One Dimensional Flow of Real Fluid

P M V Subbarao
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

Real study is essential before using ..

Conservation Laws for a Real Fluid

. V 0
t

V
. VV . ij g
t

ij ij pii
'

V
. VV . 'ij p g
t

. eV q w
t

Conservation of Mass Applied to 1 D Steady Flow

Conservation of Mass:

. V 0
t

Conservation of Mass for Stead Flow:

. V 0
Integrate from inlet to exit :

V
d
V

C
onstant

One Dimensional Stead Flow

A+dA,
V+dV
d

A,
V

dl

. V dA.dx Constant
V

d VA
dx .dx Constant

d VA 0

d dV dA

V
A

Conservation of Momentum For A Real Fluid Flow

No body forces

'
. VV . ij p

'

V
V
d
V

ij dV pdV

One Dimensional Steady flow

A+dA,
V+dV
d

A,
V

dl

'

V
V
dAdx

ij dAw dx pdAdx
V

d w Aw
d V 2 A
d pA
dx dx dx dx dx dx

d V A d w Aw d pA
2

Conservation of Energy Applied to 1 D Steady Flow

. eV q w
t

SteadyflowwithnegligibleBodyForcesandnoheattransferis
adiabaticrealflow

. eV w

For a real fluid the rate of work transfer is due to viscous stress and
pressure. Neglecting the the effect of viscous dissipation.

. eV pn dA.V

For a total change from inlet to exit :

e
V
d
V

p
n
dA
.
V

Using gauss divergence theorem:

. eV dV p.VdV
V

One dimensional flow

. eV dAdx p.VdAdx
V

d AeV
d pAV
dx dx dx dx

d AeV d pAV
2

V
eu
2

V2
AV u

p V 2
AV u
0
2

p
AV

V2
d AV h

Summary of Real Fluid Analysis

d dV dA

V
A

d V 2 A d w Aw d pA

V2
AV h

Further Analysis of Momentum equation

Vd VA VAdV d w Aw d pA

VAdV d w Aw d pA
dV d w Aw d pA
m
dV d w Px d pA
m
dV Pxd w w xdP w Pdx Adp pdA
m

Frictional Flow in A Constant Area Duct

d dV

dV Pxd w w Pdx Adp

m

V2
d V h

Frictional Flow in A Constant Area Duct

dV Pxd w w Pdx Adp

m
The shear stress is defined as
and average viscous stress
which is always opposite to
the direction of flow for the
entire length dx.

dV w Pdx Adp
m

AVdV w Pdx Adp

AVdV w Pdx Adp

Divide by V2

w P
dV
dp

dx
2
2
V
V A
V
d dV

V2
d h
0 C p dT VdV 0
2

One dimensional Frictional Flow of A Perfect Gas

d dV

dV
P
dp
f dx
2
V
A
V
C p dT VdV 0
dp d dT
dp
dV dT

T
p
V
T

Sonic Equation
2

V
V
2VdV V dT
M 2
2 MdM

2
c
RT
RT
RT
2

Differential form of above equation:

dM dV dT

M
V
2T

dp
dV dT

p
V
T

dp
dM dT

p
M
2T

Energy equation can be modified as:

dT
1 M dM

T
1 1 M 2 M
2

dp
dM dT

p
M
2T

dM

dp
dM
1 M

p
M
2 1 1 M 2 M
2

1D steady real flow through constant area duct :

momentum equation

dV
w P
dp

dx
0
2
2
V
V A
V

w P
dV
p dp

dx
0
2
2
V
V A
V p
w P
dV
p dp

dx
0
2
2
V
V A
V p

dV
w P
p dp

dx
0
2
2
V
V A
V p
p

dV
w P
dp

dx
0
2
2
V
V A
V
p

w P
dV
1 dp

dx
0
2
2
V
V A
M p

Differential Equations for Frictional Flow Through

Constant Area Duct

w P
dV
1 dp

dx
0
2
2
V
V A
M p

dM dV dT

M
V
2T
dp
dM dT

p
M
2T

dT 1 M 2 dM

1
T
M
2
1

M
2

dp
dM 1 1 M 2 dM

1
p
M
2 1
M
2

M
2

w P
dM dT
1 dp

dx
0
2
2
M
T
V A
M p

dM 1 M 2 dM
w P
1

dx

M 1 1 M 2 M
V 2 A
M 2
2

dM 1 1 M 2 dM

1
M
2 1

M2 M

1 2
M 1
M
w P
dM
2

dx

2
2
M
1 M
V A
2

 1 2
M 1
M
w P
dM
2

dx

2
2
M
1 M
V A
2

dT 1 M 4 w P

dx

2
2
T
1 M
V A

dp
M 2 1 1 M 2 w P

dx

2
2
p
1 M
V A

Second Law Analysis

Tds C p dT vdp
dT v
ds C p
dp
T
T

dT
dp
ds C p
R
T
p

dT
dp
ds C p
R
T
p
ds dT 1 dp

Cp
T
p
ds dT 1 dT

Cp
T
T
ds dT 1 dT

Cp
T
T

C pT
V

T
1

2 T0 T

ds 1 dT 1 dT

Cp T
2 T0 T
ds 1 dT 1
dT
s C p T T 2 T T0 T
i
i
i
s

s si
ln

Cp

Ti

1/

T0 T

T0 Ti

1
2

dT 1 M 4 w P

dx

2
2
T
1 M
V A

Fanno Line

Adiabatic flow in a constant area with friction is termed

as Fanno flow.

Isentropic Nozzle and Adiabatic Duct

C Nozzle Discharge Curve

CD Nozzle + Discharge Curve

Nature of Real Flow

Entropy of an irreversible adiabatic system should always
increase!

w P
ds C p 1 M
dx
2
V A
2

1 2
M 1
M
w P
dM
2

dx

2
2
M
1 M
V A
2

dT 1 M 4 w P

dx

2
2
T
1 M
V A

dp M 2 1 1 M 2 w P

dx

2
2
p
1 M
V A

dM

dp

dT

dV

<1

+ve

-ve

-ve

+ve

>1

-ve

+ve

+ve

-ve

Flow in Conduits
P M V Subbarao
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
IIT Delhi

An important infrastructure for Industrialization..

Compressible Real Flow

k
f function(Re, , M )
d
Effect of Mach number is negligible.

k
f function(Re, )
d
1
Re

1 T1

2 T2

Pressure drop in Compressible Flow

2
P
dM
1

f
dx

1 2
M
2
A
M 1
M
2

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flows

16
f
Re

0.0625
k
5.74
0 .9
log
3.7 Dh Re

Moody Chart

Compressible Flow Through Finite Length Duct

4 fdx
dM

M
Dh

1 M 2
1 2
2
M 1
M
2

Integrate over a length l

l

Me

4 fdx
0 Dh M
i

1 M
dM
1 2 M
2
M 1
M
2

 4 fdx
dM

M
Dh

1 M 2
1 2
2
M 1
M
2

is a Mean friction factor over a length l .

2
i

4f
1 1
1 1

ln

2
2
Dh
Mi Me
2
M e2

1 2
1
Me
2

1 2
1
Mi
2

Maximum Allowable Length

The length of the duct required to give a Mach number of
1 with an initial Mach number Mi

1
4f
1 1
lmax
1
ln
2
Dh
Mi
2

Similarly
p

*
p

dp
p p M
i

p*

1
M 1
1
2

1 2

Mi
1
2

2
i

M2
1

dM
2
1

1 2 M
1
M

p
1

*
p
Mi

2
1 2
1
Mi
2

1/ 2

dT
1 M dM
T T M 1 2 M
i
i 1
M
2

*
T

2
1 2
1
Mi
2

T
3.3 10
293
5

1.5

384.1 N .s
2
T 111 m

po
1 2
1
Mi
p
2

/ 1

p0 p0 p

*
*
p0
p p0
1 M 2
1

i
p0
p
2
*

*
1
p0 p

p0
1

*
p0 M i

1 2
1
M

2 1

2
1
2

p0*
p0

4 fL *
DH

Compressible Frictional Flow

through Constant Area Duct

V*

p
T*
T

Frictional Flow in A Variable Area Duct

A,
V

d dV dA

V
A

A+dA,
V+dV
d

dp M 4 f
2 dV

dx M
0
p
2 Dh
V
2

d dV dA

V
A

dp d dT

T
dp dT dV dA

p
T
V
A

dT dV dA M 2 4 f
2 dV

dx M
0
T
V
A
2 Dh
V
dM dV dT
dV dM dT

M
V
2T
V
M
2T
dT dM dT
dA M 2 4 f
dT
2 dM

dx M

0
T M
2T
A
2 Dh
2T
M

dT
1 M dM

T
1 1 M 2 M
2

dA
M 2 1 dM M 2 4 f

dx 0
A 1 1 M 2 M
2 Dh
2

dM

M

1 2
1 2

1
M
1
M
2

dA

M
4f
2
2

dx

2
2
M 1 A
M 1 2 Dh

Constant Mach number frictional flow

dA 2M 2 f

dx
Dh

2
dM

1
dA

M
4f

2
2
2
M 1
1
M
1
M
dx
M
2
2

A
2 Dh

Sonic Point : M=1

1 dA
1 4 f
1
1
dx 0

2 A
2 2 Dh

1 dA 1 4 f

dx 0

2 A 2 2 Dh
dA 4 f

dx
A
2 Dh