BI TP PHN NG HT NHN

I. Bi tp c bn c hng dn
(Bi tp bi dng nng lc nhn bit, tm ti v pht hin vn )
Bi 1
1. Hon thnh cc phn ng ht nhn sau:
a)
b)
c)

26
12

4
23
10 Ne + 2 He

Mg + ...?

19
9

+ 1 H ...? + 2 He
242
22
1
94 Pu + 10 Ne 4 0 n + ...?

d) 1 H
+ ...? 2 2 He + 0 n
2. Mt v n ht nhn ca 235 U gii phng nng lng l 1646.1014 J. Xc nh khi
lng ca U cn li sau v n so vi lng lc u vi 2 kg l bao nhiu?
Cho c = 3.108 m/s.
* Hng dn gii bi 1
1. T nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi cc ht cn thiu:
16
a. 01 n ; b. 168O ; c. 260
104 Rf ; d. 8 O
2. E = mc2 m = E/c2 = 1,646.1014/(3.108)2 = 1,829.10-3 (kg)
m(cn) = 2 1,829.10-3 = 1,9981 (kg)
Bi 2. Xc nh bin i ng trong cc trng hp sau v vit phng trnh phn ng
ht nhn (c nhng cch no tr li cu hi ny ?)
1.
2.
206

206

Pb

Pb

82
235

82

238

92

92
207

207

82

82

Pb

Pb

* Hng dn gii bi 2:
Phn ng ht nhn xy ra theo kiu phng x t nhin
tia phng x l 24 He hoc

0
1

e.

1. Bin i cho khng phi l bin i trc tip qu trnh:

4
U 206
82 Pb x. 2 He y

235
92

0
1

Theo nh lut bo ton s khi: 235 = 206 + 4x khng hp l bin i khng

ng.
4
0
U 207
82 Pb x 2 He y 1 e

235
92

Theo nh lut bo ton vt cht

235 207 4 x
x7

hp l bin i trn ng

92 82 2 x y y 4

2. 238
92 U
Gii thch tng t nh trn qu trnh

U 207
82 Pb khng ng.

238
92

Qu trnh

x8
y6

4
0
U 207
82 Pb x 2 He y 1 e ng

235
92

Bi 3
80
Br c th:
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng ht nhn cho mi bin i sau: 35
a. Bc x ra 1 ht ; b. To ra 1 proton ( 11 H ); c. Hoc ot 1 electron.

2. Hon thnh phng trnh phn ng sau: NaBrn/c

1
Na + Br2
2

3. Nu im ging nhau hoc khc nhau gia mt trong bin i cu 1 (VD a) vi phn
ng 2, t nu kt lun chung v c im phn ng ht nhn v cht tham gia phn
ng ht nhn
* Hng dn gii bi 3
1.
80
80
80
79
80
80
0
11 H + 34
Se ; 35
Br 10 e + 34
Se
35 Br 1 e + 36 Br ; 35 Br
1
Na + Br2
2
+
C 2 qu trnh : Na + 1e Na v 2Br - Br2 + 2e

2. NaBrn/c

3. +) Ging nhau
- u c s thay i (di chuyn) electron
- u lm thay i nng lng
- Ngoi ra u tun th theo nh lut t nhin l bo ton vt cht.
+) Khc nhau
- Xy ra ni ht nhn to ra 1 ht nhn mi,
- Xy ra v electron bin i trng thi tn ti nguyn t.
- Km theo 1 nng lng ln.
- Phn ng ht nhn: ht nhn nm trong hp cht.
(2) hp cht hoc n cht
Kt lun: L phn ng ni ht nhn bin i t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc,
Cht tham gia: Ht nhn trong hp cht.
Lu : Mc d ni bn cht ca phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh ni ht nhn nhng
thc t phi hiu ht nhn phi c hoc tn ti trong hp cht thch hp tng ng. C
bit nu nguyn t bn c th tn ti dng n cht.
Bi 4 Mt mu than ly t hang ng ca ngi c Hawai c tc phn hu ca
cacbon l 13,6 ln/s tnh vi 1 gam cacbon. Xc nh nin i ca mu than bit t 1/2 =
5730 nm v trong bt k c th sng no, thc vt hay ng vt u c tc phn hu
ca ccbon l 15,3 ln/s cho 1 gam cacbon.
* Hng dn gii bi 4
t

N
t
N
1
5730
15,3
. ln 0 1 / 2 . ln 0
. ln
974 (nm)

N
ln 2
N
0,693
13,6

II. Bi tp c bn khng c hng dn

(Bi tp bi dng nng lc tm ti, pht hin vn v gii quyt vn )
Bi 5 Cho nng lng gii phng ra t mt phn ng ht nhn

3
2

He + 01 n 11 H + 13 H

3
l 0.76 MeV. Xc nh nguyn t khi thc theo n v u ca 2 He
Cho:
m ( 01 n ) = 1.00867 u; 1eV = 1.6.1019 J
m( 11 H ) = 1.00783 u; 1u = 1.66.10-27 kg
m( 13 H ) = 3.01605 u; c = 3.108 m/s
3

p s: M( 2 He ) = 3,01604u
Bi 6 Trong mt phn ng ht nhn, khi lng ng v 81Sn b gim i. Xc nh khi
lng ng v cn li sau 25.5 gi, bit t 1/2 = 8.5 gi. Ban u khi lng Sn l 100
mg.
p s: m(cn) = 12,5 mg.
Bi 7 Cho nguyn t 9F20.
1. Xc nh thnh phn ht nhn ca nguyn t trn.
2. Tnh s ht khi lng ht nhn ri suy ra nng lng lin kt ht nhn v nng
lng ring i vi F.
p s: 1. p = e 9, n = 11; 2. E = 149,55 MeV; E = 7,47 MeV/Nu
III. Bi tp nng cao
(Bi tp bi dng nng lc vn dng kin thc v vn dng mt cch sng to)
Bi 8 ng b phn r phng x ng thi theo 2 phn ng:
64
29Cu

--

k1

64
30 Zn

64
29Cu

k2

64 +
28Ni +

Thc nghim cho

bit t 1 mol Cu ban u, sau 25 gi 36 pht ly hn hp cn li ho tan vo dung dch
HCl d th cn 16 gam cht rn khng tan.
T mt lng ng v 64Cu ban u, sau 29 gi 44 pht ly hn hp cn li ho tan vo
dung dch KOH d th phn cht rn khng tan c khi lng bng 50,4% khi lng
hn hp.
1. Tnh cc hng s phng x k1, k2 v chu k bn r ca 64Cu.
2. Tnh thi gian 64Cu cn li 10%.
3. Tnh thi gian khi lng 64Zn chim 30% khi lng hn hp.
* Hng dn gii bi 8
Phng trnh
64

dn

nCu(0)
Cu(1)
dnZn k1nCu ln
kt
dt
dt
nZn(t) 1

(1)

dn

nCu(0)
(2) dnNi

k2nCu ln
kt
dt
dt
nNi(t) 2
Cu

dn

Cu

dt

(2)

nCu
(k1 + k2)t = kt ln (t) kt.
(0)

(3)

Cu

Khi ho tan hn hp vo dung dch HCl d, Zn v Ni tan ht cn li 16 gam Cu.

- Ti t = 25 gi 36 pht = 1536 pht, nCu(0) = 1 mol; nCu(t) = 0,25 mol.

(0)
1
ln nCu ln
ln4 kt k.1536 pht k = 9,025x 10-4ph-1
(
t
)
0,25
nCu

1/ 2

ln 2
0,693

4
k
9,025 x10

ph

768 pht

* Ti t = 29 gi 44 pht = 1784 pht khi ho tan hn hp vo NaOH d th km tan ht,

cn li Cu v Ni. T 1 mol Cu ban u sau 1784 pht
nCu + nNi = 0,504 mol
nZn = 1 - 0,504 = 0,496 mol.
* Theo (3)

ln

n (0) = 9,025 .10 ph .1784 ph = 1,61006

n
n (1784)
Cu

-4

-1

Cu

1
5,003
(
1784
)
Cu

nCu(1784) = 0,19988 0,20 mol.

nCu( phn r) = 1 - 0,2 = 0,80 mol.
nCu( phn r phn ng (1)) = nZn (1) = 0,496 mol.
nCu( phn r phn ng (2)) = 0,800 - 0,496 = 0,304 mol = nNi (2).
*

k n
k n
1

(1) 0,496

1,6316
(
2
)
0
,
304
Ni
Zn

do k1 = 1,6316 k2.

Mt khc: k1 + k2 = 0,0009025 v k2 + 1,6316k2 = 0,0009205

T k2 = 3,4295.10-4 3,43.10-4.
k1 = 5,5955. 10-4 5,56.10-4.
2. T 1 mol 64Cu ban u, thi gian cn li 0,1 mol 64Cu :
ln

1
9,025.104 t t = 2551 pht.
0,1

3. T 1 mol 64Cu ban u,sau t pht to thnh nZn = 0,30 mol.

k2
3,4295.104
.
n

.0,30 0,183871(mol )
nNi=
Zn
k1
5,5955.104

nZn + nNi = 0,30 + 0,184 = 0,484 mol

nCu = 1,000 - 0,484 = 0,516 mol
1
kt 9,025.104 ph1.t( ph) 0,661649
0,516
Bi 9 Nathan Thompson l mt trong nhng c dn u tin ca o Lord Howe trng
ln

trong vn nh mnh mt s cy si chu u. Tuy nhin ngi ta khng th bit chnh

xc thi gian trng v quyn nht k ca ng ta b tht lc trong bo bin. Pha sau
nh Nathan c mt ci h nh. Qua nhiu nm, l cy si chu u v cc ht tch t y
h. Mt lng rt nh ng v phng x Pb-210 (chu k bn hy l 22,3 nm) cng ng
thi lng ng. Nn bit rng cy si chu u rng l ngay t nm u tin. Nm 1995
mt nhm nghin cu ly mu t bn t y h. t bn c ct thnh nhng lt dy
1cm v kho st trm tch v ch phng x Pb-210.
S kho st t bn cho thy:

 Trm tch ca si Chu u v ht ca n tm thy u tin su 50cm.

phng x ca Pb-210 phn trn ca t bn l 356Bq/kg cn su 50cm
l 1,40Bq/kg.
1) Nathan Thompson gieo ht nm no?
Ch phng x Pb-210 l mt trong nhng phn r ca U-238. U-238 c trong v tri
t v do mt s nguyn nhn, mt lng nht nh Pb-210 thot vo kh quyn v bm
vo cc phn t trm tch lng ng di y h.
Chui phn r U-238 l:
U-238 U-234 Th-230 Ra-226 Rn-222 (Po-218 Bi-214)* - Pb-210 Pb236 (bn)
*Chu k bn hy rt ngn, tnh theo pht v ngy.
2) Bc no trong chui phn r gii thch bng cch no Pb-210 li c trong nc
ma trong khi nguyn t m U-238 ch c trong v tri t.
* Hng dn gii bi 9
1) Ti su 50cm s phn r ca Pb-210 tng ng vi:
356 178 89 44,5 22,5 11,25 5,63 2,81 1,39 =8 chu k bn hy.
= 8.22 = 176 nm
Nu nm khai qut l 1995 th nm gieo ht l 1995 176 = 1819.
2) Ra-226 Rn-222.
Bi 10 Mt trong cc chui phn hy phng x t nhin bt u vi 232
90Th v kt thc
208
vi ng v bn 82 Pb .
1. Hy tnh s phn hy xy ra trong chui ny.
2. Trong ton chui, c bao nhiu nng lng (MeV) c phng thch.
3. Hy tnh tc to thnh nng lng (cng sut) theo watt (1W = Js -1) sn sinh t
1,00kg 232Th (t1/2 = 1,40.1010 nm).
4. 228Thl mt phn t trong chui thori, th tch ca heli theo cm 3 ti 0oC v 1atm
thu c l bao nhiu khi 1,00g 228Th (t1/2 = 1,91 nm) c cha trong bnh trong 20,0
nm? Chu k bn hy ca tt c cc ht nhn trung gian l rt ngn so vi 228Th.
5. Mt phn t trong chui thori sau khi tch ring thy c cha 1,50.10 10 nguyn t
ca mt ht nhn v phn hy vi tc 3440 phn r mi pht. Chu k bn hy tnh theo
nm l bao nhiu?
Cc khi lng nguyn t cn thit l:
208
232
4
2 He = 4,00260u
82 Pb = 207,97664u
90Th = 232,03805u
-13
23
-1
1u = 931,5MeV ; 1MeV = 1,602.10 J ; NA = 6,022.10 mol .
Th tch mol ca kh l tng ti 0oC v 1atm l 22,4lt.
* Hng dn gii bi 10
1) A = 232 208 = 24 v 24/4 = 6 ht anpha.
Nh vy in tch ht nhn gim 2.6 = 12 n v, nhng s khc bit v in tch ht
nhn ch l 90 82 = 8 n v. Nn phn ng c 4 ht beta bc x.
232
208
Th 82
Pb 6 42 He 4
2) 90
Nng lng phng thch Q = [m(232Th) m(208Pb) 6m(4He)]c2 = 42,67MeV.

3) 1,00kg c cha =

1000.6,022.10 23
2,60.10 24 nguyn t
232

Hng s phn hy ca 232Th

0,693
1,57.10 18 s 1
1,40.10 10 .3,154.10 7

A N 4,08.10 6 Dps

Mi phn hy gii phng 42,67MeV

Cng sut = 4,08.106.42,67.1,602.10-13 = 2,79.10-5W.
228
208
Th 82
Pb 5 42 He
4) 90
Chu k bn hy ca nhng ht trung gian khc nhau l kh ngn so vi 228Th.

0,693 1,00. 6,022.10 23

20
1

9,58.10 y
1
,
91
228

A N

S ht He thu c: NHe = 9,58.1020.20.5 = 9,58.1022 ht

VHe = 3,56.103cm3 = 3,56 lt
5) A = .N t1 / 2

0,693 0,693.N

5,75 nm.