BQ7I

Brifish Ceiiieri Associahon

Designed
and detailed
(BS 8110: 1997)
J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers MA, CEng, MICE

This document
contains 32 pages
OFC

For a worldwide and up-todate literaturesearch Ofl any aspect of concrete design or construction and related topics, contact the
BCAs Centre for Concrete Informationon Dl 344 762676.

43.501 First published 1973

Second edition 1986
Third edition 1998

Published by

British CementAssociation

Century House. Telford Avenue

Crowihorne.BerksRG45 YS

ISBN 07210 1541 7

Price Group F
British Cement Association 1998

Tel: 01344 762676

Fax: 01344 761214

Website: www.bca.org.uk

All advice or information from the British Cement Association is intended for those who will evaluate the signiticance

and limitations ol its

contents and take responsibilityfor its use and application.No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or
informationis accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publicationsare subjectto revisionfromtime to time and should therefore ensure that
they are in possession of the latest version.

IFC

Designed and detailed

(BS 8110: 1997)
J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers MA. CFng, MI(I

Contents

Foreword
This third edition ofDesignedand detailedhas been revised to BS 8110 : Part I:
1997, and the amendment dated 15 September 1998. Althoughthere havebeen
several amendments to the code since 1985, the latest and most significant change
in the partial safety factorfor reinforcement m from 1.15
has been the
reduction
.
.
to 1 .05. With higher stresses, less steel is required. However, the total saving may
not be fully realised becausethere are other considerations such as choosinga
practical arrangement of bars, and the deflection in the case of shallower

Introduction

BS 8110 and limit state design

Design information

Structural summary sheet

Floor slab

members.

10

First-floormain beam

The calculations have also been revised for the loading requirements ofBS 6399
Part 1: 1996 and Part 2: 1995.

16

Edge beam

18

Columns

22

Foundation

Designcharts in BS 8110: Part 3: 1985 may still be used to providea

conservative solution, and one ofthese charts has been includedfor the design of
columns. Lap lengths for these members have also been takenfrom BS 8110,
Table 3.27, but adjusted for the design stress of 087f.

24

Shear wall

26

Staircase

28

Columndesignchart

29

Further information

The tie reinforcement for robustness is designed at its characteristic strength. If the
characteristic bond stress is used for calculating laps and anchoragelengths, then
the values in Table 3.27 may be multiplied by I 05/l4. This publication takes a
conservative practical approach and usesdirectly the values given in Table3.27.
Observant users of previous editionswill appreciate the skill that is evidentin the
setting out of the calculations and the drawings. This is the work of the late Jim
Higgins, whose care in the production of the original artworkwas meticulous.
Sadly, he never saw the second edition in print. I hope that my amendments to
this thirdedition will not detract from his fine workmanship.
Special thanks are due to Tony Threlfall for his advice and suggestions for this
edition.

Railton Rogers

Introduction

The purposeof this publication is to apply the principles of limit stale design given
in BS 8110 by means of a simple worked example for a reinforced concrete
building frame. The calculations and details arc presented in a form suitable for
design office purposes and are generally in accordance with the following
pLihIications.

BRITISHSTANDARDS INSTITtJTION Siructural use 0/concrete. Part I . Code of

practice/ordesign and construction. Milton Keynes, BSI. 1997. 120 pp. BS 8110

Part

I:

1997.

H MSTATIONERY OFFICE. Building and buildings. The Building Regnlation.v 1991

(Amended 1994). HMSO, London. 21 pp. Statutory Instruments No. 2768.
BRITISHSTANDARDS INSTITUTION Loading/or buildings. Part I . Code 0/practice

br deadand inposed loads. Milton Keynes. BSI. 1996. It) pp. BS 6399 : Part

1996.
BRITISH STANDARDSINSTITUTION.Loading/or

buildings. Part 2. Code 0/practice

Jiir wind loads.Milton Keynes,BSI. 1995.82 pP BS 6399 : Part 2:

1995.

/ir

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION.Loading

buildings. Part 3. (ode 0/practice
loads.
Milton
BSI.
1988.
23 pp. BS 6399 : Part 3: 1988.
roo/
imposed
Keynes.

/r

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTlThTIO'J. Specification /or scheduling, dimensioning,

bendin' (111(1 cutiin' steelrein/irceinent/r concrete. Milton Keynes, BSI. 1989.
20 PP BS 4466 : 1989.

/ir

IIIE C()NCR VIE SOCIETY. Modelprocedure

the presentation0/ calculation,r.
London (now Slough). 1981 . Technical Report 5, second edition. 18 pp.
THE CONCRETE SOCIETY ANDTHE INSTITUTIONOF STRUCTURAL F.NGINEERS,
5iandardmethodo/detailnig structural concrete. London. The Institution. 1989.
138 pp.

BS 8110 and limit

c:)bjective

state design

To serve its purpose, a structure must be safe against collapse and be

serviceablein use. Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceableand
durable structures. Equally important are the suitability of the materials,
quality control and supervisionof the workmanship.
Limit state design admits that a structure may become unsatisfactory
through a number of ways which all have to be considered independently
against defined limits of satisfactory behaviour. It admits that there is an
inherent variability in loads, materials and methods of design and
construction which makes it impossible to achieve complete safety against
any possible shortcoming. By providing sufficient margins of safety, the aim
of limit state design is to provide an acceptable probability that the structure
will perform satisfactorilyduring its intended life.
Limit states can he classified into two main groups:
(I) the ultimate limit state, which is concerned with the provision of
adequate safety;
(2) the serviceability limit states, which are essentially concerned with
durability.
Generally, in practice, there are three limit states which are normally
considered for reinforced concrete and these are given in the Table below.

Serviceabilitylimit states

Ultimate

Objective

limit state

Deflection

Cracking

Provision of
adequate safety

Structure should
not deflect so as
to impair use
of structure

Cracking should
not be such as
to damage finishes
or
. otherwise

Design ultimate

Loading regime

loads

Design service load

Performance limit

Deflection should Crack width

Structure should not exceed
should not
not fail
exceed 03 mm
specified
limits

Characteristicvalues

impair usage

generally

For the testing of materials, a statistical approach can be applied to the

variations within materials which occur in practice. A normal or Gaussian
distribution curve is assumed to represent the results of the tests and a value
known as the characteristic value can be chosen below which not more than
5% of the test results may be expected to lie.
The characteristic strength is given by the equation:
Characteristicstrength = Mean or Averagestrength L64 X Standarddeviation
Ideally, a characteristic load should be similarly defined, as a load with a 5%
probability of being exceeded during the lifetime of the structure. Flowever, it
is not yet possible to-expressloading in statistical terms, so the Code uses the
loads defined in BS 6399: Parts 1, 2 and 3.
3

Desiqn toads

The design load is given by the equation:

Design load = Characteristic load X

where 'r is a partial safety factor for loading. This factor takes into account
the possibility that the loads acting on the structure may be greater than the
characteristic values. It also takes into account the assumptions made in the
method of analysis, and the seriousnessof failure to meet the design criteria
for a particular limit state. The consequence of collapse is much more
serious than exceeding the serviceability limits and so this is reflected in the
higher values of the partial safety factors. Components of load have to he
considered in their most unfavourable combinations, Sc) sets of values of
for minimum and maximum design loads are required. For example, the
worst situation for a structure being checked for overturning under the
action of wind load will he where the maximum wind load is combined with
the minimum vertical dead load. Lower values of ;' are used for the
combination of wind, imposed and dead loads than for the combinations of
wind and dead, and dead and imposed loads, as the probability Df three
independent design loads achievingtheir maximum value at the same time is
less. The table below gives the partial load factors for the ultimate limit
state.

Partial safety factor to be applied to

Combination
of loads

dead load

14
14
12

adverse heneficEal

10

16

10

12

12

12

1)

with imposed

Deiin strenqths

wind

load

when effect of load is

adverse beneficial

1 Dead and imposed

2 Dead and wind
3 Dead and wind

imposed load

14
12

The designstrengthis given by the equation:

Characteristic strength
[)esign strength = ______________________
is a partial safetyfactor on the material strength. This factor takes
into account the variation in workmanship and quality control that may
normally be expectedto occur in the manufacture of the materials. The
values of to he used for the two materials when designingfor the ultimate
limit state are given below:
where

Values of

for theultimate limit state

Reinforcement

(oncrete
Flexure or axial load
Shear strength without shear reinforcement
Bond strength
Others (e.g. bearing stress)

iOLisiuest

I .05

IS
125

14
15

In addition to providing a structure that is capable of carrying the design

loads, the layout should be such that damage to small areas of a structure or
failure of single elementswill not lead to a major collapse.
The Code requires that in all buildings the structural members should be
linked together in the followingmanner:
(a) by effectively continuous peripheral ties at each floor and roof level:

(b) by internal ties in two directions approximately at right-angles,

effectively continuous throughout their length and anchored to the
peripheral ties at each end (unless continuing as horizontal ties to
columns or walls);
(c) by external column and wall ties anchored or tied horizontally into the
structure at each floor and roof level;
(d) by continuous vertical ties from foundation to the roof level in all
columns and walls carriing vertical loads.

In the design of the ties, the reinforcementmay be assumed to be acting at

its characteristic strength with no other forces present but the tie forces.
Reinforcementprovided for other purposes can often be used to form part
or the whole of these ties, so that in the design process, when the required
reinforcementfor the usual dead, imposed and wind loading has been found,
a check can be made to see whether modifications or additions to the
reinforcementare required to fulfil the tie requirements.

Durabflty and re resislance

At thecommencementof the design, the following should be considered:

the climate and environmental conditions to which the concrete will be

exposed;
the concrete quality;
the cover to the reinforcement.

It should also be noted that the quality of the construction process and the
Iirst hours after casting of the concrete have a major influenceupon the
subsequent durability of the structure.
The cover for protection against corrosion may not be sufficient for fire
protection, so this should be considered at the onset of the design, and also
the dimensionsof the members.
The Code gives maximum water/cement ratios, minimum cement contents
and minimum characteristic strengths for concretes suitable for use in
various environments with specified covers and using 20 mm nominal
maximum size aggregate. The minimumgrades will generallyensure that the
limits on free water/cement ratio and cement content will be met without
further checking.

Appflcation

Durability and fire resistance requirements are considered at the onset of the
design process because this determines the grade of concrete, the cover, and
the size of the members. Usually,for most structures, Part 1 of the Code will
be used in which it is assumed that the ultimate limit state will be the most
critical limit state. Design will therefore be carried out at this limit state,
followed by checks to ensure that the serviceabilitylimit states of deflection
and cracking are not reached. In special circumstances,other limit states,
such as vibration or the effects of fatigue, may require consideration. Should
it be necessary to calculate deflectionsand crack widths, methods are given
in Part 2 of the Code. The serviceability limit state of deflection may be the
limiting requirement for floor slabs with large span/effective-depthratios.
This can he checked before the reinforcementis determined, although some
engineers may prefer to followthe procedure where the check is made after
thereinforcementhas been found.
Simplifieddetailing requirements for the curtailment of the reinforcement
may be used for beams and slabs which fulfil certain design conditions.
Nowever, for other situations, the curtailments should be taken from a
bending moment envelopeand be in accordance with the general
recommendationsof the Code.

Design information

Client
Architect

LIL14
5SiO

TLe.
'a,

Co#.ai

Engineer responsible

BRJZers

/j,

tnj LP

'j. S7
of2 Cocre.tc Past
IO5)ckr PCU B8

Pout

Building Regulationauthority
or other and
Date of submission
Relevant Building
Regulationsand
Design Codes

Intended use of structure

Lbon

Fire resistance reqLnrements

Roof

F1'oo

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Sjr-

C) &ct tL3r

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Speed
Factors

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Material data

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Subsoil conditions

- v\O
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R1c

General loading conditions

ore

Other relevant information

Structural summary sheet

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Floor slab
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5000

BS 8110
ref.

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Commentaryon bar arrangement

BS 8110 ref

Bar marks

Table3.25
3.12.11.2.7

3.12.3.4

Table 3.25
3.12.8.11

2,3
4,5

3.4.1.5

Table 3.25

3.12.10.3

Notes
All bars are labelled in the form described in the Standard methodofdetailing structural concrete,
e.g. 45T12-l-300B1 means that in the bottom outer layer there are45 Grade 460 Fype 2 deformed
12 mm nominal size bars at 300 mm centres and the bar mark is -I-.
The bars are numbered in the likely sequence ot fixing; the positionsofthe first and last bars in a stringare
indicated in plan and section. Intermediate bars have been omitted for clarity.
Minimumarea of tension reinforcement= 00013 X 1000 >< 175 = 228 mm2/m.
Maximum clear spacing of tension bars = lesser of 750 mm or 3d, i.e. 3d = 3 )< 149 = 447 mm.
h < 200, therefore no further check on spacing
Main tension bars Tl2 @ 300, A = 377 mm2 > minimum 228 mm2/m. OK.
If curtailed, A = 377/2 = 189 mm2 minimum228 mm2/m not OK.
Bars lapped 300 mm at bottom support to provide continuous tie.

<

Secondary bars use T10 @ 300 (262 mm2/m).

Minimum lap = 300mm > IS )< 10 = 150 mm. Lapping reduces bar lengths for easier handling on site.
Laps are shown staggered for effectivecrack control.
Minimum transverse reinforcement is placed across the full flange width of the edge beam (minimum
width = 650 mm, see page 16).
Minimum area = 00015 )< 1000 >< 175 = 263 mm2/m use TlO @ 300 (262 mm2/m).
Main tension bars over support 112 @ 300 as bar mark I.
One curtailment shown at 03 effective span from face of support. Further curtailments prevented by
minimum area and spacing requirementssimilar to mark I.
9

First-floor main beam

=460

tto

.............
8000

two-span flanged beam

300

6000

BS 8110
ref.

CALCULATIONS

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CALCULATIONS

CASE

17S

402

II
II

III

{1

34

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BS 8110

CALCULATIONS

ref.

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=

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OUTPUT

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BS 8110
ref

CALCULATIONS

SkEAR REll4PORcMEJT

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473 x

0r.a4L,

0L

ca4o2<

ct;

4.+4.O

15

< 55

3k/

or
forCe

0I5

35

f
-

Co

( -sF

(J) 3,%

< 125

100

etee d-t

pa

0/
+ 18
30

1V\

3oo

224

R..t'2. @

23/2

&000
450

ba

G'&x S
Cvw

Acto

rk

F
tLC

2x 4(oOic I75i27

12

Ay

O.'9 O.7

3x 1%O 325

i..5

'.

Tcb3'27

2S

42Ox4SO2

ctor

Tk32g
3ViII2

.o3

b-Lo=

3.4,

jsc
k..N

1t

Lks
0% tlS
R'l2C. 175
tSS
R. 2 3O.o j.14
37 p.51
R 1 300

'32

V1G875

T.bIe9

.50 j

j(oo

2M

FLECTION1

io

V/N/ vv

25

R.L

00TrR2oo
.(vO7O4.o59/2
0'

4B0

L.H

3123.i

'

Skct
R12

,,

2 &t6

0S7(-

\!c

OSS(2O

3oo

Loao

T6137

4StO

d.4SO

2T2 (82 w2)

0.4

Sv

Lk

Tobe7

OUTPUT

04

xteJ

t
II

c,2R12

- 11

i4eoO

A
5

'ZTi6- G

2
'2T2,-2

t '12 t

A-A
-

O___

ba.c
o
c1_
xO.95[j]
bdxO

For
=

Top: b=300,
Bt,n: b 1420>

ELE VAI

.stcxxce

M=
a=

/4o.9i2)MJ7
= 0., M13'5km.

M o 2T2S ('3&2

O.5fx4x,

4LY Mo Ev.ve1opii.

1o

&

(3.4.4.4.)

____
_____

l_o.I_

1s

'75

153kNn

Extntot QIon4 T.C.P(3.1,S

bOO

a.

2)

b
C

CURTA1LMT DIAGRAM.

cL450.
300. (.
t.Lo. ct. 5 =
/IT.C.P
to pt, we4- M

Commentaryon bar arrangement

US 8110 ref

Bar marks

3.3.1.2
3.12.9.1
3.12.8.14

3.12.3.4

3.12.11.1
3.12.9.1

'4

lius beam shows loosesplicebars at each column intersection. Ihis met hod simplifiesdetailine and 0sing
and the span cage can readily he prefabricated.
Tension bars arc stopped 50 mm from each column lace to avoid clashing with the column bars
shown in section A--A. Nominal cover 20 + 12 32 mm > 25 mm, say 35 mm.
Remainingtension bars stopped off as shown in the curtailment diagram above.
('heck masimum amount of reinforcement at laps < 40 breadth
4 >< 25 = 100 mm < 0-4 X 300 =

Noics

5,10

12))

mm

OK.

loose bars arc fixed inside column bars

as shown in section BB. Although designed as compression

bars, these bars also act as internal ties and lap 1000 mm with the adjacent span bars for continuity.
The two tensioil bars are stopped 51) mni from the column Oice to avoid the column bars beyond.

'

loose Ibars are bxcd insidc the column bars and provide continuitS for column and internal ties.
('heck minimum distance between tension bars 25 mm (aggregate si/c 5 mm).
30)) 200 - 100 mm
25 mm OK.
Top legs propect from centre-line into span. minimum dimensions shown in the curtailment diagram.

M A1P4

EAM

cer
LNK DARAIY\
3.12.3.6

3.12.8.14
3.12.8.3

Bottom lcts lap minimum 00)) mm with span bars to provide continuity for the internal tie.
+ 450 1315 mm ) let both legs
'lop legs
Bottom lees 200 100))
1200 mm ) project 350 mm. say.
Note that the bottom lees are raised to avoid the 40i rule in the lower layer.
('heck hearing stress inside bends. Jy
55 br each radius to simplify bending.
535 450
05 mm ) let both legs
'lop legs
Bottom legs 20(1 1001) 1200 mm ) project 1200 mm. say.
Else r
4d minimum radnis bends.

10

'

4-

3.12.8.3

6.9

link hangerbars arc same length as bar marks I and 4. Bar is onesize largerthan links(n' inimum 12 mm).

3.12.9.1

7.8

'Ihe tension bars over the support stop as shown in the curtailment diagram. These hai's arc Oxed inside
the column reinforcement as shown in section BB.
'Ihese bars are bundled vertically in pairs to reducecongestion andthis also allowsa gap(ninimuni75 mm)
for insertmii of a vibrator.
('hosed links, shape code hi. are arranged to suit the link diagramabove. Opentop links, shape code 77.
arc not suitable for the sites shown.
Note that links it laps are spiLed at ilot greater than 200 mm since cover
I'S bar size.

3.12.4.1

3.12.8.12

II

15

Edge beam
interior-span flangedbeam

1= '350
t

5000

300

BS 8110
ref.

CALCULATIONS

DL,RAILITY
NDw2aJ Cver

To.bIe

33,34

OUTPUT

'S1iCE

FIRE.

tjqr

Ovc cf ex?oure
3OOwde. be.4 for

ir.ero

LoAi

Ie44

444 t.rLor

OO&xt?x5

O.07

os:

0'O)

Cu

40X650x2902 002.,

bd

'

o.is

3oo,'2PO

v <ea+ 0.4)

Tcbk7

M. L.j

4.'(.1

ZI0P4 AS/
O'75>2&O&C2OOMs'
Sv

D,FL.CT%O,.J

1ce3

2Moft.a,.
M -

Te,g .

2T2O

fi*4or

CAc
A(oJb

Tcbe

T0p

OFO rs

d&rcpczc

QvJLQ CtE'oe 5.Cj'%

= o.4,( 300

vri

oSx2O
'200

0'

(4o2

0.G3N)

R.io200

- O.7> Oi

tLccgct.

b7b_ o.4>o3)

2 x 4o

272N/rn

= 22 x

ooo

17.2

2O

k.

.'.

27/
(sedeco)
7o
2g \9>1s
2
ar5o chkC ok
41000 220
rdtsre

2L

,1

CC

O0

.
-eLF4.
A5j
4t= . x74 45 3oc

TIE. PR.oVl,O4

U'L'Tt2,

2C)o

153

s&r/cff.dLp rto

l2cI.2A

5BxD

3x 4o2

3..U

2w

ob0

OO5

3oox2.BO

22o

44L.C

43.SIo'
5ox29O -

,1Aow*bLe.

oiIc27

4S

O.OkW

fc'ot reforea.rc2T20

G8'75_(D. I+ 0.28) 2S

'Larforce
1oo4

(.2.4

12Sx

43.9x

SrorceO5SF*12S6875kN,

4;,Io

3.12

2.sokM.

125.0kg.

0Xi0
442. fj
A:o5,46OxO'S7x2&D
(o.s+a;J L.jio.
M4-Ltcuy; e.fewi4t =
.LJ4O

3.415

k= QO.7kJ
2Ok.
k=
F =i'zsok.

o-7kL

5Qx0'
4ox oox'2So

bd2

4O%W%

6-3
25.0

544o

M.oo8F

/vLLMtA Co/e.r

4OA..

294

ose4 i osab(p.t W'25

byi (o.4
ULTtMATE .M'S
IrorsorC
Wtt4. a:

TAb(e..35

Ta'5

2x2

CooA 4!rov

.'

,coc

To

'ZTVZ.

'23R405-200

A1
2 T '2O

je-co

-75

iot

EL EV Ar

44 3

ScaL1e1tO

COVE

ks =40
t

21

A-A
Sc4, t:"ZO
Commentary on bar arrangement
ItS 8110ref

Bar marks

Notes

Horizontal bars in this member provide the peripheral tie. Minimum lap = 300 mm.
The two tension bars are stopped 50 mm from the column lace to avoid clashing with the column
bars shown in section A-A.

3.12.8.11

3.12.10.2

Separate splice hars are fixed inside vertical column bars.

= 03 x 364 = 109 rnm. Use2'T 12 = 226 mrn.
Minimum area = 30%
I ap = 35 >< 12 >< 109/226 = 203 mm > 15 x 12 = 180 mm < 300 nim. Use 300 mm lap.
Link hanger bars also provide support for slabtop reinorcenienI.
Minimum area = 20% sI1pT1 = 02 436 = 87 mm. Use 2T 12 = 226 mm.

Figure 3.24
Table3.27
3.12.10.2
Figure 3.24

3.12.10.2
Figure 3.24

4
5

Tensionreinforcement over support is fixed inside vertical column bars.

Bars are curtailed at 025 span from lace of support = 025 x 5000 1250mm > 45 x 21) = 900 mm
Closed linksare shape code 61

17

15000 1j

14000

Columns

= 460

= 40
lst

8000

slender and short columns

300

300

6000

BS 8110
ref

2I2.1

CALCULATIONS

5ue,-FAM A4ALi'$lS -

ouTPur

rEje.r to

Tk' UR(L4Tt c4
RsTca
3
cover- or U4 4or4 o expo're
'

ooootIkreroj

AXtAL

EAML$
k.N

oa

49

244

3aFL

1.

9
100

249

117

U7

24.F-(. 298

2o

140

117

17

249

t3

37

i3

I9

32
37

liB

5.

1B4

(PoLr -,

873

42,

34

4
3'

6G,7

i54
117

N-IS

b93

ts

ics

134

120

14

12Th

U82

= j3
E4co 4.o(3 c2.SxA.5
1

D.9

8l '3

O.S

(E4o:

4.5

sa

boov)

I52> iS

I 8000

I ooo

LOAD

CA1

,
1oo1='

34

4 ,0,

EW

atfecti.ve

TabI 319

32 s&

ivj

i4

&

i5

Otv\

32.

3 3

32
9

14
120

SB

133
9

32
S

FL 3oo 292 14
252

53

4Ovst*w,

kor

5i4

-..k',

tvoi 2o(a.3o
E2

TcP

53

210 %33

140

40
2o w...

cover

CGLMaMJTS

LoADS

2.

S4

29o

IcAD

COLUM

IMP0cED

aa
J

-- oof)
(u..ctaii
LOA o4 M*1P'T$ ifrow. ANALX

It4TRAL CoL-u

2o

Co

. xr

bpMe.iO.

LoA CASE 2

BS 8110
ref.

1N1RNAL

COLL4Mt.J

Ld Ca
Po_,t

(oo* Q'
CALCULATIONS

o.d

tOO

z.

beo4

M1,

773

i27

7.k

O.4M.
04 M - O.(DW\2 = O+0x

tDSIx0.xl3S=

kb')

fI4 > 7.

( e'y

"T

t)ot.4

M2 S,

0,

OUTPUT

.4'

2ooo

324

DOS3oO
qreLe..s o

(b M+M

33.. t

t4 + 544

I.

5'8xi0_

3O-4o-i3

__

247.

ioox%O

cLa.-,

.4

U23x S44

oe
_______
oc4
=

C'

- 0. x .34M =

1v1 0,
0

bove

a2 od,
1.

4 1c,

2.7
2

M =

Ti

> 358

L0.4

oor,

cvv.t

oJ:

t'255
_____

L76 cN.

23.9-7
______
____

204 + O- " 51.

RO','SiO

k.

2o.4kNr.,

3.

CcLrt 9t.2B')
3

42> 29k,

_______
Mow..t

74ik..

L.
(-' b")

22

'2-44

2.3S <

fr\

S 3'3
Prt I

k.

O2

Ce.ck
_____ ,

;5

Q32O

t- 4T'S (%oi)

N>

K - _______ =
23-741

cb

oo

O2S 4Qx.OOx47xlci3
=

Ei 3

si

k.

2''9

2.47

658 k.
=

x
2'2

Mt.

5'8

fr2

4T'25

2.o

i.os(2i

>

0/460

c247

(tOGOIvw)

28i N

(1 0

9Ow

ok,
ok.
19

BS 8110

CALCULATIONS

ref.

(Foo

EXTRJAL COLUMt4

AtAL LoA1 cd

IMPO$E.D
2

TOTAL
LDAO
t.

C4E

'1

AL

L0A

CLM0MT$

k.
loP

'

2.

oTToA4
2 1 2

i92 i.7

4?

rt
.

247 25S

eti3e 1!5

SW.

24.

r.o-v 247

c4e

1J2!

42

i0

S4

SW.

26

15

25

&
it
il5

25

98

95

t25

t.

ii

245 2S3
t'25 2S

24e

95 joS

13
120

G1

5Th

L5

2&.

7&&

10

U9

25

ii

SW.

4.02

ti7

O9x

'

I3\)

0'S Cerc CoAcLo;

LK=

E'oO

16O

k-S

105

1D54

oor)

ectLie

L2$

125

V74

--

oS

2a

25B

i1

k2.o

SW

EO

Ft (t)LCLA1)

R..ooF)

MME,.iT

CoLuMtt b$1QN

u-AM LOADS

OUTPUT

=
=

= 0.9
0.9

2ZI

Y=
Por

usiv.43

0osc.

oac

- oO+44-cY924O

U8

300=

boo3)
SOT CoLM

Osx

Asu c

top.,

1.

PrI

CD4Ov

'L15

S399

(evct

'2.3,

B.o' 1st.c,+fa4
154,

O5S
z

fr\

N11hi7xJO

A5=.2o7o2

k,

4.3
237

-k--

oo

- 079

(4T' i%D2)

e
(.rt

iS
7 k1L

'i

kN.

b
C

20

PSQc

4T2B
i90

P%

I(4TEiNAL

COLL..U1M

LLv,k, VertcaS
J

F'2

it.rs

ExTR.AL
Vt.ai
Ltrvk_J

Fl

COLUMN

Se4o,

c(1
.

-;------ ----f--

-4
i

Y9J

;4

coR t,

c-I

L-,

COV.R

4.

t0k'= 40

;1

SCALES

i: 5O

'ZO

Commentary on bar arrangement

BS 8110 ref

3.12.5.3

3.12.6.2
3.12.8.15
Table3.27
3.12.7.2
3.12.7.1
3.12.8.12

Bar marks

Table 3.27

3.12.8.13b
Table3.27
3.12.8.14

Notes

The presentation shownabove is schematic. This tabular method adapts readily to element repetition.
The sections are shown in their relativepositions adjacent to the vertical reinforcement.
Main bars,area> minimum 04%bh.
=
Slope of crank at lower end = 1:10 maximum.Crank offset 50 + 10% =55 mm.

Minimumcrank length = 350 mm (140).

Length of short projection beyond crank = compressionlap +. say, 75 mm for tolerance.
Reinforcementarea at laps < 10% bh.
Bars project above first-floorslab level to provide a compressionlap above the kicker.
Bar projection= 35 x 087/095 x 25 mm + 75 mm for kicker= 875 mm, i.e. compressionlap = 800 mm.
A single link is provided, since each verticalbar is restrained by a corner.
Minimum size = 25/4, use 8 mm. Maximum spacing = 12 x 25 = 300 mm. (R8 @ 300.)
Cover to vertical bar = 40 mm> 15 x 25 = 375 mm. Linksextendto undersideof floor slab.
Normally, starter bars are detailed with the footing, as column F2. It can be economic to detail starters
withthe columnabove as shown.In this caseit is advisableto schedulethe starter bars so that they can be
processedtogetherwiththe footing.Note with this detail that the sectionat mid-height also applies to the
starterbar arrangement. The starter bars would be shown dotted on the footing detail together with a
suitable cross-reference. Bars project abovethe top of the baseto providea compression lap above the kicker
= 35 x 087/095 x 25 + 75 = 875 mm, i.e. lap = 800 mm.
As barmark 1, but bars provide a tension lap above 1st floor kicker. Cover = 50 mm.
Cleardistancebetween adjacent laps = 100mm<6 x 25 mm; i.e. use factor 1.4
i.e. tension lap = 1125 mm.
Projection = 14 x 35 x 087/095 x 25 + 75 = 1195 mm, say 1200mm,
Sum ofbar sizes at tension lap = 4 x 25 = 100mm. 100/300x 100 = 33% <40% OK.
This detail provides the maximum lever arm and is the preferred detail for column/beam intersections.
Similar to mark 2 links, but extendingto undersideof main beam. Cover to verticalbars = 50 mm.
TheseU-bars are provided to restrain the vertical bars in the external face of the column.
21

Foundation
reinforcedpad footing

1
ground
pressure

600
A A A A A A A

= 200

2750

BS 8110
ref.

Tob{e33

CALCULATIONS

URAbLITY )Assoi.i
U se. ow.sat
cover

4o

LOADI.JC

De.4

'1 (iet paqe19)

ICxr CIu-ec
/,(toi 0kN/v etr ov
. P,.4
r9uw4

.. Acio,t

.4.4.4

44

3.i.3.4(')

127/i,4=D

Dtcv. ressu

63x 'i.7S

- c,o-4o-z5

0'
3x
4o,27S0xS52

V4f
r
V

't

Crtt
ArwL

.
2

= 7.57fw
.

Baror.

0.017

AC.W4

*.e ore.

1O
- 4xoox5S
,Q.rqk.r 4(3oo +3 xS5)
ii

cL

bctrs

Q.cKoSs

k4

SI <soHJ
7.,20

(0.1x0.')
2(75.G)
034. .'( O
7G'20 x 535

3O< 7SOr

scctov., soc

LI J
Jr

317 O.3

OS '276O = 17<O.2.C3cd')_ O.2S(x3O0+9x53)

pa

(Q5122)

cka)

2750< 535

22

244Sw

2
f37s-a'so-2xS3S}
1375
12.

27SOcS3S

2Jo3kP4w

i5o 's.3S

"

.II. .2

I58

t91
:ookM
2
fI3751so%s)
1375
SO'IO'

L4.v
S\Qr)
V

3L7.2

3'12U27

40M,l.r4$

SAR

Co4.or

cover

7.

o.954xO.9SS35

4(2)

=443

rove4

force V 4n coLa.=
3 113

1's1

5YC2OO -10)

fr\

Co4.or I
,

718

543x 10'

ULTIP.4ATh

Sk

r0t.kN.

No..sd

roFk concete4or4.foa4
s

o6t.v aoco1uw'
Avers c

I&.e'1

12.7

2'7S

U.L.S.

'0

roder4e*pesire

ourPuT

SOcrs,eo.cA

1429

.,L

54

C.riK wiftk ok,,

.4

_J2O-t- &5OI

PLAN

Mn,.

4T25 -2

Cover =40

2aB--3oo

COVER.

BI 4O
2\4

-is

Scak, i:SO

Commentary on bar arrangement

It

81 1() ret

3.12.8.1

Bir rnark
1

Table 3.27

3.3.1.4

Table 3.27

1\oles

Straight bars extend full width of base, less end covers.

Bars should project a minimum tension bond length beyond the column face = 35 >< 20 = 700 mm
< 1150 nim OK.
The underside of base is concrete blinded, cover= 40 mm.
Column starter bars are wired to bottom mat. Minimumprojection ahose the top of base is a
compression lap + kicker = 35 x 087/095 x 25 + 75 = 875 mm. i.e. lap = 800 mm (see p. 21).
Links are provided to stahiImie and locatethe starter bars during construction. These are the same site
as the column links above.
23

Shear waD

460
ist

external plain concrete wall

175

4000
250
14300

900

BS 8110
ref.

CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

.94.3

2> 2

14.

T&bk 33

Ft $TAC
)PALtT'(
NS
ccvr ( svexe.
17
kAI
x?ocLsre.

rest&-e

F-y-

()

40w,

LL4

WALL

4o

'20
= i.2> t4oLsr

2Ow.wt.

lc.rt stc ck..

ye

C.

49.5k/

O.S(3Z3+8.S)

O.7(24x1E

5Q V3t

C&ct.c c4

GS.1

1t4.kJM

27.8kN/. ;. c4_

a,.r+x4xO.8')
WIND

O85'<

l42j

T\.21

3)'>Q.

O.5x4234'O

tA

V.RTCA.L
Locu.

77/

VSbS22/ec. V: V5S
oG,3' 7.7lD3
O C (CpQr
(kc
+

LOA1G IEN11'(

coaj.

(U.L,S.

1.4 114.G #

4<

2O

e3 eoo.

e43

44

/tA4

2o.ik\
,1

S REAR
4 \5

y3

ThE

24

Prpke.J ti.:

3, 2 .4.

rce.

V
N

As

FOOTIUC

pA

oDwt.ck)

resr

2So tLc.k)
01
ccec

cue.dcat#
=

72E,

cL

= 2oo

lox'2Q.

144L/

40

4A

7&2

4 '(a-27 S#497 .

+ w4

2I kf3

14300

;x3f(4.7+4.o)x 14.3
DQ.rt.t vU 0

Mox.

\<

43.4
'
x4.G14-3 13
0./Av
7(

tLte.

3.1'Z.3..1

24

attjoor

oskJ4J

(1.3/)

PRovtso

,i2.3.4.2

0,tL
botLcs

tt3-cx4S <r
otcJ ck5vr.. sk&r

L)L.

ktO

204SkN/M.

x(44+27S447)

3,

sg Lcc1;')

.4

(99 CLf Dt4

2

0<1
k

+4x6 +49.7k4/

u:,s4 kWrt

BS

'1

ZSJQ
;.i_io
OKO'

;o
ev

ok

(78.SA)

T1O2oo4R,
C

u4jc4:
)S

rca4

oo4 1,2.4

ottd".

Tv e co

(3-772/1...C)

Commentary on bar arrangement

B 8110 ref

Bar marks

fable 3.27
3.3.1.4
Table 3.25

3.9.4.19

Notes

Wall starters match vertical reinforcement. Minimum projection of horizontal legs beyond the
wall face is a design tension bond length = 35 x 182/377 < 12 = 203 mm < 287 mm. This provides
the footing reinforcement. Minimum projection above top of base is a compressionlap + kicker
= 35 x 2 + 75 = 495 mm, say 525 mm, i.e. lap = 450 mm.
Undersideof footing is concreteblinded, cover = 4(1 mm.
Minimum longitudal reinforcementprovided.
Minimum vertical reinforcement. Area= 254 x 1000>< 175 = 438 mrn'Im. (T 2 @ 300 EF

= 754 mm2/m.j

T 12 bars provide reasonable rigidity for handling and help stabilize the cage during erection.

Table 3.27

3.12.3.4

4,5,6

7,8
9

Minimum projection above top of firstfloor level is a compression lap + kicker = say 25 mm.
Lap = 450 mm.
Minimum horiiontal reinforcement. Area = 438 mni7m. (T10 @ 200 EF = 786 mm'/m.)
Provide at least a tension lap = 35 x 0 = 350 mm. say 450 mm to satisfy shrinkageand thermal
requirements.
Bars are placed outside vertical reinfircenient to provide maximum control against
shrinkageand
thermal cracking. Those bars in the wall 05 in below firstfloor slab act also as interna] ties.
Tension lap 6)r tie = 35 >< 10 = 350 mm, say 450 mm.
Peripheraltie at first floor. 1,bars at either end provide continuity with edge beams.
Laps. say 450 mm.
Wall spacers maintain location of each face of reinforcement.
25

Staircase
end-span continuous slab

3500
175

5060

BS 8110
ref.

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OUTPUT

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CALCULATIONS

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34 Tio-E

Cove.r

FUCHT '5'
CCVE

Commentary on

bar arrangement

BS 8110 ref

Bar marks

Notes

Table 3.27

1,5,6

Table 3.25

2,,9

Main tension reinlorcemcnt. Lap lengths and anchorage bond lengths = 35 x 12 = 420 mm, say 450 mm.
Similarfor bar marks 12, 13 and 15.
Laps arc located to facilitate likely construction
sequences.
reinforcement.
=
Minimum area 00013 x 1000x 75 = 228 inniim.
Secondary
Use 110 (a) 300 = 262 mm/rn.

Fig 3.25

3,4

3.12.10.3.2

Table3.25

10,11

Main tension reinlorcement over support.50% curtailed at 03 span, remainder at 0 IS span.

both measured from lace of support. Similar for bar mark 14.
libars provide 50% midspanreinforcement in both top and bottom at end support = 05 >< 571
= 286 mmlrn.
Use 110 @ 15(1 = 524 mill/ni to match spacing of span bars. 1.ap, say450 mm.
Optional ruinfoicLnlent Minimum ULd = 228 mm Simil u for h ii maik 16
27

Column design chart

50
45
40

35
CJ

E
E 30

z
25

20
15
10

23
-

2 44

4 :3

10

11

M/bh 2 N/mm2

Rectangular columns
fcu

40
460

d/h

28

080

12

nformation from the Reinforced Concrete Council

Spreadsheets
Many of the design principles used in this publication will be covered by spreadsheets for reinforced concrete
design now being developedby the Reinforced Concrete Council. Versions for both BS 8110and EC2 are in
preparation. For detailswrite to the RCC at Century House, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berks RG45 6YS.

Buildability and whole building economics

It should be stressedthat the structural solution presented in this publication has been chosenfor the purpose:of
illustrating analysis, designand reinforcement detailingprinciples. A typicalbuildingframe accounts for only
10% of the wholeconstruction cost, but affects foundations, cladding and service provision. The choice and details
of a building's structure shouldreflect both buildability and overall building economics. Analysis of these factors
using a structural optimisation program* or chartsfrom a publication** suggests that a flat slab alternative may save
around 2% ofoverall building costs and ten days' construction time.
Similarly, rationalisation and simplification ofreinforcement will normally speedconstruction and hence reduce
overall construction costs and programmetime. Excessive curtailment and tailoring of reinforcement to save material
at theexpenseofrationalisation will provecounter-productive. These aspects are currentlybeing investigated at the
EuropeanConcreteBuildingProject at Cardington, and will result in the publication of best practiceguidance.
With increasing emphasis on the cost in use ofbuildings, there is a trend towards the use of exposed soffits for
passive cooling. This move to whole life costs will modify the optimum solution, and deep ribbedor coffereci slabs
area favoured option to meet daylighting, thermal mass, ventilation and acoustic requirements.
*Concept - a computerprogramthatallows the
rapid semi-automated choice of concrete frame while considering
wholebuildingcosts. Produced by the Reinforced Concrete Council. Available from the RCC on 01344 725733.
** Economic concrete frame elements - a
pre-scheme design handbook, basedon BS 8110, that helps designers
choose the most viableconcreteoptions. Produced by the Reinforced Concrete Council. Available from the ECA on
01344 7257U4.

IBC

Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1997)

Cl/SfB
(28)

J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers

q4

(K)

UDC 624.073.33.012.45:

BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 43.501

(Ofl@rete
OBC

624.04.001.3