Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Science Notes Form 3
Science Notes Form 3
Science Notes Form 3
Lungs
1. CO2
2. Water vapour
Kidneys
1. Water
2. Urea
3. Mineral salts
1. Water
2. Urea
3. Mineral salts
Importance of Excretion
a) Excretion of toxic substances prevent us from falling sick
b) Excretion of excess mineral salts maintain body and salt content
c) Excretion of excess water - controls body temperature
d) Excretion of CO2 controls pH / acidity of blood
Skin
1) Sweat glands the actual excretory organs of the skin
2) Sweat glands absorb excess of water from the blood capillaries and give it out as sweat
3) Urea breakdown product (bahan penguraian) of amino acids in the liver
4) Sweating i) cools down the body
ii) controls the body temperature
The Lungs
1) Cell Respiration
alveoli
The Kidneys
1) Human a pair of kidneys
2) Bean shaped
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Urea
Urine
A Dialysis Machine
Excretion in Plants
1) Waste products are
a) CO2
b) H2O c) Mineral Salts
d) Nitrogenous Waste
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sexual
asexual
Fertilisation
1) Fusion (percantuman) of male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (ovum)
2) Gamete reproductive cell (sel pembiakan)
Fertilisation
Internal Fertilisation
External Fertilisation
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Asexual Reproduction
5 types
a) Binary Fussion (Belahan Dedua)
b) Budding (Pertunasan)
c) Spore Formation (Pembentukan Spora)
d) Regeneration (Penjanaan Semula)
e) Vegetative Reproduction
A Binary Fussion
Parent
2) Each piece of the parent that is separated will grow into a new individual
3) Ex planaria , starfish
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E. Vegetative Reproduction
1) Certain parts of plants can grow into a new plant
2) These parts are
a) leaves
b) shoot c) root
3) Vegetative reproduction reproduction of new plants using any part of plant except
seeds
A. Leaves
1) These plants have leaves that produce buds
2) These buds can grow into new plants when the leaves are detached from the parent
plant
3) Ex Byrophilum, Begonia
B. Roots
1) These plants have roots that store food
2) Ex sweet potatoes, tapioca
C. Stem
1) Have modified stem that produces bud. They are
a) runners b) rhizomes c) tuber d) corm e) sucker
f) bulb
A) Runners/Stolom
1) Stem that grow horizontally (mendatar) over the surface of the ground
2) Shoots and the roots of the young plants grow from the nodes of the runner
3) When the interneed dies, the young plant becomes independent
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C) Suckers
1) New shoots which grow from the underground part of stem
2) The sucker grows upwards and becomes new plant
3) Ex banana, pineapple
D) Tubers
1) A swollen underground stem with leaves and buds
2) The buds grow into shoots which produce leaves and roots
3) Ex potatoes, dahlia
E) Corms
1) A thick shoot and swollen underground
2) Leaves and buds are found on the corm
3) Ex garlic, onions
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Plant/Tissue Culture
Part of root, stem, leaf, bud or shoot of a plant can be used for tissue culture
Applications
Propagation of Plants
Production of pest- resistant and
disease- resistant plant
Cloning
Descriptions
Plants tissue culture is useful in the cultivation
of plant like orchids or ornament plants
(tumbuhan perhiasan)
Plant tissue culture is used to produce plants
that are tolerant to pests and diseases
An unlimited number of plants that are
genetically similar can be produced by tissue
culture within a short period of time
Function
1) Protects testis
2) Holds testis outside the body to keep cool
1) Produce sperms
2) Produce male hormones(testesterone)
1) Stores sperm from testes
1) Produces fluid that nourishes sperms
Semen = Sperm + Fluid PG + Fluid SV
1) Carries sperm to the outside of the body
2) Transports urine
1) Transfers sperms into a females body
1) Stores sperm temporarily
2) Produces fluid that nourishes (menyuburkan) sperms
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Sperm
1) Smallest cell in the body
2) Mobile (boleh bergerak)
Front View
Side View
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Function
1) Produce egg cells or ovum
2) Produce female hormones
1) Connects ovaries to uterus
2) A place where fertilization takes place
3) Carry ovum to uterus
1) Implantation occurs
2) Protects embryo and foetus during pregnancy
1) Secretes (merembeskan) mucus to protect against bacterial
infection
2) Serves as birth canal (salur)
1) Receives sperms
2) Serves as birth canal
Nucleus (contain genetic information
of female parent)
Jelly coat
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
The Structure of an Ovum
Front View
Side View
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1) Menstrual cycle The first day of a menstruation to the first day of the next
menstruation
2) 1 menstrual cycle normally takes about 28 days
3) Menstrual monthly periodic discharge of
a) blood
}
b) mucus
}
c) cells of uterus lining
}
which come out through/ from the vagina
d) unfertilized ovum
}
4) Menstruation - lasts 5 7 days
- occurs once in every 28 days
5) Menstruation - starts when a girl reaches puberty
- stops at about the age of 50 years (menopause)
6) Ovulation - release of an ovum by the ovary
7) Menstrual cycle has 4 phase
a) menstruation phase
b) repair phase
c) fertile phase
d) pre-menstruation phase
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A. Menstruation Phase
1) Day 1 Day 7
2) Menstruation occurs
3) The lining of the uterus wall breaks down
B. Repair phase
1) Day 7 Day 11
2) The lining begins to thicken
3) More blood vessels are formed
4) Preparation to receive any ovum that is fertilized
C. Fertile Phase
1) Day 11 Day 17
2) Ovulation usually happens on the 14th day
3) Fertile phase chances of fertilizing an ovum during this period is very high
Fertile Phase
Ovum NOT Fertilised
a) Pre- menstrual phase takes place
b) Tissues and blood vessels on the
uterus lining break away
c) Mensus is discharge
i) blood ii) mucus iii) unfertilized
ovum iv) lining of the uterus wall
Ovum Fertilised
a) Pregnancy starts
b) Tissues and blood vessels do
not break away
c) Zygote moves into uterus
d) Implantation occurs
e) Ovulation and menstrual cycle
stops
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
th
th
7) During the passage to uterus, the zygote divides again and again to form a ball of
cells called embryo
8) The embryo attaches itself on the wall of the uterus by the structure called placenta
9) The placenta is connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord
10) After implantation, a membrane develops to enclose the embryo in a double layered
capsule called amniotic cavity
11) The amniotic cavity is filled with a fluid called amniotic fluid
12) The fluid has two function
a) acts as a shock absorber (penyerap renjatan) and protects the embryo
b) buoys up (mengapungkan) the embryo so that it can move more freely during its
development
13) Function of Placenta
a) transfers nutrients, antibodies, oxygen from the mothers blood into that of the
embryo
b) transfers metabolic waste products (CO2 and Urea) from the embryos blood into
the mothers blood
14) Function of Umbilical Cord
a) Transfers dissolved (terlarut) nutrients, antibodies and oxygen from the placenta to
the embryo
b) Transfers metabolic waste products from the embryo to the placenta
15) The mothers blood system and the embryos blood system are separate system
16)
Dissolved nutrients, hormones, antibodies, oxygen
Diffuse into
The placenta
The umbilical cord
Blood capillaries of embryo
(vice versa)
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Hormone
Treatment
1) Used to
increase sperm
and egg
production
Surgery
1) Used to correct
blocked fallopian
tube
In Vitro
Fertilisation (IVF)
1) Eggs from human
are mixed with
sperms in culture
dishes
Birth Control
1) Rhythm Method
- Refraining from copulation during the menstrual cycle
2) Condoms
- Prevents sperms from being transferred into vagina
3) Intrauterine Contraceptive Devise (IUCD)
- Small plastic or metal object that is normally inserted by a doctor into the uterus to
prevent implantation
4) Spermicides
- contains chemicals that will kill the sperm
5) Birth Control Pills
- prevent ovulation and prevent the release of ova
- made of artificial hormones
6) Surgical Method
(a) Vasectomy sperm ducts are cut to prevent sperms from entering the urethra
(b) Ligation fallopian tubes are cut and tied to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus
The Reproductive System In Flowering Plants
Function
1) Supports the flower
2) Holds the flower in a prominent position
1) Protects the other parts of flower in bud stage
1) Attracts insects and birds for pollination
2) Protect the other parts of flowers during bud stage
1) Produces sugary liquid called nectar
2) Attracts insects for pollination
1) Male reproductive organ
2) Consists of
a) Anther produces pollengrains (debunga)
b) Filament
Pistil
Types of Flowers
Type
Unisexual Flower
1) Flowers that are either male or
female flower
2) Male flowers contain stamen
3) Female flowers contain pistil
4) Ex. Papaya, Maize
Bisexual Flower
1) Conain both stamen and
pistil
2) Ex. Hibiscus, morning Glory
Pollengrains
Anther
Filament
Pistil
Stigma (sticky surface to enable pollen grains to stick)
Style
Ovary
Ovule (female gamete)
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Pollination
1) Transfer of pollengrains from anther to stigma
Types of Pollination
Self Pollination
- Transference of pollen
grains
a) from anther to stigma
of the same flower
b) from anther to stigma
of different flower from
the same plant
Cross Pollination
- Transference of pollen
grains
a) from one plant to
another plant
Cross Pollination
2 or more
Produces new variety
Posesses characteristics of
both parent plant
Offspring is more resistant
to diseases
Offspring can adapt to
environmental changes
Wind-Pollinated Flowers
Small
White or Dull
Does not produces nectar
Not scented
Long
Big
Long; hangs out of flower
Plentiful,small, light, smooth
Long, feathery, exposed to the wind
Long
Lallang
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after fertilisation
fuse together
fertilization
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Germination of Seeds
1. There are two types of seeds
(a) monocotyledon - one cotyledon
(b) dicotyledon
- two cotyledon