2

) (
b. Goi E la iem nh bi 2EA + 3EB EC = 0 2EA + 3 EA + AB EA + AC = 0

5AE = 3AB AC E co nh .
Ta chng minh PQ qua E.
) (
) (
PQ = 2PA + 3PB PC = 2 PE + EA + 3 PE + EB PE + EC = 4PE + 2EA + 3EB EC = 4PE

P, Q, E thang hang PQ qua iem co nh E.
1
1
1
5
PQ + PC =
2PA + 3PB = ( 2 + 3 ) PJ = PJ
Ta co: PH =
2
2
2
2
P, H, J thang hang PH qua iem co nh J.
Bai 8: Cho bon iem A, B, C, M thoa man MA + 2MB 3MC = 0 . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang.
Hng dan:
3
MA + 2MB 3MC = 0 MA + 2 MA + AB 3 MA + AC = 0 2AB 3AC = 0 AB = AC
2
A, B, C thang hang.
) (
Bai 14: Cho tam giac ABC, M va N thay oi sao cho MN = 2MA + 3MB MC
3) Tm iem I thoa man 2IA + 3IB IC = 0 .
4) Chng minh ng thang MN luon i qua mot iem co nh.
Hng dan:
) (
3) 0 = 2IA + 3IB IC = 2IA + 3 IA + AB IA + AC = 4IA + 3AB AC

IA =
1
AC 3AB : ang thc xac nh iem I
4
) (
) (
4) MN = 2MA + 3MB MC = 2 MI + IA + 3 MI + IB MI + IC = 4MI + 2IA + 3IB IC = 4MI

M, N, I thang hang hay MN i qua iem I co nh.
Bai 15: Cho tam giac ABC, goi I, J la hai iem xac nh bi IA = 2IB; 3JA + 2JC = 0
3) Tnh IJ theo AB va AC .
4) Chng minh ng thang IJ i qua trong tam G cua tam giac ABC.
37
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Hng dan:
3) IJ = AJ AI
AI = 2BI = 2 BA + AI AI = 2AB
3JA + 2JC = 0 3JA + 2 JA + AC = 0 AJ =

2
AC 2AB
5
1
4) Ta co: AG =
AB + AC
3
2
AC
5
Vay IJ =
Mat khac: IG = AG AI =
IJ =
1
AC + 5AB
3
6
IG I, J, G thang hang.
5
Bai 16: Cho tam giac ABC, hai iem M, N thay oi sao cho MN = 2MA MB + MC
4) Dng iem I sao cho 2IA IB + 3IC = 0 .
5) Chng minh rang MN i qua mot iem co nh khi M thay oi.
6) Goi P la trung iem cua BN. Chng minh MP i qua mot iem co nh khi M thay oi.
Hng dan:
) (
) (
4) 2IA IB + 3IC = 0 2 OA OI OB OI + 3 OC OI = 0 2OA OB + 3OC = 4OI

Neu chon O C th 4CI = 2CA CB : ang thc nay hoan toan xac nh I.
) (
) (
5) MN = 2MA MB + 3MC = 2 MI + IA MI + IB + 3 MI + IC MN = 4MI

M, N, I thang hang hay MN qua I co nh.
1
1
6) MP =
MB + MN =
2MA + 3MC
2
2
Goi J la iem thoa man 2JA + 3JC = 0 , J xac nh.
1
5
MP = 2 MJ + JA + 3 MJ + JC = MJ .
2
2
Vay M, P, J thang hang hay MP qua J co nh.
) (
VAN E 5 TAP HP QUY TCH

Ta chon mot hoac hai iem co nh A, B. ta bien oi he thc ve mot trong cac dang sau ay:
1) Neu AM cung phng vect co nh a (hay a co phng khong oi) th tap hp cac iem M la ng
thang qua A va cung phng vi a .
2) Neu AM = R (hang so) th tap hp cac iem M la ng tron tam A, ban knh R.
38
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3) Neu mAM = nBM , m, n la hai hang so, m 0 th tap hp cac iem M la ng tron ng knh CD
m
.
n
ac biet khi m = n th tap hp cac iem M la ng trung trc cua oan AB.
vi C va D la hai iem chia trong va ngoai oan AB theo t so k =

1) M la iem di ong. Dng MN = 2MA + 3MB MC . Chng minh MN luon i qua mot iem co nh khi
M thay oi.
2) Goi P la trung iem cua CN. Chng minh rang MP luon luon qua mot iem co nh khi M thay oi.
3) Keo dai AB mot oan BE = AB , goi F la trung iem AC. Ve hnh bnh hanh EAFG. ng thang AG cat
KB
.
BC tai K. Tnh
KC
Hng dan:
1) Goi I la iem co nh, xac nh bi 2IA + 3IB IC = 0 .
Ta co: MN = 2MA + 3MB MC = ( 2 + 3 1 ) MI = 4MI
Vay M, N, I thang hang hay MN luon qua iem co nh I.
1
1
MN + MC =
2MA + 3MB .
2) V P la trung iem cua CN nen ta co: MP =
2
2
Goi J la iem co nh xac nh bi 2JA + 3JB = 0 .
1
1
5
2MA + 3MB = ( 2 + 3 ) MJ = MJ .
Ta co: MP =
2
2
2
Vay MP luon qua iem co nh J.
1
3) Ta co: AG = AE + AF = 2AB + AC
2
1
KB 1
Vay AG cat BC tai K ma 2KB + KC = 0
= .
2
KC 4
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Tm tap hp cac iem M sao cho: (vi k R )
1) MA + kMB + kMC = 0 .
2) kMA + ( 1 k ) MB = 0 .
3) 2MA + ( 3 k ) MB + kMC = 0 .
4) v = MA + MB + 2MC cun g phng BC .
5) 2MA ( 1 + k ) MB 3kMC = 0 .
7)
3
MB + MC .
2
MA + BC = MA MB .
8)
2MA + MB = 4MA MC .
6)
MA + MB + MC =
39
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
9)
4MA + MB + MC = 2MA MB MC .
10) MA + MB = MA + MB .
Hng dan:
1
, chon iem I xac nh bi IA + kIB + kIC = 0
2
Ta co: MA + kMB + kMC = 0 ( 1 + 2k ) MI = 0 M I
1) Neu k
Vay tap hp can tm gom mot iem I.

1
Neu k =
2
1
1
Ta co: MA MB MC = 0 MA MB + MA MC = 0 BA + CA = 0 (vo ly)
2
2
Vay tap iem can tm la tap rong.
2) Chon iem I thoa: kIA + ( 1 k ) IB = 0
) (
Ta co: kMA + ( 1 k ) MB = 0 MI = 0
Vay tap hp can tm gom mot iem I.
3) Tap can tm la mot iem I thoa 2IA + ( 3 k ) IB + kIC = 0
4) Chon I la tam t c cua A ( 1 ) , B ( 1 ) , C ( 2 )
Ta co: v = MA + MB + 2MC = 4MI. Vay v cun g phng BC MI cun g phng BC
M thuoc ng thang qua I va song song vi BC.
1
5) Neu k , chon I la tam t c cua A ( 2 ) , B ( k 1 ) , C ( 3k ) .
4
Tap iem I can tm ch gom mot iem I.
1
Neu k =
4
5
3
Ta co: 2MA MB MC = 0 5 MA MB + 3 MA MC = 0 5BA + 3CA = 0 (vo ly)
4
4
Vay tap can tm la tap rong.
6) Goi G la trong tam tam giac ABC, I la trung iem BC
3
Ta co: 3MG = 2MI MG = MI M thuoc ng trung trc cua IG.
2
7) Dng hnh bnh hanh ABCD.
Ta co: MA + BC = MA MB MA + AD = BA MD = BA DM = BA
) (
Vay M thuoc ng tron tam D, ban knh R = AB .

8) Chon P la tam t c cua A ( 2 ) , B ( 1 ) , Q la tam t c cua B ( 4 ) , C ( 1 ) .
Ta co: 2MA + MB = 4MB MC 3MP = 3MQ MP = MQ
Vay M thuoc trung trc cua PQ.
9) Chon E la tam t c cua A ( 4 ) , B ( 1 ) , C ( 1 )
40
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Ta co: 4MA + MB + MC = 2MA MB MC 6ME = MA MB + MA MC

6ME = BA + CA ME =
1
BA + CA .
6
1
BA + CA
6
10) Dng hnh bnh hanh MANB. Ta co: MA + MB = MN
Lai co: MN MB + BN . Dau = xay ra khi B thuoc MN.
Vay M thuoc ng tron tam E, ban knh R =
Ma MA + MB = MA + MB MN = MA + MB MN = MB + BN B MN .
Vay tap cac iem M la ng thang AB tr tat ca cac iem trong oan AB.
1) M va N la hai iem lu ong xac nh bi MN = 3MA 2MB 2MC + MD .
a) Chng minh MN la vect khong oi. Tm tap hp iem M biet rang gia cua MN qua tam O cua
hnh bnh hanh.
b) Tm tap hp iem M khi N chuyen ong tren AC.
2) Goi ABCD la hnh bnh hanh. Cac iem P va Q nh bi: PC + kPC = 0, QD + kQD = 0 ( k 1 ) ,
con M va N cua hnh bnh hanh ABCD nh bi MA + kMA = 0, NB + kNB = 0 .
a) Chng minh MNPQ la hnh bnh hanh.
b) Tm tap hp tam hnh bnh hanh khi M chay tren AA
Hng dan:
) (
) (
1) a) MN = 2 MA MB + MA MC + MD MC = 2BA + CA + CD
MN = 2BA + CA + CD la vect khong oi.
Tap cac iem M chnh la ng thang qua O va song song vi vect khong oi 2BA + CA + CD .
b) Ta dng mot iem ac biet cua tap can tm.
Dng A0 sao cho: A 0 A = 2BA + CA + CD . Khi o ta co: MN = A 0 A .
Vay tap iem can tm la ng thang qua A0 va song song AC.

2) a) MN = MA + AB + BN va kMN = k MA + AB + B N
) (
) (
( k + 1 ) MN = MA + kMA + AB + k AB NB + kNB
( k + 1 ) MN = AB + k AB
Tng t ta co: ( k + 1 ) QP = DC + kD C
Ma AB = DC, AB = D C
Nen ( k + 1 ) MN = ( k + 1 ) QP MN = QP .
Vay MNPQ la hnh bnh hanh.
b) Goi E la tam cua hnh bnh hanh MNPQ, ta co:
MA + NB + PC + QD + k MA + NB + PC + QD = 0 4EO + 4kEO = 0 EO + kEO = 0
41
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
E, O, O thang hang, ong thi khi M chay tren oan AA, E chay tren oan OO trong o O la
tam hnh bnh hanh ABCD, O la tam hnh bnh hanh ABCD.
Bai 4: Cho ba iem co nh A, B,C khong thang hang. Goi M la iem di ong sao cho AM cung phng
BC .
1) Tm tap hp cac iem M.
2) Goi N la iem sao cho ABMN la hnh bnh hanh. Tm tap hp cac iem N.
3) Goi I la tam cua hnh bnh hanh ABMN. Tm tap hp cac iem I.
Hng dan:
1) Tm tap hp cac iem M:
Ta co: AM cung phng BC BC = k AM .
Vay tap hp iem M la ng thang qua A song song vi BC.
2) V ABMN la hnh bnh hanh AM cun g phng BN.
Ma AM cung phng BC
Nen BN cung phng BC B, N, C thang hang
Vay tap hp iem N la ng thang BC ( N BC ) .
3) Goi O la trung iem AB, suy ra O co nh.
Theo tnh chat hnh bnh hanh ta co OI cung phng BC .
Vay tap hp iem I la ng thang qua O va song song BC.
Bai 5: Cho t giac ABCD.
1) Xac nh iem O sao cho OB + 4OC = 2OD .
2) Tm tap hp cac iem M thoa he thc MB + 4MC 2MD = 3MA .
Hng dan:
) (
1) Ta co: OB + 4OC = 2OD OB + 4 OB + BC = 2 OB + BD
3OB = 2BD 4BC = 2 BD BC 2BC = 2CD 2BC = 2 CD BC

3OI = 4CI (I la trung iem BD)
4
BO = IC
3
Vay O la nh hnh bnh hanh IBOE vi IE =

2)
4
IC .
3
) (
MB + 4MC 2MD = 3MA MO + OB + 4 MO + OC 2 MO + OD = 3MA
3MO + OB + 4OC 2OD = 3MA

3MO + 2OD 2OD = 3MA
MO = MA MO = MA
Vay tap hp cac iem M la ng trung trc cua oan OA.
42
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bai 6: Cho luc giac eu ABCDEF tam O.

Tm tap hp cac iem M thoa: MA + MB + MC + MD + ME + MF = 3 MA MD .
Hng dan:
Ta co: MA + MB + MC + MD + ME + MF = 3 MA MD
MO + OA + MO + OB + MO + OC + MO + OD + MO + OE + MO + OF = 3 MO + OA MO OD
1
DA = OA
2
M cach O co nh mot khoang khong oi OA.
Vay tap hp iem M la ng tron tam O ban knh OA, ng tron ngoai tiep luc giac eu ABCDEF.
6MO = 3DA MO =
Bai 7: Cho tam giac ABC, m thay oi, k la hang so. Tm tap hp iem M:
1) MA + ( 1 m ) MB + mMC = 0 .
2) MA + MB + ( 1 m ) MC = 0 .
3)
MA + 3MB MC = MA 4MB + 3MC .
4)
MA + 3MB MC = k MD , D co nh.
5) MA + ( 1 m ) MB + ( 1 + m ) MC = 0 .
6)
MA + MB = MA MC .
7)
2MA + MB = MA 3MB + 2MC .
8)
MA + 2MB 4MC = k 2MA + MB .

Hng dan:
Goi (L) la tap hp M
1) MA + ( 1 m ) MB + mMC = 0 MA + MB = m MB MC
2MI = mCB MI // CB (I la trung iem AB)

Vay ( L ) = n g than g qua I cun g phng BC .
2) MA + MB + ( 1 m ) MC = 0 MA + MB + MC = mMC
3MG = mMC MG // MC (G la trong tam tam giac ABC).
Vay ( L ) = tap hp M la n g than g GC .
3) Goi I la iem thoa: IA + 3IB IC .

Theo bai toan tam t c (xem trc) MA + 3MB MC = ( 1 + 3 1 ) MI = 3MI
Ta co: MA 4MB + 3MC = MB + BA 4MB + 3 MB + BC = BA + 3BC

Do o: MA + 3MB MC = MA 4MB + 3MC 3MI = BA + 3BC MI =
Vay ( L ) = tap hp M la n g tr on tam I, ban knh R =
43
1
BA + 3BC .
3
1
BA + 3BC
3
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
4)
k
MD
3
k = 3 : ( L ) = mat phan g
k
9 Neu I D th MI 1 = 0
3
k 3: ( L ) = { I} do MI = 0
MI k
9 Neu I D th
= :
MD 3
* k < 0 : (L) =
MA + 3MB MC = k MD 3MI = k MD MI =
* k = 0 : ( L ) = { I} do MI = 0
* k = 3 : ( L ) = tr ung tr c ID
* k > 0,k 3:
Goi E, F la iem chia ID theo t so
ME MF ( L ) = ng tron ng knh EF.
k
EI
FI
MI
=
=
ME, MF: phan giac goc IMD
3
ED FD MD
5) Goi G la trong tam tam giac ABC.
MA + ( 1 m ) MB + ( 1 + m ) MC = 0 3MG + mBC = 0 MG =
( L ) = n g than g qua G cun g phng BC
m
BC MG // BC
3
6) Goi I la trung iem AB.

MA + MB = MA MC 2MI = CA MI =
7)
1
CA ( L ) = ng tron
2
CA
I, 2 .
Goi J la iem thoa 2JA + JB = 0 , J co nh.
) (
2MA + MB = 2 MJ + JA + MJ + JB = 3MJ
MA 3MB + 2MC = MB + BA 3MB + 2 MB + BC = BA + 2BC

2MA + MB = MA 3MB + 2MC 3MJ = BA + 2BC MJ =
1
Vay ( L ) = ng tron J , BA + 2BC

3
1
BA + 2BC khong oi
3
8) Goi S la iem thoa: SA + 2SB 4SC = 0 SC + CA + 2 SC + CB 4SC = 0
) (
CS = CA + 2CB S co nh
) (
MA + 2MB 4MC = MS + SA + 2 MS + SB 4 MS + SC = MS
MA + MB = 3MJ (cau 7)
Do vay MA + 2MB 4MC = k 2MA + MB MS = k 3MJ
Neu k = 1 th ( 1 ) MS = MJ ( L ) = trung trc SJ
Neu k 1 . Goi P, Q la iem chia SJ theo t so 3k
44
MS
= 3k (1)
MJ
PS QS
MS PS QS
=
= 3k
=
=
PJ QJ
MJ PJ QJ
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
MP, MQ la phan giac goc SMJ MP MQ ( L ) = ng tron ng knh PQ.
Bai 8: Cho tam giac ABC, G la trong tam. Goi M va N la hai iem di ong.
1) Chng minh rang u = NA + NB 2NC khong phu thuoc iem N.
2) Tm tap hp cac iem M sao cho MA + MB + MC = a vi a la mot o dai cho trc.
3) Tm tap hp M thoa MA + MB = MA + MC .
) (
Hng dan:
1) u = NA + NB 2NC = NC + CA + NC + CB 2NC = CA + CB .
Vay u khong phu thuoc vao iem N.
2) MA + MB + MC = a MG + GA + MG + GB + MG + GC = a
3MG = a (G la trong tam ABC) MG =
a
.
3
Do tam giac ABC co nh nen G co nh.

Vay tap hp iem M la ng tron tam G, ban knh R =
a
.
3
3) MA + MB = 2ME (E la trung iem AB)

MA + MC = 2MF (F la trung iem AC)
MA + MB = MA + MC 2ME = 2MF ME = MF
Vay tap hp cac iem M can tm la ng trung trc EF.
Bai 9: Cho tam giac ABC va vect v = 3MA 2MB MC, M .
1) Chng minh v la vect khong oi.
2) Ve vect AD = v . Chng minh ng thang AD luon i qua mot iem co nh khi M thay oi.
Bai 10: Cho tam giac ABC. Tm tap hp iem M sao cho:
1) MA + kMB = kMC ( k R ) .
2) MA + ( 1 k ) MB + ( 1 + k ) MC = 0 ( k R ) .
3) MA + ( 1 k ) MB kMC = 0 ( k R ) .
4) MA + kMB + kMC = 0 ( k R ) .
5) kMA + ( 1 k ) MB = 0 ( k R ) .
6) 2MA + ( 3 k ) MB + kMC = 0 ( k R ) .
7) 2MA ( 1 + k ) MB 3kMC = 0 ( k R ) .
8) v = MA + MB + 2MC cun g phng BC .
Bai 11: Cho hai iem A, B co nh. Tm tap hp iem M sao cho:
1) MA + MB = MA MB .
45
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
2)
2MA + MB = MA + 2MB .
3)
MA + MB = MA + MB .
4)
2MA + MB = 2 MA + MB .
Bai 12: Cho tam giac ABC. Tm tap hp iem M thoa man ieu kien:
1) MA = MB .
2) MA + MB + MC = 0 .
3)
MA + MB = MA + MC .
4)
MA + MB = MA + MB + MC .
Bai 13: Cho tam giac ABC va iem M tuy y. Goi A, B, C lan lt la iem oi xng cua M qua cac iem
K, I, J cua cac canh BC, AC, AB.
1) Chng minh rang ba ng thang AA, BB, CC ong quy tai mot iem N.
2) Chng minh rang khi M di ong, ng thang MN luon i qua trong tam G cua tam giac ABC.
Bai 14: Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A. iem M trong tam giac ABC co hnh chieu xuong BC, CA, AB la D,
E, F.
1) Tm tap hp iem M sao cho v = MD + ME + MF cun g phng BC .
2) Tm tap hp iem M sao cho v = MA .
VAN E 6: PHEP QUAY VA CHIEU VECT

Bai 1:
1) Cho tam giac ABC eu tam O, lay M. Goi D, E, F la hnh chieu cua M len AB, BC, CA. Chng minh
2
MD + ME + MF = MO .
3
2) Cho tam giac ABC va iem M xac nh bi 3MA + 2MB + 5MC = 0 . Goi A la giao iem cua AM va
AB MA
BC. Tnh
.
,
AC MA
Hng dan:
1) Goi A, B, C oi xng vi M qua BC, CA, AB. Ta can chng minh MA + MB + MC = 3MO
B AC = 2 MAD + MAF = 2BAC = 120 o
Tng t ta co: C BA = ACB = 120 o ; AC = AB = AM .

Xet phep quay f goc 120 o :
46
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
AC AB
u = AC + BA + CB
BA BC
v = AB + BC + CA
CB CA
Ma u v = AC + BA + CB AB BC CA = AC + C B + BA + AC + CB + B A = 0
u = v u = f ( u ) u = 0 AC + BA + CB = 0
) (
) (
MC MA + MA MB + MB MC = 0
MA + MB + MC = MA + MB + MC = 3MO
2) Xet phep chieu vect AA xuong ng thang BC
T gia thiet: 3MA + 2MB + 5MC = 0 0 + 2AB + 5AC = 0 AB =
5
AB 5
A C
= .
2
A C 2
Xet phep chieu vect BC xuong ng thang AA ta c:

MA 3
3MA + 2MA + 5MA = 0 3MA + 7MA = 0
=
MA 7
Bai 2:
1) I la tam ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC, AB = c, BC = a, AC = b .
Chng minh v = aIA + bIB + cIC = 0 .
2) M trong tam giac ABC, Sa = SMBC , Sb = SMCA , Sc = SMAB .
Chng minh Sa .MA + Sb .MB + Sc .MC = 0 .
Hng dan:
1) Chieu len (d) qua D va vuong goc AD: A D; B B; C C ; v f ( v ) = bDB + cDC
DB DB c
DB c
=
=
v BB //CC )
=
bDB + cDC = 0 f ( v ) = 0
(
DC DC
b
DC b
Tng t hnh chieu cua v len ( d ) BE : v = 0
Ma
2)
AM BC = D; BM AC = B .
Chieu ( d ) AD : B B; C C ; A D; M D
Nen v = Sa .MA + Sb .MB + S c .MC la Vx = S b .DB + S c .DC

DB DB S AMB Sc
Ma
=
=
=
Vx = 0
DC DC
S AMC
Sb
Tng t chieu v len ( d ) MB : v = 0 .
VAN E 7: NG DUNG IEU KIEN VE S OC LAP TUYEN TNH

m = 0
Cho a, b khong cong tuyen. Neu ma + nb = 0 th
a.b 0
n = 0
47
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC co trong tam g.

1) Chng minh neu aGA + bGB + cGC th tam giac ABC eu.
2) Tren ba canh cua tam giac A BC; B CA; C AB sao cho AA + BB + CC = 0 . Chng minh:
AB B C C A
=
=
=k.
AC B A C B
b) Tm k e AA, BB, CC ong quy.
a)
Hng dan:
( b a ) GB + ( c a ) GC = 0
1) V GA + GB + GC = 0
ba = ca = 0 a = b = c
GB GC
2) a) Ta co:
BA = k 1 BC
CB = k 2 CA AA + BB + CC = 0 AB + BA + BC + CB + CA + AC = 0
AC = k 3 AB
AB + BC + CA + k 1 BC + k 2 CA + k 3 AB = 0
k 1 AC AB k 2 AC + k 3 AB = 0
( k 3 k 1 ) AB + ( k 1 k 2 ) AC = 0
AB AC
k 3 k1 = k1 k 2 = 0 k1 = k 2 = k 3
AB B C C A
=
=
=k
AC B A C B
b) AA, BB, CC ong quy
AB B C C A
.
.
= 1 (nh ly Menelais) k 3 = 1 k = 1 .
AC B A C B
ON TAP VA KIEM TRA

E 1: (Thi gian lam bai 45 phut)
Bai 1 (6 iem): Cho tam giac ABC, at AB = u, AC = v va G la trong tam.
1) Tnh AG theo u, v .
1
1
BE , F tren canh AC sao cho AF = CF . Tnh
2
2
AG theo AE, AF va AG cat EF tai I. Xac nh iem I.
2) Goi E la iem tren canh AB sao cho AE =
48
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
3) Goi P la trung iem EF. Tnh AP theo u, v . Va AP cat BC tai K. Xac nh K va tnh
AP
.
AK
Bai 2 (4 iem):
Cho ngu giac eu A1A2A3A4A5 co tam O. Chng minh OA1 + OA 2 + OA 3 + OA 4 + OA 5 = 0
Hng dan:
Bai 1:
1
1
AB + AC = ( u + v )
3
3
1
1
1 3
1
AB + AC = 3AE + AF = AE + AF
2) AG =
3
3
32
2
1
Goi I la iem tren EF sao cho I E + I F = 0
2
3
AG = AI A, G, I thang hang I AG EF I I
2
3
2
Vay AG = AI I la iem thuoc AG va AI = AG .
2
3
1
11
1
12
1
AE + AF = AB + AC = u + v
3) AP =
2
23
3
23
6
1
1
Goi K la iem tren BC sao cho K B + K C = 0
6
3
1 1
AP = + AK A, P, K thang hang K AP BC K K .
6 3
1
AP 1
= .
Vay AP = AK
2
AK 2
1) 3AG = AB + AC + AA AG =
Bai 2:
Goi G la trong tam cua ngu giac eu a cho.
2
5
Ta thay: v = OA1 + OA 2 + OA 3 + OA 4 + OA 5 khong oi sau phep quay
Neu G O. Ta xoay ngu giac quay quanh tam O, goc quay =
Trong tam G cua ngu giac cung phai khong oi, ngha la G G . ieu nay mau thuan vi d kien
2
. Vay G O .
OG, OG =
5
ON TAP VA KIEM TRA

49
Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt
E 1: (Thi gian lam bai 45 phut)

Bai 1 (6 iem): Cho tam giac ABC, at AB = u, AC = v va G la trong tam.
4) Tnh AG theo u, v .
1
1
BE , F tren canh AC sao cho AF = CF . Tnh
2
2
AG theo AE, AF va AG cat EF tai I. Xac nh iem I.
AP
.
6) Goi P la trung iem EF. Tnh AP theo u, v . Va AP cat BC tai K. Xac nh K va tnh
AK
Bai 2 (4 iem):
Cho ngu giac eu A1A2A3A4A5 co tam O. Chng minh OA1 + OA 2 + OA 3 + OA 4 + OA 5 = 0
5) Goi E la iem tren canh AB sao cho AE =
Hng dan:
Bai 1:
1
1
AB + AC = ( u + v )
3
3
1
1
1 3
1
AB + AC = 3AE + AF = AE + AF
5) AG =
3
3
32
2
1
Goi I la iem tren EF sao cho I E + I F = 0
2
3
AG = AI A, G, I thang hang I AG EF I I
2
3
2
Vay AG = AI I la iem thuoc AG va AI = AG .
2
3
1
11
1
12
1
AE + AF = AB + AC = u + v
6) AP =
2
23
3
23
6
1
1
Goi K la iem tren BC sao cho K B + K C = 0
6
3
1 1
AP = + AK A, P, K thang hang K AP BC K K .
6 3
1
AP 1
= .
Vay AP = AK
2
AK 2
4) 3AG = AB + AC + AA AG =
Bai 2:
Goi G la trong tam cua ngu giac eu a cho.
2
5
Ta thay: v = OA1 + OA 2 + OA 3 + OA 4 + OA 5 khong oi sau phep quay
Neu G O. Ta xoay ngu giac quay quanh tam O, goc quay =
Trong tam G cua ngu giac cung phai khong oi, ngha la G G . ieu nay mau thuan vi d kien
2
OG, OG =
. Vay G O .
5
50

Laisac Vecto

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Laisac Vecto

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Nguyn Ph Khnh Lt

AB va CD cung phng, cung hng.

III. Vect bang nhau, oi nhau, t do:

c) Tnh chat cua phep cong vect:

d) Quy tac hnh bnh hanh:

b) Quy tac ba iem cua phep tr vect:

V. Phep nhan vect:

b cun g hn g vi a neu m>0

ma = b : b ngc hn g vi a neu m<0

Vect cung phng: a va b cun g phng, b 0 co m R duy nhat sao cho a = mb .

O, A, B than g han g OA va OB cun g phng OA = kOB ( k R ) .

AM la tr ung tuyen cua ABC AB + AC = 2AM

G la tr on g tam cua ABC GA + GB + GC = 0 .

Cho bon iem A, B, C, D. Tnh cac vect sau:

Cho bon iem A, B, C, D. Chng minh rang AB CD = AC + DB .

5. Cho sau iem A, B, C, D, E, F. Chng minh: AD + BE + CF = AE + BF + CD .

Ta co: OB = OA + AB A nam gia O va B a, b cun g hn g

Cho t giac ABCD, M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AD va BC.

10. Cho hai vect a va b . Chng minh rang:

Dau " = " xay r a khi a // b .

ton tai duy nhat M .

b) Gia s M sao cho MA + MB = 0 MA MB = 0 MA MB = 0 BA = 0

2GC + 3GA = 5GB1 5 GA + GB + GC = 5 GC 1 + GA1 + GB1 GG 1 = 0 hay G G 1 .

2GA + 3GB = 5GC 1

ieu nay vo ly neu 1 2 0 hoac 2 1 0 .

Ta co u va v cun g phng k 1 ,k 2 R; k 12 + k 12 > 0

ieu kien k 12 + k 22 > 0 D =

14. A, B, C la ba iem phan biet.

16. Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ACEF.

VAN E 1: CHNG MINH ANG THC VECT

9 Neu G la trong tam cua

va G la trong tam cua

ABCD. Ta co: AC = AB + AD = 2AM .

e) Goi F la trung iem CD. Chng minh rang: 2 AB + AN + FA + DA = 3DB .

AB + DC = AM + MN + NB + DM + MN + NC = AM + DM + NB + NC = 2MN (2 vect oi nhau).

c) Quy tac trung tuyen, trung iem:

= 4MO + OA + OB + OC + OD = 4MO + 0 = 4MO

2. Cho tam giac ABC va tam giac ABC co trong tam la G va G.

d) Theo tren ta co: AG 1 + BG 2 + CG 3 = 0

Ma AA + BB + CC = 0 va ABC, AB C co chung trong tam G.

d) Neu B1, C1 cau c la trung iem cua CA, AB. at BB1 = u, CC 1 = v .

Ta co: 2A1 B + 3A1C = 0 2 A1G + GB + 3 A1G + GC = 0 2GB + 3GC = 5GA1 .

2C 1 A + 3C 1 B = 0 2GA + 3GB = 5GC 1

Vay t ba ang thc suy ra 5 GA + GB + GC = 5 GA1 + GB1 + GC 1

4. Cho tam giac ABC, trong tam G.

BA + BC = 2BB1 AA1 + BB1 + CC 1 = AB + BA + CA + AC + BC + CB = 0

VAN E 2: XAC NH MOT IEM THOA MAN MOT HE THC VECT

4) Ta co: 2LA LB + 3LC = AB + AC 2AL AB AI + 3 AC AL = AB + AC

1) 2AI = 3 IB + BC = 3IC 3AC + IA = 0 .

2) a) MA + 2MB = 0 MB + BA + 2MB = 0 3MB AB = 0 MB =

Vay M la trung iem IC.

d) 2MA + 3MB MC = 0 2MA + 3 MA + AB MA + AC = 0 4MA + 3AB AC = 0

b) MA + MB + MC = AB + AC 3MG = 2AI ( G la tr on g tam ABC, I la tr ung iem BC )

c) 2MA 3MB + 4MC = 0 2MA 3 MA + AB + 4 MA + AC = 0 MA =

3GI = 5GA + 7GB + GC = 6GA + 6GB v GA + GB + GC = 0

5MA 3MB = 5 MK + KA 3 MK + KB = 2MK = 2MK

M la hnh chieu cua K len ( d ) .

Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC, trong tam G.

d) Ta co: MA + 2MB = CB MB + BA + 2MB = CB 3MB = CB BA = BA + BC

( J la tr ung iem AC ) BM = 23 BJ M la tr on g tam tam giac ABC .

(G la tr on g tam tam giac ABC)

Bai 6: Cho t giac ABCD.

MA + MB + 2MC = kMI 2MI + 2MC = kMI 2 MI + MC = kMI