19

Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Footings 1

Types of Footings

Bearing Pressure under Footing

Eccentrically Loaded Footing

Wall Footings

Column Footings
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Types of Footings

Wall

Property line

Isolated spread footing

Wall footing

Combined Footings
Property line
A

Rectangular, PA = PB

Rectangular, PA < PB
Property line

Property line
A

Rectangular, PA < PB

Strap or Cantilever

Pile cap

Piles
Weak soil

Bearing stratum

Mat Footing

Bearing pressure under footings

R
Axially Loaded Footings : Assume uniform pressure
Actual pressure is not uniform due to:
1) Footing flexibility

p, bearing pressure

2) Depth of footing below ground surface

3) Type of soil, e.g., clay or sand
R
Heave

R
Heave

Cohesionless soil

Cohesive soil

Eccentrically Loaded Footings

e

e
x

load
pmin =
y

P Mc

A
I

pmax =

P Mc
+
A
I

h
Tensile stress cannot be transmitted between soil and concrete.
For full compression, setting pmin = 0,
P Mc Pec
=
=
A
I
I

P
e=

I
Ac

emax = h/6

For rectangular footing of length h and width b,

I
bh 3 / 12 h
e=
=
=
Ac bh(h / 2) 6

h/3

h/3

h/3

Middle Third

Large eccentricity of load e > h/6

Centroid of soil pressure concurrent with applied load
e

R=

1
(3ab )pmax = P
2

where a = h/2 - e
R
3a

pmax

pmax =

2P
3ab



 12.1

  1.8 . x1.2 .  80 !
0.15 .
#!$%&'(
&)*
+'&* ,(+-.,&/!0!1.&
#!$02 0.40 .

 01.&
 e = 0.15 . < [h/6 = 0.30 .]
/ 
( 2(!'&45!&
e
0.60 m

pmax =
Load

0.60 m

80
80 0.15 0.9
+
1.8 1.2 1.2 1.83 / 12

= 37.0 + 18.5 = 55.5 t/m2

0.90 m

0.90 m

pmin = 37.0 18.5 = 18.5 t/m2

01.&
 e = 0.40 . > [h/6 = 0.30 .] 6/ 2(!'&/ 0%!

a = 0.90 0.40 = 0.50 .
pmax =

2 80
= 88.9 t/m2
3 0.50 1.20


 12.1



 
 ...  .. 2522
 

 
(
/
.. .)

*.2.1.*
'207 

*%&1.!2(

*'21.!!

10

(1.*

20

**

25

*1.*!

30

*.,!&4 2'/9)

100

*
   
!



 12.2 ,(+'&& '%'&/:*.&/0%!
/ 1.5 .
2(!.&* s = 2.0 /%. . '%,. c = 2.4 /%. .
DL = 80 ton
LL = 40 ton
Grade
1.0 m

30x30 cm column

0.5 m

'&*& 

pgr =


 & 
 = (1.52)(0.5)(2.4) = 2.7 
0/ = (.32)(1.0)(2.4)
= 0.22 
* = (1.0)(1.52-0.32)(2.0) = 4.32 
 = 80+40
= 120 
( & 
= 127.24 

127.24
= 56.55 t/m2
2
1.5

'&*/:*5!%0%!,( '2&(2&2(!.&*'%,.,1.
pn = pgr *%B

1.5 0  = 56.55 1.5(2.0) = 53.55 /. .

Wall Footings
Uniformly loaded wall

w
w

Wall

Bending deformation
Footing

1-m slice on which

design is based

Critical Section for Moment in Isolated Footings

b/2 b/2

Critical section

Critical section

b/4
Concrete column,
pedestal or wall

Masonry wall

s/2
Column with steel
base plate

Moment and Shear in Wall Footings

wu = 1.4wDL+1.7wLL

Required L = (wDL+wLL)/qa
qa = Allowable soil pressure, t/m2

Factored wall load = wu t/m

Factored soil pressure, qu = (wu )/L

d
qu
L

1 Lb
1
Mu = qu
=
qu (L b )2

2 2
8
Lb

Vu = qu
d
2

Min t = 15 cm for footing on soil, 30 cm for footing on piles

Min As = (14 / fy ) (100 cm) d

EXAMPLE 12.3: Design of a Wall Footing to carries a dead load D of 12 t/m and a live
load L of 8 t/m. The max. soil pressure is 10 t/m2. fc = 240 kg/cm2, fy = 4000 kg/cm2, and
s = 2.0 t/m3.
D = 12 t/m
L = 8 t/m

Consider: 1-m strip

Assume footing t = 30 cm

25 cm

Net soil pressure:

Df = 1.50 m
5 cm
typical

8 cm
clear

pn = 10 - [0.3(2.4) + 1.2(2.0)]
= 6.88 t/m2
Reqd footing length:
L = (DL + LL) / pn = (12+8)/6.88

= 2.91 m

Ultimate soil pressure:

pu = (1.4 x 12 + 1.7 x 8) / 3.0 = 10.13 t/m

USE 3.0 m

Check Shear:
d = 22 cm
25 cm

115.5 cm

Vu = 10.13(1)(1.155) = 11.70 

30 cm

Vc = 0.85(0.53)(100)(22)/1000
= 15.35  > Vu

10.13 t/m2

Flexural design:
25 cm

137.5 cm

Mu = 0.5
10.13
1.3752
= 9.58 -0 

Mu
9.58(105 )
Rn =
=
bd 2 0.9 100 222
10.13 t/m2

= 21.98 ./- .2

OK

0.85 f c
2 Rn

= 0.0058 > [ min = 0.0035]

=
1 1

fy
0.85 f c

OK

As = 0.0058(100)(22) = 12.82 - .2/0 

0%1.60%7 DB16 @ 0.15 (As = 13.40 - .2/0 )

"#
  60)1.'(
As = 0.0018(100)(30) = 5.4 - .2/0 

0%1.60%7 DB12 @ 0.20 (As = 5.65 - .2/0 )

25 cm

30 cm

3.00 m

DB12
DB12@0.20m
DB16@0.15m

Weight of footing 4-8 % of column load

Column Footings

Critical section for shear

2

d/2

Punching shear

Beam-shear short direction

Beam-shear long direction

d
3

Critical section for moment

2

Moment short direction

Moment long direction

Two-Way Action Shear (punching-shear)

On perimeter around column at distance d/2 from face of column
c1 + d

d/2
c2 + d

c2

b0

c1

Two-Way Action: cracking occur around column with periphery b0 at

distance d / 2 outside column. Vn is the smallest of

4
Vn = Vc = 0.27 2 +
fc b0 d
c

ACI Formula (11-35)

sd

Vn = Vc = 0.27
+ 2 fc b0 d
b0

ACI Formula (11-36)

Vn = Vc = 1.06 fc b0 d

ACI Formula (11-37)

where
b0 = perimeter of critical section at distance d /2 outside column

c = ratio of long side to short side of column

s = 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns and 20 for
corner columns

Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement

Footing Type

Square Footing

Rectangular Footing
s (typ.)

One-way

B
L
s (typ.)

AsL
As2
L

s (typ.)

Two-way

As1

B/2 B/2
L

As2

2
=
s1
AsL
+ 1
B As 2 = AsL As1
2
AsB
L
=
B
A

Transfer of Forces at Base of Column

For a supported column, bearing capacity is

Pnb = (0.85 fc A1 )
A1

where

A1 = loaded area (column area)

= 0.70

450

For a supporting footing,

2
1

A2 measured
on this plane

Pnb = (0.85 fc A1 )

A2
2 (0.85 fc A1 )
A1

where A2 = area of lower base of the largest

pyramid cone contained within footing having
side slope 1 vertical to 2 horizontal

EXAMPLE 12.4: Design of a Square Footing to support a 40 cm square column.

The column carries a dead load D of 40 ton and a live load L of 30 ton. The
allowable soil pressure 10 t/m2. fc = 240 kg/cm2, fy = 4000 kg/cm2. Unit weight of
the soil above footing base = 2.0 t/m3.
D = 40 t
L = 30 t

(1) Determination of base area:

Assume footing depth = 40 cm
1.50 m

40 cm

Soil net pressure:

pn = 10 [0.4(2.4) + 1.1(2.0)]

= 6.84 t/m2
Required area = (40+30)/6.84 = 10.23 m2
b

USE 3.2x3.2m square footing (10.24m2)

(2) Factored loads and soil reaction:

Pu = 1.4(40) + 1.7(30) = 107 tons
Ultimate pressure pu =

107
= 10.45 t/m2
10.24

Assume footing depth = 40 cm and effective depth d = 32 cm

Punching shear:
Vu = 10.45(3.22 0.722) = 101.6 

40 cm
d/2=16 cm

bo = 4(72) = 288 - .

Vc = 0.85(1.06) 240 (288)(32)/1000

= 128.6  > Vu

72 cm

OK

Beam shear:
40 cm
d=32 cm

Vu = 10.45(1.08)(3.2) = 36.12 

Vc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (320)(32)/1000

= 71.47  > Vu
108 cm

OK

Flexural Design:
Mu = (0.5)(10.45)(3.2)(1.4)2 = 32.77 -0 
32.77(105 )
Rn =
= 11.11 ./- .2
2
0.9 320 32

= 0.0029

As = 0.0029(320)(32) = 29.70 - .2
As,min = 0.0018(320)(40) = 23.04 - .2 < As

OK

USE 15DB16# (As = 30.15 cm2)

40 cm
4DB25

DB16 .

Critical section
for moment

0.40 m
3.20 m
15DB16 #

Check development of reinforcement

Critical section for development is the same as that for moment (at face of column)
f
ld

= 0.28 y
db
fc c + K tr

d
b

Edge distance (bottom and side) = 8 cm

Center-to-center bar spacing = (320 - 2(8))/14 = 21.7 cm
8 cm (control)
c = minimum of
21.7 / 2 = 10.9 cm
Ktr = 0 (no transverse reinforcement)
c + K tr 8 + 0
=
= 5.0 > 2.5
db
1.6

USE 2.5

 = 1.0 (bottom bars)

= 1.0 (uncoated reinforcement)
= 1.0 < 1.7
= 0.8 (DB20 and smaller)
= 1.0 (normal weight concrete)
ld
4,000 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0
= 0.28
= 23.1
db
2.5
240

ld = 23.1 x 1.6 = 37.0 cm > 30 cm

OK

Since ld = 37 cm < available embedment length (320/2 - 40/2 - 8 = 132 cm),

DB16 bars can be fully developed.

Transfer of Force at Base of Column

(1) Bearing strength of column

column bars
footing dowels

Pnb = (0.85fc A1)

= 0.70(0.85x240x40x40)/1,000

32 cm

= 228.5 tons > 107 tons

OK

8 cm cover

(2) Bearing strength of footing

40 cm

Bearing strength of footing increased by factor

A2 A1 2

where A2 is area of pyramid cone

having side slope 1 vertical to 2 horizontal

320 cm

A2

200 cm

A1

A2
=
A1

200 200
= 5 > 2, use 2
40 40

Pnb = 2 (0.85fc A1)

= 2(0.70)(0.85x240x40x40)/1,000
= 457 tons > 107 tons

OK

(3) Required dowel bars between column and footing:

Even though column and footing have enough bearing strength to transfer load,
area of reinforcement across interface 0.005(gross area of supported member)
As (min) = 0.005(40x40) = 8.0 cm2
Provide 4DB16 bars as dowels (As = 8.04 cm2)

(4) Development of dowel reinforcement in compression:

In column & footing:

For DB16 bars:

ld =

ld =

0.075d bfy
fc

0.0043d bfy

0.075 1.6 4,000

240

= 31.0 cm

l d (min) = 0.0043 1.6 4,000 = 27.5 cm

(control)

Available length for development in footing

= footing thickness - cover - 2(footing bar dia.) - dowel bar dia.
= 40 - 8 - 2(1.6) - 1.6 = 27.2 cm 27.5 cm

OK

Therefore, the dowels can be fully developed in the footing.

Home work: Design a square spread footing with the following design conditions:
Service dead load = 150 ton
Service live load = 120 ton
Unit weight of soil = 2.0 ton/m3
Allowable soil pressure = 20 ton/m2
Column dimensions = 60 x 30 cm

P
Ground elev.
1.5 m