UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY (CPE453)
NAME
: NURWANI BINTI HUSSIN
GROUP
: 4A
EXPERIM
: LAB 10 : PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT/PVT
ENT
DATE
: 20 MARCH 2014
PROG/CO
: EH222
DE
SUBMIT
: AIMAN NAZMI BIN ROSLI
TO
N
Title
Allocated
Marks
o
Marks (%)
1 Abstract
5
2 Introduction
5
3 Objectives
5
4 Theory
5
5 Procedures/Methodology
10
6 Apparatus
5
7 Results
10
8 Calculation
10
9 Discussion
20
10 Conclusion
10
11 Recommendations
5
12 References
5
13 Appendices
5
TOTAL
100
Remarks:

Checked by:

Rechecked by:

Date:

Date:

I.

ABSTRACT
This experiment involving a perfect gas or ideal gas has seven experiment. An
equipment has been used which called Perfect gas expansion apparatus in order to
determine the properties of measurement and study the relationship between ideal
gas and various factor that can propose an understanding of First and second law of
thermodynamics. The objectives of this experiment successfully achieved. Boyles
and Gay-Lussacs law was proven in this experiment when the ideal gas obey the
law. The volume ratio and heat capacity were also determined. The experiment was
successful.

II.

INTRODUCTION
The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus from model TH11 is a sufficient bench top
unit designed in order to expose the student and familiar with the fundamental
thermodynamic processes. This experiment likely safe and more convenient to
demonstrate thermodynamic properties. The apparatus have two vessel, one is for
pressurized chamber and the other one is for vacuum chamber. This apparatus also
equip with pressurized pump and vacuum pump and several valve which can
connect between chambers and also to the surrounding. The chamber is made from
glass that can withstand maximum pressure of apparatus can operate.
The apparatus also equipped with temperature and pressure sensors for both
tanks which can be read on the board. These sensors used to monitor and
manipulate the pressure and temperature. The board displays the temperature and
pressure in a digital indicator that dealt with the PVT laws.
Gas particles in the chamber collide with each other and the walls which
transfer momentum in each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum
delivered to the wall per unit time. A single particles moves arbitrarily along some
direction until it strikes back and forth with wall and change direction and speeds.
Equations are derived directly from the law of conservation of linear motion of
conservation of energy.

III.
i.

OBJECTIVES
EXPERIMENT 1
The objectives of this experiment is to determine the relationship between pressure
and volume of an ideal gas and to compare the experimental results with theoretical
results.

ii.

EXPERIMENT 2
The objectives of this experiment is to determine the relationship between pressure
and the temperature of an ideal gas.

iii.

EXPERIMENT 3
The experiment is to demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.

iv.

EXPERIMENT 4
The experiment is to study the response of the pressurized vessel following
stepwise depressurization.

v.

EXPERIMENT 5
The objectives of this experiment is to study the response of the pressurized vessel
following a brief depressurization.

vi.

EXPERIMENT 6
The experiment is to determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the
theoretical value.

vii.

EXPERIMENT 7
This experiment is to determine the ratio heat capacity.

IV.

THEORIES
Perfect Gas
Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charless law,
Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas where there is
none attractive forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they
collide between atoms or molecules elastically with no intermolecular attractive
forces. Some assumption has been respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the
gasses are made up of molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An
equation had been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal gas
equation of state:

T
V
)
P=R
The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would have different
value of R. Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas. The equation also can
be written as:

PV =mRT
The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other as long as
they has one constant property throughout the experiment where:

Boyles Law
The behavior real gas using parameter of pressure, temperature and volume
is considered at low density. Ideal gas also obeys the law of Boyles, Charless and
Gay-Lussacs. Boyles law describe the relationship between the pressure and the
volume of a gas. This law works when the pressure increase inversely with the
volume of gas where the temperature held constant along the process. The gas
inside a system loosely packed and move randomly. If the volume is reduce, then
the pressure become high as the molecules having less space to move, to hit the
wall of container more frequently.

Figure 1: Graph of Boyle's Law

Charless Law
Second law is Charless Law which involves with the effect of heat on the
expansion of gases. The pressure will remain constant throughout the process and
the volume of gas will go directly proportional to the absolute temperature. The
moving molecules increase their speed and hit the wall more frequently as the
temperature getting higher because the temperature transfer the heat of energy
into the molecule. Thus, as the speed increase and the frequency of collision
increase, the volume of the container also increase. Therefore the equation of
Charless law simply show below where the k is a constant. The temperature must
be calculated in Kelvin unit. If the constant value of k is not known then, the
equation is derived as follow:

The relationship of volume and temperature of Charless law describe in a graph as

follow :

Figure 2: The graph of Charles's Law

Gay-Lussacs Law
The third law involving ideal gas is Gay-Lussacs law where the volume of
the system become constant throughout the process. This law stated that the
pressure and temperature are in direct relation. That means as the pressure
increase, the temperature also increase. Temperature is a parameter for kinetic
energy, as the temperature increase, the kinetic energy also increase, therefore the
frequency of collision also increase which causing the pressure to be increase with
the constant volume. The equation below can prove the relationship between
pressure and temperature in a particular system with constant volume.

Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the Gay-Lussacs
law with constant volume. The conclusion is that the pressure directly proportional
to the temperature.

Figure 3: Graph of Gay-Lussac's Law

First law of thermodynamics

Based on first law of thermodynamics statement, energy can be
neither created nor destroyed but it can only change in the form of energy. For
example the change of energy of lamp, from electric energy convert to light and
heat energy. Therefore, the conservation of energy principle introduced as the net
change in the total energy of the system equivalent to the difference in the total
energy enter the system and total energy leaving the system.

That equation also referred as energy balance equation that applicable to any kind
system any kind of process. Since the energy has numerous form such as internal,
kinetic, potential, electrical and magnetic and their sum constitutes the total energy
of the system. Simple compressible system has the following equation which the
change in the total energy of a system is the sum of the changes in its internal,
kinetic, potential energy can be expressed as:

Where internal energy, U

Where kinetic energy, KE

Where the potential energy, PE

Energy can be transfer in or out of a system in three forms such as heat, work and
mass flow. As there is one of any three form cross the boundary of an open system,
it can be concluded as energy gained or lost during a process. In a closed system,
there is only two form can pass through the boundary which can change the energy
which are heat and work. Temperature difference in a system with its surrounding is
not an energy interaction. Work interactions refer as rising piston and rotating shaft.
Commonly sense when the work transfer into the system, the energy of the system
increase and vice versa. As mass transfer in the system, energy also increase as the
mass carries energy with it and vice versa. Equation below represent the concluded
energy balance.

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance

by one degree is a definition of specific heat. There are two specific heat use widely
which is specific heat at constant volume and specific heat at constant pressure. Cp
value larger than Cv as at constant pressure system is allowed to expand and the
energy must supplied to system. Specific heat capacity at constant pressure is the
energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one
degree as the pressure remain constant. It can be concluded that Cv is related to
internal energy and Cp involved enthalpy value.

Internal energy is a function of temperature only. As the temperature high, then

enthalpy value also big. Then the enthalpy value is represent with subscript h:

Where it can combine to become:

Cp and Cv has special relationships for ideal gas by differentiating the h = u + RT to

produce dh = du + RT and by replacing dh by CpdT and du by CvdT, the equation
come out with:

Specific heat capacity also has the constant k by the relation of:

Ratio of volumes using isothermal process can be determine using isothermal

process. One pressurized vessel is allowed to leak slowly into another vessel of
different size. Finally, the pressure will be same for both vessel. Final pressure in
vessel can be calculated by:

Both vessel was placed in room temperature before valve is opened lead the
isothermal process and the initial temperature will be equal to the final
temperature. Deriving :

Using these equation, substitute m1 and m2 into equation of Pabsf and become:

Rearrange the equation and cancel the RT to give the ratio of the two volume:

Stepwise Depressurization
Stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the chamber or
tank step by step slowly or gradually by flowing out the gas which they would
expand at every instant opened and closed in order to identify gradual changes in
pressure and temperature within the contrary decreases with the expansion.
Brief Depressurization
This is similar to stepwise depressurization but reduced in terms of time. The
time interval increased to a few seconds. This is to make sure that, the effect on the
pressure and temperature can be observe which can be compared later. The graph
should be more higher gradient.

V.
i.

PROCEDURES
GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES
A. GENERAL START-UP PROCEDURES
1. Equipment was connected to single phase power supply and the unit was switched
on.

2. All valve was fully opened and the pressure reading on the panel was checked just
to make sure the pressure was at atmospheric pressure.
3. All valve was closed.
4. Pipe from compressive pump connected to pressurized chamber or the pipe from
vacuum pump connected to vacuum chamber.
5. The unit was ready to use.
B.
1.
2.
3.

GENERAL SHUT-DOWN PROCEDURES

Pump was switched and the pump was removed from the chamber.
The valve was fully open in order to release out the air inside the chamber.
The switch and power supply was switched off.

A.
1.
2.
3.
4.

EXPERIMENT 1 : Boyles law

EXPERIMENT 1.1 : condition 1
All valve was fully closed.
Compressive pump, Tank 1 was filled with air until 150kPa.
The gas was transferred from tank 1 to tank 2 by opening the valve between tanks.
The temperature and pressure was recorded.

ii.

B.
1.
2.
3.

EXPERIMENY 1.2 : condition 2

All valve was fully closed.
Tank 2 was filled with air until 50kPa.
The gas was then transferred from tank 2 to tank 1 by opening the valve between
tanks.
4. The temperature and pressure was recorded.

C.
1.
2.
3.
4.

iii.

EXPERIMENT 1.3 : condition 3

All valve was fully closed.
Both tank 1 and tank 2 filled with air until 150kPa and 50kPa.
The valve between tanks was opened.
The pressure and temperature was recorded.

EXPERIMENT 2 : Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

1. All valve was fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurize chamber.
3. Compressive pump was turned on and the temperature was recorded for every
increment of 10kPa in the chamber and the pump stopped when the pressure in
tank 1 has achieved 160kPa.

4. The valve was slightly opened and the pressurized air are allowed to flow out. The
temperature was recorded for every decrement in 10kPa.
5. The experiment stopped when the pressure in tank 1 has reached atmospheric
pressure that is 101.3kPa.
6. The experiment repeated for three times in order to get the average value.
7. A graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.

iv.

6.
7.

EXPERIMENT 3 : Isentropic Expansion Process

All valve was fully closed.
Hose was connected from compressive pump to pressurized chamber.
Compressive pump was switched on and the chamber was pressurized until 160kP.
Pump was switched off and the hose was removed from the chamber.
The pressure was monitored until the reading was stabilized. The pressure and
temperature was recorded.
The valve was slightly opened and the air was flow out slowly until reached the
atmospheric pressure.
The pressure and temperature reading was recorded after the expansion process.
The isentropic process was discussed.

1.
2.
3.
4.

EXPERIMENT 4 : Stepwise depressurization

All valve was fully closed.
Tank 1 was filled with air until 160kPa and record the data.
The valve 1 was opened and closed quickly for 5 times.
The data was recorded.

1.
2.
3.
4.

EXPERIMENT 5 : Brief depressurization

All valve was fully closed.
Tank 1 was filled with air until 150kPa and the data was recorded.
Valve 1 was open for 3 seconds.
The data was recorded.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

v.

vi.

vii.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

EXPERIMENT 6 : Determination of ratio volume

All valve was fully closed.
Tank 1 or pressurized tank was filled with air at about 150kPa.
The data was recorded.
Valve 2 was slightly opened and the data was recorded.
The experiment was repeated by passing air from tank 2 to tank 1 and tank 1 to
tank 2 by using the pressure of 150kPa for tank 1 and 50kPa for tank2.

viii.
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.
5.

VI.

EXPERIMENT 7 : Determination of Ration of Heat Capacity

General start up was done and the valve was fully closed.
The hose from the compressive pump was connected to the pressurized chamber.
Compressive pump was switched on and the chamber was pressurized until 160kPa.
Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was removed from the chamber.
C. The pressure and temperature was recorded.
The valve one was fully open and closed after few seconds. The pressure and
temperature was monitored and recorded right after the reading was stabilized.
The ratio of heat capacity and the theoretical value was compared.

APPARATUS

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
VII.
i.

Pressure transmitter
Pressure relief valve
Temperature sensor
Big glass
Small glass
Vacuum pump
Electrode

RESULTS
EXPERIMENT 1
A. EXPERIMENT 1.1
PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)
B. EXPERIMENT 1.2

Before expansion
156.5
102.3

After expansion
137.9
137.4

PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)

Before expansion
103.2
53.3

After expansion
88.8
88.2

Before expansion
155.9
54.0

After expansion
122.4
121.4

C. EXPERIMENT 1.3
PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)
ii.

EXPERIMENT 2
PRESS
URE
(kPa
abs)

102.9
110
120
130
140
150
160
iii.

TRIAL 1
TEMPERATURE ( C)

TRIAL 2
TEMPERATURE ( C)

TRIAL 3
TEMPERATURE ( C)

PRESSU
RIZED
VESSEL
25.1
25.6
25.8
26.6
27
28
28.9

PRESSU
RIZED
VESSEL
25.0
25.1
25.4
26.2
27.2
28.0
28.9

PRESSU
RIZED
VESSEL
25.4
25.6
26.0
26.5
27.4
28.4
29.3

DEPRESS
URIZED
VESSEL
24.1
24.5
25.0
25.6
26.5
27.6
28.9

BEFORE EXPANSION
150
30.2

AFTER EXPANSION
102.9
25.5

EXPERIMENT 4
INITIAL
160.0

v.

DEPRESS
URIZED
VESSEL
25.3
25.7
26.8
28.0
28.9
29.6
29.3

EXPERIMENT 3
PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT 1 ( C)

iv.

DEPRESS
URIZED
VESSEL
25.4
26.3
27.6
28.5
29.2
29.7
28.9

PT 1 (kPa abs)
AFTER FIRST
EXPANSION
120.2

AFTER SECOND
EXPANSION
102.3

EXPERIMENT 5
INITIAL
159.1

PT 1 (kPa abs)
AFTER BRIED EXPANSION
147.5

vi.

EXPERIMENT 6
A. PRESSURIZED AIR FLOW FROM TANK 1 TO TANK 2
BEFORE EXPANSION
AFTER EXPANSION

PT 1 (kPa abs)
160.0
140.4

PT 2 (kPa abs)
102.2
140.5

B. PRESSURIZED AIR FLOW FROM TANK 2 TO TANK 1

BEFORE EXPANSION
AFTER EXPANSION

PT 1 (kPa abs)
103.2
88.3

PT 2 (kPa abs)
55.0
87.7

C. BOTH TANK 1 AND 2 WAS PRESSURIZED

BEFORE EXPANSION
AFTER EXPANSION
vii.

PT 1 (kPa abs)
158.8
54.7

PT 2 (kPa abs)
123.9
123.6

EXPERIEMENT 7
PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT 1 ( C)

VIII.

CALCULATIONS

i.

EXPERIMENT 1
A. CONDITION 1

INITIAL
160.2
31.0

INTERMEDIATE
143.1
30.4

FINAL
144.6
29.0

V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3
By using Boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(156.50.025) + (102.30.01237) = (137.90.025) + (137.40.01237)
5.178 = 5.147
The difference is only 0.030862, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.
B. CONDITION 2

V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3
By using Boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(103.20.025) + (53.30.01237) = (88.80.025) + (88.20.01237)
3.239 = 3.311
The difference is only 0.0720, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

C. CONDITION 3
V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3
By using Boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(155.90.025) + (540.01237) = (122.40.025) + (121.40.01237)
4.565 = 4.562
The difference is only 0.003, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

ii.

EXPERIMENT 2
PRESSURE (kPa)
102.9
110
120
130
140
150
160

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
25.15
25.47
26.10
26.90
27.70
28.55
29.03

Pressure vs. Temperature

Graph of pressure against temperature

The pressure is directly proportional to temperature. Hence, the Gay-Lussacs Law is
verified.
iii.

EXPERIMENT 3
For isentropic process,

(25.5/30.2) = (102.9/150) ^(
0.8443 = 0.686^(
ln 0.8443 =(

k1

k1

k1
ln 0.686
k

k = 1.814
The difference is 6.348%. The expansion process is proven as isentropic.
iv.

EXPERIMENT 4

Response of pressurized vessel following stepwise depressurization

Graph of response of pressurized vessel following stepwise depressurization.

v.

EXPERIMENT 5

Responses of pressurization vessel following of brief depressurization

Graph of responses of pressurization vessel following of brief depressurization

vi.

EXPERIMENT 6
A. CONDITION 1
V1/V2 = (P2,initial - P2,final) / (P1,final - P1,initial)
0.025/0.01237 = (102.2-140.5)/(140.4-160)
2.021 = 1.954
difference = -0.067
percentage difference : -3.32%
B. CONDITION 2
V1/V2 = (P2,initial - P2,final) / (P1,final - P1,initial)
0.025/0.01237 = (55-87.7)/(88.3-103.2)
2.021 = 2.194
difference = 0.173
Percentage difference : 8.56%

C. CONDITION 3
V1/V2 = (P2,initial - P2,final) / (P1,final - P1,initial)
0.025/0.01237 = (54.7-123.6)/(123.9-158.8)
2.021 = 1.974
difference = -0.046
Percentage difference : -2.28%

vii.

EXPERIMENT 7

ln 160.2 ln 143.1
ln 160.2ln 144.6

= 1.102
The ideal k, Cp/Cv = 1.4
Deviation = (1.4-1.102)/1.4 100%
=21.28%

IX.

DISCUSSION

Boyles law stated that the pressure of gas inversely proportional to the volume
of a container. From the results recorded, some calculation have been made in order
to know the difference value between before and after of the experiment one. For
conditions 1, 2 and 3 the value are 0.030862, 0.0720 and 0.003. These values are
very small and close with the theoretical value, therefore the Boyless Law is
verified. According to the data tabulated, it can been said that the pressure and
volume inversely proportional. When the pressure increase, the volume start to
decrease. This is happen because if the gas of the same pressure with constant
temperature injected into small and big container which means have different
volume. The gas molecule in small container have less spacious room and will
collide to the wall and with each other more often which exert more pressure.
Gay-Lussacs Law stated that pressure is directly proportional to the
temperature which means if the pressure increase, the temperature also increase
with constant volume. Experiment two has been conducted in order to know the
relationship between pressure and temperature. Therefore, from the data tabulated
and graph plotted, it can be said that the Gay-Lussacs Law is verified. The same
concept applied here, if the temperature of a gas in a container increase, the heat
energy of the system transfer its energy into the molecule of gas which actually
increase the frequency of collision in that container which exert more pressure.
Isentropic expansion process occur when the system are reversible and
adiabatic where no heat will be transferred in or out and no energy transformation
occurs. From the data recorded, a constant k are now known which is equal to
1.814. It was obtained that both temperature and pressure of the gas before
expansion were higher compared to after the expansion. The process is said to be
isentropic since there was no change in the entropy throughout the process.
Stepwise depressurization is a strategy to adopt an equal time-stepwise
depressurization approach in this study yield a more reliable result for an example
in the production sector in industries. The molecule in the container affected when
the number of them decreasing slowly as they do not have to collide between them
more often. The depressurization shown that pressure decrease with time and also
affecting the temperature. As the pressure decrease, the temperature also decrease
in the system.
Brief depressurization shown in the graph plotted in result section which is
decrease more linear compared to stepwise. The expansion occur when the
pressure of gas increase. Expansion of gas decrease as the gas is free to flow out
time by time.
Ratio volume can be determine by manipulating the equation of Boyles law.
Boyles law proposed an equation P1V1=P2V2 and after manipulate the equation
ratio volume can be determine by V2/V1=P1P2. This experiment test in three
different condition where first condition the gas is flow from tank 1 to tank 2, while
gas flow from tank 2 to tank 1 in second condition and both were filled with gas in
third condition. The theoretical value is 2.021 in this experiment where the error or
percentage difference are between 10 and -10. There must be environmental
factors that affect the stability of pressure and temperature or random mistake

during experiment. Since the percentage error is less than 10%, it can be said that
the experiment is successful.

Determination of ratio of heat capacity using the expression of the heat

capacity ratio and it gives the 1.102. The theoretical value of this experiment is 1.4.
The deviation which now is equal to 21.28%. The deviation is due to measurement
error. The actual intermediate pressure supposed to be lowered that the measured
one. Unfortunately the error occur due to heat loss and sensitivity of pressure
sensors. Supposed, the intermediate pressure taken as the lowest pressure at the
moment the valve is closed. Since the percentage difference is more than 10%, the
experiment can be declared as failed.

X.

CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the experiment was to determine the properties of
measurement/PVT according to Boyles law, Gay-Lussacs law, isentropic expansion,
and heat capacity equation. We managed to prove the Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs
law which is based on their law. The volume ratio of gas indicates and expresses the
dynamics of compression and expansion of gases. Although there is fail experiment
but we managed to fine the reason behind the failure. For example experiment 7,
related to heat capacity ratio, the experiment fail maybe because of the
intermediate pressure not taken after the valve is closed. In conclusion, the
experiment is successfully done and the objective of the experiment is achieved.

XI.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Before starts the experiment, each of the experiment must do the start-up and
shut-down step in order to make sure there is no gas left in the chamber. Most
important during recording data, keep eye on the sensor while monitoring the board
because the parameter can increase and decrease really fast and read the
procedure carefully. Get an average reading by repeating the experiment normally
three times in order to reduce amount of deviation. Handle the valve carefully and
do not make mistake by choosing the valve because it will affect the data. The place
where the experiment is conducted also must be at stable and no vibration. All the
equipment must be handle carefully in order to avoid explosion because overpressure in the tank would cause an explosion.

XII.

REFERENCES

1. Charles's Law. (n.d.). Retrieved from how stuff works:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/physics-terms/charles-law-info.htm
2. Charles's Law. (2010). Retrieved from Sparknotes:
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter5section8.rhtml

3. Irfan, M. H. (2013). The Perfect Gas Expansion Experiment (TH11). Muhammad

Haidharul Irfan .
4. Ngagiman, S. F. (2013). Perfect Gas Expansion. Siti Fatimah Ngagiman.
5. (n.d.). PERFECT GAS EXPANSION APPARATUS. PUNCHONG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA:
SOLUTION ENGINEERING SDN. BHD.

XIII.

APPENDICES