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CATIONS: Pb2+ ,Hg2+ ,Cu2+ ,Cd2+ , Ag+ , Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Co2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+
ANIONS: CO32- , S2- , SO32- , SO42- , NO2- , NO3- , Cl- , Br2- , PO43- , CH3COO-
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PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. Note the state (amorphous or crystalline) and colour of salt.
2. Test the solubility of the salt in the following solutions:
i. Water (cold and hot)
ii. Dilute HCl (cold and hot)
iii. Dilute HNO3 (cold and hot)
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IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)
This part is the classified into three groups:
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
1st group of acid radicals is present.
Sulphide(S2-) is confirmed.
SO32- is confirmed.
S2O32- is confirmed.
NO2- is confirmed.
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OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
CO32- is confirmed.
HCO3- is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Acetate is confirmed
The acid radicals involved in this group are Cl-, Br- and NO3- . The group reagent is concentrated
sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
EXPERIMENT
Salt +
Concentrated
H2SO4 and heat
if necessary.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
(c) Light brown gas and brown gas with pieces of copper
turnings and the solution turns blue in the test tube.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Chloride is confirmed.
White
ppt.
is
formed
which is soluble in NH4OH.
-2-
Chloride is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
An orange-red globule is
obtained
Bromide is confirmed.
Bromide is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Nitrate is confirmed.
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Sulphate (SO42-) is
confirmed.
Phosphate (PO43-) is
confirmed.
-3-
GROUP
RADICALS
Pb2+ ,Ag+
2+
II
Pb
,Hg
2+
2+
,Cu
GROUP REAGENTS
Dilute Hydrochloric acid(HCl)
2+
,Cd
III
2+
IV
Zn
2+
,Mn
2+
,Co
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH
2+
,Ni
V
VI
Mg
2+
, NH4
-Nil-
Preparation of Original solution: A suitable solvent is found for the salt as given in the preliminary test. A
few drops are used as solution.
Test for NH4+ Radicals: This test is carried out before starting the analysis for the basic radicals.
EXPERIMENT
(a) Salt + NaOH solution and heat it.
Expose a glass rod dipped in conc.
HCl to the gas and moist red litmus
paper.
(b) Original solution + Nesselers
reagent.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
NH4+ is confirmed.
EXPERIMENT
(1) Original solution + Dilute HCl
Filter and add water to ppt.
and heat
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
May be Pb2+
May be Ag+
-4-
Pb2+ is confirmed.
Ag+ is confirmed.
Pb2+ is confirmed.
EXPERIMENT
Original solution + Dilute HCl +
H2S gas.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
May be Cd2+
EXPERIMENT
(a) Original solution + Potassium
Chromate.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Pb2+ is confirmed.
May be Cu2+
Cu2+ is confirmed.
Hg2+ is confirmed.
Cd2+ is confirmed.
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EXPERIMENT
(1) Original solution +
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
May be Al3+
May be Fe2+
May be Fe3+
Al3+ is confirmed.
Fe3+ is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
(a) a white ppt. is obtained
(b) Buff or pale pink or flash coloured ppt.
soluble in dilute HCl is obtained.
INFERENCE
May be Zn2+, Mn2+ or Co2+
May be Mn2+
Zn2+ is confirmed
Mn2+ is confirmed
-6-
Co2+ is confirmed
Ni2+ is confirmed.
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
May be Ba2+ .
May be Sr2+ .
May be Ca2+ .
Ba2+ is confirmed.
Sr2+ is confirmed.
Ca2+ is confirmed.
OBSERVATION
A white ppt. is obtained.
INFERENCE
Mg2+ is confirmed.
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*****THE END*****
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