I CNG

08/12/10

HA HC PHN TCH NH LNG

I/.- Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc PTL:
Cc phng php ha hc PTL u da vo:
+ Bn cht ca cc phn ng ha hc
+ V cc nh lut ha hc nh:
-. nh lut thnh phn khng i.
-. nh lut bo ton khi lng.
xc nh hm lng ca nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong mu th.
A,B l cc cht tham gia phn ng
C,D l cc cht to thnh sau phn ng

A + B = C + D

CTTQ:

Xc nh cht A theo cch 1:

Nu C hoc D l cht kt ta, ta ly ring ta C hoc D em cn.
Cn c vo thnh phn khng i ca C hoc D tnh ra A.
Xc nh cht A theo cch 2:
nh lng A thng qua nh lng B v phn ng gia A v B c t l trao i thnh phn
phn t nht nh. Dng ch th mu bit phn ng kt thc vi A dng ht bao nhiu B
T lng cht B suy ra lng cht A.
II/.- Phn loi cc phng php HHPTL: c 3 phng php
-. Phng php ha hc

L phng php thng dng nht.

-. Phng php vt l.
-. Phng php ha l
1.. Phng php ha hc: c 2 phng php phn tch
-. Phng php phn tch khi lng.
-. Phng php phn tch th tch

L phng php thng dng nht.

u im:
l n gin, d lm.
Nhc im: l khng chnh xc v tn thi gian hn so vi pp vt l v pp ha l.
a.. Phng php phn tch khi lng:
+ Da vo s o khi lng hp cht c thnh phn ko i bng cn phn tch t tnh
c khi lng cht cn nh lng.
+ Khng cn ch thuc th cho vo l bao nhiu.
Ex: nh lng AlCl3 bng pppt khi lng v pp kt ta:
AlCl3

Al(OH)3

3NH4OH

To

Al2O3

em cn m

Al2O3

=
+

Al(OH)3

3NH4Cl

H2O

m AlCl

b.. Phng php phn tch th tch:

+ Da vo s o th tch thuc th [c nng chnh xc] dng tc dng va vi
dung dch cn xc nh t tnh c lng cht cn nh lng.
+ Cn ch thuc th cho vo va [khng c d hay thiu].
1

+ Mun bit va phi cn mt cht ch th mu i km vi thuc th.

Ex: nh lng CH3COOH bng pppt th tch:
CH3COOH

NaOH

Dng ch th mu Phenolphtalein bit

CH3COONa

H2O

VNaOH tc dng va vi CH3COOH

VCH COOH

08-12-10

PHNG PHP PHN TCH KHI LNG

Phn loi phng php PTKL: c 2 phng php

+ Phng php kt ta
+ Phng php bay hi: c 2 pp
-. Phng php bay hi bng nhit.
-. Phng php bay hi do thuc th.
Nguyn tc chung:
+ Cn nh lng [xc nh hm lng] cht A cho cht A tc dng vi cht B [nu cn].

A + B = C + D

[C hoc D l ta hay bay hi]

-. C hoc D l Ta
-. C hoc D l Bay hi
Nu B l yu t nhit
Nu B l yu t T th hh

Tnh bng PP kt ta.

Tnh bng PP bay hi.
Tnh bng PP bay hi bng nhit.
Tnh bng PP bay hi do T th.

+ Cn xc nh khi lng cht C hoc D Khi lng cht A Hm lng % cht A.

I/.- Phng php kt ta:
1.. Nguyn tc v cch tnh kt qu:
-. C khi lng mu ban u.
-. Xc nh hm lng % hot cht [xc nh tinh khit].
-. Tch cht cn xc nh bng phn ng to kt ta.

Cng thc:

F x b
P = x 100
[%]
a

P
F
a
b

l hm lng [%]
l tha s chuyn
l khi lng mu ban u [g]
l khi lng ta sau khi nung [g]

F [ Tha s chuyn hay H s chuyn ] l t s gia khi lng (mol) phn t hoc nguyn t
ca cht cn xc nh vi khi lng (mol) phn t ca Ta [sau khi nung].

m Cht cn xc nh
F =
m Ta sau khi nung

Ex: Xc nh hm lng Na2SO4 trong Na2SO4 khan bng PP kt ta ?.

Cn chnh xc a [g] Na2SO4 khan ha tan vo trong H2O.
Ly DD thu c tc dng vi thuc th BaCl2 c d.
Na2SO4

BaCl2

Thu ta BaSO4 lc, ra, sy, nung

P Na2SO4
100
[%]

F x b BaSO4
= x
a Na2SO4 khan

BaSO4

2NaCl

Cn c b [g] ta.

P Na2SO4
100
[%]

m Na2SO4
m BaSO4 x b BaSO4
= x
a Na2SO4 khan

II/.- Phng php bay hi:

Nguyn tc: PP bay hi dung xc nh cht d bay hi bng cch ly mu phn tch, x l
bng nhit hoc thuc th cho cht cn xc nh bay hi
Ri xc nh hm lng ca n da vo tng khi lng ca bnh ng cht hp th
hay gim khi lng ca bnh sau khi chng ct.
1.. Phng php bay hi bng nhit:
+ Xc nh m, hm lng nc kt tinh.
+ Cch tnh kt qu:
-. Dng nhit thch hp [ bay hi nhanh v m bo bn vng ca cht th]
-. Phi bay hi hon ton cht cn xc nh.
-. Cng thc:

C%

a b
= x 100
a

C% l nng [%] cht bay hi

a
l khi lng mu trc khi sy [g]
b
l khi lng mu sau khi sy [g]

2.. Phng php bay hi do thuc th:

+ xc nh hm lng [%] ca cht bay hi trong mu th.
+ Cch tnh kt qu:
-. Dng thuc th c d.
-. Ton b lng cht bay hi c gi li trong bnh hp th.
-. Cng thc:

C%

m2 m1
= x 100
a

C% l nng [%] cht bay hi

m1 l khi lng ca bnh trc khi hp thu [g]
m2 l khi lng ca bnh sau khi hp thu [g]
m2 m1 l khi lng bnh hp th sau p.ng
a
l khi lng ca mu th [g]

CC THAO TC CHUNG TRONG PTKL

F x b
P = x 100
[%]
a

Phng php kt ta:

Bc 1:
Bc 2:
Bc 3:
Bc 4:
Bc 5:
Bc 6:

Chn v cn mu [a]
Ha tan mu
Kt ta
Lc Ra ta
Sy Nung ta
Cn Tnh kt qu.

L bc quan trng nht.

PHN TCH TNG GIAI ON

Bc 1: Chn mu l quan trng I, phi ly 5 mu nh [trn, di, tri, phi, gia] ri trn 5 mu li
+ Chn mu nh hng nhiu n kt qu thu c.
+ Chn mu theo qui nh ca DVN III.
+ Cn mu bng cn k thut, sau cn li chnh xc bng cn phn tch.
Bc 2: Ha tan mu.
+ Thng dng dung mi l H2O
+ Dng cc c m ng mu, dng nc ct trng k chn cn.
+ Cho nc va , khuy k n khi ha cht tan ht.
+ Trng hp cht cn phn tch ko tan trong nc th dung dd kim or dd acid ha tan.
c bit nh BaSO4 cn phi ha tan trong kim nng.
Bc 3: Kt ta.
+ Chn thuc th thch hp, nht l thuc th phi c d ta c hon ton.
+ To iu kin cho kt ta thnh tinh th ln bng cch:
-. un nng
-. Thm thuc th khc [thm NH4OH vo Mg 2+ + Na2HPO4]
-. Hoc yn ta mt lc n bc 4 d lc, d ra.
Bc 4: Lc v Ra ta.
+ Phi dng phu thy tinh hoc phu s xp lc
+ Chn giy lc thch hp ko tro v c kch thc l ph hp vi ta.
+ Gn lp DD trong, sau ra ta nhiu ln ri mi chuyn ta ln giy lc.
+ Ra ta n khi nc ra ta ko phn ng vi cc ion tp cht trong ta.
Ex: Na2SO4

BaCl2

BaSO4

Ra ta cho n khi ko cn phn ng ca Cl

AgNO3

Cl

AgCl

2NaCl

NO3

Bc 5: Sy v Nung ta.
+ Ta sy t t cho kh.
+ Chuyn ta vo chn nung (khi bit khi lng)
+ Nung ta nhit thch hp n khi khi lng ko i.
Bc 6: Cn v Tnh kt qu.
4

+ Tin hnh cn nhiu ln v ly kt qu trung bnh [loi b kt qu bt thng nu c].

+ Khng c lm trong s kt qu cn [d l 0,00000] p dng cng thctnh thch hp.
Ton Ex: Ha tan hon ton 1,7302g NaSO4 khan trong nc, acid ha bng HCl, ri cho t t
dd BaCl2 5% n d. un cch thy cho phn ng xy ra hon ton, lc, ra ta, sy kh,
nung n khi lng khng i, cn lng cht rn thu c l 2,8362g
a.. Tnh hm lng ca NaSO4 trong NaSO4 khan ?
Gii
Tm tt v p dng theo PP kt ta:
a l m Na2SO4 khan = 1,7302g
b l m BaSO4
= 2,8362g
PTP.ng:

Ta c:

Na2SO4

P Na2SO4
[%]

BaCl2

Tm F
= ?
P% Na2SO4 = % ?
=

BaSO4

F x b BaSO4
= x 100
a Na2SO4 khan

2NaCl

M Na2SO4
142
[vi F = = ]
M BaSO4
233

142/233 x 2,8362 x 100

= = 99,90 %
1,7302

Ton Ex: Cn chnh xc 1,5738g NaCl, sy n khi lng khng i, cn li c 1,4779g.

a.. Tnh m ca NaCl ?
Gii
Tm tt v p dng theo PP bay hi bng nhit:
a l m NaCl trc sy = 1,5738g
b l m NaCl sau sy = 1,4779g

Ta c:

C% NaCl

a b
= x 100
a

C% NaCl = % ?

(1,5738 1,4779) x 100

=
1,5738

= 6,094 %

Ton Ex: Xc nh hm lng kh CO2 c trong 1,3957g Na2CO3. Bit khi lng bnh hp th sau
phn ng tng 0,44g.
Gii
Tm tt v p dng theo PP bay hi do thuc th:
a l [m Na2CO3] = 1,3957g

m2 m1
= 0,44g

m2 m1

C% CO2 = % ?

0,44 x 100
5

C% CO2 = x 100
a

Ta c:

09-12-10

=
1,3957

= 31,53 %

PHNG PHP PHN TCH TH TCH

I/.- Nguyn tc: Da vo th tch thuc th ( bit chnh xc nng ) dng phn ng va
vi mt th tch chnh xc dung dch cht cn xc nh.
CTTQ:

R
l thuc th c nng bit.
dd ca R l dung dch chun .
X
l Cht cn xc nh nng .

R + X = P + Q

u im:
n gin, nhanh, khng i hi thit b phc tp.
Nhc im: chnh xc ko cao bng PPPT khi lng v cc PP vt l, ha l.
II/.- Cc khi nim:
1.. im tng ng:
L thi im m lng thuc th phn ng tng ng ha hc vi lng cht cn xc nh.
L thi im s ng lng gam thuc th phn ng bng vi s ng lng gam
ca cht cn xc nh.
L im kt thc ca s chun l tng.

Ex: Chun dd HCl bng dd chun NaOH

NaOH

HCl

NaCl

H2O

Khi s ng lng gam HCl bng s ng lng gam NaOH

th lc trong dd ch c NaCl v H2O [pH ca dd l 7] im tng ng c pH = 7
.. Xc nh im tng ng: thng dng cht ch th trong phn tch th tch.
.. Cht ch th l nhng cht c cc kh nng:
-. Bin i mu
-. To kt ta
-. Pht hunh quang
-. Hoc gy ra du hiu no ln cn im tng ng.
Ex: nh lng Acid Oxalic bng dd NaOH vi ch th mu l Phenolphtalein.
H2C2O4

2NaOH

Na2C2O4

2H2O

-. Trc im tng ng trong dd cn acid oxalic v Phenolphtalein khng c mu.

-. Sau im tng ng th trong dd d kim, cn Phenolphtalein th c mu hng.
2.. im kt thc: l thi im cht ch th c nhng bin i gip ta kt thc s chun .
.. L tng: l lc im kt thc trng vi im tng ng.
.. Thc t: l lc im thc t sai lch vi im tng ng.
Nn cn chn ch th sao cho c sai s nh nht.
3.. Yu cu i vi phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch:
6

Phi xy ra hon ton.

Phi xy ra nhanh.
Phi c tnh chn lc [ko cn phn ng ph].
Phi xc nh chnh xc c im tng ng.

4.. Phn loi cc phng php phn tch th tch: c 4 phng php
+ Phng php Acid Baz:

ACID + BAZ = MUI + NC

+ Phng php oxy ha kh:

OX1

KH2 =

+ Phng php to ta:

+ Phng php to phc:

M n+ +

OX2

KH1

Y 4 =

M (n 4) +

5.. Cc cch chun :

a.. Chun trc tip: nh trc tip dd chun vo mt th tch chnh xc dd cn nh lng.
Ex: Chun dd Acid Oxalic = dd NaOH

hay

Chun dd HCl = dd NaOH.

b.. Chun tha tr:

L cho mt th tch chnh xc v qu d dd chun A tc dng vi mt th tch chnh xc
dd cn nh lng. sau chun lng dd chun A d bng mt dd chun B khc.
Ex: nh lng NaCl, cho lng chnh xc v d AgNO3 kt ta hon ton AgCl,
sau chun lng AgNO3 d ra bng dd KSCN.
AgNO3

AgNO3 d +

NaCl
KSCN

V:
V1:
V2 = V - V1:

AgCl

AgSCN

+
+

NaNO3
KNO3

l th tch dd AgNO3 lc u
l th tch dd AgNO3 tc dng vi NaCl
l th tch dd AgNO3 tc dng vi KSCN.

c.. Chun th:

L cho mt th tch chnh xc dd cn nh lng tc dng vi mt lng d thuc th no ,
phn ng sinh ra mt lng cht mi tng ng ha hc vi lng cht cn xc nh.
Dng dd chun nh lng cht mi sinh ra.
Ex: nh lng K2Cr2O7 bng cch cho tc dng vi KI trong mi trng H2SO4
ri nh lng I2 sinh ra bng Na2S2O3
K2Cr2O7 + 2KI + 7H2SO4
I2

+ Na2S2O3

Cr2 (SO4)2

+ 4K2SO4 + 3I2 +

2NaI

7H2O

Na2S4O6

III/.- Cc dung dch thng dng trong phn tch th tch:

7

1.. Dung dch phn trm [%]: l Nng biu th bng s gam cht tan c trong 100g dd
Ex:
DD HCl 10%

Trong 100g dd c cha 10g HCl nguyn cht.

DD NaOH 5%

Trong 100g dd c cha 5g NaOH nguyn cht.

.. Cng thc tnh Nng [C%]:

m ct
= x 100
m dd

C%

m dd = d

Vi:

C%

ct

C% x mdd
=
100

ct

C% x d x Vdd
=
100

[g]

+ Vdd

m ct
= x 100
d x Vdd

m
[g]

.. Trong Ha phn tch nh lng v ngnh dc:

Do lng cht tan cha trong cc dung dch qu nh so vi lng dung mi.
Nn coi [d] ca dd = [d] ca dung mi (Nc ct 4oC) = 1.

C%

m ct
= x 100
Vdd

m
[g]

ct

C% x Vdd
=
100

C% l nng % ca dung dch

l khi lng ring ca dung dch [g/ml]

m ct
mdd

l khi lng cht tan [g]

l khi lng dung dch [g]

Ex: Tnh th tch dd HCl 37,23% (d = 1,19), cn ly pha 100g dd HCl 10%
GII
Tm tt HCl: d

C%dd cn ly
mdd fa
C%dd fa

=
=
=
=

1,19
37,23%
100g
10%

Tm m HCl
Vdd cn ly

= g?
= ml ?

p dng cng thc:

C% dd fa x mdd fa

m HCl

10 x 100

= 10g
8

100

[g]

100

m HCl

10 x 100

Vdd cn ly = x 100
= = 22,5ml
[ml]
Cdd cn ly x d
37,23 x 1,19
Ex: Tnh lng NaCl nguyn cht pha c 3000ml dd NaCl 5%
GII
Tm tt:
d
= 1
Vdd NaCl = 3000ml
Tm m NaCl = g ?
C% NaCl = 5 %

mct

Cng thc:

C% NaCl x d x Vdd NaCl

C% = x 100 m NaCl = = 150g

d x Vdd
100
2.. Dung dch ng lng:
a.. ng lng gam: L khi lng tnh ra gam ca cht phn ng va vi mt ng lng
gam Hydro hay vi mt ng lng gam ca mt cht bt k no khc.
.. K hiu: E
.. Cng thc:
M
E l ng lng gam ca cht [g]
E =
M l khi lng [mol] phn t ca cht
[g]
n
n l s phn t c trng ca cht tham gia phn ng
.. i vi Baz: n l s nhm OH tham gia phn ng ca mt phn t Baz.
.. i vi Acid: n l s nguyn t Hydro tham gia phn ng ca mt phn t Acid.
.. i vi Mui: n l tng ha tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi tham gia phn ng ca mt
phn t Mui.
.. i vi cht oxy ha v cht kh: n l s electron [e] thu hay mt ca mt phn t
khi tham gia phn ng.
Ex:

2NaOH

H2SO4

Na2SO4

MNaOH
E NaOH =

[g]

M H2SO4
E H2SO4 =

[g]

Ex:

Na2CO3

HCl

M Na2CO3
E Na2CO3 =

[g]

M HCl
E HCl

2H2O

40

40g

98

49g

NaHCO3
106

1
36,5

NaCl

106g

36,5g
9

[g]

Ex:

Na2CO3

HCl

2NaCl

+ CO2

H2O

E Na2CO3 = M Na2CO3/n =

106/2 = 53g
CCH : Thng bng Phn ng Oxy Ha Kh Thc hin theo 5 bc sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh cc nguyn t c s oxy ha thay i.
Ngha l xc nh cht no l cht Oxy ha, cht no l cht kh.
Ex:

KMnO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4

(+7)

K2SO4 + MnSO4 + O2 + H2O

(1)

(+2)

(0)

Bc 2: Vit cc cp Phn t v Thng bng s in tch thay i.

+ 5e

Mn +7

Mn +2

x 2

1e x 2

2O 1

O2 0

x 5

Bc 3:Cng V tri v V phi thnh phng trnh phn ng (sau khi Nhn cho s thng =)
Nhng khng nhn cho cc Acid [HCl, HNO3, H2SO4,].
+ 5e

Mn +7

Mn +2

x 2

O2 0

x 5

1e x 2

2O

2KMnO4

5H2O2 1

2MnSO4

5O2 0

Bc 4: Xem V phi c bao nhiu: [SO4].

Th Acid bn V tri ta in by nhiu [SO4]
2KMnO4

5H2O2 +

3H2SO4

K2SO4

2MnSO4 + 5O2

Bc 5: Xem V tri c bao nhiu [H] th V phi [H2O] ta in [H] cho bng V tri
2KMnO4

KMnO4

5H2O2 +

3H2SO4

K2SO4

H2O + SO2

(+7)

SO2

(+6)

H2SO4

(+2)

+ 5e

Mn+2

KMnO4
+4

2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O

K2SO4 + MnSO4

(+4)
+7

x 2

2e

S +6

x 5

10

2KMnO4

2KMnO4

5SO2
2H2O

K2SO4 + 2MnSO4

+ 5SO2

K2SO4 + 2MnSO4

KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4

(+7)

2H2SO4
+

2H2SO4

K2SO4 + MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O

(+2)
+7

(+2)

(+3)

+ 5e

KMnO4

Mn+2

x 2

Fe2 +3

x 5

1e x 2

2Fe +2
2KMnO4

10FeSO4

2MnSO4

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4

K3PO4

Ba(NO3)2

K3 +

5Fe2(SO4)3

K2SO4

+ 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3

K2SO4

+ 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O

KNO3 +

Ba3(PO4)2

3K+

Ba3 2+

(1)

3K+

3Ba 2+

Ba3 2+

K3 +

2PO4 3

3Ba 2+
(PO4)2 3

(NO3)2

2NO3

2PO4 3

(NO3)2

2NO3

(PO4)2 3

(2)

K3 +
2PO4 3

+
+

3Ba 2+
(NO3)2

3K+
2NO3

+
+

Ba3 2+
(PO4)2 3

(1)
(2)

2K3PO4

3Ba(NO3)2

6KNO3

Ba3(PO4)2

H3PO4

Na2SO3

2H3 +

Na3PO4 + H2SO3

PO4 3

(H2O + SO2)

3H2+

3Na2 +
2H3+

2Na3+
+
+

3Na2+
SO3 2

2Na3 +
PO4 3 +

3H2 +

SO3 2
11

2H3PO4

2KMnO4

3Na2SO3

5H2O2

2Na3PO4

3H2SO4

K2SO4

(3H2O + 3SO2 )

2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O

+ 5e

Mn

+7

Mn +2

x 2

O2 0

x 5

1e x 2

2O 1

M KMnO4
E KMnO4 =

[g]

M H2O2
E H2O2
[g]

=
n

98

5
34

= 31,6g

17g

.. CC DNG C THY TINH THNG DNG TRONG PTTT:

.. Dng c thy tinh c th tch chnh xc:
Bnh nh mc:
-. Dng pha dd c th tch chnh xc (thng dng pha dd chun, pha long dd).
-. Ch trn bnh ghi th tch ca bnh nhit 20oC.
Pipet chnh xc (kiu ra):
-. Dng ly mt dd c th tch chnh xc nht nh
-. Pipet mt vch Pipet hai vch.
Pipet chnh xc:
-. Dng chun , o nhng th tch chnh xc.
.. Dng c thy tinh thng thng:
Cc (Becher c m hay ko m, c vch hay ko vch).
-. Dng cha dd hoc un nng dd hay thc hin cc phn ng trong n vi
lng ln hn trong ng nghim.
Bnh nn khng nt mi (Erlen):
-. Dng cha cht cn nh lng hay cha dd.
-. Ch khng trng bnh nn bng dd cn nh lng.
ng ong:
-. Dng o cc dd c th tch gn ng.
-. Chn loi ng ong c th tch gn vi th tch dd mun o.
Pipet khc :
12

-. Dng ly dd c th tch gn ng, khng cn s chnh xc cao.

-. 1ml, 2ml, 5ml, 10ml.

b.. Dung dch ng lng: L nng biu th = s ng lng gam cht tan c trong 1000ml dd.
K hiu: CN

m ct
CN = x 1000
[N]
E x Vdd

m
[g]

CN l nng L ca dd cn pha
mct l khi lng cht tan cn ly [g]

ct

CN x E x Vdd
=
1000
E
Vdd

l ng lng gam ca cht tan [g]

l th tch ca dung dch cn pha [ml]

Ex 1: Tnh lng NaOH nguyn cht cn ly pha 100ml dd NaOH 0,5N ?.

GII
Tm tt:
ENaOH = 40g
Vdd NaOH = 100ml
Tm m NaOH = g ?
CN NaOH = 0,5 N
p dng cng thc:

mct

CN x ENaOH x Vdd NaOH

CN = x 1000
[N]
E x Vdd

m NaOH =

1000

= 2g

Ex 2: Tnh nng ng lng ca dd H2SO4 10% (d = 1,08 ; E H2SO4 = 49).

GII
Tm tt:
E H2SO4 = 49g
d
= 1,08
Tm m H2SO4 = g ?
C% H2SO4 = 10 %

CN H2SO4
= N?
Khi lng H2SO4 nguyn cht (cht tan) c trong Vdd (ml) 10% l:
p dng cng thc:

mct

C % H2SO4 x d x Vdd H2SO4

C% = x 100
d x Vdd

m H2SO4 =

(1)

100

Nng ng lng ca dd H2SO4 10% l:

p dng cng thc:

mct (2)
CN = x 1000
[N]
E x Vdd

Th m H2SO4 (1) vo mct (2) ta c:

C% H2SO4 x d x Vdd H2SO4

13

CN = x 1000
[N]
100 x E x Vdd H2SO4
10 x 1,08
CN = x 1000 = 2,2041 N
[N]
100 x 49
c.. Tc dng gia cc dung dch ng lng:
.. nh lut tc dng ng lng: trong cc phn ng ha hc, bao nhiu ng lng gam cht
ny th phn ng va vi by nhiu ng lng gam ca cht kia.
Hai cht c s ng lng gam bng nhau th tc dng va vi nhau.

.. Khi 2 DD c nng ng lng = nhau th tc dng vi nhau theo nhng th tch = nhau.
.. Khi 2 DD c nng ng lng khc nhau m tc dng va vi nhau th th tch ca
chng t l nghch vi nng .
Ex: Hai dd NaOH v HCl c nng ng lng bng nhau, th 10ml dd NaOH s c
tc dng va vi 10ml dd HCl.
Nu dd NaOH v HCl c nng ng lng ln lt l N1, N 2 v V 1 (ml) dd NaOH
tc dng va vi V 2 ml dd HCl. Khi ta c:

N1
V2
=
N2
V1

N 1 x V1 =

N2

V2

N 2 x V2
N 1 =
V1

Ex: Xc nh nng ng lng ca dd NaOH, bit rng 10ml dd ny tc dng va

vi 20ml dd HCl 0,25 N.
Ta c:

N NaOH

V NaOH =

N HCl
N HCl

N NaOH

VHCl
VHCl

0,25 x 20
= = = 0,5 N
V NaOH
10
x

3.. CHUN:
a.. chun ca dung dch: T l s gam cht tan c trong 1ml dd:
.. Cng thc:

m ct
T =
[g/ml]
Vdd

l chun ca dd [g/ml]

m ct
Vdd

l khi lng cht tan [g]

l th tch ca dd [ml]

Ex: T NaOH = 0,004g/ml c ngha l trong 1ml dd NaOH ny c cha 0,004g NaOH nguyn cht.
b.. chun theo cht cn xc nh: chun ca dd A theo cht cn xc nh B l s g cht B
14

tc dng va vi 1ml dd cht A. K hiu: TA/B

.. Cng thc:

TA/B =
[g/ml]

CN A x EB

1000

TA/B
CN A
EB

l chun ca dd A i vi cht B
l Nng ng lng ca dd A
l ng lng gam ca cht B.

Ex: THCl/Na2CO3 = 0,0053g/ml

c ngha l 1ml dd HCl ny tc dng tng ng vi 0.0053g Na2CO3 nguyn cht.
Ex: Tnh chun ca dd HCl i vi NaOH,
bit rng khi nh lng NaOH dng dd chun HCl 0,1N.

CN HCl

ENaOH

THCl/NaOH =
[g/ml]

1000

0,1 x 40
= = 0,004 g/ml
1000

4.. TNH KT QU TRONG PTTT:

a.. Phng php chun trc tip (hoc th):
..Bi ton tng qut: Ht chnh xc V(ml) ch phm A (hoc cn chnh xc [a]gam ch phm A),
pha thnh Vm(ml) trong bnh nh mc. Ly V1(ml) dd ny em chun bng dd chun
B c nng N 2 th ht V2 (ml) dd B. Xc nh nng % (hm lng) ca ch phm.
GII
Cch 1: Tnh theo nng ng lng:
-. Nng ca dd A trong bnh nh mc l:
N 2 x V2

N 1 =
[N]
V1

-. Lng cht tan A c trong 1 lt dd (dd trong bnh nh mc).

K hiu: P [g/l]

-. Lng cht tan A c trong V(ml) ch phm l:

mct
[g]

Nng (hm lng) % ca cht A l :

Cch 2: Tnh theo chun:

-. Tnh chun:

P[g/l] = N 1

EA

P[g/l]
= x Vm
1000

mct
mct
C = x 100 hoc C = x 100
[%]
Vdd
[%]
a

TB/A =
[g/ml]

CN B x EA

1000
15

-. Lng cht tan A c trong V1(ml) dd

mA p.ng = TB/A

-. Lng cht tan trong V(ml) dd l:

mAm
[g]

Nng (hm lng) % ca cht A l :

VB

mA p.ng
= x VA m
VA p.ng

mct
mct
C = x 100 hoc C = x 100
[%]
V
[%]
a

Ton Ex: Cn chnh xc 0,5000g NaOH pha vo bnh nh mc 100ml. Ht chnh xc 10ml dd
va pha, em chun bng dd H2C2O4 0,1N thy ht 11ml.
a.. Tnh hm lng ca NaOH ?
b.. Nu ly 10g ha cht ny pha thnh 2000ml dd th nng ng lng ca
dd thu c l bao nhiu ? (MNaOH = 40).
Tm tt:

N H2C2O 4
V H2C2O4
aNaOH
VNaOH
ENaOH =
Vm

GII
Tm N NaOH
= N?
Tm PNaOH
= g/l ?
Tm mNaOH
= g?
a.. C% NaOH = % ?

=
=
=
=

0,1N
11ml
0,5000g
10ml
MNaOH = 40
= 100ml

aHa cht NaOH

Vdd NaOH

Tm m NaOH
= g?
b.. N NaOH
= N?

= 10g
= 2000ml

Cng thc Nng ng lng ca dd NaOH l:

N 2 x V2
N1 =

V1

N H2C2O4

N NaOH

V H2C2O4

0,1 x 11
= =
VNaOH
10
x

= 0,11 N

Cng thc Lng NaOH nguyn cht c trong 1 lt dd trong bnh nh mc l:

P[g/l] = N 1

EA

PNaOH = N NaOH x ENaOH

= 0,11 x 40

= 4,4 g/l

Cng thc Lng NaOH nguyn cht c trong bnh nh mc l:

P[g/l]

PNaOH

4,4
16

mct = x Vm mNaOH = x Vm
1000
1000

= x 100 = 0,4400g

1000

Cng thc Hm lng % ca NaOH l:

mct

mNaOH

0,4400
C% = x 100 C%NaOH = x 100
= x 100
a
a NaOH
0,5000
b.. p dng cng thc S gam NaOH nguyn cht c trong 10g ha cht l:

mct

C% NaOH

C% = x 100 mNaOH =
a
100

88 x 10
=

= 88 %

= 8,8 g

100

Cng thc Nng ng lng ca dd NaOH l:

mct

mNaOH

CN = x 1000 CN NaOH
E x Vdd

8,8 x 1000
= x 1000 = = 0,11N
ENaOH x Vdd
40 x 2000

Ton Ex: Cn chnh xc 2,0000g Na2CO3.10H2O ha tan vi 30ml nc ct trong bnh nn,
chun bng dd HCl 0,5N ht 25ml dd HCl.
a.. Tnh hm lng ca Na2CO3 ?
b.. Nu dng ha cht ny pha 1000ml dd Na2CO3 0,1N th phi cn bao nhiu gam?
(M Na2CO3.10H2O = 286 ; M H2O = 18).
GII
Tm tt:

E Na2CO3.10H2O = M Na2CO3.10H2O/n Na
CN dd HCl = 0,5 N
Vdd HCl
= 25ml
a Na2CO3.10H2O = 2,0000g
CN Na2CO3 = 0,1 N
Vdd Na2CO3 = 1000ml

= 286/2 = 143g
Tm T Na2CO3.10H2O
=
Tm m Na2CO3.10H2O =
a.. C Na2CO3.10H2O =
Tm m Na2CO3
=
b.. a Na2CO3.10H2O =

g?
g?
%?
g?
g?

Cng thc Tnh chun TNa2CO3.10H2O:

CN B

EA

CN dd HCl

TB/A = T HCl / Na2CO3.10H2O =

[g/ml]
1000
=

E Na2CO3.10H2O

1000
0,5 x 143
= 0,0715 g/l
1000

Cng thc Tnh lng cht tan Na2CO3.10H2O tc dng vi 25ml dd HCl:

m1 = V2

TB/A

m Na2CO3.10H2O = VHCl x T HCl / Na2CO3.10H2O

17

25 x 0,0715 = 1,7875g

Cng thc Hm lng % ca Na2CO3.10H2O l:

mct

m Na2CO3.10H2O

C% = x 100 C Na2CO3.10H2O
a

1,7875 x 100
= x 100 =
a Na2CO3.10H2O
2,0000

= 89,375 %
b.. Cng thc Lng cht tan Na2CO3.10H2O nguyn cht c trong 1000ml dd Na2CO3 0,1 l:

mct

CN Na2CO3

ENa2CO3.10H2O

CN = x 1000 m Na2CO3.10H2O =

E x Vdd
=

Vdd Na2CO3

1000
0,1 x 143 x 1000
= 14,3 g
1000

Cng thc Lng ha cht Na2CO3.10H2O cn ly l:

mct

m Na2CO3.10H2O

C% = x 100 a Na2CO3.10H2O
a

14,3 x 100
= x 100 = = 16,0000g
C Na2CO3.10H2O
89,375

b.. Phng php tha tr:

..Bi ton tng qut: Ht chnh xc V(ml) ch phm A (hoc cn chnh xc [a]gam ch phm A),
pha thnh Vm(ml) trong bnh nh mc. Ly V1(ml) dd ny cho tc dng vi V2(ml) dd B
c nng N 2 (lng B d so vi lng A). chun lng B d phi dng ht
V3 (ml) dd C c nng N 3. Xc nh nng % ch phm A.
GII
.. Ta c:

N1

N1
[N]

V1 = N 2

V2

N3

V3

N 2 x V2 N 3 x V3
=
V1

.. Tip theo ta tnh nh vi phng php chun trc tip:

Ton Ex: Cn chnh xc 0,800g NaCl, ha tan vo trong bnh nh mc 100ml, thm nc ct n
vch. Ht chnh xc 10ml DD thu c, thm 20ml dd AgNO3 0,1N ri chun lng
AgNO3d bng dd KSCN 0,1N thy ht 8ml dd ny. Tnh hm lng % ca NaCl ?
18

GII
Tm tt:

V dd NaCl p.ng = 10ml

N dd AgNO3 = 0,1N
Tm N dd NaCl = N ?
Vdd AgNO3
= 20ml
Tm P dd NaCl = g/l ?
N dd KSCN
= 0,1N
Tm m NaCl
= g?
V dd KSCN
= 8ml
E NaCl = M NaCl / n Na = 58,5/1 = 58,5g
Vm
= 100ml
a NaCl
= 0,800g
C% NaCl = % ?

Cng thc Nng ng lng ca dd NaCl trong bnh nh mc l:

N 2 x V2

N 3 x V3

N dd AgNO3

Vdd AgNO3

N dd KSCN x Vdd KSCN

N 1 = N dd NaCl =

V1

V dd NaCl
=

0,1 x 20 0,1 x 8
= 0,12 N
10

Cng thc Lng NaCl nguyn cht c trong 1 lt dd trong bnh nh mc l:

P[g/l] = N 1

EA

PNaCl = NNaCl x ENaCl =

0,12 x 58,5

= 7,02 g/l

Cng thc Lng NaCl nguyn cht c trong bnh nh mc l:

P [g/l]

PNaCl

mct = x Vm mNaCl = x Vm
1000
1000

7,02
= x 100 = 0,7020g

1000

Cng thc Hm lng % ca NaCl l:

mct

mNaCl

C% = x 100 C% NaCl =
a

15-12-10

0,702
x 100 = x 100 = 87,75 %
a NaCl
0,800

PHA DUNG DCH CHUN

I/.- Cc dung dch chun : L nhng DD c nng c bit chnh xc dung trong phng php
phn tch nh lng theo th tch.
a.. Biu th:
-. Nng ng lng gam N: L s ng lng gam cht tan trong 1000ml DD
-. Nng phn t gam

M: L s phn t gam

cht tan trong 1000ml DD.

19

b.. H s hiu chnh [K]:

N T:

NT
mT
K = =

N LT
m LT
N LT :

Nng ng lng thc

Nng ng lng l thuyt

II/.- C 3 PP pha ch cc dung dch chun :

PP1.. Dng ng chun: c ng chun, ly ton b ha cht trong ng, pha trong bnh nh
mc theo ch dn trn nhn ca ng.
PP2.. Dng ha cht tinh khit: qua 2 bc.
B1..Tnh lng ha cht cn ly pha:

m ct
CN = x 1000
[N]
E x Vdd

CN x E x Vdd
=
1000

m ct
[g]

CN l nng L ca dd cn pha
m ct l khi lng cht tan cn ly [g]

E
Vdd

l ng lng gam ca cht tan [g]

l th tch ca dung dch cn pha [ml]

B2..Pha dung dch:

Cn chnh xc ha cht tnh trn, chuyn ht vo bnh nh mc thch hp, ha tan
bng dung mi (thng l nc ct), ri thm dung mi n vch, lc u, thu c
dung dch chun cn pha.
Ton Ex: Pha 100ml DD chun NaCl 0,1N. Tnh lng ha cht NaCl tinh khit cn ly ?
GII
Tm tt:

V dd NaCl
CN NaCl

ENaCl
= 58,44
m NaCl = g ?

= 100ml
= 0,1N

mct

CN NaCl

CN = x 1000
E x Vdd

E NaCl

Vdd NaCl

m NaCl =
1000
=

0,1 x 58,44 x 100

= 0,5844 g
1000

Cn chnh xc 0,5817g NaCl cho vo bnh nh mc loi 100ml, thm khong 70ml nc ct, lc k
cho tan ri thm nc ct va 100ml, lc u.

NT
K = =

mT

0,5817
= = 0,995

[ly 3 s sau phy 0,000]

20

N LT

m LT

0,5844

PP3.. Pha gn ng ri iu chnh nng : qua 4 bc

1.. Tnh lng ha cht cn ly pha:
-. p dng cng thc nh B1 ca PP2 tm m ct
-. Cn lng ha cht ln hn lng tnh ton khong 10%
2.. Pha dung dch
3.. Xc nh h s hiu chnh ca DD
4.. iu chnh nng DD
.. Cch tin hnh xc nh h s hiu chnh [K]: C 2 cch
Cch 1: Dng dung dch chun khc c h s Ko bit:

Vo : Th tch ca DD chun dng chun ha trn

V : Th tch ca DD chun cn xc nh h s K
Co : Nng l thuyt
C : Nng l thuyt ca DD chun cn pha
Ko : H s hiu chnh ca DD chun dng chun ha

Vo x Co x Ko

V x C

Ex: Xc nh h s hiu chnh K ca DD chun NaOH 0,1N va pha ( rt vo trong buret) bng
phng php chun acid baz ta dng 10ml DD acid Oxalic 0,1N c h s K = 0,998 th thy ht
9,8ml DD NaOH.
GII
H s K ca DD chun NaOH va pha l:

Vo x Co x Ko
K =
V x C

10 x 0,1 x 0,998
=
9,8 x 0,1

= 1,018

Cch 2: p dng vi ha cht tinh khit

.. Cng thc:

a
K =
T x V

a
T
V

l lng ha cht tinh khit cn [g]

l chun l thuyt ca DD ha cht tinh khit [g/ml]
l Th tch DD chun dung [ml]

Ex: Tnh h s K ca DD chun NaCl 0,1N c pha t 2,9304g NaCl trong bnh nh mc 500ml
GII
Tm tt:

CN NaCl = 0,1N
ENaCl = 58,44

a NaCl
Tm T

= 2,9304g
= g? K = ?

Ta c: chun l thuyt ca DD NaCl 0,1N l:

CN NaCl

E NaCl

T =
1000

0,1 x 58,44
=
1000

0,005844 g/ml
21

 H s K ca DD va pha l:

a
K = =
T x V

2,9304

0,005844 x 500

1,003

.. Ch : Nn dng nhng DD chun c nng ch chnh lch 3% so vi nng quy nh

(h s hiu chnh K trong khong 0,970 1,030).
Dc in cho php dng cc DD c h s hiu chnh K trong khong 0,900 1,100.
III/.- Hiu chnh dung dch chun :
Nu h s hiu chnh K sau khi xc nh 1,100 c ngha l DD chun va pha qu c, ta
cn pha long DD chun ny bng cch thm dung mi.
Lng dung mi Vdm cn thm vo Vc [ml] dung dch c tnh:

Vdm = (K 1)

Vc

Ex: DD FeCl3.6H2O sau khi pha c h s K = 1.185, lng dung mi cn thm vo 200ml DD
thu c DD mi c h s hiu chnh K = 1 s l: Vdm = (1,185 1) x 200 = 37ml
Nu DD chun va pha c h s hiu chnh K 0,900, c ngha l DD qu long, khi ny ta cn
thm ha cht Lng ha cht m(g) cn thm vo Vc (ml) DD c tnh theo cng thc:
(1 K) x a x Vc

m =
1000

[g]

a : l lng ha cht c trong 1000ml DD l thuyt = CN x E

Ex: DD NaOH 0,5N sau khi pha c h s hiu chnh K = 0,85, lng ha cht NaOH nguyn cht
cn thm vo 200ml DD pha l:
(1 0,85) x 20 x 200

m =
[g]

15-12-10

(Vi a = CN x E = 0,5 x 40 = 20)

1000

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP

ACID BAZ

.. Qu trnh nh lng bng PP acid-baz: l qu trnh bin i nng H + v OH .

22

.. pH im tng ng: l mt gi tr pH c xc nh bc nhy im tng ng no .

.. xc nh im tng ng trong qu trnh nh lng bng PP acid-baz thng dng ch th
mu pH nh:
Phenolphtalein:

khng mu [8]

pH

[10] mu

metyl:

mu vng [4,2]

pH

[6,2] mu vng

Metyl da cam:

mu vng [3,1]

pH

[4,4] mu vng

1.. Php nh lng bng Baz:

Da vo phn ng trung ha gia baz vi acid bi mt DD chun l Baz mnh nh
lng nhng DD c tnh [acid mnh acid yu mui ca acid mnh mui ca baz yu].
Cch xc nh im tng ng:
Nu nh lng DD acid mnh bng mt Baz mnh th chn:
Phenolphtalein hoc metyl hoc Metyl da cam [pH = 4 10]
Nu nh lng DD acid yu hoc mui ca acid th chn Phenolphtalein [pH 7]
2.. Php nh lng bng acid:
Da vo phn ng trung ha gia acid vi baz bi mt DD chun l Acid mnh nh
lng nhng DD c tnh [baz mnh baz yu mui ca baz mnh mui ca acid yu].
Cch xc nh im tng ng:
Nu nh lng DD baz mnh bng mt acid mnh th chn:
Phenolphtalein hoc metyl hoc Metyl da cam [pH = 4 10]
Nu nh lng DD baz yu hoc mui ca baz th chn metyl hoc Metyl da cam
Ton Ex: Ht chnh xc 20ml DD thuc tim Novocain HCl (mui ca mt acid mnh v baz yu)
Trung tnh ch phm ri nh lng bng DD chun NaOH 0,05N c K = 0,900 ht 15ml
a.. Tnh nng phn trm ch phm ?
b.. Nu nng ch phm l 1,00% m cng tin hnh nh trn th s dng bao nhiu
ml DD chun ? (M Novo.HCl = 272,8).
GII
Tm tt:

V dd Novo = 20ml
Vddc NaOH = 15ml
K NaOH = 0,900
N NaOH = 0,05 N
Vdd Na2CO3 = 1000ml
E Novo.HCl = M Novo.HCl = 272,8

a..Tm N Novo
Tm m Novo
C% Novo
b..Nu
Tm
Tm

C % Novo
m Novo 1%
N Novo 1%
Vddc NaOH

= N?
= g?
= %?
=
=
=
=

1,00% ?
g?
N?
ml ?

a.. Tnh nng phn trm ch phm [C% Novo]:

-. Nng thc ca Novocain l:

N NaOH

V NaOH x K NaOH

0,05 x 15 x 0,9
23

N Novo =
V dd Novo

20

= 0,03375 N

-. Khi lng ch phm Novocain l:

mct

CN Novo

CN = x 1000
E x Vdd

E Novo

Vdd Novo

m Novo =

1000
0,03375 x 272,8 x 20
= = 0,1844 g
1000

m Novo

C% Novo

0,1844 x 100
= x 100
=
Vdd Novo
20

0,92 %

b.. Th tch DD chun [Vddc NaOH]:

mct

C% Novo

C% = x 100 mNovo
Vdd

Vdd Novo

1,00 x 20
=

100

= 0,2000g

100

mNovo

CN Novo 1%

CN Novo
Vddc NaOH =

V Novo

CN NaOH

16-12-10

0,2 x 1000
= x 1000 = = 0,0367N
E Novo x Vdd Novo
272,8 x 20

K NaOH

0,0367 x 20
=
0,900 x 0,05

16,3111 ml

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP

KT TA

.. PP kt ta: da vo s to thnh cht kt ta t tan hoc khng tan.

.. Cc iu kin c dng trong PP kt ta:
-. Kt ta phi rt t tan hoc khng tan.
-. S to thnh kt ta phi xy ra nhanh
-. Kt ta to thnh trong qu trnh nh lng khng b phn hy vi mt mc nht
nh ng k.
-. Phi c kh nng xc nh c im tng ng.
.. Phn loi: PP kt ta c phn thnh 2 loi *Php o bc Php o thy ngn*
24

-. Php o bc: da vo kh nng to mui ca ion bc vi nhng anion nhau [CN , SCN , ...]
-. Php o thy ngn: da vo phn ng HH to mui thy ngn t tan [Cl , Br , I ]
Ph bin nht l php o bc.
.. C 2 cch o v php o bc:
-. o trong mi trng Acid: acid thng dng nht HNO3, c 2 l do dng HNO3 :
HNO3 to vi Ag + mt mui AgNO3 rt tan.
HNO3 lm h pH ca mi trng.
-. o trong mi trng trung tnh: do c vi anion [CN , S] ha tan c trong m.trng acid
+ Cht gc cn gi l cht chun HH, c nhiu mui halogen dng lm cht gc [NaCl, KCl, KBr]
v cc cht gc thng dng xc nh chun ca DD chun AgNO3.
+ C 2 DD chun thng dng:
-. DD chun AgNO3 0,1N.
-. DD SCN [K, Na] 0,1N, Cc mui thiocyanat ny c nhc im l hay ht m.
Nn khi pha DD chun th phi pha cao hn chun mong mun.
V khi dng th nh lng li bng AgNO3 chun.
.. Php o bc trong mi trng trung tnh: C 2 PP [PP Mohr PP Fajans].
1.. PP Mohr:
-. Nguyn tc: Cho DD AgNO3 vo DD cn nh lng cho n khi k thy hin tng kt ta.
-. Cht ch th: DD K2CrO4/Trung tnh

gch, khi nng bc cao hn nng clorid.

-. Thc hin: gm chn nng ch th thng l 0.003M v chn pH rt quan trng.

Chn pH 6

th K2CrO4 s t ha tan.

Chn pH 10,5 th AgNO3 s b phn hy lm kt qu nh lng thiu chnh xc.

-. Phm vi s dng v gii hn gm:
Ch dng nh lng Cl v Br v nhng ion to mui bc.
Khng dng nh lng I , SCN (do sau p.ng c hin tng hp th v to keo lm kh nhn bit]
Khng dng chun DD c mu (v mu DD s che mu im tng ng)
Cc cation to ta vi ion cromat phi c kh trc khi nh lng.

Dung dch acid phi c trung tnh ha.

2.. PP Fajans:
-. Nguyn tc: tt c Halogenid bc u c kh nng hp ph in tch v tng t [Cl , Br , I ].
25

-. Cht ch th: Eosin [Tetrabromofluorescein] hay Dichlorofluorescein hay Fluorescein.

Eosin ch nh lng I , Br , CN , khng dng nh lng Cl .
Dichlorofluorescein hay Fluorescein Cl , Br , I , SCN .
.. Trong PP Fajans:
-. Thng dng trong mi trng acid yu [CH3COOH] s hp ph d dng.
-. Thng thm h tinh bt Dextran bo v keo, trnh s ng vn.

.. Php o bc trong mi trng Acid: C PP Charpentier Volhard.

1.. PP Charpentier Volhard:
-. Nguyn tc: PP Charpentier Volhar khi nh lng halogenid/acid khng c ch th ring bit,
nn phi dng PP tha tr tin hnh qua 2 bc.
-. Cht ch th: Phn st amoni/HNO3, c cc c im nh sau:
Trong DD, phn st amoni d phn ly.
Nu thm 1 git SCN tha ti im tng ng s lm cho DD c mu hng nht.
V mu hng nht ca DD s mt dn.
-. chnh xc ca PP:
S chuyn mu kh xc nh.
chnh xc ty vo s hp ph trn ta.
chnh xc ty vo s khc bit v tan gia Halogenid bc v Thiocyanat bc.
-. Khc phc bng mt trong nhng cch sau:
un si tch t ta
Thm dung mi hu c [ether, nitrobezen] ta AgCl ng vn li.
Lc loi ta AgCl.
Thc hnh nhanh.
-. ng dng:
Thng dng nh lng Cl , Br khi ta/ HNO3.
Khng dng nh lng [ I ]:
-. Bi do: Iodid bc hp ph nhiu v HNO3 oxy ha nhng iodid.
-. Khc phc: S cho ta trc/ trung tnh ri k tip mi cho HNO3 vo.
PP ny cn dng nh lng cc hp cht to mui bc k tan/ trung tnh or amoniac.
26

-. Ch sau khi to ta phi:

Lc ta v ch thm HNO3 vo DD lc trc khi nh lng bng SCN .
.. ng dng PP kt ta (trong DVN III):
-. nh lng Kali clorid:

Chun bng Amoni thiocyanat 0,1 M

-. nh lng Natri bromid: Cht ch th l DD St III amonisulfat 10%

-. nh lng Natri clorid:

Cht ch th l DD St III amonisulfat 10%

P DNG ca CHUN KT TA
PP Mohr

PP Fajans

PP Volhard

Chun : vi Ag +
Ch th:
K2CrO4/TT

Cl , Br
Cl , Br , I
SCN , Fe(CN)6 4

C.: vi Ag +
C.th: Eosin, Fluorescein
Dichlorofluorescein,
Xanh bromophenol.

C.: Th(NO3) 4
C.th: alizarin

SO4 2

C.: Ba(OH) 2 /methanol 50%

C.th: alizarin

PO4 3 , C2O4 2

C.: Pb(CH3COO) 2
C.th: Dibromofluorescein (PO4 3 )
Fluorescein (C2O4 2 )

Zn 2+

C.: K4Fe(CN) 6
C.th: Diphenylamin

Hg2 2+

C.: NaCl
C.th: Xanh bromophenol.

Br , I , SCN
AsO4 3

Ly ta i l cn thit

Cl , PO4 3 , CN
C2O4 2 , CO3 2
2

S , CrO4

Ly ta i

27

Ton Ex: Cn chnh xc 2,000g NaCl pha thnh 100ml DD. Ht chnh xc 5ml DD va pha cho vo
bnh nn, pha long vi 40ml nc ct, ri nh lng bng DD chun AgNO3 0,1N ht 16ml
a.. Tnh hm lng(C%) ca ha cht NaCl ?
b.. Cng tin hnh nh trn, nu dng DD chun AgNO3 0,1N (K = 1,100) th ht
bao nhiu ml (ENaCl = MNaCl = 58,5).
GII
Tm tt v p dng theo PP nh lng trc tip:
a NaCl
= 2,000g
a..Tm N NaCl
= N?
Vdd NaCl
= 100ml
Tm m NaCl
=
Vdd NaCl p.ng = 5ml
C% NaCl
=
Vdd AgNO3 = 16ml
N AgNO3
= 0,1N
b..Tm N AgNO3 thc =
K AgNO3
= 1,100
Vdd AgNO3 =

g?
%?
N?
ml ?

a.. Tnh hm lng ca ha cht NaCl [C% NaCl]:

Ta c:

N NaCl

V NaCl = N AgNO3

N AgNO3

N NaCl =

V AgNO3

V AgNO3

0,1 x 16
= = 0,3200 N
V NaCl p.ng
5
x

mct

CN NaCl

Ta c: CN = x 1000

E NaCl

Vdd NaCl

m NaCl =
1000

Vdd

m NaCl
C% NaCl = x 100 =

a NaCl

0,3200 x 58,5 x 100

= 1,8720 g
1000
1,8720 x 100

2,000

93,6 %

b.. Tnh th tch ca DD AgNO3 cn dng [Vdd AgNO3]:

NT
Ta c: K =

N AgNO3 Thc = K AgNO3 x N AgNO3 l thuyt = 1,100 x 0,1 = 0,1100N

N LT
Ta c:

N NaCl

V NaCl = N AgNO3

N NaCl

V AgNO3

V AgNO3
V NaCl

0,3200 x 5
= = = 14,545 ml
28

V AgNO3

0,1100

Ton Ex: Ht chnh xc 5ml DD tim NaCl pha vo bnh nh mc va 100ml. Ly chnh xc
10ml DD ny cho vo bnh nn, thm chnh xc 10ml DD AgNO3 0,1N ri nh lng
AgNO3 ht 2ml DD chun NH4SCN 0,1N.
a.. Tnh nng phn trm ch phm ?
b.. Cng tin hnh nh trn, nu dng AgNO3 0,1N (K = 0,900) th ht bao nhiu ml
DD chun NH4SCN 0,1N (ENaCl = MNaCl = 58,5).
GII
Tm tt v p dng theo PP nh lng tha tr:
V Cp NaCl
= 5ml
a..Tm N NaCl
Vdd NaCl .mc = 100ml
Tm m NaCl
Vdd NaCl p.ng = 10ml
C% Cp NaCl
Vdd AgNO3 = 10ml
N AgNO3
= 0,1N
K AgNO3
= 0,900
b..Tm N AgNO3 thc
V dd NH4SCN = 2ml
V dd NH4SCN
N dd NH4SCN = 0,1N

= N?
= g?
= %?

= N?
= ml ?

a.. Tnh nng phn trm ch phm [C% Novo]:

Ta c:

N 1 x V1 = N 2 x V2 N 3 x V3
N 2 x V2

N 3 x V3

N AgNO3

VAgNO3

N NH4SCN x V NH4SCN

N 1 = NNaCl =

V1

VNaCl p.ng
=

mct

0,1 x 10 0,1 x 2

10

CN NaCl

E NaCl

= 0,0800N

Vdd NaCl

Ta c: CN = x 1000 m NaCl =
E x Vdd
1000
0,0800 x 58,5 x 100
= = 0,4680 g
1000

m NaCl

C% NaCl

0,4680 x 100
= x 100 =
V Cp NaCl
5

9,36 %

b.. Tnh th tch ca DD chun NH4SCN cn dng [V dd NH4SCN]:

29

NT
Ta c: K = N AgNO3 Thc = K AgNO3 x N AgNO3 l thuyt = 0,900 x 0,1 = 0,0900N

N LT
Ta c:

N 1 x V1 = N 2 x V2 N 3 x V3
N 2 x V2

N 1 x V1

N AgNO3

V3 =

VAgNO3

N NaCl x V NaCl

V NH4SCN =

N3

N NH4SCN
=

23-12-10

0,09 x 10 0,08 x 10
= 1 ml
0,1

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP

OXY HA KH

I/.- NGUYN TC CHUNG:

1.. Nguyn tc ca PP oxy ha kh:
-. L PP nh lng th tch da vo phn ng oxy ha kh.
-. L PP c dng nh lng cc cht c tnh oxy ha hoc c tnh kh.
Dng DD chun [KMnO4, I2 l cht oxy ha] nh lng cc cht c tnh kh:
Fe 2+, Mn2+, H2O2, H2C2O4, ...
Dng DD chun [Na2S2O3, KI l cht kh] nh lng cc cht c tnh oxy ha:
Fe 3+, Cu2+, KMnO4, K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7,...
-. Cc PP nh lng oxy ha kh ph bin:
-. nh lng bng KMnO4
-. nh lng bng I2
-. nh lng bng CuSO4
-. nh lng bng Bromid v Bromat.
-. Khi nh lng cht oxy ha th khng dng php chun trc tip.
2.. iu kin phn ng ca PP oxy ha kh:
-. Phn ng phi xy ra : Nhanh Nhy v theo chiu cn thit.
-. Phn ng phi xy ra hon ton v c tnh chn lc cao.
-. D xc nh im tng ng.
II/.- PP nh lng bng KMnO4:
30

1.. Nguyn tc ca PP:

-. L da vo kh nng oxy ha mnh ca KMnO4.
-. Theo DVN III qui nh DD chun KMnO4 0,1N hoc 0,05N
2.. iu kin tin hnh ca PP:
-. KMnO4 ch tin hnh trong mi trng H2SO4 c nng cao sn phm Mn2+ khng mu.
-. KMnO4 khng tin hnh trong mi trng Acid yu hoc Trung tnh hoc Kim S.p c mu
-. KMnO4 khng tin hnh trong mi trng HCl v HNO3.
3.. Xc nh im tng ng:
Vi mt git KMnO4 d s lm cho DD nhum mu hng nht.
4.. Mt s v d nh lng [T ch th khng cn cht ch th mu] bng KMnO4 0,1N/ H2SO4:
4.1..nh lng H2C2O4 l cht kh vi ddc. KMnO4 0,1N/ H2SO4 im # hng nht.
5H2C2O4 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4

K2SO4

M H2C2O4
E H2C2O4 =
[g]
n
CN KMnO4

TKMnO4/ H2C2O4
[g/ml]

+ 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

90

= 45g

E H2C2O4

0,1 x 45
= = = 0,0045 g/ml
1000
1000
x

C ngha l 1ml dd KMnO4 0,1N ny tc dng tng ng vi 0.0045g H2C2O4 nguyn cht.
4.2..nh lng H2O2 va l cht kh, va l cht oxy ha vi ddc. KMnO4 0,1N/ H2SO4:
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4

M H2O2
E H2O2 =
[g]
n
H2O2

H2O

K2SO4

+ 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O

34
=
2
O2

34g .............................. x 22,4 lt

17g ..............................

17g

x 22,4 x 17
= 5,6 lt
34

? lt

..ng lng th tch ca hydroperoxyd [H2O2]:

L s lt oxy gii phng ra do mt lng gam hydroperoxyd b phn hy hon ton.
..Php ng lng ch cho kt qu chnh xc:
Khi nng DD hydroperoxyd em chun xp x 1 th tch.
31

VO2 = 5,6 x CN H2O2

III/.- PP nh lng bng IOD:

1.. Nguyn tc ca PP:

-. I2 l mt halogen c tnh oxy ha mnh Dng nh lng cht c tnh kh.

-. I l mt halogenid c tnh kh

Dng nh lng cht c tnh oxy ha.

-. DVN III qui nh ty theo i tng xc nh l Cht kh hay Cht oxy ha m p dng
mt trong 3 PP nh lng sau:
PP nh lng trc tip:
Dng nh lng cc cht kh c gc SO3 2 , S2O3 2 , AsO3 3 vi DD chun l I2 0,1N

N I2 x V I2
Ex: Cht kh Na2S2O3 + DD chun I2 + Ch th H tinh bt

N Na2S2O3 =

V Na2S2O3
PP nh lng th: dng nh lng cc cht o.x.h KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, Fe3+, Cu2+,..
vi DD chun l KI v Na2S2O3 0,1N.
PP nh lng tha tr: dng nh lng cc cht kh Glucose, CH3CHO, H3CHO,...
vi DD chun l I2 v Na2S2O3 0,1N.

N.V I2 N.V Na2S2O3

Ex: Cht kh Glucose + I2 + DD chun Na2S2O3
+ Ch th H tinh bt

N glucose =

V glucose

2.. Cht ch th mu v cch xc nh im tng ng ca PP:

H tinh bt l ch th mu dng xc nh im tng ng trong PP nh lng bng Iod.
H tinh bt c nhng tnh cht sau:
-. Hp ph iod v gii phng iod chm.
-. Hp ph iod cho sn phm c mu xanh.
-. Khi un nng mt mu xanh Khi ngui mu xanh ti hin.
-. Khng cho mu vi dd KI.
-. C tnh kh yu, nhng c kh nng tc dng vi mt s cht oxy ha mnh.
32

3.. S khc bit mu ti im tng ng gia cc PP:

-. PP nh lng trc tip: Th ti im tng ng DD t khng mu mu xanh.
-. PP nh lng th v tha tr: Th DD t mu xanh

khng mu.

4.. Cc iu kin khi tin hnh ca PP nh lng bng iod:

-. Ch tin hnh trong mi trng Acid yu hoc Trung tnh c pH t 5 8, khng qu 9.
-. Tin hnh nhit thng (nhit phng).
-. Khi nh lng bng PP Th hoc Tha tr th ch cho H tinh bt vo lc:
DD chuyn sang mu vng nht l thi im gn tng ng, k cho sm.
-. Khi nh lng bng PP Th cn tin hnh trong 10 15 pht v trnh nh sng:
phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Kali iod khng b phn hy thnh Iod.
5.. Mt s v d ca PP nh lng bng iod:
5.1..nh lng Na2S2O3 l cht kh mnh vi DD chun I2 0,1N.
Dng PP nh lng trc tip, ti im tng ng DD t khng mu mu xanh.
Ch trong mi trng Trung tnh hoc Baz yu.
Khng tin hnh trong mi trng Acid.
2Na2S2O3 + I2

2NaI

+ 2Na2S4O6

M Na2S2O3
E Na2S2O3 =
[g]
n

158

158 g

253

126,5 g

M I2
E I2
[g]

=
n

5.2..nh lng Glucose [C6H12O6] l cht kh vi DD chun l I2 v Na2S2O3 0,1N.

Dng PP nh lng tha tr, ti im tng ng DD t mu xanh

khng mu.

Bc 1, ch cho Glucose + I2/Kim NaOH.

Bc 2, phi nh lng I2 tha + Na2S2O3/Acid yu H2SO4.
Ch cho H tinh bt vo lc DD chuyn sang mu vng nht.

M glucose

180
33

E glucose =
[g]
n

= 90 g

5.3..nh lng KMnO4 l cht o.x.h vi DD chun l KI v Na2S2O3 0,1N.

Dng PP nh lng Th, ti im tng ng DD t mu xanh

khng mu.

Bc 1, cho KMnO4 + KI/ H2SO4.

Bc 2, nh lng I2 to thnh + Na2S2O3
Ch cho H tinh bt vo lc DD chuyn sang mu vng nht.

M KMnO4
E KMnO4 =
[g]
n

158,036

= 31,607 g

Ton Ex: Ht chnh xc 1ml dd H2O2 cho vo bnh nn, thm 20ml nc ct, 1ml dd H2SO4 ri em
chun bng dd KMnO4 0,1N (K = 0,900) ht 17ml.
a.. Tnh nng % ca ch phm ?
b.. Tnh th tch oxy, khi lng oxy do 1 lt dd H2O2 trn gii phng ra ( ktc)
c.. Tnh nng ng lng v C% ca dd H2O2 10 th tch.
GII
Tm tt v tnh theo nng ng lng:
V H2O2
= 1ml
a..Tm N H2O2
V KMnO4
= 17ml
Tm m H2O2
N KMnO4 = 0,1N
C% H2O2
K KMnO4 = 0,900
b..Tnh VO2
m O2

V O2

c..Tnh N H2O2
C% H2O2

= 10ml

= N?
= g?
= %?
= ml ?
= g?
= N?
= %?

a.. Tnh nng % ca ch phm [C% H2O2]:

Ta c:

N H2O2

V H2O2 = N KMnO4

N KMnO4

N H2O2

V KMnO4

V KMnO4

K KMnO4
K KMnO4

0,1 x 17 x 0,9
= = = 1,5300

V H2O2
mct

CN.E .V H2O2

M H2O2

Ta c: CN = x 1000 m H2O2 = vi E H2O2 = =

17g

Vdd

1000

2
34

m H2O2

1,5300 x 17 x 1
= 0,0260 g
1000

0,0260 x 100
=
1

C% H2O2 = x 100

V H2O2

2,6 %

b.. Tnh th tch [VO2] khi lng [mO2] do 1 lt H2O2 gii phng:
Ta c: VO2 = 5,6 x CN H2O2

(vi CN H2O2 = 1,5300N)

= 5,6 x 1,53 = 8,568 lt

m O2
Ta c: nO2 =
mol)

V O2

m O2 = nO2 x MO2

(vi nO2

M O2

8,568
= = = 0,3825
22,4

22,4

= 0,3825 x 32 = 12,24 g
c.. Tnh nng ng lng [CN H2O2] nng % [C% H2O2] ca dd H2O2 10 th tch:

V O2

Ta c: VO2 = 5,6 x CN H2O2 CN H2O2

Ta c: C%

Th vo (1): C%

mH2O2
= x 100 (1)
VH2O2

10
= = = 1,7857 N
5,6
5,6

CN.E .V H2O2
(vi mH2O2 = )
1000

CN.E .V H2O2
CN.E H2O2
1,7857 x 17
= x 100 = = = 3,04 %
1000 x VH2O2
10
10

Ton Ex: Cn chnh xc 0,450g H2C2O4 pha vo bnh nh mc va 100ml. Ly chnh xc 20ml dd
va pha em chun bng dd KMnO4 0,1N th ht 18ml.
a.. Tnh hm lng % ca H2C2O4 ?
b.. Nu cng tin hnh nh trn, nhng dng DD chun l NaOH 0,1N
vi K = 0,900 th ht bao nhiu ml (M H2C2O4 = 90).
GII
Tm tt v tnh theo chun T:
a H2C2O4
= 0,450g
V H2C2O4m = 100ml
V H2C2O4 p. = 20ml

a..Tnh E H2C2O4 = 90/2 = 45g

Tm TKMnO4/ H2C2O4
= g/l ?
mp. H2C2O4
= g?
35

NKMnO4
VKMnO4

= 0,1N
= 18ml

mm H2C2O4
C% H2C2O4

NNaOH
KNaOH
EH2C2O4

= 0,1N
= 0,900
= 45g

b.. Tm TNaOH/ H2C2O4

VnaOH

= g?
= %?
= g/l ?
= ml ?

a.. Tnh hm lng % ca H2C2O4 [C% H2C2O4] ?

+ chun ca dd KMnO4 i vi H2C2O4 l:

N KMnO4

TKMnO4/ H2C2O4
[g/ml]

E H2C2O4

0,1 x 45
= = = 0,0045 g/ml
1000
1000
x

mct
Ta c: T =

m H2C2O4 p. = TKMnO4/ H2C2O4 x VKMnO4 = 0,0045 x 18 = 0,081g

Vdd
+ Khi lng H2C2O4 c trong 100ml dd H2C2O4.
Ta c: m H2C2O4 m
[g]

m H2C2O4 p.
0,081 x 100
= x V H2C2O4m = = 0,405g
V H2C2O4 p.
20
mm H2C2O4

0,405
= x 100 = 90 %
0,450

C% H2C2O4 = x 100

a H2C2O4
b.. Tnh th tch dd NaOH cn dng [VNaOH] ?

K.N NaOH

E H2C2O4

Ta c: TNaOH/ H2C2O4 =
[g/ml]
1000

mct
Ta c: T =

Vdd

0,9 x 0,1 x 45
= 0,00405 g/ml
1000

m p. H2C2O4
VNaOH

0,081
= =
TNaOH/ H2C2O4
0,00405

= 20ml

Ton Ex: Ht chnh xc 10ml dd tim Glucose pha vo bnh nh mc 250ml. Ht chnh xc 5ml
va pha cho tc dng vi 10ml dd I2 0,1N. nh lng I2 tha phi dng ht 4ml dd
chun Na2S2O3 0,1N.
a.. Tnh nng % ca ch phm ?
b.. Cng tin hnh c kt qu nh trn, nhng dd Na2S2O3 0,1N vi K = 1,100 th
dd I2 0,1N c K bng bao nhiu ?
36

GII
Tm tt v tnh theo PP tha tr:
V dd Glucose = 10ml
VGlucose cp = 250ml
VGlucose p.ng = 5ml
NI2
= 0,1N
V I2
= 10ml
NNa2S2O3
= 0,1N
VNa2S2O3
= 4ml
KNa2S2O3
= 1,100

a.. Tnh E Glucose = 180/2 = 90g

Tm N Glucose
= N?
m Glucose
= g?
C% Glucose = % ?

b.. KI2

= ml ?

a.. Tnh nng % ca ch phm [C% Glucose] ?

Ta c:

N 1 x V1 = N 2 x V2 N 3 x V3
N 2 x V2

N 3 x V3

N I2

V I2

N Na2S2O3

V Na2S2O3

N 1 = NGlucose p.ng =

V1

VGlucose p.ng
=

0,1 x 10 0,1 x 4

mct

= 0,1200 N

CN . E . V Glucose cp

Ta c: CN = x 1000 mGlucose cp =
E x Vdd
1000
=

m Glucose cp
C% Glucose cp = x 100 =

V dd Glucose

0,1200 x 90 x 250
= 2,70 g
1000
2,70

10

x 100

= 27 %

a.. Tnh h s K ca dd I2 0,1N [KI2] ?

Ta c:

K 2.N 2.V2 = N 1.V1 + K 3.N 3.V3

N 1.V1 + K 3.N 3.V3

K 2 =

N .VGlucose p.ng + K .N .V Na2S2O3

KI2 =

N 2.V2

N I2.V I2
=

0,12 x 10 + 1,1 x 0,1 x 4

= 1,040
0,1 x 10
37

Ton Ex: Cn chnh xc 0,300g KMnO4 dc dng pha thnh 100ml dd trong bnh nh mc. Ht
chnh xc 25ml dd va pha ny cho vo bnh nn (c sn 10ml dd KI v 5ml dd H2SO4) ri
nh lng bng dd chun Na2S2O3 0,1N th ht 22ml (lng KI d so vi lng KMnO4)
a.. Tnh hm lng ca KMnO4 dc dng ?
b.. Cng tin hnh nh trn, nu dng dd chun Na2S2O3 0,1N vi K = 1,086 th
ht bao nhiu ml ?
GII
Tm tt v tnh theo PP Th:
a KMnO4
= 0,300g
V KMnO4m = 100ml
V KMnO4 p.ng = 25ml
NNa2S2O3
= 0,1N
VNa2S2O3
= 22ml

NNa2S2O3
KNa2S2O3

a.. Tnh E KMnO4 = 158,036/2 = 31,607g

Tm N KMnO4
= N?
m KMnO4
= g?
C% KMnO4
= %?

b.. VNa2S2O3

= 0,1N
= 1,086

= ml ?

a.. Tnh hm lng % ca KMnO4 [C% KMnO4]:

Ta c:

N KMnO4

V KMnO4 = N Na2S2O3
N Na2S2O3

N KMnO4

V Na2S2O3

V Na2S2O3

0,1 x 22
= = = 0,0880 N
V KMnO4
25
x

mct

CN.E .V KMnO4

Ta c: CN = x 1000 m KMnO4 =
E x Vdd
1000
0,0880 x 31,607 x 100
= = 0,2781 g
1000

m KMnO4

C% KmnO4

0,2781
= x 100 = x 100 =
a KMnO4
0.300

92,71 %

b.. Tnh th tch dd Na2S2O3 0,1N cn dng:

Ta c:

N KMnO4

V KMnO4 = N Na2S2O3

N KMnO4

V Na2S2O3

V Na2S2O3

K Na2S2O3

V KMnO4

0,088 x 25
= = = 20,26 ml
38

N Na2S2O3

29-12-10

K Na2S2O3

0,1 x 1,086

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP

NITRIT

I/.- Nhng ni dung chnh ca PP nh lng bng NITRIT + ddc NaNO2 0,1N:
-. L PP nh lng th tch.
-. Dng xc nh [Nng hoc Hm lng] cc cht H.c cha chc Amin thm I.
-. Dng dd NaNO2 0,1N lm dd chun .
-. To mui Diazo khng mu cn gi l phn ng Diazo ha.
II/.- Cch xc nh im tng ng: C 2 loi ch th mu xc nh im tng ng
Ch th ni [Tropeolin 00] v Ch th ngoi [giy tm h tinh bt c KI].
1.. Ch th ni [Tropeolin 00]: vi 1 git tha ddc NaNO2 0,1N + Tropeolin 00 dd c mu vng.
.. Cch thc hin v dng Tropeolin 00/To thp:
-. Cho 4 git Tropeolin 00 vo bnh
-. Nh ddc NaNO2 0,1N vi tc 2ml/1 pht
-. Khi dd trong bnh t mu mu nht mt mu.
-. Th nh ddc NaNO2 0,1N chm li vi tc 1 git/1 pht
-. n khi dd trong bnh xut hin mu vng nht bn vng 2-3 th kt thc nh lng.
.. C th dng hh [Tropeolin 00 + xanh methylen]

dd mu xanh ngc.

2..Ch th ngoi [giy tm h tinh bt c KI]: vi 1 git tha ddc NaNO2 0,1N ti im tng ng
s lm KI thnh I2 ri t I2 + H tinh bt

Giy ch th c mu xanh.

Ton Ex: Tnh hm lng Sulfanilamid, khi bit nh lng 0,200g ch phm dng ht 11,5ml
dd NaNO2 0,1N ? bit rng 1ml dd NaNO2 0,1N tng ng vi 0,0172g Sulfanilamid.
GII
Tm tt v tnh theo PP Nitrit:
a Sulfa.
= 0,200g
V NaNO2
= 11,5ml
N NaNO2
= 0,1N
TNaNO2 /Sulfa = 0,0172g/1ml

a.. Tm m Sulfa. P.ng = g ?

C% Sulfa.
= %?

39

+ T chun T, ta c khi lng Sulfanilamid phn ng l:

mct
Ta c: T = m Sulfa. P.ng = TNaNO2 /Sulfa. x VNaNO2 = 0,0172 x 11,5 = 0,1978g

Vdd
m Sulfa. P.ng

C% Sulfa.

29-12-10

0,1978
= x 100 = x 100 = 98,90 %
a Sulfa.
0.200

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP

TO PHC

1.. nh ngha Phc cht:

-. Phc cht l nhng hp cht phn t xc nh.
-. c to thnh do mt kim loi cn gi l nguyn t trung tm ni vi cc phi t.
-. Bn trong [+] l cu ni phc Bn ngoi [] l cu ngoi phc.
2.. Phn loi: c 2 loi phc cht [Phc cht cng v Ni phc]
-. Phc cht cng ch bng lin kt phi tr
-. Ni phc va bng lin kt phi tr va bng lin kt chnh.
3.. Cch phn bit phc cht vi mui thng, mui kp v mui n trong dung dch:
-. Phc cht ch phn ly mt phn thnh cation, anion hay phn t
-. Mui thng, mui kp phn ly hon ton thnh cc ion n gin.
-. Mui n, ion n th phn ly rt t hoc khng phn ly.
4.. Php o phc l dng cc PP Complexon to phc:
4.1. C 3 PP Complexon:
. Complexon I (Chelation I, Trilon A) = Acid nitril triacetic = NTA vit tt H3Y
. Complexon II (Chelation II, Trilon BS) = Acid etylen diamin tetra acetic = EDTA = H4Y
. Complexon III (Chelation III, Trilon B) = Mui diNatri ca EDTA = Na2H2Y
40

4.2. Nguyn tc chung ca PP complexon:

-. L PP nh lng da vo phn ng to phc gia cc complexon vi ion kim loi.
-. L PP to thnh cc mui ni phc v cng bn, t phn ly, tan trong nc.
4.3. Dung dch chun ca PP complexon gm: DD Complexon III v DD gc
a. C 3 dng iu ch dd Complexon III 0,1M:
Complexon III tinh khit + Nc

dd Complexon III 0,1M

Complexon III khng tinh khit + Nc

dd Complexon III 0,1M

Complexon II + NaOH + Nc

dd Complexon III 0,1M

b. C 2 dng iu ch Dung dch gc:

MgO + HCl + Nc

dd MgCl2 0,1M

Zn + H2SO4 tinh khit + Nc dd ZnSO4 0,1M

.. Nc ct pha DD chun complexon phi tinh khit khng c ln tp ion kim loi.
4.4. Ch th kim loi:
-. L nhng cht thay i mu ty vo s c mt ca chng dng kim loi t do hay to phc
-. Mu ca phc kim loi l mu ca anion t do
-. V s thay i mu ca phc kim loi l do proton c thay th bng nhng ion kim loi.
a. Ch th AZOIC: nh Ch th NET cn gi l Ch th en Eriocrom T
-. Ch th NET/Kim c mu xanh, khi tc dng vi Ca2+, Mg2+ to thnh phc mu .
b. Ch th khng AZOIC: nh Ch th MUREXID l mui ammonium ca acid purpuric.
-. Ch th MUREXID c mu tm, khi tc dng vi Ca2+/pH 9-11 chuyn mu hng .
Khi nh ddc complexon ti im tng ng s t mu hng mu tm.
c. Cc iu kin cn lu vi ch th kim loi:
-. Phn ng to phc vi ion kim loi l phn ng thun ngch.
-. Mu ca dng kim loi t do phi khc vi mu ca dng phc.
-. Phc ca ch th kim loi phi km bn hn phc ca complexon vi kim loi.
4.5. Cc k thut chun bng complexon:
41

4.5.1. Chun cc Cation: C 3 cch

a.. Chun bng PP trc tip: Ch p dng vi cc cation ha tr 2 pH 9-11

TTri B/kl A x V
P = x 100
[%]
a

P
: Nng % ca mui kim loi
Ttri B/A : chun ca dd Trilon B theo mui kim loi A
V
: Th tch ca dd Trilon B phn ng
a
: Khi lng mu th.

b.. Chun bng PP Th: Ch p dng vi ch th mt phc km bn c s i mu khng r.

c.. Chun bng PP tha tr: Ch p dng cc mui khng tan trong mi trng kim.
4.5.2. Chun Anion: Ch chun gin tip thng qua nh lng EDTA d bng Mg2+ hay Zn2+.
4.5.3. Chun cc cht hu c: Thng chun gin tip thng qua nh lng EDTA d.
4.6. ng dng nh lng trong thc t:
4.6.1. Xc nh cng tonphn ca nc: bng Complexon III vi ch th NET [en Eriocrom T]
4.6.2. nh lng Fe3+: bng EDTA//Acid 2-3
4.6.2. nh lng Ba2+: Bng PP chun ngc thng qua nh lng EDTA d bng Mg2+.

42

43