1 (20)

Haigh diagram I

a = FL
m = 0

a = FLP

time

m = FLP
Size of raw
material

a
Y

Y
FL
FLP

Plastic
deformations

FLP

FL
FLP

Y UTS

Haigh diagram
Solid Mechanics

Surface roughness

Loaded
volume

FLP Y UTS

Reduced Haigh diagram

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

2 (20)

Haigh diagram II

Kf = 1 + q( Kt 1)

Kf Kt

SFa =

AA'
AP

m = const

SFm =

OB'
OA

a = const

SFam

OC'
=
OP
A

( K t m , Kf a )
P

m
UTS

Service stress
Solid Mechanics

Kf a
= const
Kt m

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

A
B
Safety factors
Anders Ekberg

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Modern Fatigue Design

Background
Evolution in structural design due to
increased computational power
CAD/CAE - software
Need for new fatigue design methods that are
valid for a general type of loading
easy to implement in a computer code
Several options, but no method with general validity
HCF: equivalent stress is defined and compared to a
fatigue limit (expressed in the equivalent stress)
LCF: calculation of damage connected to the
constitutive model of the material. Fatigue damage
connected to the plastic deformation
LEFM: effective stress intensity range

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

4 (20)

Multiaxial high cycle fatigue initiation

Problem:
The Haigh diagram is valid for
Uniaxial loading
One stress component
Solution:
Assume that, in the general case,
fatigue behaviour is influenced by
Applied shear stress amplitude
Hydrostatic stress
Based on these assumptions, derive a fatigue initiation
criterion that defines a limiting stress magnitude for
which fatigue cracks will develop) for a general type of
loading.
Assumes undamaged material (continuum mechanics)
Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

5 (20)

Hydrostatic stress
The hydrostatic stress is the mean value
of normal stresses acting on the material
point (positive in tension)
A tensile (positive) hydrostatic stress
opens up microscopic cracks (Stage II
crack growth)

1
h = x +y +z
3

The hydrostatic stress is a stress invariant

11 12 13
ij = 21 22 23

31 32 33
1
1
h = ii = ( 11 + 22 + 33 )
3
3

regardless of coordinate system

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

6 (20)

Shear stress measures

The shear stress initiates slip bands which
leads to microscopic cracks (stage I crack
growth)
Since a static shear stress have no
influence on the fatigue damage, the
shear stress amplitude is employed
Two measures
Tresca shear stress

Tresca

1 3
=
2

von Mises stress

vM

1
=
2

(1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2

We need to define the amplitudes of these

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

7 (20)

Equivalent Stress Measures

a
Y
FL

Plastic
zone

Shear stress
amplitude

FATIGUE

Stresses
during one
load cycle

FLP

Service
stress

Plastic
zone

NO FATIGUE
Uniaxial Case
One stress component

NO
FATIGUE

m
UTS

e3

FATIGUE

NO
FATIGUE
e3

e3
c3

FATIGUE

Plastic
zone
Multiaxial Case
Six stress components (general case)

Mid value and amplitude of this stress

component are taken to reflect the
fatigue properties

Hydrostatic stress and shear stress

amplitude are taken to reflect the
fatigue properties

The stresses during a load cycles are

defined by a service stress

The stresses during a load cycles are

defined by a closed curve

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

8 (20)

Shear Stress Amplitude

General
It has been found empirically that a superposed static
shear stress does not have any influence on the fatigue
initiation
FL = FLP whereas FL FLP
In order to eliminate the influence of a superposed shear
stress, the shear stress amplitude is normally used in
multiaxial HCF-criteria
This amplitude is the difference between the current
shear stress magnitude and the mid value of the shear
stress for the current stress cycle
For the general case, this amplitude is rather
complicated to compute (see Fatigue a Survey,
Appendix I)
Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

9 (20)

Shear stress Uniaxial case

Mohrs stress circle for loading in a uniaxial case

max

2 = 0 1 = max

max

max

2 = 0

2 = 0 1 = max

1 = max

time
45

45

45

Max normal and shear stress correspond to the same

directions throughout the load cycle

max

P
time

max
time

mid
time

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

10 (20)

The deviatoric stress tensor

The stress tensor

xx

ij = yz
zx

xy xz

yy yz
zy zz

Split into volumetric and a deviatoric part

xx

ij = yz
zx

xy xz
xy
xz
1 0 0 xx h

yy yz = h 0 1 0 + yz
yy h
yz

zy zz
zy
zz h
0 0 1 zx

= h I + sd
The volumetric part contains the hydrostatic stress
The deviatoric part reflects influence of shear stresses
Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

11 (20)

Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor

In-phase

ij = aij + cij f (t )
aij and cij are constants
f (t ) is a common time dependent function
Fixed principal directions
Every component of corresponds to a fixed direction
throughout the loading

Solid Mechanics

d
d
d
xx
(t ) xy
(t ) xz
(t ) 1d (t )
0
0
d

d
d
d
d
ij (t ) = yx (t ) yy (t ) yz (t ) = 0
2 (t )
0
d
d ( t ) d ( t ) d ( t ) 0
0

3 ( t )
zy
zz
zx
d
a11
0

d
= 0 a22
0
0

d
0
0 c11

d
0 + 0 c22
d
0
a33
0

f (t )
d
c33

0
0

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

12 (20)

Movie 1 Click me!

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

13 (20)

Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor III

Limitations In-phase loading
stress
time

stress
time

In in-phase loading, the

stresscomponents have their
max- and min-magnitudes at
the same instant in time
In out-of-phase loading, maxand min magnitudes occur at
different instants of time for
different stress components

The case of out-of-phase loading is much more difficult to

analyse, for instance due to difficulties in
Defining a stress cycle
Defining a mid value of the shear stress
Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

14 (20)

Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor IV

Limitations Fixed principal directions
Rotating principal directions

1d

d
" ij,p " = 0
0

0
1d
0

0
3d

corresponds to a rotating coordinate system

Instead we have to look at the full deviatoric stress tensor and
find its mid value

ijd,m

Solid Mechanics

( xx h )
( xy )
( xz )

d
= sm = ( yz )
( yy h )
( yz )
( zx )
( zy )
( zz h )
m
High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

15 (20)

Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor V

Finding the mid value in a general case Click me!

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

16 (20)

Amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor

The mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor is found as
d
ij,m

1d m
0
0

= sdm = 0
1d m
0 (proportional loading)
d
0
0

3m

(m denotes mid-value of component during stress cycle)

or as

ijd,m

( xx h )
( xy )
( xz )

d
= sm = ( yz )
( yy h )
( yz ) (general)
( zx )
( zy )
( zz h )
m

the amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor is defined as

ijd,a (t ) = ijd (t ) ijd,m (or sad (t ) = sd (t ) sdm )

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

17 (20)

Amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor II

For in-phase loading with fixed principal directions (proportional
loading), we can express the amplitude of the Tresca and von Mises
stress using the amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor
d
d
(t ) 3,a
(t )
1,a
d
d
Tresca,a (t ) =
where ( 1,a
(t ) = 1d (t ) 1,m
etc)
2
2
2
2
1
vM,a (t ) =

(
t
)

(
t
)
+

(
t
)

(
t
)
+

(
t
)

(
t
)
(
(
(
1,a
2,a )
2,a
3,a )
3,a
1,a )
2

(it can be shown that using a or ad gives the same results)

The max values are given as

Tresca,a
vM,a =
Solid Mechanics

1
2

d
d
d
d
3,a

1,a

1,min
d
=
= 1,max
where ( 1,a
)
2
2

(1,a 2,a ) + ( 2,a 3,a ) + ( 3,a 1,a )

2

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

18 (20)

Equivalent stress criteria

Sines criterion

EQS

1
=
2

1d,a

) +(

d 2
2,a

2d,a

) +(

d 2
3,a

3d,a

d 2
1,a

+ cS h,mid > eS

Crossland criterion

EQC

1
=
2

(1,a 2,a ) + ( 2,a 3,a ) + ( 3,a 1,a )

2

+ cC h,max > eC

Dang van criterion

EQDV

Solid Mechanics

1,a 3,a
=
+ cDV h,max > eDV
2

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

19 (20)

Concluding remarks
Fatigue analysis
Calculate the state of stress
Apply the equivalent stress criterion, fatigue if

eq > e
In the case of no fatigue, calculate safety coefficient as

SF =

EQ

Pros

Cons

Suitable for computer analysis

Corrosion correction etc.

General state of stress

Lack of empirical knowledge

Identify critical parts of component

Separates between fatigue / no fatigue

Have a physical basis

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg

20 (20)

Lunc

Solid Mechanics

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II

Anders Ekberg