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TrJV 1CE1CO{Oqatj "lOV avrtj tnv P.E"lEr(!E1/JE OE YEvva{a 1C(!~'1 EVEeyEo{a~, arav XA.'1(!OOar'l0E OE{Jaoro 1CooO yta "l'l O'6oraClrJ lo(!vp.a"lo~, 1COV Ba dXE ~ oxono va avP.{J6»..el otnv "lEXVl,,-tj EX1Ca{oEVClrJ "lWV vfwv "l'l~ E.uaoa~.

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EtOtXarE(!Cl, 600v acpa(!d ora EX1CatOEV"ltXa (JifJUa "lWV o1CovoaorWv "lWV .t1'1p.oa{wv IXOAWv EP.1CO(!tXoV Navrt,,-oV, 'Co '/o(!Vp.a avfJ..a.{Je 'Care "l1JV fxooatj "lOV~ OE 1CAtj(!'1 XaJ. orEVtj ooveoyooia P.E "l'l .t1tw9vva'rJ Navrtxtj~ Ex- 1CatOeVoEw~ "lOV Y1Coveyeiov EP.1CO(!tXtj~ NavrtA.f~, V1CO "l1JV E1C01C"lEia "lOV 01C0{OV v1Cayavral at IxoU~ audi; H ava(JeClrJ oro '/o(!Vp.a fytVE P.E "lrJV V1C' aet(J. 61288/5031, "l'l~ 9rJ~ Avyotkrrov 1966, a1C6qJaarJ 'COV Y1Coveydov Eu- 1CO(!tXtj~ Ncumkku; oxoie xai OVVEX(!O"CtjOq xai 'I aep.oola E1Cl"l(!01Ctj ExOOaEWV.

A1CO"Cfkop.a "l1J~ ovvEeyaa{~ avrtj~ tjrav 'I fxOoarJ "l1J~ IE~ BifJAto()tjx'l "lOV Nav"ltxoV, 01COV E~E069r}aaV: a) Ita 'COV~ p.aOrJ"lf~ "lWV Mtowv NavrtxWv LX0AWv 30 "lop.at {Jt{JUwv (1967 - 1979). P) Ita "l~ A.t1IEN (AVW"lE(!E~ .t1'1- p.60tE~ LXOU~ EP.1CO(!tXoV Nauuxoii} 54 "loP.Ot (1981 - 2001).

KV(!t~ oxono; "lWV EXOOOEWV avrWv, "lWV 01C0{WV "l0 1CE(!tEXOP.EVO eiva:

mJI-UPWVO ue ra exaoioie toxvovra aVaAV'l'tXa 1C(!oyeap.p.m:a rov YEN, 1j'rav 1J 1CaeOxri 1reO~ rov~ a1rovoacn:i~ rwv Navrlxwv .EXOAWV ALJ.EEN xas Navrlxwv AvxelwV rwv avayxa{wv tote eX1CatOEVnxwv xeuuvaw, ra anoia avrtcn:OtXovv 1CeO~ ra p.aOrjp.ara 1COV otoaaxovrat otu; .ExoU~ av'tf~.

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Oc avyy(!acpd~ xai TJ Emr(!o1r?j ExoOat:wv'COv Jo(!vp.aro~ t:gaxoAovlJoVv va xaraj3aJJ.ovv xalJe 1C(!Oa1CalJt:ta, wcn:t: ra f3tj3Ua va eiva: emcn:7Jp.ovlxW~ aoua aJ..J..a xat nooaaouooueva atu; avayxt:~ xai n~ ovvar6r1Jrt:~ rwv a1Covoacn:wv. Tt' avr6 fxovv 1r(!oot:yp.fVTJ yJ..wamxrj Otarv1CWot] TWV xt:lp.fvwv rov~ xat 1J ota1r(!ayp.arwat] TWV 8ep.arwv eivcu avQ).oy7] 1reO~ rTJ cn:aOp.q rTJ~ t:x1Catot:vat:w~, yta rqv O1Co{a 1CeOOetc;,ovrat.

ME: r1Jv 1C(!OOcpOea cn:ov~ xalJrrY1Jrf~, otoix; a1Covoacn:f~ T1J~ vavTtxri~ p.a~ eX1CatOevaew~ xcu at: 6J..ov~ rov~ agtwp.aTtxov~ rov E.N. rwv exooaewV'Wv, to 'Joevp.a avp.f36»..et omv 1Ceayp.aro1ro{qat] rov aX01roV rov tOeVrrj rov Evyev{ov Evyt:v{oov.

EIIITPonH EKAOl:EQN IAPYMATOl: EYrENIAOY

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navigation). ..

Tnv IIJltEtnID"Aoia (ocean sailing) KOT6 Tr)V onoia TO nAoro nAEEI IJOKPIO an6 ne; aKTEe;. KaT' auTri, TO nAoio KOTEU9uVETOI IJE IJE966oue; nou paoi(oVTal OTO OUpOvIO OWIJOTa. I\6yw EI61KWV OUV9r)KWV n-'au OE nEpIOxEe; KOVTO OTOUe; n6Aoue; EXEI 6101J0P4>w9Ei r) IIDAI." vauamAola (polar navigation).

AEV Elva, EKT6c; IJpayIJ01lK6TrrTOe; 0 ,oxup,oll6c; bn 'I 'aroplo TIle; vauoanAoioe; apXI~E' liE TIlV IJJXiml npoana9E1O TOU av9pc.imou va KaTEu9UVE' TO amCllOe; TOO an6 TO afllIEIo nou PP'OKOlOv n~ tva 61.Ao O'lIiElo nou 4PAenE lIE TO 1610 TOU TO lJbna. 0, 6106'KOaiEe; OUTEe; TIle; KOTEU9livoEWe; TOU aK6C11OUe; 6PXloav oav lila TtXVIl. nou TO KUPIO xapaKTflP'aTlK6 TIle; frrav 11 EllnE'plo Kal 'I E~16IKEUafI. AUTfI 6AAWaTE 'I T4XV'l XopaKT'IplaT'IKE we; evoUTIKfI TEXV'l. 101 0 oOXoAoUIiEVOe; liE aUTflv we; VOUTIK6c;. IilIIEpo 11 evoUTIKfI Enlmflllfl. EXEI 61EUpuv9EI napa noM. rlOTI 4XEI unEloEA9EI 'I aUYXPOV'I TEXVOAoyia aro 94l1a TIle; alilyoue; KOTEu9uvOEWC; TOU nAoiou (xpfJarr IlAEKTpaVlKciIv OUaKEUWV), EVW 0 nap6yovTOe; TIle; aO'lllOAoue;. vouomAofae; EXEI avan6Tpenro EnEKT09Ei, An{) 6I.oue; TOUe; TOIiEte; nou nEpIAoIIPlJVEl 11 Ouyxpo"" IVOUTlKfI Emmflll'l., Kal IIEOO em nAoiola nou 61allopcllwvEI TO EKnOI6EUTIKO np6- ypaliliO TIIIV AvliJTEpwv &1II6C11wv IXoAWv nAOJclpxwv EIIIJOPIKoU NOUTlKou. TO PI PAlo aUTO 6lanpaYIJOTEUETOI TO Xwpa TWV vaUTlKWV yvWaEWV nOlI aCllOpouv T'I vauomAofa. H vouoanAofa, liE PlJaflTO 1I09'1I1Of1K6 Kal TIlV OaTpovaliio. anOTEAel161airEpa TOilED yvWOEWV. nau EXEI Ko91Epw9EI we; VOUTlKij YEWIiETpia. VOUTlKfI emnE6'1 Kal oCllOIPlKfI TPlywvoliETpla, VOUTlKrl KoolloypaCj)ia Kal aaTpOVolIlKrl vauC1InAoia. ME lJMa A6yaa 'I VOUamAo'lO 9Ewpehol Kim av6Aoyo TIIIV OIKOVOIIIKWV 1J09'1I1OTIKWV. T'I" Ao'(IanKfle; Kal TIK mananKfle;,nou 'I P6af1 TOUe; EIvaITO 1I09'1I1Of1m. 'Ollwe;.'1 av6yKfl IIEyaAUTEP'l" E~I- 61KEuaewc; npoae6Uiae aro 941JOlO aUTlJ ~PlmfI OVT6'rrrTO, WOTE V' anOTEAouv oVTIKElliEVO 16101- TEP'I" Emmflll'lc;. 'ETC1I, 'I vouC1InAoia EXEI an6Auro ~ExwplaEI an6 TO lIa9'1I1OTlm Kal T'IV uorpovoulo Kal UTrfIpeTEI anoKAElanlt6 TO xwpo TIle; VOUTl"'e; emmflll'lc;.

EIIIfTrIJp" lUll rixwI- An{) ne; jIOpTUplee; nou 6aaaw9llKav. npoKUnTEl 6TI Kal aTllV EnOXrl EKEI"" urrrlPXav Kal 01 9EWPIlTIKOI TIK voUTlAiae; KGI noMoi nAolapxol Elxav apKETEe; 9EWPI1TIKEe; yvliJaEIc;.

'Ooa avOyoVTal arov TOll4a TIle; Cj)EpOIiEVIle; we; npaKTIKrle; vouamAoiae; A6yw Til .. KOlv6T1lro~ rrouC;·\'IC» ...... " • roue; 'EAArrvEe; - 6nwc; Kal afIliEpa - av6y0Vl01 aTa 11OplC7)JOTO TIl'> 9EWP'IT1Krl" vauC1lnAoTac;. 'Enpene

va npallvrt9E1 11 Epyaaia TIIIV EAAflvwv KGI VO enaKOAou9ftaEI 11 EKAaiKEUafl. Yla VO 9EwpoUvroi mpaKTIK6. EKE Iva. '(Ia TO onola Xpea6a9'1ItE npo'lyouIIEVWC; 'I 9EwPflnKrl 6IEpeUV'IafI. n6vroTe TO vaunAaaK6 npoPAilIJOlO EKAaiKEUOVTOV. n6VTOTe unf!PXE E161"'" anAouaTEUIiEVIl aaTpovoliia. 1tOT6A-

AllAr! va E~UTrfIPETEI n,> avOyKE'> TI.IIV VOUTlKJilv. 01 onolOl, 600 KGI 6pna 9EWPI1TIK6 KaTapTIOliEvOl va

f)Tav. bev lJ11Opouaav va ECIIOPII~ouv n6vrOTe 9EIIIPI1TIKoUc; KOV6vee; nou analTOuoav noAu )(P6v0.

aMfJ TrpaKTIKE'> IIE9660u"," 01 anolE'> ae noAu Aiyo XpOvo va 6lvouv TO ~IlTOUIiEva, KOT6 auvEnEIO 0 xapaKTIlPlalJ6c; TIl'>· vouC1InAoTae; w'> auv6UOO1Jou Emcnflll'le; lCal TEXV'l"," nou 669'1KE avwTEpw, aVrlKEI

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Til vaum"Aoi"a avaperpqUEIJJ{ (dead reckoning navigation). EivOi 11 IJE90ooe; n"ou, KOTO Tllv onoia XPllalIJOnOlouVTOI anOKAEIOTIKO ro OTOIXEia Tile; nopEia~ Tile; TaXUTIlTae; Kal TOU xp6vou Ta~IOIOU TOU nAoiou. H ovcuerpnon XPllallJonolEiTal ornv aKTonA07a Kal TIlV WKEavonAofa.

TIlV aKTO"AoiKq vauumAoYa (coast navigation). Eival 11 IJE90ooe; TTAOU Kan] rnv orrolo XPllallJonolouVTal. 01 aKTEe; nou ~aivoVTal (EV04l1l aKTEc;).

Tnv aUTpovoplKq vauumAoi"a (celestial navigation). KaT' ournv XPIlOlIJOnOlouVTOI OTOIXEla opmwv oupaviwv aWIJOTwv.

MEn] TO OEUTEPO naYKoalJlO n6AEIJ0 rc IlAEKTPOVIKO opvcvo vaualTTAofac; OPXIaav va XPIlalIJOn010uVTai aE IJEyclAll KAilJaKa OTa nAoia. 'Ero: Oll1J10uPYrl911KE Evae; ~EXWpIOTOe; K.\clOoe; vaualTTAoia~ 11 "AeKTPDVIKq vauumAoYa rl pa61OvauumAoYa (radio or electronic navigation). AvoAoya IJE Ta IlAEKTPOVIKO opvovc Kal m aUOTI1IJaTa TTOU XPIlOlIJOnOIEi, 11 paolovaualTTAoia uTToolalpEiTal oe:

Pa6loywv'tJpeTplKq vauul"AoYa, IJE 1360'11 Til cuoxsun paoloYWVIOIJETpOU. NauumAoYa fadaf. IJE .. l36all TIlV OIJWVUIJIl ouoxeun.

Y"ep/JoAIKq vauumAoi"a,IJE 1300'11 ro aUOTrllJOTa unEPl3oAIKrlC; voualTTAoloe; (loran, decca, omega).

JJOPUt/JOPIKq vauumAoYa (sate lite navigation), IJE 1300'11 TOUe; TEXVIlTOUC; 00- pu~opouC;.

Naua.",Aofa a6pavelar (inertial navlqationlue 1360'11 OUOTIlIJO TTOU OTllpi~ETol O'TIlV oPXrl Tile; OOpOVEIOe;, KOI

NauumAoi"a Dopplef, IJE 1300'., TO OIJWVUIJO OUOTlllloI2,.

AKOIJa.. avclAoyo IJE TO EIOIKO EVOIO~EPOV. EXOIJE KOI oMo EiOll, OTTWe; EivOi 11 vauumAoYa UWtTI/Jiwv Atp/Jwv (life boat navigation), 11 onoio OVO~EPETOI OTIC; IJE- 900oue; TTOU XPllallJOTTOIOuVTol on6 TOUe; vouoyoue;.

npo/JAlipaTo vouumAoi"a~ Kare. TO To~i61 OTTOOXO'\ouv TO VOUTIMOIJEVO TO E~rle;

TTPO!3ArlIJOTO:

KOTEu9uvaEwe;, OIlAOOrl. Ko90p1aIJOU, xop6~Ewe; KOI TIlPrloEwe; Tile; rropeinc TOU nAolou.

UTToAoYlalJOu KOI urrcrurnboeux TOU OTiYIJOTOc;l9EaEwe; TOU TT'\oiou, KOI

(2) Mlo rrAOUlJlO lJuMovf) VOUTIKWV IlAEKTPOVIKwv oPvOvwv rrEpll30Mel onuepc TOV VOUTiAO O~IW- 1l0TIKO IlEaO am; ve<!lupee; TWV auvxpovwv ellrroplKwv rrAoiwv. EmKe<!lOAf)e; OUTWV eivm TO 0PVOVO pablovouamAoioe;. lJ.ev onorexouv rrpoa<!lOTee; emvof)aEIe; 01.0 OUTO TO OPVOVO. To pobloVWVIOIlETPO EXEI neprocorepn orro 50 XPOVIO AOllrrpf) VOUTlKf) crroblobpOllio. MEXPI TO 1945 TO radar cnorexouoe TO rno bIO<!lIlIlI~Ollevo rroAEIlIK6 IlUOTIK6 TWV OUIlIlOXWV. To IlAeKTpovlKo 0PVovo urrep!3oAIKf)e; VOUTIAioe; (consol, loran, decca) oVcrTTTuX91lKov KOTO TO beUTEpa rrayKoolllO nOAeIlO. H OUVXPOVIl eTTlOTft1l1l KOI TexvoAovio KOTEOTllae TO vaUTIKO l')heKTpOVIKO 6pvova nOAUTlIlOUr; auvEPvoTer; VIO TIlV euobwall TOU rrAou. 'ETO"I, TO To~iblO EVIVOV OO<!lOAEOTepa. TOXUTEPO KOI overorepc. H OWOTf) XPf)01l 011 we; TWV oPVovwv OUTWV rrpoun09ETei neploooTEpee; orroITf)oelr; we; npoe; rnv eKrroibeuoll TWV VOUTiAWV O~IW- 1l0TIKWV.

'Orrwe; eivol YVWOTO. TO VOUTIKO IlAeKTpovlKO 6PVOvo cnorexouv VIO TOV O~IWIlOTIK6 ve<!lupae; eovovo OIlEOIle; ovoVKIl<; KOI IlEva"llr; crnoulKlIClTIlTOC;. 'OTOV n OblOTlEpaO"Tfl OlliXAIl nOVlbEUOEI TO nAoio, 6- TOV Il KOKOKOlpio 1l0iVETOI KOI OTIoKAeiel OOTpaVOIlIKf) nopaTflPlloll VIO OpKETEe; llepEr; KOI orcv 01

- TTpoo610PIO~OU, KOTO Til 610PKEIO TOU TTAOU, TWV CJTolxeiwv OTTOCJTOOew<;, TOXUTIlTO<; KOI Xpovou.

To rplc aUTO TTPO~A~~OTO ~E~OIO 6EV E~OVTAO(iV TO OUVOAO TWV ETTi ~EPOU<; TTpO~ArHJOTWV TTOU OVOTTOTpEmo OTTOITOUV TI') MOil TOU<; KOTO TO To~i61. AnoTEAouV 0- ~W<; TO TEAEUTOio CJTo610 ~IO<; OEIPO<; 6106IKOOU.UV KOI UTTOAOVIO~WV, 01 OTToiE<; o<pEiAOUV va 6woouv OTTOVTIlOI') CJTO EPWT~~OTO TTOU KoBe <popa ovcxurrrouv KOTO Til OIOPKEIO TOU TO~IOIOU.

06eOTOI KivouVOI TWV aj3a9wv ooelAOUV TO nAoio. TO e~oxa aUTO Ileoa. Ile OIVOUPIO KOI aolj>oAEla 9a KaTeu9uvouv mv nAwPIl OTOV npoopiouo.

Ta ouvxpova IlAeKTpOVIKO 6pop6pETpa, eKTo~ ana Tllv a~ia TWV nAIlPolj>0Plwv nou napEXouv Via rnv TaxuTIlTa KOI TO oloOTlljJa nou olavuel TO nxolo, npoooepouv nOAuTljJe~ nAIlPolj>opiE~ OTO vounxAOIlEVO Via TIlV eKTillllOIl TOU OTiVllaTOe; TOU nAoiou xm Via TOV aOlj>aAi'] nAou Ileoa oe KAEIOTee; 90- Aaooee;. oe nOTa ilia KAn.

H a~ia TWV /Ju80piTfHAJ'" slvm avajJlj>loj3i']TIlTIl Via TIlV aOlj>oAEla Tile; vauomAofa~. Kupiwe; ce KOIPO OlliXAIl~ xm oUlnAou 9aMoOlwv neploxwv Ile aj3a9i']. AMo Kal OTIlV aAIEia jJla oUVXPOVIl IlXoj30AIOTIKi'] ouoKeui'] OOOTeAei TO KuplOTepo opvavo OTa xepla TaU «ljKIpOKanETOVIOU».

To ,,,d,,,. elvm ouoKeui']. nou XPlloljJonolEi IlAeKTpojJaYVIlTIKo KUjJaTO Via rnv avixvEuOIl OTOXWV Kal TOV npooolOplOjJO TIl~ anoOTooeWe; KOI olomeuoew~ K06E OTOXOU ana TO nAoio. H ovoucoto TOU opvcvou npoepxeTOI ana Ta apXIKo TWV AE~ewv: I<RAdio Detection And Ranqinq», 'Onw~ vivETal Ij>avspo.ro radar eivOi a 1T0MTljJO~ aMo KOI jJovaolKOe; apwvoe; Via TIlV anolj>uvi'] OUVKpOUOEWe; OTIl 90- Aaooa, Kupiw~ oe KOIp6 OjJiXAIl~. AMo Kal on vauTIAlaKo j3oi']91lIla Vi' aOlj>aAi'] nAou. oe rreproorouevo VEpO, OTOV 11 oporornrc eival neploplojJevll, TO oovovo npoolj>epel xpi']OIjJee; nAIlPOlj>opiEe;. Anorrel 0- Ilwe; EI(~IKE~ yvwoele; TOU a~IWllaTIKOU-xEIPIOTi']. 'Onwc; xapaKTIlPlaTlKC ava<!>EpETOI 0' an6<!>aoll (1951) TOU AvwTOTou alKaOTIlPiou TOU Kava66: «Mnopei va 6ewpeiTOI TO radar, onv eva YEO <!>w~, ITOU EIlITpenEI aTO xelplOTf! TOU va oel Ileoa OTIlV OjJiXAll, 1l0VO elj>Ooov aUTo~ VVWpi~EI va epllllvEuEI KOI va a~lonolei TIe; lTapEx6llevee; EvOe~ele;».

H npwTIl IlAeKTpOvIKf! ouaKeuf! nou e10f!Age ornv unnpeofo TIl~ vauomAoiae; eivOi TO pa6,orfll"l6- ~TPO (direction finder), jJeplKo xp6vla nplv 006 TO oeUTepo naVK6ajJI0 n6AejJo. To 6pvavo aUT6 eowoe apXIKO Til ouvm6TIlTa npoooloPlojJou VpajJjJf!~ geoew~ Kal OTivjJaToe; TOU nAolou KOVTO OTI~ aKTE~, aK6jJIl Kal jJE TI~ 1lI0 ouojJevele; OUV9"KE~ opaT6TIlTae;. ria TO oKon6 aUT6 XPlloljJonolelTal 11 jJE- 9000C; jJeTpi']oewc; TIlC; KaTeu6uvaewe; pooloalljJmwv, nou eKnejJnOVTal an6 elolKOuC; OTa91l0uc; TIlC; ~Ilpoe;. Ta auvxpova paOlOVWVI61leTpa prropouv va OWOOUV paoloolomeuoelC; IKavonoIIlTIKi']e; aKpil3elae; Kal an6 anoOTaall jJEXPI Kal 200 v. JJIAla an6 TOUC; OTa9jJouc;.

Ta uutTTqpara unep/JoA'Kqr "auumAoi'at; (consol, decca, loran, omega) oVOIlO~OVTOI ETol ana TO vevovoc; OTI 01 VpajJjJEC; 9Eoewc; nou XPIlOIllonolouVTOI eivOi unEPl3oAIKEe; KallnuAEe; xapaVllevec; ITOVW OTO XOPTIl. ITllv unepl3oAIKf! vauOInAoia, 0 vewllETpIKO~ rorroc Tile; OTagepi']~ olalj>opoe; TWV crroorcoewv ana OUO OTa9EpO 0IltJEia-OTa9jJouc; (EOTie~ unEPl3oAWV) OiVEI vpajJjJi'] geoEwc; (unepl3oAi']). H Vpolllli'] aUTIi 6eoewc; jJETpmal, aVOAova jJE TO aUOTIllla, EiTE jJe Til olalj>opo Xpovwv EiTE IlE Til ola<!>OpO <!>OOEWe;. AnalTouVTOI OUO OTa6jJoi Via va owaouv ilia unEp(3oAIi-vPalllli'] eeoew~ Kal OUO ~euyopla OTa91lwv jJe TPEI~ OTa6jJou~ Via va OWOOUV OTiVlla TOIl.,e; Suo OUVXpovwv ypajJjJwv geoEw~.

To uutTT1Ipa decca elvm IlIKPIie; ejJj3EAEla~ nou OEV ~enepvoEI ro 300 v. jJiAla. aiVEI OIlW~ IlEVOAIl aKpil3Ela aTlC; vpalljJE~ 9EOEw~. H aKpij3Ela aUTI'] 1j>90VEI rnv npoaeYVIO'Il Aivwv 1l0VO OEKa6wv IlE-

TpWV. ria TO Aovo aUT6 TO 6pvavo Eival nOAuTlllO OTIlV aKTonAo~a KOI elolKonpa 0' elllKivouva KOI nePIOplojJEva vepa, Ka9we; Kal aE KOIp6 OjJixAIle;. To oucrnuc decca KaMmEI TI~ nEpIOXE~ Tile; Ba Eu",.,;~c ..

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'Onw~ So 60uIJe OTO errouevo KeIPOAOIO, 11 Vil OTIl vevlKfl TIl~ SewPlloll elvcn OWIJO lJe oxfllJo eMel'IJoeI6E~ fl olP0lpoel6E~ Mvw TIl~ neplOTpOlPfl~ T1"1~, Aivo e~ovKWIJEVO vupw anD TOV IOilIJeplv6 KOI Alvo nenAOTUOIJEVO OTOU~ nDAou~. 'OJ,Jw~ VIO noMoue; oKonou~, rrou e~unllpeTouv Til VOUOIflAO¥O, 11 Vil unopel vo SewPIlSei 00 O!l>Oipa,xwpi~ OUTO vo npoKoAei unoAoVlollJO OIPOAIJOTO. Enloll~ 6nw~ So 6ouJ,Je OTO el61K6 KEIPOAOIO TIl~ VOUTIK"~ KOOJ,JOVpaIPIO~. 11 Vil eivol EVO neplnou a4JalplK6 KOI p~poPlAJvlvo awpa OTO 610OT1l1J0. To lJeIJOvwJ,JEVO TIl~ VIl~ cnooeixvuerm crro TIlV nAilPIl eAEuSepio TIl~ vo neplOTpE<I>ETOI rrepl o~ovo KOI vo nepllPEpETOI vupw an6 TOV flAIO. H nAllPIl neplOTpo<l>fl TIl~ oUTfl EIVOI ouvexfl~ J,Je TIlV i610 TOXUTIlTO, an6 Til MOil rrpoc TIlV OVOTOAll, KOI OUIJnAIlPwveTol oe 24 wpe~. TIlV KIVlloll oUTfl 6ev OVTIAOIJi3ovoJ,JooSe OTIlV KOSlllJEPlvfl ~wfl KOI vOlJi~OIJE 6TI ° flAIO~, 11 oeAllvll KOI T' OOTEPIO KIVOUVTOI oVTISeTo, an6 TIlV OVOTOAil rrpoc Til MOil. LTIlV np6~11 TO rreplnou O<l>OlpIK6 Tne; Vile; ono6EIKVueTOI ono 0PIOJ,JEVO !l>Olv6lJevo. 'Evo ono OUTO

PWTTIl~ Kovo60, nEpO"IKOU KO'\TTOU K'\TT. novw OTO TT'\oio EYK09iOTOTOI a OEKTIle; decca, ~E TOV orrolo IJETpOTOI 11 61o<l>opo <l>oaEwe; 6uo ll'\EKTPOIJOYVIlTlKWV alllJoTwV TTOU EKm§~TToVTOI OTTO laopl91J0ue; OTo91J0ue; Tile; ~Ilpoe;. IToue; VOUTIKOUe; xOpTEe; TWV TTEPIOXWV TTOU KoMmoVTol OTTO TO (JUOTIlIJO decca eivm XOPOYIJEVO oVTfOTolxa 6iKTUO UTTEp!30'\IKWV KOIJTTU'\WV, Ko9E IJIO OTTO TIe; orroiec aVTIOTOIXEi CJ' opla~evll 61a<l>opo WOCJEWC.

To qU(TT'Ipa loran (LOng RAnge Navigation) eXEI IJEYO'\11 ElIl3e'\Elo. MTTopEi vo XPIl(JIIJOTTOI1lgei KOI vro crroorcon lJeXPI 2500 v. lJi'\lo oTT6 TOUe; OTo91J0uC;. E6w 11 Ko9E IJIO UTTEp!30AI'] TTOU EivOi xapoYlJeVIl onv ypalJlJl'] geCJEwc; OTO v. XOPTIl OVTOTTOKpivETOI a'opla~evll 61o<l>opo aTToOToaEWe; OTTO TOUe; 6uo OTa91J0ue; loran. METpOTOI 6E onv 61a<l>opo xp6vou aE IJIKp06EuTEp6'\Ema. 6uo TETOIEe; ypalJlJee:; geCJEWe; 6fvouv <l>UCJIKO TO OTiYlJa TOU TT'\oiou. To aUOTIlIJa aUTO TTapEXEI TO TTAEOVEKTlllJa XPIl(JIIJOTTOIr;(JEWC:; EI61KWV TTlVOKWV cvri YIO TOUe:; X6PTEe:; loran. 0 OEKTIle; loran OTO TTAoio aUVTovi~ETOI OTO ETTl9uIJIlTO ~Euyoe; OTa9~wv loran xm 6iVEI Til 61a<l>opO Xpovou IJE TIlV orrolo <l>90VOUV OTO TTAOio TO IlAEKTpolJayvllTIKO al']lJOTa. ME !3aall Til 61a<l>opa aUTI'] TaU XPOVOU TTOU IJETpI']91lKE IJE TO cSeKTIl TaU opvoYOU ava~IlTOIJE OTO v. XapTIl rnv aVTiOTolXIl xapaYIJEvll KallTTUAIl Tile; i6lac; 61a<l>opoe; XpOvou. XPIl(JIlIoTTolwVTae; 6E Kat 6EUTEPO ~Euyoe; OTa911WV ETTITUYXOVETOI OTiYlJa TOlJrie:;, TaU onoiou 11 aKpil3Ela EivOI TTapOIJ01a II' EKEiVIl TWV OTIYlJllTWV Tile; aOT~voIIIKI']e; vauam,\ofae;.

'Eva aK6111l aUOTIlIJa uTTEp!30'\IKfle; vaualTT'\oiia~ IJE TO onolo E<I>06Ia~OVTal auvExwe:; ro TTAoia eival TO "om •• ». To 6iKTUO TWV OKTW OTa911wv TOU aUOTflIIOToc:; KoMmEI oh6K.\IlPIl rnv U6pOYEIO. 01. OTa91J0i nurol EKTTEIITTOUV eK TTEPITpOTTfle; ll'\EKTPOIIOVVIlTIKO afllloTa IIE'OplalJEVIl auxv6TIlTa CW ae IJIKPO 6la'\EillllOTa IJETO~U TOUC:;. 0 6EKTIle; OTO TT'\oio IIETPOEI Til 610<l>opo <l>oaEWe; TWV allllOTwv au-' TWV, TTOU aVTIOToIXEI aE ilia uTTEPI30'\IKfJ KallTru'\ll TrOU Eival xapaYIIEvll OTO vauTIK6 XapTIl. 6uo ~EuYIl OTa911wv lIae; 61vouv laapl9l1Ee; YPDIIIIEe; 9Eaewc:; Kal TO ariYlJa TOllfJe; OTO XOprll·

H Te'\euTaia 611We; TeXVO'\OYIKri e~E'\I~1l TWV IJEaWv vauam,\oiioc:; Eival 11 lIe9060e; IJE Til l3ofJ9Ela TEXVIlTWV 60pu<I>opwv. EivOi 11 6op~fII"" IIfIIHTI"AoTtt (navigation via satellites) TTOU XPllallloTTolEiTal Kal <1TO EIJTTOPIKO TT'\oia OTT6 TO 1967 lie aPIOTa aTrOTE-'EalloTa. ME TIlIIE9060 aUTfI, a' OTTOI06f1TTOTE alllJEio rr6vw ornv ETTI<I>ovela Tile; YIle; Kal liE OTTolea6fJTrOTE KalplKEC:; ri aMee; auv9fJKEe; 6ivETOI TO crlvlIa TOU TTAOiou a' OVTiOTOIXIl wPD GMT. K!lTO IIEao 6po, 11 auxv6TIlTO TOU ariYIIOTOe; 6ivETai Ko9E ilia wpa, liE <l>WTEIV6 'II.,<I>ia (<!>1M fI KOI ypa<l>IKO, xwpic:; 0 xelplOTI']c:; va aUlIlIETEXEI OTOV UTTo'\0YlaIl6. H aKpil3ela TOU aUOTriIJOTOC:; <l>96vEI TO rsrcoro v. 1I1,\{OU, TrOU UTTepKo,\UTTTEI 11<; av6YKE<; TIle; vaualTT,\oiac:;.

6

Eiva! TO KU!CAIK6 axl'U.lO TOU Opi(OVTO oro OVOIKT6 neAovoe;. AKO~1l eXO~E Til 61060- XIKrl E~~ovlall TWV Imwv rl TOU KanvOU ornv 0PXtl KOI ~ETO TOU aKcl~OUe; Ev6e; nAoiou nou npoaEyyi(EI an6 TO ntAayoe;. AVTi9ETO E~~vi(eTOI rrpdrrc TO aKcl~Oe; KOI enEITO 01 iorol tl 0 KOnv6c; TOU nAoiou nou ono~oKpuVETOI orov Opi(OVTO Tile; 90AoaaOe; (ax. 1.20).

o O~OVoe; nepr TOV onoio neplmpE~ETOI 11 VtllVIl a~ipa OVO~O(ETOI 6loWlr rqr YIIr nn' (earth's axis) (ax. 1.2J3). 0 o~ovoe; oUT6e; 61anepvclel TIlV E",~VEIO Tile; VtllVile; a~orpoe; aE 6uo all~Eio OVTI610~ETPIKO, nou KoAoUVTOI nAol rqr Yllr .; OKPI~Ecrepe yellJYPfIfJI#tOI mUm rqr rrlr (geographical poles). 0 n6AOe; n rrou J3piaKETol npoe; TO ~Epoe; TOU noAlKOU omtpa - omepla~ou MIKp';e; 'ApKTOU - ovo~o(eTOI fJ6PEIOr mUor (north pole) KOI 0 n6AOe; n' nou J3piaKETol npoe; TO ~EpOe; TOU OOTEpla~ou TOU N6TIOU ITOUPOU ovo~o(eTOI v6T1Or "6Aor (south pole) (ax. 1.2(3)'"

A~ou 6Ex9"Ko~e TO ax"~o Tile; Vile; ao a~01p1K6, rrrnv e",~clveIO Tile; Vile; uno pouv VO xopoX90uv ~EVlmol KOI ~IKpoi KU!CAOI. MIYluror KuKAor (great circle) eivui o Ku!CAoe; rrou TO EninE66 TOU nEpVOEI unOXPEWTIKcl on6 TO KEVTPO Tile; Vile; (OX 1.2V)· ITIlV E",~VEIO TIle; Vile; 11 aUVTo~6TEPIl cnocrcon 6uo OIl~Eiwv eivm OUTI'] nou onOTEAEi T~';~O TOU ~EVlmou KU!CAOU, rrou EVWVEI TO 6uo OUTe] OIlI.lEio. MIKpdr KuKAor (small circle) elva! Ko9E Ku!CAoe; nou TO EninE66 TOU 6EV nEpVOEI orro TO

Ix. 1.20.

<!>olv61lEVO TO onoio onOOEIKVUEI Til OClXIlPIKOTIlTO Tile; VI)C;.

KEVTPO Tile; Vile; (ax. 1.26). To T~';~O TOU ~IKPOU KU!CAOU nou EVWVEI 600 onueio (]TIW E",~VEIO Tile; Vile; 6EV OnOTEAEi KOI Til OUVTOl.l6TEPIl OnOOTOOIl I.IETO~U TWV OUO OUTWV alll.lEiwv.

o I.IEVIOTOe; KU!CAOc;. rrou TO enine66 TOU eiVa! Kcl9ETO npoc TOV O~OVO Tile; Vile;.

OVOI.IO(ETOI IUIIPEpIV6r Tile; Vile; IS (terrestial equator) (OX. 1.2E KOI En6I.1Evo). rTIl 'If: EXOI.IE EVa KOI I.I0V061K6 IOIlI.lEPIVO, nou Til Xwpi(EI OE bUo Ill.llo~oip'lo. To rrpoc T;; ~OPEIO noAo OVO~O(ETOI P6PEIO 'IPIUt/Jaiplo (north hemisphere) KOI TO 'oMo "dno 'IPlut/NIiplO (south hemisphere) (ax. 1.2OT KOI En6I.1Evo). 01 I.IIKpoi KU!CAOI nou TO EninE66 TOUe; EivOI nop6MIlAo npoe; TO EninE60 TOU IOIlI.lEPIVOU, EnOI.lEVWe; KOI

(1) ITO ~6pE10 n6Ao eC$l6aoE npWTOC; TO 19080 AIlEPIKOVOC; Nouopxoc; Peary. To 1958 TO OIlEPIKOVIK6 OTOllIK6 uno~puXIO INoUTIAoe;lI liE KU~Epv{[rrl TOV nAoioPXo Anderson nepooE TO ~OPEIO no.\o KCrrW an6 TOUe; nOyOue; KOI TO 1959 TO En(OIle; 0IlEPIKOVIK6 OTollIK6 unoppuXIO .Skate» eC$l8ooE OTO B. n6Aa KclTW an6 TOUe; nciyou.; nou TOU'; eOTlOOE KOI PVI'tKE OTI)v EmC$l6vElo. ITo VOTIO n6.\0 eC$l800E npWTOC; TO 1911 0 NOPPIlV6.; E~EPEUVIlT"''; Amundsen KOI TO 19120 'AVV'\o-. Scot.

IX. 1.2p.

'A~ovoe; 1(01 nMOI T!)e; V!)s- EninE:60 I.IE<J1WI>

IX. 1.26.

MI~po<; KlIK).,O~ 1l6~w (nil ~II

7

IX. 1.2y.

, MtVICTTO<; KUK.\,O<; mJVUI OT!) VIl·

IX. 1.2e.

MtYIOTO,> KUK).,0S - IOI1I.1Ep,v6S·

KOeffO TTpOe;; TOV a~ovo HIe;; YIl<;. OVOI.Ul\OVTOI nopfJAA"Aoi KUKAOI ~ nopoAA'1Aol "A, TOI!( (parallels) (ax. 1.2~ KOI 1 .2~1. An6 Ko9E reno 61(~ PXETOI EVOC; KOI ,.lOva611{ " nopaM'lAoe;; TTA.clTOUC;;. 'Anerpo: E1TOjJEVWe;; eivcn xm 0.1 nopaM'lAo.l nMTOUe;; Tile;; "y

8

N Ot\O ".~toIPCliPLO \

IX. 1.2OT.

B. vEwvpo:¢lI~.6~ n6A.oo;.laI"lIJEp\v6~K(l1 '1]lJlo¢KIiplo (B,Nj.

lX. 1.2t.

ErtlnE6a IO!,]IJEPIVOU ~al nop6MI]Aou nACrrou~.

TTO U 13 piO"KOVTO I 0l'T6 TU; 6uo j.lEPU~~ TOU 1000IJEPIVOOW,

- 12) Onop6.v.~}.o~ nA6Tou~ onon;Aef TO YEWIJETpl~6T6no 6Awv TWV OI])J.Eiwv TO. ortoto EXOUV TO i-

010 YEwVpo:¢lI~6 1TMr:ro~. 0 IJEOTJIJf3plv6o; anOTEAEI TO VEW\JETPI1(6 T6no OA.wv TWV (JI1IJElwv, nou EXOUV £Y

• rc

TO 1010 VEwypo¢ll~6 ,1Jf)~0", {ttJr%

/.~A.T '95t.

IX. 1.21).

Mll(pOo; KUMO':; - nop6Mfl},OC; n"'rrouc;.

9

IX. 1.2a.

MEylOTOo; KUMOC; - IlEUIlIlJ3Plv6o;.

n

Greenwich

n'

IX. 1.21.

nplilToC; IlEO"IlIlJ3Plv6o; - Greenwich - 1(01 IlEullllJ3PlvoC; ronou.

01 ·I-U§YIOTOI KlJl(AOI nou luePXOVTal an6 TOUe; nOAOUe; Tile; Vile; xcn cpualKO rrspreXOUV TOV a~ova Tile; OVOlJa~OVTal PEaIlP!l/Hvoi (meridians) (ax. 1.28 KOI 1.21). To enineoo Mwv TWV lJealllJj3plVlllV TEIJVOVTOI Kara Til VpalJlJrl TOU 6~ova Tile; Vile;. Ano KaBe OTlIJEiolr6no {II EPXETOI evoe; KQI 1J0vaOlKOc; IJECJlllJl3pIVOe;. 'Arreipo. EnOIJEVWe; . eivol 01 IJECJIlIJ13Plvoi Tile; Vile;. ' 01 nMOI Tile; Vile; xwpi~ouv KoBE IJEallIJ13PIV6 oe buo .

10

j.Jla6 Tj.JrwOTo. anD TO onolo EKEIVO nou nEPU§XEI TO aUYKEKplj.JEvO al'lf..lEiolTono OVOI .. l(l~ETCI mivw plu6 TOU PEU"pPPIIIOU ri mrllW "P1PEU"PPPI1I6t; KOI TO 6Mo KaTW plu6 TOU PEU"PPpwou ri KIITW "P1PEU"pPPIII6t;. Ano TOU~ j.JEarIlJ(3pIVOUt:; OUTDu<;. EKEIVOe; nou o II§PXETO1 OTTO TO corepooxonefo TaU Greenwich Tile; BpeTovioc; ovo- 1..16~eTCI "PWTOt; PEU"pPpIIIOr; ri PEa1JpPPIIIOt; TOU Greenwich. 0 npwTo<; j.JEalll..l(3plv6t:; xwpl~el Til VIl ae 6uo 1"1IJlacpaiplQ, OTTO TO onoia EKElvo nou nEplI~:xel TIlV Eupwnil, Aaia, AcpplKn KAn, OVOI .. H~I~ETCI QIIITTOAlltO flPIUf/JoipiO (east hemisphere) KOI TO <fjJ\J\o, frOU neplEXEI TIlV AI..IEPIKri, 6U1IKO flPlaf/JaiplO I .vsst hemisphere) (aX .. 1 .. 210) ..

IX .. 1..210 ..

Enineoo lJeol1JJ[3plvou Green KOI IlJJlo¢laiplCI (A.6).

rEorPA<f)IKEr rVNTETArMENEI

Oncroenrrore onuelo Tnc; cpUalKt'lC; yt'llvnc; Emq,aVElae; prropsl va npo(3J\n8ei j.l€ TnV Ko8ETI"} OTT6 TO allj.JEio aTO EMenpoE16EC; 1'1 Til acpaipa. H BEan TIl<; npo(3oArie; TOU anj.JEiou OTO eMEnpoel6ec; opi~ETal )..IE Til l3of)8ela buo YWVIWV: Tou yewypacpl-

KOU nA6TOU<; f) onM Tl/\{rrou<; (cp) KOI TOU YEwypacplKOU )..It'lKOU<; f) anM j.JriKoue; ('i:~~ .. -

;Jl$

'95t.

IX. 1.3a. rEwvpallltK~" C1uVTHaYIJEvE<; IIII/A).

II

s

n

n'

IX· 1.31J. rewypacll'K6 nA(ha,> Ill.

rrou OnOTEAOUV Kal TI" rewypaf/llft~ tTulIT£TaypIJlE~ TOU onustou KOI XPflO'll-leuOUv Via va npoO'610pi(ouv Tllv ol<PII3~ Seall T6nwv ~ nAWTWv lJeaWV en6vw aTIIV em¢l6vEla Tile;; Vile;;. na ru npol3A~poTa Til .. vauaITIA01·a .. elval (ouvfjSwe;;) apKET6 va avTIKa91aTOUIJE TO O'xr'IIJa HI .. VIl .. !-Ie IJIO o¢oipa lJe IJIO IJEall aKTivo 1<01 vo XPIlO'I!-l0- nOIOUiJE Til VEWiJeTpio Tile; o¢aipae; VIO TIlV EniAuO'Il TWV npoI3ArwaTl.tJv. To 6iKTUO TWV vewvpa¢!IKWV O'UVTETaYI.IEVWV navw aTO eMellvoEt6ee; r'1 Til O'¢!aipa €iVOI Eva 6iKTUO iJeOfliJl3plvwv KOI napaM t'!AWv'. 01 IJEO'Il~l3plvoi eivOi ypaiJ~JlEC;; IJE aTogep6 VEWYPO¢!IK6 i..If]Koe; KOI 01 nOpaMI'lAOI vPGIJ!.IEe;!.IE aTogep6 VEWYPO¢!IK6 nMToe;;. Elval OUOIOaTlKa EVa ouornuo Em¢oveloKwv OUVTETaVI.IEvwv KOI IJO" 6ivel O'e 6uo 6loaToO'ele; TIlV Opl(OVTIOVpo¢!io !J10e; ooo6~noTE !.IeyaAIle; eKTaoEw", OKOPO KOI

OAOKAflPIle; Tf']e; Vile;;· .

rewypat/llIr6 nA670~", (latitude; tat) ev6e;; O'lllJEiou-T6nou en6vw crrrtv ErTl¢l6VEIC HIe; Ylle;, ovop6~eTOI fl ywvio nou OX 11 !.I OTi (E I 11 KOSETIl aTO eMelljJoel6ec; t'! Til mlloipo OTT6 TO 0'111-1£10 IJE TO eniTTe60 TaU ta"lJeptvo~, ti TO T6~0 TOU lJeO'fll-ll3plvou nou TTepvOEt oTT6 TOV reno KOI TTepIAOI)j36vETOI I.IETO~U TaU IO'lllJEplVOU 1<01 TaU nopaAAIlAOU TTAOTOU" TOU 16tou ronou (ax. 1.30 KOI 1.313). To VEWYPO¢!IK6 nAOToc; XOPOKTIlpi~ETOI we; p6pelD B (north, N) Ii 1I'6rlO N (south, 5), e¢6aov TO O'I'lIJEio nou rrpoo- 610pi(EI j3piOKETOI aTO 136pel0 r'1 TO v6no IllJlo¢!aiplo OVTiaT01XO. T6nOl TTOU I3piOKOVTOI UTO i610 rllJlo$oiplo EXOUV DpWl/Ulla "A6r" A Kat r (same names), evw T6- nOI nou I3pioKOVTOI 0 evoe; UTO j36pelo KOI 0 aMoe; aTO V6TIO I1lJlo<l>oiplO EXOUV OE- .. pWJlulla "A6r" A KOI B ri B Kat r (different or contrary name) (OX. 1.3V). To nMToe; TO IJETPOUJ.lE naVW UTO IJEO'I1J.1j3plv6 TOU Tonou oe J.loipee; KOI UnOOIOlpeOelC; TOUe; on6 000-90" B r'i N. AElJe n.x. yewypa$IK6 TTAarOe; <I> 080 15', 5 B r'i ¢! 35° 56' 25"

N. T6nOl nou j3piOKOvrOt enavw UTOV IOllJ.leplv6exouv nAaroe; 000 00. evw ronor nou j3piO'KOVTOI enavw UTov.i6lo TTapaMI'IAO ~xouv TO 1610 YEwypa$IK6 nMrror;. To

12

IX. 1.3y.

ll.rO$OpO n"mous ll.$ Kor 6roq>opa IJrlrWUS ts):

YEWYPocplKa nAerroe; TWV n6Awv T'1e; Y'1e; eivCI 900 B ~ N OVTiaTOIxo(lI.

rEwyptZ"1t6 plflto{ A (longitude longl, ev6e; onuetou-rerrou crnv emcp6VEIa Tile; YIlC;, oVOlJo(eTol 11 ywvfa nou 0XIlIJOTI(EI TO IJEOllIJ13PIv6 enine60 TOU onuetou IJE TOV rrpdrro IJE0'1IJI3PIV6 (Green), rl TO Ta~o TOU lorWEplVOU nou nepIAOIJ136vETOI (..IETO~U TOU npWTOU lJeorUJl3plvou KCI TOU jJEOnlJl3plVOU TOU T6nou (OX. 1.30)111. To yewypmpIK6 IJrlKOC; XOpaKTllpi(ETOI we; alfaTOAl1t6 A (east. E) rl 6UTl1t6..1 (west. WI, ecpaoov 0 T6noc; aTOV onoio avacpepeTol eivCI aTO a,!OToAIK6 ~ 6uTIKo rWlocpaiplo cvrtororxo, To IJriKOC; TO jJETPOUIJE OE IJOipEe; Kal OE un06lalpeoEIC; TOUe; ana 000°- 1800 A .; 11. "EIJE n.x. YEWYPOCPIKO IJ';KOe; A 0050 05',5 A ~ A 1650 50' 20". Tonal nou j3piOKOVTCI CTOV rrpdrro en6vw 1l1J1iJeollIJ13plvo EXOUV A 0000 00'. Tormr nou I3piaKoVTol CTOV npurro KCrrW 1l~.II!JEorllJl3plvo exouv A 1 800 00', evw TonOI nou I3piOKOVTCI CTOV i610 11!JllJea'1lJl3plv6 EXOUV A TO i610. Tonal nou I3ploKoVTol aTO 1610 rllJlo¢laiplo A KOI B EXOUV opwlfupa plflr'll EVW rorro: nou I3pioKoVTol a EVOC; CTO avoTOAIKO KCI 0 cMoe; CTa 6UTIK6 11~J1ocpoiplo A Kor r f] B KOI r EX0.uV ETEpWlfupa plflrll (ax· 1.3y).

o npao6loplolJ6C; TIlC; BeaEwc; Evac; 0IlIJEiou-T6nou nAolou I.IE rnv TETCVIJEVI1 TOU nACrroue; Kal rnv TETl.IlliJeVIl TaU I.ltiKoue; OVOl.lo(eTar rEtJJrpa.,tt6 rnfypa (geographical position). Elva I 611A06l1 TO yeWYPocplKO CTlyl.IO, '1 TOl.ltl TOU nop6M'1AOU nA6- TOUC; Kar TOU I.IEOIlIJ!3Plvou IJtlKOue;, nou 61ePXOVTOI on6 TO onusto r'l TOV reno TIlC; VIlC;· "(!.IE n·x· 11 YEwypacplKf] SeOIl TOU cpopou «Zoupj3a» Tile; vr;OOu 'Y6poe; eiver, $

(') ITO T6~o TaU yewypaqm:ou n'\6Toue; oVTrarorxei I] ywvla BKe nou OXI]IJClTI~eTal OTO K.EVTPO TIle; YI]S 0116 ns ,"rves auive., nou o61]Youv OTO aTllJeio TOIJ"" ISilJeO'l]lJl3prvoO 1«11 nop6MI]'\ou/lJeO'I]Il!3PIVOO lox. , .301. ITO T~O TaU yewypo$IKOU IJr;KOUC; OVT1OTorXEi I] 6ie6pl] ywvio AKB rrou o)(IlIJClTi~E-

Tal 0lJ6 TO enlne6a TaU nplirrou I.IEOrwl3plvoO KOI TaU IJEO'I]Il!3Plvou TOU T6nou. ~ ore

f:r,~~y1;;

~~~$

'95t.

13

37° 21',7 B KalA 23° 35', 1 A, TTOU arU.IOIVEI 6TI av xapO~OIJE TOV TTapoMIlAo TTMTOUe; q> KOI TO IJEalllJj3plvo IJfJKoue; A, ornv TOlJfJ TOUe; 90 eXOIJE Til geall-aTIVlJa TOU q>opou ourou, ETTialle; AEIJE OTi TO VEwvpaq>IKO aTiVlJa TOU TTAoiou lJae; elver. q> 50° 48',1 B KOI 11. 001° 06',6 fl. na TO KltlolipellO "Aoio TO arlypa allat/J~peTallT' OPIITP~tlO xp6t10, aq>ou IJE Til IJETaj3oJ\.fJ Tile; wpae; IJETaj3oMETol KOI 11 geall TOU TTAoiou.

I a yewvpaq>IKO aTiVIJOTa TWV 6laq>opwv AllJavlwv, j301l91l1JOTWV vauamA01ae; 1'1 onuelcov (q>opWV, q>avwv, alllJaVTfJpwv KATT) Kal TOTTWV TTOU Ev6laq>epouv TO va UTi- 11.0 TTapexoVTOI aTT6 TOUe; 6Ioq>opoue; VaUTIKOUe; TTivaKee; (Norte's, Bowdwich KATT), vaUTIAlaKee; EK66aEIe; (TTAOIlVOue;, <t>apooeiXTEe;, XOpTEe; KATT,), vewvpa<t>IKOUe; clTAavTEe; KATT, (j3AeTTE nopcvp. 1.4, v. uTToAOVlalJo 10).

JJ,at/Jopa "AaTOU~ JJt/J (difference of latitude, D.lat) 6uo T6TTWV OVOIJ6~0IJE TO TO~o IJEalllJj3plvou, TTOU TTEplAalJj30vETaI IJETO~U TWV 6uo TTapaMrlAwv TTMTOUe; TWV TOTTWV. rTO axfJlJa 1.3V 01 TOTTOI A xm r exouv ouicvuuc TTACITI1 KOI 11 61Oq>opo rrMTOUe; roourci IJE TIlV apl91JIlTIKfJ 6la<t>opo TWV rrAaTwv TWV 6uo rornov, fJE TO TO~O 61lAa6fJ fl<t> = <t> - <t>'. ria TOUe; TOTTOUe; olJwe; A Kal B 1'1 B KOI r TTOU exouv erepiovufJO TTMToe;, 11 6la<t>opO rrMToue; roourrn fJE TO apl91JIlTIK6 o9poiaIJa TWV 6uo rrxoTWV, fJE TO TO~O, 61lAa6fJ fl<t> = <t> + <t>' , Arro TIe; 6uo aUTee; axeaEIe; aUVOVETal 0 KOIVoe; TunOe; Tile; ola<t>opoe; nMTOUe;:

JJt/J = t/J ± t/J' (+£T, - op)

ria TO KIVOUIJEVO rrAolo 11 6loq>opo nMToue; TTOPOUalO~EI ETTWVulJio P6p£IQ B 1'1 v6T1a N avoAova ov TO nAoio rrAEEI TTpOe; j30pEl6TEpa " VOTIOTEpa rrAOTIl KOI, OVE~OPTIlTO ana TO IllJla<t>oiplO nou j3piaKeTol. rUfJ<t>wvo fJ' aUTO, av TO TTMTIl 6uo aTIVIJOTWV slvor, q> 33° 50' B KOI q>' 55° 15' B, 11 fl<t> 9a EivOI: (55° 15' - 33° 50') = 21 ° 25' B. H flq> EivOi B VIOTi TO TTMToe; KOToTTAou <t>' elvcn j30PEIOTEPO nrro TO rrMTOe; onortxcu q> (j3MTTE v. unoAoVlafJo 10),

JJlat/Jopa pqKOU~ JJA (difference of longitude, D, long), 6uo Torrwv ovofJ6~ofJe TO IJIKPOTEPO orro 180° TO~O TOU ronuepivou rrou TTEPIAOfJj3ovETal fJETO~U TWV ueonuj3PIVWV TWV romov ounhv. rTO axfJlJa 1.3V 01 TOTTOI A KOI B exouv OfJWVUfJO fJl'jKIl Kalil 610<l>Opo fJl'jKoue; roourm fJe TIlV opl91JIlTlKI'j 6lo<t>opo TWV fJllKWV TWV Mo TOrrwv, KOI fl1I. = A-A' . ria TOUe; ronou; 6fJwe; A KOI r 1'1 B Kal r ue eTEpWVUIJO IJrlKIl, 11 Ola<l>opa fJfJKoue; laouTol lJe TO opl91JIlTIKO o9poiaIJa TWV OUO fJllKWV, KOI fl1I. = A + A'. H flA TTpeTTEI va a<t>OIpegei aTTO 360° ornv TO 69pOlatJa (11. + A') uTTepj30ivel TIe; 180°. ATTO TIe; 6uo axeaele; aUTee; e~oVETOI 0 KOIVOe; rurroc Via TIlV eupeall Tile; 6lO<l>opoe; fJfJKOUe;:

AA = A ± A' ( + et; - op) [ov(A + A') > 180° eXOfJE fl1I. = 360° - (11. + 11.')]

ria TO KIVOUfJEVO TTAoio 11 6la<t>opo fJfJKoue; xapOKTllpi~ETol allaToAIKt1 A 1'1 6UTIKq JJ, avoAovo ov TO TTAoio TTAEEI TTpOe; ovoTOAIKoTEpo 1'1 6uTIKoTepa IJfJKIl KOI aVE~opTIlTa an6 TO IllJla<t>oiplo TTOU j3piaKETol. rUIJ<t>wvo fJ' OUTO, OV ro IJfJKIl 6uo aTIYfJOTWV EivOI, 11. 29° 33',6 A (1JIlKOe; TOU aTiYlJaTOe; OTToTTAou), KalA' 11 ° 50', 8 A (IJrlKOe; TOU aTiVIJOTOe; KOToTTAoul. 11 4A 9a EIVOI:

H 'fl1I. eivOi fl VlaT) TO fJfJKoe; KaTonAOU j3piaKETOI 6UTIKOTepa aTTO TO fJl'jKoe; orro-

14

nAou. Av ro IJ~K'1 6uo OTIVIJCrrWV Elval A 29° 33', 6 A (IJriKOC; TOU OTiVlJaToe; an6- nAou), Kal A' 20°15' 11 (IJr;KOe; TOU OTiYIJOToe; KOTonAou) 11 IlA So Eival: AA = (29° 33',6 A + 20° 15' 11) = 49° 48',6 A. H llA ElvOI A YlaT! TO I-Ir;KO<; KaTonAOU j3piOKErOI 6UTIK6TEpa ano TO IJ~KO<; an6nAOU (j3AEnE v. unOAOVl01J6 10).

TdJK6 tniypa. rVWpl~OVTOC; nC; OUVTETOVI-IEVEC; (q,/A) TOU OPXIKOU OTiVIJOTOC; an6nAOU TaU nAoiou Kal TIe; 610q,OPEC; nMlTout;; KOI IJr;KOUt;; (Aq,/llA) wt;; TO TEhlKO OTiYI-IC KOTonAOU, j3piOKOI-IE TIt;; OUVTETaWEvEt;; (q,'/A') TOU TEAEUTOiou, npo08o¢lOIPWVTOC; TO 6E60IJEVO, ~60EI OKOPIIPriIJOTOr,; rrou cncrrelrot Via TOV Ko80PI0IJO TOU 0'1I-1E10U. ME TOV 1610 Tp6no PpiOKOI-IE TIt;; OUVTETaYI.IEVet;; Evac; rorrou. on6 riC; VVWOTEt;; OUVTETOYIJEVet;; cMou KOI TIt;; IlIP KOI llA 01 onotec xwpi~ouv TOUe; ronouc, 'ETO'I EXOI-IE TIe; OXEOEIS:

tIl' = '" :t ~_ (+ 01.1, - Ell KOI A' = A t ~A (+ 01-1, - ET) :

Av 0'1 A¢I KCI AA eivrn OIlWVUlJes I-Ie TIe;; OPXIKEC;; OUVTETOWEVES 4> Kaj A, rrpoo seTOIJE, av 61Jwe; elval ETepwVUIJEC; O¢lOlpOUIJE, VIC va j3POUIJE TIe;; TEAIKEC; OUVTETOVIJEveC;. ITO ETepwvUlJo, OV 0'1 IlIP KOI llA eivOI IJEyoMITEpes ana IP KOI A oVTiOTOIXO, o. TeAIKEC; OUVTETOVIJEvee; ¢I' KOI A' nolpvouv enwvulJies TWV AlP KOI llA (j3hEnE v. unoAOVIOIJO 10).

Oe;; piao nA6ToS" IPiJ (mean latitude) 6uo OIJWVUIJWV nAarwv xopaKTllpi~OIJ€ TO opl81JIlTIK6 IlI-II08pOIol-lo aurwv, 4>iJ = (<I> + IP'):2 (0)(. 1.36). H evvOia TOU I:'EOOU nMTDuC; O'UV6E€TOI KaTa xcvovc lJe OIJWVUIJC nhOTIl. rl' aUT6 onOVIO 0 opOC; lJeOO nMrDe;; avoIPeperol 0' ETEPWVUIlO nACrr'l. LrllV rreplrrncon aUTft, Wt;; lJeOO nAOror,; xapGKTllpl~olJE T'lV OPI81J'1TIKr; rW161cIPOp6. TUN 6uo nAOTWV, ¢liJ = (q, - cp'): 2 KGI TO xapOKTllpl~olJe we; j36PEIO fJ VOTIO an6 TO nhOTOe;; TOU lJeVOAUTepou. Ana aUT6 O'UVOY€TOI 0 KOIVOe; TunOe; TOU IlEOOU nAoToue;:

n

n'

IX. 1.36.

MEao TTAmo.; ¢II> KOf 6fOpeWj.lEVO j.lEao l1Af'ITO~ ¢I" -

15

Av n.x. TO nAmOe; T'le; A OKP'le; TOU V'lOiOU Tf)voe; Eival cP 37° 35' B Kal T'le; N 0- Kp'le; T'le; v'laioae; Avrinopou cP 36° 56' B, TO lJeao nMTOe; aun.ov ea Elval: CPIJ = (37° 35' B + 36° 56' B): 2 = 37° 15',5 B (Enwvulolia 'l KOlvf)). Av 61Jwe; TO nMTOe; an6nAOU TOU nAoiou Eival cP 02° 25' B Kal TO nMTOe; KOTonAOU CP' 4° 20' N, TO lJeao nMTOe; TOUe; ea Elva!: CPIJ = (4° 20' N - 02° 25' B): 2 = 57',5 N Iemovuulo TOU j..IEvaAUTEpou) .

. .. n._ 'H axea'l aUTf)6IJwe; TOU lJeaou nMTOUe; urropel va XPIWIIJOnol'leEi Via IJIKpee; anOaTOaEIe; IJETa~U TWV OUO romov (lJeXPI 300 v. IJIAla) Kal Via ouurvuuo nMT'l, EnElof) TO axf)lJa T'le; V'le; OEV Eiva! KaVOVIK6 acpa!pIK6. ria IJEVOAEe; olacpopee; nMTOUe; xm anOaTOaEIe;, Ka! Via va anOCPEUXeEI TO O'lIJIOUPVOUIJEVO acpOAlJa KaTO T'lV EniAUa'l TWV olacp6pwv npoI3A'lIJCrrWV, XP'laIIJOnOIEiTal TO 610p8wPEVO pilTo "Aa- 7O~ <I>v (middle latitude, mid lat), TO anoia slvcr:

t/)v = t/)p ± CO"

6nou corr. slvm 'l 616p8wITII (correction) IJE TO onueto T'le;, rrou napexouv 01 OlClCPOPOI WUTIKOr nivaKEe;,6nwe; ElVa! TWV HO 9 Bowdwich, TWV Norte's, aE EIOIK6 mvaKr610 "e TOV TtrAO «mean latitude .to middle latitude», aTO anoia ElaEPXOlJaaTE KOena J,lE CP", Kal opl(6vna IJE ~cP (I3A. unOAOVlalJO 10, ncpcvp. 1.4).

1.4 N. unoAoyrCJp6~ 1o~ - rEwypa.rK~~ CJuVTETayp~vE~

Turror E<I>GPIJOVr')e;:

~<I> = cP + <1>' ( + er. - 0101) ~ = A :t A' ( + E1, - 0101) CP' = <I> + ~<I> ( + 0101, - ET) A' = A ± ~ ( + 01-1, - ET) CPIJ = (<I> + <1>'): 2 l+ 0101, ... ET)¢Iy = <1>", t corr

nllp66EfYP(! 1.

01 aUVTETOVIJEVEe; TOU aTiVIJOTOC; Ev6C; ronou e ElvOI, <I> 33° 60' B, " 166058', 1 A Ka! Ev6C; aMou e', cp' 18° 09' N, A' 170° 05' d. nOIEC; elval 01 6lO<I>opEe; nMTOUe; Kal IJtiKoue; TWV T6nwv OUTWV (0)(. 1.40);

cP 33° 50'B

+ <1>' 18° 09'N

(2) ~<I> 51 ° 59'N

). 166° sa:, A e ~--~~--------~------~----~

359° 60'

(3} M 22° 56',9 A

Ix. 1.4a.

N. unoAoyJa",~ 1 o~ nop66EIYIJC 1.

16

napfI6~lypa 2.

To rrAoio orrorrAEEI orro OPXIKO ariVfJo 8, 4> 35° 32' N, h 36° 45' A fJE KOTEU9uvall VIO TO TEhlKO ariVfJo 8', TO orroio I3piaKETOI J30PEIOTEPO KOTO.6.4> 5° 15' KCI 6uTIKOTEpa KOTO .6.A 30° 11 '. ZIlTOUVTOI 01 aUVTETOVfJEVEc,; TOU TEhlKOU ariVfJOToc,; (ax.

1.4(3). .

4> 35° 32'N

.6.4> 5° 15'B

(4) 4>' 30°1 TN

~ I

~ I

~ I

I--~~--+-----------I~--------S

h 36° 45'A .6.A 30° 11'.6. (4) (5) h' 06° 34'A

I I

I ~A-~ I

I I

IX. 1.4p.

N. UTTOAOYIO"IJO<; 10<;. TTap60EIYIJa 2.

napfI6~lypa 3.

To ariVfJo TOU T6rrou 8 EivOI 4> 05° 55'B, h 175° 13'.6.. Torroc 8' [3piaKETol voTI6TEPO KOTO .6.4> 14° 20' KCI 6UTlKOTEPO KOTO .6.h 12° 30'. Ilorec EivCI 01 aUVTETOVfJEVEe,; TOU rorrou 8' (ax. 1.4V);

.6.4> 14° 20'N
4> 05° 55'B
(4) 4>' 08° 25'N
h 175° 13'.6.
+
.6.A 12° 30'.6.
(4)),,' 187° 43'.6.
359° 60'
(5) )..' 172° 1 TA 11>--

x

I ~

I I

I --+----2'

I I:

1---4----+-----~----~-------s I---~X - A . ..I-----1

~-N I

1 I,

Ij)'-- --9~--I

X

x I

I

I

I Ie

--o-----q>

I

I I

I '

---,------Ij)

I

I

X

IX. 1.4y.

N. UTTOAOYIO"IJOC; 10c;. TTapooEIYIJO 3.

•

17

nap66£lypa 4.

nAoio anEn"EuaE an6 q, 300 30' B xm KaTEn"EuaE aE q,' 45° 55' B. ZIlTEITOI TO 610p9WfJEVO fJEaO nMTOe;.

Noris's n. tables/q,1J - aq,
q, 30° 30' B q,' 45° 55'B (8) corr 10'
+ +
q,' 45° 55' B q, 300 30'B q,1J 38° 12',5B
2q,1J 76° 25' (7) aq, 15° 25'B (9) q,v 38° 22',5B
(6) q,1J 38° 12',5B 06qyl£t;:

(1) KaTO TOV unoAoYlafJ6 aUT6v (aq,/~,q,'I"') oncrrslrcr "p6X£lpo ultaplt/Jqpa, Yla va anoq,EuyoVTOI M91l. IXE616~ofJE cuornuc Ka9hwv a~6vwv aTOUe; onoioue; 0 o~ovae; TOU j3opp6 napiaTOVEI TOV npurro fJEarwi3Plv6 Greenwich Kal 0 o~ovoe; TWV TETfJl1fJEVWV TOV lallfJEplv6. aE~16 on6 TOV rrpdrro fJEallfJj3plv6 EXOfJE TO ovaTO"IK6 I1fJlaq,aiplo fJE ro A fJfJKIl au~av6fJEva npoe; rn 6E~IO, xm cprorepc TO 6UTIK6 I1fJlaq,aiplo fJE rc a fJfJKI1 aU~aV6IJEVa npoe; Ta cprorepe. npoe; rn n6vw on6 TOV ionueplv6 EXOfJE TO j36PE10 IlfJlaq,aiplo fJE ru B nA6T1l aU~aV6fJEVa npoe; rc novw, KOI KOTW TO V6TI0 I1fJlaq,aiplo fJE TO N nMTI1 aU~aV6fJEVa npoe; TO K6Tw. Av 01 TlfJEe; TWV A KOI A' j3piaKoVTOI yupw aTOV K6Tw IlfJlfJEal1fJi3Plv6 TOU Greenwich xapaKTl1pi~ofJE TOV K09ETO 6~ova TO aKaplq,ftfJaTOe; we; fJEal1fJj3plv6 190°, aE~16 TOU EXOfJE TO a I1fJlaq,aiplo, fJE rc fJfJKIl EAaTTOUfJEVa npoe; ro 6E~IO, Kal apiaTEp6 TOU TO A IlfJlaq,oipro fJE rc fJfJKIl EAaTTOUfJEVa npoe; T' aplaTEpo.

(2) npOaOETOfJE rn ETEPWVUIJO (+ET) KOI Oq,OIPOUfJE, an6 TO fJEyaAUTEpo TO fJIK- . p6TEPO, rn OlJwVUfJa (-OfJ). 01 aq, KOI ~ xapaKTllpi~OVTal we; B fJ N Kal A ft a cvrlaTOlxa, av6"oya av TO nAoio n"EEI npoe; i3oPEI6TEpa ft VOTI6TEPO nMTll, ft cvrlororXa npoe; aVaTOAIK6TEpa f} 6uTIK6Tepa fJf}KIl. Enialle; xapoKTllpi~OVTOI 01 ~q, KOI ~ we; B fJ N KOI A Ii a oVTiaTolxa, av6Aoya IJE Til OEall ev6e; rorrou (q,/,\) npoe; 0)"\0, TOU onoiou ~IlTOUfJE TIe; aUVTETOYfJEVEe; (q,' I"'), fJETO~U TWV onoiwv ovoq,epETol 11 aq, KOI ~.

(3) Av KaT6 TIlV np6aOEall TWV ETEPWVUfJWV A KOI '" npOKU4IEI ~ fJEyOAUTEPIl 006 1800, TIlV Oq,OIPOUfJE on6 360° KOI Tile; 6ivOfJE oVTiOETIl emovuutc,

(4) npOa9ETOfJE TO OfJWVUfJO (+OfJ) KOI Oq,OIPOUfJE ToeTepWVUfJO (-ET). ITO ofJwvufJa 01 TEAIKEe; aUVTETOVIJEVEe; (q,'/A') naipvouv TIlV KOIVfJ emovuulo KOI aTO ETEpWVUlJa TIlV ernovuuic TOU fJEyaMTEpou.

(5) Av KaTo TIlV np6aOEall TWV OIJWVUIJWV " KOI ~ npoKu4JEI '" IJEyaAUTEpo an6 1800 TO aq,OIpOUIJE an6 3600 Kal TOU 6ivofJE oVTi9ETIl ernovuulc.

(6) npOaOETOIJE ro olJwvulJa (+OIJ) Kal aq,alpoUIJE rc ETEPWVUfJa (-ET). alOIPOUIJE ~116 2. aiVOJ,lE emovuulo TIlV KOlvil mu olJwvulJa Kal TIlV ernovuuic TOU IJEyaAUTEPOU oro ETEpWVUfJa. ria IJEy6"Ee; aq, KOI anOaTOaEIe; IJEyaMTEpEe; on6 300 V·fJ· auvfJOwc;, i3PiaKOIJE TO 610p8wPEIIO PEUO "A6TOt; q,v (middle latitude) ovrf vro TO IJEaO nMToe;.

(7) rio TIlV EupEall Tile; aq, I3AEnE nap06ElYIJa 1.

(8) EIOEPX6IJaaTE aTO EI61K6 TIlvaKi610 «mean latitude to middle latitude» TWV

18

VOUTIKWV mVaKWV «Norie's» (~ KOI aMwv) ~E q>1l Ka8ETO KOI 11q> opl~6vTlo. EKTE'\OU~E "OP~ppoAq (VpO~~IK~ E~IPEWI)) OV TO OTOIXEio Ela660u (q>1I/11q» 6EV aU~TTiTTTOUV ~E TO OVTiOTOIXO TOU mVOKl6iou. ITI"J 616p8waI"J (corr), TTOU rmfpvoue OTT6 TO mvoKi61o, 6ivo~E al"J~erO (-) ~ (+), ova'\ovo ov aUT~ (3piaKETOI TTavw ~ KclTW an6 TI"J ~OUPI"J TE9'\aajJevl"J vpajJjJ~ TOU TTlvaKl6iou.

(9) npoa8hojJE ~ aq>QlpoujJE TI"J ()l6p8wal"J, ova'\ova JJE TO onuslo TI"JI), I.IE TO q>1l KOI J3piaKOjJE TO 61op8wjJevo ~eao nAclTOI) q>v

KATEV9VNIH

1.5 KcnEueuVOEI~

Eivol yvwOT6 an6 TI"JV Ka81"J~EpIV~ npa~1"J 6TI, vro va rmpcrnpnooue OTTTIKa eva aVTIKEi~EVO ~ onueto OTI"JV Emq>aVEla TI"JI) YI"Jf,;. npenEI VO OTpeIPO~E TTpOI) OUT6 TO TTp6awn6 ~af,;. TO J3'\E~jJa ~al). 'Erm 6~we; ~TTOPOUjJE va TTapOTI"JP~aO~E Kal aMa OVTIKEi~EVO. TTOU EivOi n'\l"JalEOTEpa ~ aE ~EVO'\uTEPI"J crroorccn, xwpil) va ~ovaOTPEIPO~E TO np6awno. 'OTOV 6~wl) ovaVKa~6jJaa8E va OTPEIPO~E TO TTp6awTTO ~al) 6E~la ~ OPIOTEpcl VIO VO nOpaTl"JP~aojJe EVO aMo OVTIKEilJEVO (ovE~apTI"JTO av oUT6 EivOi OTI"JV 1610 ~ 610q>OPETIK~ On6OTOaI"J on6 TO TTPOI"JYOU~EVO) 8EWPOU~E 6TI TO 6EUTEPO OUT6 OVTIKer~EVO ~ onuelo EivOi npOI) 610q>OPETIK~ KOTEU8uvaI"J OTTO TO npWTO. rEVIKa. KtnEu8U11U" (direction) OVTIKEI~EVOU rl al"J~Eiou TTavw OTI"J VI"J XopaKTI"J~OjJE TI"J axETIK~ TOU 8EaI"J we; rrpoc EVO aMo TTOU 8EWPEiTOI onv oPX~, xwpie; va '\0 jJ (3avETa I un61P1"J WI) KPIT~PIO I"J an6OTOaI"J jJETa~u TOUI). M' aMo "6Y10 KOTEU8uvaI"J ElVOI I"J vwvia TTOU axrHJaTi~EI 11 aK6nEuall h'1 11 oTTTIKIl ypal.ll.lll OTT6 TO l.IaTI 1.101) I.IEXPI TO TTOPOTI"JPOUjJEVO OVTIKEi~EVO) TTpoe; Eva onpelo ~E KaTTOIO aMI"J (3amK~ aK6nEuql"J. I"J onoio 8EWPEiTOI onv oPX~.

Ka8E KOTEu8uvaI"J navw OTI"J YI"J eXEI onv (3aall OVoq>opae; TO aTOIXEio Klvr'JaEWe; TI"JI) y~lvl1l) C7<poipoe;. H mo aUYKEKpl~eVI"J, aoq>"'e; KOI TTpOKTIKa KOTOVOI"JTr'J KOTEU- 8uval1 navw OTI"J. VI"J EivOi EKEiVI"J nou EivOI rrcocovcroxrouevn OTnV KaTEu8uvall TOU Bopp6-N6TOU. AVTlTTpoawTTEuETOI 6E ~E TI1V KaTEu8uvaI"J TOU· a~ova Tile; Vile; n n' (ax. 1.5). IE Ka8E onuelo TI"Je; VI"JI) Boppae;-N6TOe; EivOI I"J KOTEU8uvaI"J TOU ~Eal"JIJ(3plvou TOU rorrou, nou unopel vo u'\onOl1l9Ei JJE TI"JV KOTEu8uval1 TOU nO'\tKOU AOTEpa OTO J36PE10 I"Jl.llaq>Qiplo KOI TI"JV KOTEu8uvaI"J TOU N6TIOU ITOUpOU OTO V6TIO

/ I"Jl.llaq>aipIO. H KOTEu8uvaI"J TOU Boppn ViVETOI VOI"JT~ navw OTI"J Y~IVI"J aq>oipo I.IE TI"JV Eq>aTTT6jJEvl"J OTO I.IEal"JjJ(3plvo Ev6e; aUYKEKplIJEVOU rorrou, AUT'" EivOi I"J YVWOTtl P~U"PPPltltl ypaPPtI TOU ronou. H KOTEu8uvaI"J TI"Je; I.IEal"JIJJ3plvtll) ypOIJIJ~e; npoc Boppa ev6e; T6TTOU onorexel KOTa auvEnElo KOt TI"JV apx~ IJETp~aEWV TWV KOTEU- 8uvaEwv KOI OTI1 8a'\aaao.

ME paal1 TO nopanavw. VIO nOpaTl1pl1T~ aE 1.110 onoioenrrore 8eaI"J TTavw orn YI"J exojJE TI"J p6p~/o KOTEU8utlu" (north direction) nou OVTlTTpOaWnEUEI TO J3e'\oe; 'a TTpOI) J30ppa (ax. 1.5). H oVTi8ET~ TI"JI) XOpaKTl"Jpi~ETOI tl6TItI KtnEu8utlu" (south direction) nou OVTlTTpOaWneUEI TO J3e'\oe; J3 npoe; VOTO (ax. 1.5).0 XOPOKTI"JPIOIJOe; TI"Je; KaTEu8uvaEwe; EVOe; OVTIKEIIJEVOU we; J3opEloe; tl vOTlae; Eival oVE~apTI"JTOe; OTTO TO OV J3plaK61J00TE OVTiOTOIX~ OTO (36PEIO ~ V6TIO I"JIJlaq>QipIO. 0 XOPOKTI"JPlajJOe; p6p~/a EXEI TI"JV EWOIO n'\l"JmEOTepa OTO J3oppa. 611'\06", (30PEI6TEPO OTTO TOV nopaTllpr:'1Yrc

f:r,~~y1;; ~~~$

'95t.

19

n

5

IX. 1.5.

K(ITIEUeUVCEI~ T1aVI.IJ lIT!] Yr].

(northward). 0 xapaKTIlPlol.l6t; '16"0 Exel TIlV Ewola nAllmEO"Tepa O"TO V6TO, 0I1Aa- 6fJ Vm:16Tepa (southward) on6 TOY napOTI1PIlT~. H KaTeuBuvoll npoe; TI1V nAeupa nou aVOTE"V.oUV 0 ~Aloe; Kal T' aO"TEpla, 01lAa6r'J n 6e~la nAeupa KaStile; eil.laO"Te orpo 1.1 1.1 EVOI rrpoc j3opp6, xapaKTnpi~eTal we; ovaroAIKq l((Inu8uvaq (east direction). 6nwe; 6e!xvel To·j3EAoe; v. H K6BeTfl KOTEUBuvon npoe; TIlV nAeupo nou 6Uouv o Mloe; KOI T' aO"TEpla. 6flAa6r'J n OPlaTEP'; nAeupa KoBwe; eil.lOO"TE aTpal.ll.lEVOI npoe; j3opp6. xopaKTnpi~€TQI we; 6UT1Kq Kt7Uu8uvaq (west direction). 6nwe; .6elxvel TO I3EAoe; 6. To ov 1.110 KaTeuBuvon Bo XapaKTIlPlogei w<_; ovaToAIK'; .; 6UTIKrl,eival ave~6PTf'1TO an6 TO av I3p1CJ1r;6~ooT e OVTlaTOlXO aTO ovoToAIK6 rl 6UTlK6 IlfJlCJcpof pIO.· H KOTEuBuVCJIl EXEI mv ewOlo 61lAa6rl TOU OVaTOAlK6Upa (eastward) 6TOV nAflmo(oI.IE CJTr]V oVOToAr'J KOI TOU 6uTlK6rt:JH1 (westward) OTQV rrAl1oloi'.olJe orn ouoll.

1:TI1 vauomAoia, -11 KOTEuBuVOIl EKcppai',erol oe lJoipec; ri Kal !:IVEjJOPOjJl3ouc; noA0I6Tepo, JJE op}(fJ pnpqa£w, TqV l((Inu8u'ItnI rou /JOppa ri Tq, nAwpq, TOU nA%u. TpEI<_; eivol 01 KOTEuBuvoelC; TOU j3opp6 rrou XPIlO"lJ,JonolouVTOI:

0) .AAq8q, Bopp6~ BA (true north), EivOi 11 KOTEUSUVOn TaU popelou YEwypacplKOU n6Aou TI1<;' VTlC;. TflV anoia Via KaBe reno 6ivEI 0 tJE0I1J.1l3plv6e; TOU. ri aKpll3eO"TEpo'., IJEO'l1fJj3Ptv., ypaJ.lI.I" TOU T6nou. onhaM 11 EcpamojJevll TOU fJeOlll.ll3Plvou O"T,?v rorro. reVIKa. oAEe; 01 KOTEuSuvoelC; O"TIlV EmcpavElo Tne; Vile; avlJyoVTal orov cAnS., j3opp6.

13) MayvqTIKiJ(- Bopp6f Bp (magnetic north). elval f1 KOTeuBuvCJIl rrou 6elxvel f1 fJaYVIl-e:IKf! j3eA6vl'l, ornv Enl1PEo(eTOI !Java ana TO y~lvo fJOVVl1T1KO neola, 611- Aaor') OTOV aUTr') 13 piOKETO I O"Tf'JV ~f1pO f! OE EuAwa-nAoaTlKO rrAoia.

V) B_opp6, nufjoo,8n (compass north), eivol n KOTEUSUVOIl rrou 6elxvEI 11 l3eAoVIl Tile; !JaYVf1TIKr')e; nu~iooe; nou enl1pe6~ETo[ on6 TO yf!lvo !JaYVIlTIKo neoio Kal TO ne610 TaU tJOVV!lTIOJ,JOU TaU oloepevlOU nAolou O"TO orroiol3ploKETOI !l rru~f6a.

H KDTEU8uvuq TIl( nAtiJpq, TaU nAolou ovrmpoourrreuerm ana TO 6t6p'1K£, OUTOU. TO anoia eivOI f1 VonTl) VPOjJjJll nAwPI1c;-rrpujJf1c;,f! KOI KoBe rrapoMIlAIl YPoIJIJri npoc; OUTIl·

1.6 AVEtJOA6Ylo.

Mfa no TIe; npWTEe; l3aalKee; aVaYKEe; TOU av8pwnou Yla TOV npoat)loplalJO Tile; KmEuSuvaEWe; tlTaV 0 npoaoiopla~oe; Tile; KaTEuSuvaEWe; TOU oveuou, 0IlAaor'l Tile; ywvfae; nou CJ)(1l~mi~EI 11 oleuSuvall TOU oveuou nou epXETal ~E TOV aAIlSr'll3oPPo. Ana TIlV avaYKIl aUTtl npOEKUIjJE Kal 11 emvonon TOU aVEpoAoyiou, 0IlAaor'l TOU ~eaou napaCJTOaEWe; Kal ~ETPtlaEWe; Tile; KaTEuSuvaEWe; TOU ovsuou. 01 aKTivEe; ana TO ~aTl ana oprousvo UljlOe; napmllPIlTtl a' eva rorro E<I>omoVTal CJTIl a<l>alplKtl Em<l>6vela Tile; YIle; Kal CJ)(1l~mi~ouv KUKAO, TOU onoiou TO enineoo ovo~a~ETOI yEWIIETPIK6{ opl{oVTtlt;. /\oyw Tile; olaSMaEwc;. 01 omiKEe; aKTiVEe; Ka~nUAWvoVTOI eTal WCJTE 0 napaTIlPIlTtle; va I3AenEI nepa KOI ana TOV YEW~ETPIKO opi~OVTa. 0 opi~OVTae; aUTOe; ovo~a~eTOI opaT6r opi{oVTar TOU T6nou. Ta aPia TOU opcrou opi~OVTa EivOl o KUKAOe; nou <I>OiVETOI OTI EVWVOVTOI 0 oupcvoc ~E Til SOAaaaa. KOSE TI nou urropXEI lJeaa CJTOV OpaTO opi~OVTa ~nopEi <l>UCJlKO va napmllPIlSEi (I3AtnE rno nEpa v. Koa~oypa<l>ia).

'Erm.ro aVE~oAoYIO anoTEAEi evav KUKAO nou naplCJTOVEI TOV opi~oVTa EVOe; TOnou xm nou CJTO KeVTpo TOU SEwpeiTOI OTI I3piaKETal 0 napaTIlPIlTtle;. ria TOV npooavaToAla~o TOU 0 vauTlM6~EVOe; SEWPEi OTI TO nAoio TOU KOTeXEI TO KeVTpo TOU OVE~OAoyiou. Av CJTO aUYKEKpl~evo all~Eio TOU cveuoxovlou xopa~o~e TIlV KaTeuSuvall TOU 130pp6, TOTE CJTIlV nEpI<I>epEIO 01 6MEe; KOTEu8uvaEIe; So ~oe; OEixvouv KOSE <l>op6, OVE~apTIlTO on6 TO aE nOl6 rono I3plaKo~oCJTE, rroic EivOI 11 KOTEUSUVall TOU ove~ou. IIl~EIWVETOI OTI aov KOTEuSuvall TOU cvsuou VOOU~E OUTtl ana TIlV onoio nveEl, OIlAoOft epXETol 0 aVE~Oe;. N6T10e; aVE~Oe; n.x. alllJoivEI OVEIJO nou <l>uaOEI ona TO VOTO.

rTO OVE~oMYIO 11 KmEuSuvall TWV avlpwv tl KaiptiJfI all~ElwvETOI ana TOUe; aflEp6pop/lour ft K6pnr (points). TIlV ovouoofc TOU 0 ove~opo~l3oe; rrclpvei ana TO yeyovoe; 6TI CJTO ove~oMYlo 11 ywvio KaSE po~l3ou eOEIXVE TIlV KOTEuSuvall TOU oveuou. OMKAIlPOe; 0 KUKAOe; TOU OVEIJOAOyiou EiXE 32 ove~opo~l3oue; nou all~oiVEl 6TI 11 YWVIOKft onOCJTOall ~ETO~U ouo OIOOOXIKWV oveIJop61J13wv EivOI 360°: 32 = 11 ° 15'. IIl~EIWVETOt OTt 0 pOlJl3oe; ., KapTO noplCJTOvel TO 4PTO Tile; ywvioe; IJETO~u OUO OtOOOXtKWV Kupiwv KOIPWV, OIlA. 4 x 11° 15' = 45°. ITO CJ)(ft~o 1.60 I3AEnoIJE CJTO EawTEplKO ~oupo nAoiCJIo TOUe; 32 po~l3oue; ~E AEUKO Xpw~o, nou 0 K08EVoe; TOU oneXEI on6 TOV En6~Evo 11° 15'111.

AVE~oA6ylO cuvcvreue CJTIe; nu~i6Ee; (compass card) KOI CJTOUe; VOUTIKOUe; xOpTEe; (compass rose) (CJ)("~OTO. 1.60 KOI 1.613). Ta tTuyxpova aflElloA6yltl uno6,a,pouVTa, tTE pO/PEt;, KaT6 TIIV OAOKUKAIKq nEpit/JEPElaKq £VfI01t1, an6 ()()()O - 3600 Ka, an6 Bopp6 Kal npor Ta 6E116 nmoTE. nO'\IOTEpa, KOI CJnOVIO a"~Epo, XPllal~onoloTOv KOI 11 nrapTOKuwKq uno6laipEtTII, oe ~OipEe; ana 00-900 ~E oPXtl ~ETpftaewe; TO Boppa KOI N6TO npoe; AnllAlwTIl Kal Ze<l>upo OVTfCJToIXo. Ano Til OloipEall OUTr'l TOU

(1) METa~u 6uo p61J~wV eXOIJE rc IIPIp6P/lKl " /Ifl'CoK6PTfi{ (half points), rn onoia anexouv IJETa~U TOUC; ywvia 5° 31',5. Enial1C; IJETa~U 6uo 111J1p6IJ~WV eXOIJE 6uo TfiTaprop6p/lIa " Kapr#v1Q (quarter points). nou anexouv IJETa~U TOUC; KaTo 2° 48' 45". ITO i610 axl'llJa Kal 1J00IaTa aTO ueoolo KUKAO, KOElE TETapToKUK'\IO nEpl'\alJ~VEI 8 p61J~ouC;, 16 I1lJlp61J~la, 32 KaPTivla nou al1IJalVEI 6TI 0,\6K'\I1PO TO

aVElJo-'6YIO nEpl'\alJ~VEI 32 p61J~OUC;, 64 I1lJlp61J~la Kal 128 TETaPTop61J~la. • nrc

Ut1r%

/.~A.T '95t.

21

IX. 1.60.

AVEIJoA6Ylo nu~ibQ(;.

IX. 1.6p.

AVElJoMYlo VOUTIKOU Xapn].

aVElJoAoViou npoKumouv rc rlUUEpt:I TETaPToKliKAla TOU. To npwTO TETapToKuKAlo 00-900, TO 6EUTEPO 900-1800, TO TpiTO 1800-2700 KCI TO TETapTo TETapToKuK'\IO 270°-3600. AK6~a Via EI6IKOUe; <JKonoUe; (<JUaTll~a <J1l~av<JEWe;, onwe; 8a 60UI.IEl. m TETapToKuKAla TOU aVE~oAoViou Elval: POpelO B, avaToAIKo A, VOTIO N Kal 6UTIKO fl., ava 45° Ka8Eva an6 Til ~Ia KCI TIlV aMIl nAEUpO TWV UTl061C1PE<JEWV TOU aVEIJOAoViou 00 - 900 - 180° - 2700. fl.IlA. B = 315° we; 045°, A = 045° Ewe; 135°~ N = 135° we; 225° KCI fl. = 2258we; 315°.

H uno6laipE<J1l TOU aVE~oAoyiou <JE avE~6po~poue; <JfJIJEpaXPIIUIPEUEI p6110 Yla lOll "pt:lu6Io/Nup6 TII( KITTEUlJUwTEtII{ arr6 TIl" orrofa ""EOUII 01 avEPO/.

ITOV nivaKa 1.6.1 EXO~E ~Ia nAfJpll KOTavpa4>fJ TWV aVEIJWV onwe; unopel va TOUe,; <JuvaVTfJ<JOIJE <Jn~Epa aTO vauTIK6 xwpo.

nlNAKAE 1.6.1 nhlaKar; Ka,pciJ"

0.0 <HJi.l(lo",ai.l6C; unoerol- 0llElJ6polJJ3o KOIIlf]-IIOUTIKf] 0YY"'kll KOi UUI.l130AIUj.JO<;
',ll,I'H, peon OIlEIJO-
opoAoyioC; Aoyiou
I tl 000" 0 T POIJOUIITOIIO North N
2 BBA 22°.5 2 rpeyoTpal.lOUIITOVU North· North 1:",,( NNE
3 BA 045° 4 rpEYoc, North-tast NE
4 ABA 067°,5 6 rpeyoAe(3ovTIlc, I:.asl-Norlh EdSI eNE
5 A 090" 8 l\e(3ollTf]C; tdsl 10
G ANA 112°.5 10 IopaKoAe(3ollTf]C; Easi-South botsl eSE
7 NA 135° 12 IOpOKOC; South-East ::;10
8 NNA 157°,5 14 'OaTPIO-OOIJ<}KOC, South South 1:<1,,( SSE
9 N 180" 16 'OaTPIO South ::;
10 NNA 202°,5 18 OaTPloyoPl.lmis SourhSouth We"t SSW
11 NA 225° 20 rOPlJm)c; South West ';jVV
12 ANA 247°,5 22 nOUVeVTOYOPl.lnf]c, We:.t-::;outh West WSW
13 A 270° 24 nOUVEVTf]!, West W
14 oBA 292°,5 26 nOUVEIITOIJOIOlI.lO<, West-N'Jrlll We"t WNW
15 BA 315° 28 MO;OTPOC; NOrll, We"t I~W
ib BBo 337°,5 30 MO¥OTPO-lIJUI.lOUVIUIiU Nortil NOlliJ "Vl:~l NNW o <Ju~f3oAI<J~6e,; Tile,; Eni<JIl~Ile,; opoAoyiae; Kal Il KOIVfJ - vauTIKfJ opoxovlo es>aivovTCI KCI aTO axnlJa 1.6y. 0 <JUIJPOAI<7IJ6e; Tile,; Eni<JlllJlle,; opoAoV1ae,; B-BBA-BA ...• npOepXETaI ana ro aPXIKa ypOlJlJCTa Tile; opoAoyiae; nou XPIl<JII.IOnoIEiTal ern METEWpoAovia KCI TO nOAE~IK6 NaUTIK6, KOTa mv onoia exo~E: /J6PEIat;, /J6PEIO{/loPEloallaToAlK6{, /JoPEIOallaToAIK6{. •• K.O.K.

ITOV rrlvcxo 1.6.1 01 xcrpol ~E nEplTTO apl8lJo, B. BA. A. NA, N, Nfl. fl., Bfl. xapaKTllpi~OVTCI we,; KUPIO' fJ "PI6ITEUOVTE{. fluo 61a60XIKoi KUPIOI Kalpoi axlllJaTi~ouv vwvia I.IETa~U TOUe,; 45° Kal EivOI OKTW TOV apl8lJo. 01 xmpo! ~E apTio apl8IJo BBA, ABA. ANA. NNA, NNb, fl.Nfl., fl.Bfl.. BBfl., xapaKTllpi~oVTal we; EII6I6PEUOI fJ 6EUTEPEUOIlTE{. METa~u 61a60XIKwV KUPIOU Kal Ev6IaIJE<JOU Kalpwv <JXIlIJCTi~ETal vwvia 22°.5 KCI EivOI OKTW TOV ap18~6 01 6EUTEpEUOVTEe; KOIPOi.

23

IX. 1.6V·

AVEIJOA6Ylo IJE TI]ll KOIVI') IIOUTlKI') opoxovio.

1.7 An6KAlar).

H Yll OTIOTeAEi TEpaOTIO $uolK6 lJavvflTIl IJE 6Aa'TQ xapOKTIlPIOTIKO TaU, OI")Aoo.; TO ~6PE10 IJOVVllTIK6 nOAo, TO V6TI0 IJOVVllTIK6 nMo Kal TO IJOVVllTtK6 IOIlIJEPIV6,. 01 IJQVVIlTIKol n6AOi TIlIO YIlIO cuviorouv rc o'lIJEia TIlIO IJEYIOTI1C; !JOVVI1TIKflc; eVTooEUlC; KOI PpiOKOVTOI KOvrO OTOUIO yeUlypa$IKOUC; n6AouIO. oM6 11 SEa., TOUC; lJeTo136METOI IJE TO Xp6vo. H Sean TOUIO KoSopi(EI TO lJaVVr)TIK6 j30ppa KOI V6TO. 0 IJOVVIlTIK6e; 10"1lIJEPIV61O TI1IO Vile; aUVIOTCI TI1V OUcSeTEPI1 (WVIl IJE TIlV EMXIOTI1 EVTOOIl TOU IJOVVIlTIKOU ne6iou(1),

(1) 01 ouvojJitd:<; ypOlJlJES nopou016touv TI] IJEYI01Tl rrUKVOTI]T6 TOUe; yupw orro TOUe; n6Aouc; KOI TI')V eAOXIOTI] OTO IIOVVllTIK6 tcrrlllEPIliO Kat liE KOTEu9uv(J1l on6 TO v(mo KOKI(lVO rrpm; TO ~OPEIO !Cuavo ..,OVVI]T1KO rroAo. 01 vnlYOI IlGVV!]TIKOi nOAOI oev cuunhrrouv IlE TOUe; VEWYPQq:.IKOUe;.GAAo KElvrOI I(ov-I TO 0' OUTOU~ 0 IlEV 136pelOI; KEiTOI KOVTa OTOII KOhno Hudson (BA OKlEe; KallaM) 0 bE V6T10C; KOvrU UTI] South Victoria Land (AVTOPKTIKI')). QIIJOVVI1TIKOI n6AOI TI]l; V!]e; OEV rrcpcuevouv UTo8EpO 01'0 iOlo Ol')IIEio, oAAo KIVOUVTOI (JUIIEXWC; (J' GKo80pJOTO ixv!] ,

Mia eAeUeEPIl ~OYVIlTIKft PEA6vll eo Taxeei OTIe; 6uvo~IKee; ypa~iJEe; TOU ~OYVIlTIKOU ne6iou TIlC) Yllc). ou~!pwvo ~e TO v6~0 TIlc) EA~EWe; TWV ETEPWVU~WV n6Awv. WOTE va 6EfXVEI TO ~aYVIlTIK6 (3opp6. EnEI6ft 01 ~OYVIlTIKoi noAol exouv 6Io!popeTIKf} eeoll .• we; rrooc TOUe; yewypa!pIKOUe; KOI ETTEIOf] U!piOTOVTOI Tie; nOpeKTpoTTlKee; 6uv6:~EIe; TWV !PUOIKWV ~aYVIlTIKwV nETpw~6TWV Tile; Vile; KOT6 6eUTEpo Myo, 11 KaTeUeUVOTl Tile; ~OYVr]TlKfte; I3EMvr]C; OTIlV ~1lp6 (IJOYVr]TIK6e; j3opp6C;) 6EV TaUTi~eTOI IJE EKEivll TOU aAqeouC; j3opp6, aAM axlllJOTi~el ~. OUTOV ~Ia vwvla, 11 onoia ovolJa~ETal payvqJ1lttj arr6d1rrq A" (variation, Var.), H OTT6KAI0TI XOpaKTllpi~eTol we; allaroAllttjl6E/IIlIIWnlttjlAl61 + (East. E) t'i 6urlltqlaPlUTEpqlapv"TlllIjlAlpl - (West, W) 6Tav 0 IJOVVIlT1K6e; (3opp6e; (3piOKETOI avaTOAIK6TEpa 1'1 OUTIK6Tepo oVTiOTOIXO on6 TOV aAlle" (OX. 1.7).

•

H lJavvqTlKtl an6KAloq peTa/l6AAual:

a) A,,6 16"0 ee 161JO, A6vw Tile; ovolJoI6jJOP!PIlC) ev,.aoewc; TOU jJaVVIlTiKOU rre- 610u.

SA

@)

®

IX- 1.7.

MaVVIlTIKrl anOKA,oll An:

(0) An + {bfA/E. IIlI An - IpIIllW.

13) Me TO }(P6vo KOL yla TOV 1610 reno, A6yw Tr]e; IClvt'ioewc; TWV 1J0VVllTIKWV rreAwv O'e OXeO'r] jJE TOUe; yewypa!pII(OuC;(21.

vI A6rw FWII parvqTlKWV 6urrapaxwv. AUTee; napouol6~oVTal ono Kalpo oe ICalp6 OTO YrllVO IJOYVIlTIKO nEolo, IJE anOTeAEO'~a vq KaelOTOUV arrpoo6loP1OT'l

(2) ITIlV alTia OUTf} O4IEiAuol 11 Uf}crIO IJETolloMj (annual change) TIle; onoKAicrEWl;. Ko9we; KOI 01 enOXIaKEe; KOI Illlepr1!11Ee; 610Kullovcreu;. ano TIe; onoiec; 01 buo TeAeUToiee; bev AOIJ!3avOVTOI unO'll11 ernv np6~Il. (]V KOI cr' oPlcrtJEVEC; nEplmwcrEIe; 1ll10pOUV vo Enl)peocrouv oo!3apa TI)V TIIJr1 TI)e; onOKAi-

oewc;.

TIlV TI~fJ Tile; OnOKAiaEWe;. 01 parv"rll(i~ 8udA~~ eiVOI ~OIVO~EVO nou nco~EVOUV aTIV~IOrEe.; 6IaTOPOXEe.; KOI rrou aUv06Euovrai noAU auxvo ana TIlV E~~6vlall TOU J36PEIOU ., V6TIOU nOAIKou aEAOOe; (northern light). 01 lJaVVIlTIKEe.; 9UEMEe; urropet va ~IlV EivOI 6axETEe.; ~E TIlV EIJ~6vIOIl TWV IlAIOKUJV KIlAi6wv. Eniolle; 01 ~OVVIlTIKEe.; anOKAiaEIe; o~EiAOVTOI Kal aTle; rO",KE~ 6larapaXE~ 01 onolec EIJ~ovi~OVTOI orcv ~6~Ee.; OPUKTWV fJ vouovtou, J3piaKoVTal KOVTO orn lJaVVIlTIKrl J3EAOVIl. 01 TomKEe.; 6IaTOPOXEe.; nopouar6~OVTa~ aE 610~OPEe.; vvwaTEe; nEpIOxEe; Tile; Vile.; KOI all~ElwvOVTOI n6vw aTOUe.; VOUTIKOUe; XOpTEe; KOI nAoIlVOUe; TWV nEploxwV ounllvl3'.

H TIP'; Tile.; ~aVVIlTIKfJe; OnOKAiaEwe.;, Via oprouevo rorro Kal Xpovo Ka9we; xm 11 ETrialo ~EToJ3oM Tile;, pnopel va unoAOVla9Ei. 01 axETIKEe; IJE Tllv anOKAlall nAil po~OpiEe.;, nopEXoVTOI:

Alr6 ra av~poA6Yla (compass roses) TWV auvll9la~Evwv vauTIKwv xapTWv.· ITO axrilJa 1.613 aTO aVEIJOAOVIO ovOVp6~ETOI Var. 1°00'E (1977) increasing about 2' annually. AUT6 all~aivEI 6TI ern VEITOVIKrl nEploXrl TOU aVE~oAoViou 11 an6KAIall TOU ETOUe.; 1977 fJTav 1 °00' OVaTOAIKfJ Kal Ou~ovETal ana TOTE 2' TO xp6vo. To EawTEpIK6 OVE~OA6VI0, 6TOV unoPXEI, Eival TO lJaVVIlTIKO, TO 0°_ 1800 TOU onoiou noplaT6 TIlV KaTEu9uVall TOU ~OVVIlTIKOU J3oppo, KOTO TO ovOVpa~6~EVO hoe; 1977 Kal TO E~WTEPIK6 TO oAIlgee;. Av aTO aVEIJOAOVIO Ev6e; X6pTIl avoVp6~ETOI Var 12°00W (1980) increasing about 10' annually. 90 all~aivEI 6TI 11 an6KAIall TOU ETOUe.; 1980, Via Til VEITOVIKri nOVTOTE nePIOXri TOU OVE~OAOViou, 9a Eival 12°00' b. Kal 9a au~ovETol 10' nephrou ETIlaiwe.;.

Alr6 TI~ ~/6IKE~ KaplruA~~ itT"~ parv"TlK';~ aTTOKAitT~fIJ~ (isogonic lines) TWV VEVIKWV vauTIKwv XOPTWV, 01 orrotoixcxurrrouv ~EVOAEC; EKToaEIe;. ITOUe.; X6pTEe; ourouc EivOI xapoV~EVEe; Ko~nuAEe; IJE iOIl ~oVVIlTIKfJ anOKAIOll, aTlC; onolec oVOVp6~ETOI ., TI~f) Tile; OnOKAiaEWC; ~E rnv ovoucolo Tile; KOI. 11 ETllara ~ETOJ3oM ~E TO onuelo Tile; (+ rl -I. To onuslo (+) ~OVEPWVEI au~avo~Evll (increasing) an6KAIall KOI TO a"~Eio (-) EAoTTOU~EVIl (decreasing). To eToe.; aTO onoio OVO~EPOVTOI 01 Ko~nuAEc;. avovpo~ETOI aTO nEpI9wpi0 rl TOV TiTAO TOU X6pTIl.

Alr6 ~/6IKOU~ x6pn~ alroKAltTEfIJ~ (variation charts) aTOUe; onoioue; Eiva! xaPOVIJEVEe; KalJnUAEe; IJE Ion ~oVVIlTIKri an6KAlall~e TIlV ETrlaro ~ETaJ3oArl TOUC;. ITOUC; x6pTEe; aUTouc;. EivOI XOpOv~EVEe; ~E K6KKIVEe; KalJnUAEc;. 01 aVaTOAIKec; OnOKAiaEIe.; KOI ~E ~nAE 01 6UTIKEe;. H ETf)ara ~ETaJ3oArl TWV anoKAioEWV rmpiaTOVETOI ~E EAa~p6 cvrtcroixo xpw~a (KOKKIVO rl ~nAE), avoAova av npOKEITal Via A OU~V6~EV" ri b. EAOTTOU~EVIl OnOKAla.,14,.

E6rxpov" arr6KAltT". Ano 6ao avOmUx91lKOV ViVETOI ~avEpo CTI 01 TllJec; TWV

(3) lav l.IIa TETOIO nEplOxi! ava<!>epETal or' avolKTO TWV aKTWV Tile; OUTIKi!e; AUUTpoAiae;. IE poaoe; 9 OPYUII.iJv nEpinou napOTIlP.;allKE IlETOl3oM anOKAiOEWe; ana 56° A OE 26° fl.

(4) Tholol xapTEe; nou EK6i6oVTOI ana TO BpeTaVIKa NauapXEio Eival, 0 No 5374 nou KaMmEI oA6"AIlPIl TIlV u6p6YEI0 KOI 01 No 5375. 5376 Kal 5377 Yla OPIOIlEVEe; nEpIOXee;. AVTiarolxol xapTEC;' unapxouv KOI AIlEPIKOVIKIle; E K660E we;.

26

anoKAiaEwv ava<l>EpOVTal aE opla~Evo Xp6vo. Eno~Evwe; npEnEI 01 TI~Ee; aUTEe; va av6yoVTOI aE uuYXpo"q arr6KAluq, Yla TO EToe; 61lAa6f) nou XPIla!~onolouVTal. ria va ~PEOEi 11 aUYXPovll an6KAlall, noManAaalo~o~E TIlV ETf)ala ~ETa~oM Tile; Eni Til 61a<l>opcl ETWV (xapTIl Kal €TOUe; unoAoYla~ou) Kal TO YIV6~Ev6 TOUe; npoaOeTo~E f) a<l>alpOU~E an6 TI1V An rou xapTIl, avaAoya ~E TO av aUTf) Eival au~<w6~EVIl f) EAOTTOU~EVIl. H aUYXPovll An rrou ~piaKETal €Tal, naipvEI nOVTOTE TO xapaKTIlPIaTIK6 all~Eio Tile; An X6PTIl, EKT6e; an6 TIlV rrspfrmoon KaT6 TIlV onolc Eival EAaTTou~Evll Kal 11 OAIK'; ~ETa~oM Tile; (eTI1 x ETf)ala ~ETQ~oM) Eival ~eyaAUTEPIl ana TIlV An X6pTIl. ITIlV neplrrruron aUTf) an6 TIlV OAIKf) ~ETa~oM, a<l>OIpElTal 11 An XOPTIl. TOTE 11 aUYXPovll An, rrou npOKUnTEI an6 TIlV a<l>OipEall, naipvEI srnovuuic aVTiOETIl an6 EKeivll Tile; An xapTI1. METOTpeneTal 611Aa6f) 11 An an6 A ae II f) an6 II ae A. evw an6 eAOTTou~evll yiveTal au~v6~evll. 'ETa! e~ayovTal 01 rurroi:

(OAIKf) ~ETa~oM) A" = iTII )( ~nJuia IIna/loAI)

A" (auYXPovll) = A" (X6pTIl) t oAI,(1) IIna/loAI) ( + au~, - eAaT)

ria va ano<!>euyoVTol MOil we; npoe; TO all~eio An, ouvrorcrm 11 Xopa~1l np6xelpou aKapl<l>f)~aToe;, rrou va cvrntroxplverm ern 6e6o~eva TOU unoAOYla~ou. Av eXOlle n·x. enovw aTO vauTIKo XOPTIl TO ave~oA6Yl0 TOU axl'JllaTOe; 1.6~ ornv neproxfJ nAOU, 11 aUYXPovll ~aYVIlTIKf) anoKAlall (Yla eTOe; urroxovrouou 1983) Sa slvcr:

1983 - 1977 = 6 €Til, OAIKf) ~eTaJ3oM An = 6 x 2' = 12' = 0°, 2 au~. Kal An (auyxp.) = 1° OO'E + 0°,2 = 1°,2 + IAlE au~. (J3Aene v. unoAoYla~6 20, napoyp. 1.10).

1.8 napEKTponfl.

'Ol1We; slrrcue, 11 ~OYVIlTIKf) J3eAOvll Tile; nu~i60e; 6eixvel TO 1l0YVIlTIK6 J3oppo 811, 1l0VO OTaV I3piaKeTol 1l0KPIO 0110 KoSe a!6epevl0 oVTIKei~evo (6IlA06'; ornv ~f'lp6 KOI OTO ~UAIVO, llAOaTlKa aKa<l>Il). ITa allllepiva nAoio, 110U eivOI xcrcoxeucopevc 0110 ai6epo I'J XOAUJ3a, f'l nu~i60 6eixvel Tllv KOTeuOuvall TOU l3opp6 llu~i60e; (Bn), nvri TOU BIl. Ovolla~Olle rttlP~KTpomt Tp (deviation) Tf'le; 1l0YVIlTIKI'Je; llu~i60e;, Tf'l ywvia 110U aXI1~aTi~el 0 ~ayvIlTIKOe; J3oppoe; Ile TO J30ppa nu~i60e;. Tnv rmpexrponq XOpaKTl1pi~Olle we; (hTlKI) I allOToMKI) I 6Ell6least ( +IAl6/E) I'J ap""TI,(1)16uTIKl)lapIunpl)/west (-Ill/plW), ovaAOYO Ile TO nv 0 J3oppae; nu~i6ae; J3piaKeTOI 6e~loTEpo/ovaTOAIKoTepo ft apiaTepOTepo/6uTIKoTepa all0 TO ~aYVI1TIKO J30ppa (ax. 1.8).

H ncoexrportn II~Ta/l6AAnal:

0) AI76 "u116a IT~ rru116a, navw aTO i610 nAoio. AUTo O<l>eiAeTOI orn 610<!>opeTIKf) KOTovOll1'J TOU al6epevlou UAIKOU nou yelToveuel Ile TI1V nu~i6a aTle; 6la<l>opee; Seaele; TOU lleaO aTO llAOio (ye<!>upo, KOVTPO ye<!>upa KAll.). 'Eror, 610<!>opeTIKf) Till!') Tp So OVTIOTOlxei ornv IOUVTf)PIO KOI 610nT!')p10 llu~i60 TOU llAOiou.

(3) M~ Til" "op~/a TOU "Aolou YIO TI1V i610 nu~i60, enel6f] ~eToJ3aMeTaI 11 KaTeuSuval1 Tile; a!6EpeVI0e; Ila~ae; TOU we; npoc TO ~aYVI1TIKO ~oppa.

AVTiSETO, 0TtI8~plr urropouv vc SewPl100uv aTl1V npa~11 01 Tlllee; TWV nopeKTPOllWV Tile; i610e; llu~i60e; KOI YIO TI1V i610 nopeia ae 1110 nEpIOX'; Tile; e11l<l>avEl0e; Tile; YI1e;·

27

BI1

BTt

@

®

IX. 1.8. napEKTponri Tp:

(a) Tp + fbfA/E. (13) Tp - Ip/{j.MJ.

01 TI~Ee; Tile; lTapEKTpOlT.,e; lTapEXOVTal ano EI61KO ",vaKI6,o rrap~KTpomiJ" (compass deviation card) ., 610ypa~~a lTapEKTpolTWV, ~E TO orroio lTPElTEI va EivOI Eq>O- 6lacr~Evo TO lTAoio. I' aUT6, yla Ko9E 22°,5 lTopEiae; auvfJ9we; xm Yla Ko9E lTu~i6a (6101TT.,pla-19uVT.,pla) 6ivoVTai 01 TlIJEe; TIle; lTapEKTpOlT.,e; ~E TIlV smovuulc Tile; (l3AElTE Kal ~aYVIlTIKEe; lTu~i6Ec;, KOI v, ulToAoVlalJO 20 § 1.10).

1.9 napa.Uay~ .:

OVO~O~O~E IIapaAJ.ayq np (compass error) Tile; lTu~i6ae; Til ywvia lTOU crXIl~aTi~EI o aAll9fJe; poppOC; IJE TO poppa lTu~i6ac;. TIlV lTapaMay., xapaKTllpi~o"'E we; BETlKqavaTOAIKq-6~fI6 - east ( +/A/6/E) ., ap""T1Kq-6uTlKq-apluupq - west (-Ill/plW), aveAoya IJE TO av 0 poppae; lTu~i6ae; ppiaKETOI 6E~16TEpa-avaToAIKOTEpa ., aplaTEpOTEpa-6uTIKOTEpa alT6 TOV aA1l9., pOPpel (ax. 1.9a). AlTO TIlV lTapOT"Pllall TOU ax"~OTOe; 1.913 yivETal q>avEp6 OTI IllTapaMay., alTOTEAEi TO aAy~pplK6 68pO/apa TII~ alloKAla~w~ Kal TII~ rrapEKTpollqr, KOTO TO orrolo 9a lTPElTEI va 610p9wvovTal 01 Ev6Ei~EIe; TWV lTu~i6wv yla va cvrorroxplvovnn aTle; aA1l9Eie; KOI ovrlcrpoec. 'Ertn 11 TI ... ., Tile; lTapaMay.,e; Ka9E lTu~i6ae; TOU lTAoiou 9a UlTOKEITal aTle; aUTOUalEe; "'ETaJ3oAee; Tile; aVTiaTolXIle; ~aYVIlTIKfJe; alToKJ\iaEwe; KOIlTapEKTpOlT.,e; (J3AElTE v. UlTOAOYla~o 20 § 1.10).

EXEa~/~ np-AII-Tp. 01 6uvaTEe; geaEIe; TWV TPIWV KaTEu9uvaEwv TOU J30ppe BABIJ-BlT q>aivoVTal aTO ax., ... a 1.913.01 TI ... ee; TWV ywvlwv AlT Kal Tp, lTOU axll ... aTi~ovTal ~ETO~U TWV KaTEu9uvaEWV aUTWV. OlTWe; elrmue, exouv aAVEJ3pIKfJ eVVOIa, 611- Aa6., eMOTE EivOI (-) KOI eMOTE (+). ITO i610 (ax. 1.9(3) lTapaTIlPOUIJE rc E~fJe;:

28

@

BA

@

BA

®

i. :if)

IX. 1.90. napoMoYrl np:

(0) np + fbfA/E. (13) np - fp/t./W.

®

IX. 1.911· rxeoE1<_; Ilp-An-Tp.

a' IlEpinTlIIUq, 6nou An Kcil Tp eival avaToAIKE«; 1+. EXOlJe:

np = ( + An) + ( + Tp) f) Ilp = An + Tp p' IlEpimllluq, 6nou An Kal Tp eival 6UTIKEQ -. EXOlJe:

Flp = ( - An) + ( - Tp) f) np = - An - Tp

®

(1)

29

v' "£piTrrwu", 6nou An ElvOI 6UTIKI'II - KOI Tp avaTOAIKfJ/ +, eXOIJE: np = (-An) + (+Tp) fJ Ilp = - An + Tp

6' "£piTTTWU", orrou An aVeTOAIKfJ/ + KOI Tp 6UTIKfJ / -, Sa EixolJE:

(3)

np = (+ An) + (-Tp) fJ Ilp = An - Tp

(4)

Ano TIe.; oxeaEIe.; (1), (2), (3) Kal (4) npoxurrre: 0 VEVIKOe.;, aMo. Kal j3aO"lKoe.; Via Til vauamAoia runoc

np = A" + Tp (aAv£/JpIK6) .

KaTo. ouvenero 11 napaMavfJ Eival TO aAv£/JpIK6 68poIUlla T"~ a"oKAiu£w~ Kal TfJ~ "ap£KTpomjr, KaTO TO orrolo Sa npenEI va 610pSWVOVTai 01 Ev6EI~EIe.; TWV nU~I- 6wv Via va avaxSouv aE aAIlSEle.; Kal cvrkrrpoeo, ITO 1610 (OX. 1.9j3) napOTIlPOUIJE ro E~fJe.;:

o TUnoe.; aUT6e.; 61VEI Til oxeall napaMavfJe.; - anoMlaEwe.; - rrcpexrpormc Kal 6EiXVEI OTI 11 Flp anoTEAEI nOVTOTE TO aAVE13pIK6 oSpOlalJa Tile.; An Kal Tp, IJE xapaKTIlplaIJ6 Tile.; (+/6/AiE fJ -/p/ll/W) EKEfvo nou npOKUnTEI an6 rnv aAVEj3pIKfJ np6aSEall. AvaAUTIKOTEpa 0 6poe.; «aAVEl3pIKO» allIJalVEI 6TI KeTO TIlV EnlAuall TOU rurrou Sa npenEIOI TIIJEe.; Tile.; An Kal Tp va auv06EuOVTOI nOVToTE an6 TO onpetc TOUe.; (+fJ -, IJEaa a~~rrapEvSEall), avoAova IJE TO xapaKTIlPlaIJ6 TOUe.; KOI va EKTEAOUIJE aAVEI3plKfJ np6aSEall. Av n.x. EXOIJE:

An (auVXPovll) 3° A Kal Tp 1°, 5 6, 11 flp Sa etvm, np = (+3°) + (+ 1°,5) = 3° + 1°,5 = 4°,5 + /6/AiE.

An (auVXPovll) 1° II KOI Tp 1°,8 p, 11 npso EIVOl, Ilp = (_1°) + (- 1°,8) = - 1° - 1°,8 = 2°,8 -/p/ll/W.

An (auVXpovll) 1°,3A KOI Tp 2°,2 p 11 np Sa elvm, np=(+ 1°,3) + (-2°,2) = 1°,3 - 2°,2 = 0°,9 - /p/ll/W. (v. unOAOVla1J6e.; 20e.; § 1.1 0).

An6 TO I30O"lK6 rorro Tile.; napaMavfJe.; E~OVETal Kal 0 E~iaou xpfJO"IIJOe.; Via Til vnuamAofia Tunoe.; Tile.; Tp:111

Tp = np - A" (aAv£/JpIK6)

KI E6w, 0 6poe.; «OAVEI3PIKO» eXEI aKplj3we.; TIlV 161a ewola 6nwe.; KOI rrpiv . Av n.x.

eXOIJE:

np 1° E xm aUVXPovll An 2°,5E, 11 Tp Sa eiVOI, Tp = (+1°) - (+2°,5) = 1° - 2°,5 = 1°,5 - /p/ll/W.

Ilp 2°ll Kal aUVXPovll An 1°,6 ll, 11 Tp Sa elver, Tp = (_2°) - (-1°,6) = - 2° + 1°,6 = 0°,4 - /p/ll/W.

np 1°,4 (+) KOI aUVXPovll An 1°,6 (-) 11 Tp Sa EivQI, Tp =

(1) Olloiwe;. ° TlJrrOe; VIO TI]V Eupeal] TI]e; Arr (Ill] XPl]aIIlOrrOlouIlEVOe; OIlWe; ern vouam,\ola) EivOI:

An (uuyxpovq) = np - Tp (aA'(f!/lpIK6J

Av rr.x. exollE. np 2"V11 KOI Tp 1°, 8 E. I] OVTiaTolXI] Arr eo EivOl:

Arr (auvxp.) = (_2°) - l+ 1°, 8) = - 2° - 1°, 8 = 3°. 8 - /p/t.JW.

30

(+ 1°,4) - (-1°,6) = 1°,4 + 1°,6 = 3° + /o/AIE (pAenE v. unoAoYIOIJO 20 §1.10).

'OTOV KOIJIO on6 TIe; YVWOTee; IJE9600Ue; Tfle; OKTOnA010e; f) Tile; OOTPOVOIJIKf)e; VOUomAoioe; OEV npoo4lepEToi YIO TOV npoooiopIOIJ6 Tile; nopaMoyfJe; TWV nu~iowv, T6- TE TIlV unoAoyi~olJE on6 TIlV An XOPTIl - TIlV orrolo IJETOTpenOIJE OE oUYXPOVIl - KOI an6 TI']V Tp TOU mvoKiolOU fJ OIOYPOIJIJOTOe; rrepexrpomcv, rEVIKO, Il lJe90ooe; OUTf) 90 npenEI v' on04lEuYETOI, YIOTI Il lOla Tp OEV ernrpenerm va XPlloIIJOnoIEiTOI:

OE EKTETOlJevEe; YEwypa4llKee; nEploxee;, IJETO on6 nopeAEuoll IJOKPOU Xpovou ana TIlV TEAEUTOio pu91JIOll Tile; nu~iooc;, IJETO on6 EKTETOlJevEe; EmoKEuee; Ii IJETooKEuee; OTO nAoio KOI OTOV TO nAolo EivOI 41opTwlJevo IJE IJETOMEUIJO Ii oMo nOpEIJ4IEpee; CPOPTIO, nou EnIlPEo~EI TIe; 1J0YVIlTIKee; nu~iOEe;. 'Errn, OTIe; OVOYKOOTIKee; rreprrrnoOEIe; npoOOloPIOIJOU Tile; np lJeow An KOI Tp, 90 npenEI va EAEYX90uv 01 nU~IOEe; OE npwTIl euxmpic, IJE onoloof)noTE oMIl lJe9000 (onwe; 90 ov04lepOIJE nopoKoTW).

1.10 N. unoAoYIOIl6~ 2~ An6KAloq, napeKTponl\, napaAAayl\.

Turro: E4IoPlJoyfJe;:

- OA IJET An = eTI'J x ETf)OIO IJET

- An (ouyxp) = An (XOpT) ± OA IJET (+ oul - EAOT)

- np = An + Tp (OAYEPPIKO)

- Tp = np - An (OAYEPPIKO)

- pAenE KOI oOllyio (7)

nap66E,ypa 1.

nAeOVTOe; IJE rropelo 11 0°, 010PO~01JE OTO nAlloleOTEpo OVElJoMYIO TOU v. xapTil: An 5° 19' A (1974) EAOT nsplrrou 8' ETIlOiwe;. ZIlTEITOI va unoAoYlo9Ei Il nopoAAOyf) TWV Mo nu~iowv TOU nAoiou h9uVTf)pI0e; KOI olomnploe;) (ax. 1.100).

(1) 1983 - 1974 = 9 eTIl

(2) OAIKf) IJETOPO,\fJ An = 9 x 8' = 72 -+ 1 ° 12' EAOT

An (XOpT) 5° 19'A
OA IJET An 1° 12'-
(3) An (oUYXPOVIl) 4° 07' A -+ 4°,1 + /A/E, EAOT nepinou 8' ETlloiwe;.
19UVTliP10e; olomriploe;
(4)Tp 0°,5 (+) 1°,5 (-)
+ +
An (oUYXPOVIl) 4°,1 (+) 4°,1 (+)
(5) np 4°,6 +/AIE 2°,6 +/AIE nap66E,ypa 2.

ITo nAIlOleOTEpo OVEIJOAOYIO Tile; nEplOxfle; nAou OTO v. XOPTll oVOYPOCPETOI:

Var" 1° 35'W (1976) incr. about 9' annually, To nAoio 1J0e; KPOTOUOE rtopelo 140°. ZIlTEiTOI va unoAoYlo9Ei ~ nopaMoyfJ KOI TWV OUO nu~iowv TOU nAoiou h9uVTriPl0e;

KOI olomnpIOe;, IJE £TOe; unoAoYIOIJOU TO 1983) (ax, 1.10P). aijt%

/.~A.T '95t.

31

IX. 1.100.

N. unoAoYlollOC; 2oC;, napaot:IYlla 1

IX. 1.101'.

N. unoAoY1ollOC; 2oC;, nap66EIVlla 2.

(1) 1983 - 1976 = 7 bn

(21 OAIK~ IJETapoM An = 7 x 9' = 63' = 1 ° 03' au~

An (xapT) OA IJETAn

(3) An (auyxpovn)

(41Tp

An (auvxpovnl (5) np

2° 38'W -+ 2°,6 -llMI, au~ rrsplnou 9' ETlloiw~.

19uVT~pla~ blonTlipla~

0°,0 1 °,7 (-I

+ +

2°,6 (-I 2°,6 (-)

2°,6 - 1l1/W

nap66Elypa 3.

ITI"JV nA~oIEOTEPIl KaIJnUAn lJaYVrrrIK~~ anOKAiaEW~ TIl~ nEplox~~ TOU rrxou, OTO

v. XapTIl aVaVpa<!>ETal: Var:" 2° 10'W (15'-1. Enioll~, OTOV TiTAO TOU XapTIl avavpa<!>ETal 6TI 01 lJaYVIlTldc; anOKAiaEI~ ava<!>epoVTOI OTO ETO~ 1973. ME lJia an6 TI~ YVWOTEe; IJE9660ue; (aKTOnAota~ ~ aOTpOVOIJIK~e; vauomAq¥ae;I, npooblopionue TnV napaMav~ TWV nu~r6wv we; E~~e;: 19uVT~plae; (steering): Flp 3°,3 -lllMI, Kal 61onr~plae; (standard): np 1 °,9 + lA/E. ZIlTEiTal va unoAoVlo9Ei 11 nopexrporrn TWV nu~i6wv (ax. 1.10vl.

(1) 1983 - 1973 = 10 ETn

(21 OAIK~ IJETapoM An = 10 x 15' = 150' -+ 2° 30' EAaT/au~ (an6 EAaT unepef3IlKE TIlV An 2° 10' II Kat IJETaTpanllKE OE au~1

An (xapTI

2° 10'W

OAIK~ IJETal30M 2° 30'

(31 An (oUVXpoVIl 1983) 00 20' E -+ 0°,3 + IA/E, au~ 15' ETlloiw~

32

(4) np

(3) An (uUVXPOVIl)

(6) Tp (Via TIlV rropelc TOU nxotou)

19UVTfJp10e; 3°,3 (-)

0°,3 (+) 3°,6 -lblW

()lomfJploe; 1°,9 (+)

0°,3 (+) 1°,6 +IAlE

81J 8), (1983)

IX. 1.10y.

N. unoAoYIOI.lOC; 2oc;. napooEIYl.la 3.

06"yIE~

(1) AClXJlpoUIJE TO €TOe; nou ovoC!>epETOI 11 an6KAIUIl TOU XapTIl crro TO Em8uIJIlT6 ETOe;. TO orrolo aTO nop06EiVIJOTO aUTO EivOI TO 1983.

(2) noMonAoUIO~OIJE TO TTPUITO 1J0ipoe; Tile; ETfJmoe; IJETo(3oAfJe; An eni TO eTIl Tile; npOIlVOUIJEVIle; 06llvioe; TTOU IJEuoM(3lluov. TpenOIJE TO Vlv6IJEVO rrpurrurv rrou (3pfJKOIJE UE IJOipEe; KOI rrpdrrn,

(3) Av 11 OAIKfJ IJETO(3oM EivOI ou~v6lJEVIl (increasing) npougeTOIJE. ov EivOi EAOTTOUIJEVIl (decreasing) OCIXJlpoUIJE. OTT6 Til IJEVaAuTEPIl Til IJIKp6TEPIl. H UUVXpovll An 610TIlPEi Tllv EnwvulJia Tile; An XOPTIl. EKT6e; ov np6KEITOI Via EAOTTOUIJEvll OTT6KAIUIl Kalil OAIKflIJETO(3oM TIle; EivOi IJEVOAUTEPIl on6 mv An XapTIl. on6TE XOPOKTllpi~ETOI IJE oVTi9ETIl emevuptc KOI on6 EAOTTOUIJEVIl ViVETOI ou~ov6lJEVIl ((3AEnE nop66EIVIJ0 3).

(4) ME mv nopelc KOI rnv nu~i60 ornv onolo ovoC!>ePETOI (l9UVTfJPI0 fJ 610mfJpia) EIUEPX61J0aTE aTO mvoKi610 rmpsxrpomhv (aTO nop06EiVIJOTO OUTe] XPIlUIIJOnOlfJ91lKE TO mvoKi610 rrou 6ivETOI aTle; 1J0YVIlTIKee; nu~i6Ee; [(3AenE nOpOK(lTW (ax. 4.6KO)) KOI Vp6C!>0IJE TIlV OVTiaTolXIl Tp IJE TO UIlIJEio Tile; (+) fl (-). 'OTOV 6ivETOI 11 ~A OVTi Via rnv ~ KOI UE E~OIpETIKEe; nEplmWUEIC; rrou 11 An EXEI noM IJEVaAEe; TllJee;. 61Op9WVOIJE Til ~A UE ~II ((3AEnE En6IJEVO unOAOVIUIJ6. 30. nop6vp. 1.14) KOI EIUEPX61J0aTE aTO mvoKi610 nOpEKTpOnWV IJE TIlV TEAEUTOio.

(5) np6KElTOI Via OAVE(3PIKfl np6u9EuIl. AIlA06fl 01 Tp KOI An UUV06EUOVTOI IJE

TO UIlIJEio TOUC; (+) f1 (-). TIe; npOU9ETOIJE ov EXOUV rnv i610 emuvuplc, on6TE r ;'£i'"rc 610TIlPEi rnv KOIVfl ernovuulc. TIC; aCIKJlpoUIJE, on6 Til IJEVOAUTEPIl Til IJIKp6TEpr{ttJr%

/.~A.T '95t.

33

exouv ()IaqlopETIK~ Enwvul,lia, onere 11 np xapaKTllpi~ETal IJE TIlV ernovuulo Till) us-

yaMTEPI1C;. . :: .

(6) npOKEITOI Yla aAYE~PlK~ aqlaipeull. i!l1lA.a6r; 01 np Kal An UUV06EUOVTOI lJe TO arllJEio TOUI) (+) ~ (-I. aVTIUTpeqlOIJE TO alllJeio Tile; An Kal auvexi~OIJE TIe; np6- • ~EI~ 6nwe; 11 npollyoulJEvrj 06llyia.

(7) H npollyoulJeVIl 061lyiQ (eTrolJEvwl) Kalil 5) 10000uei KOI ern on6vla Yla HI vauamhota TTEpimwall uno1\ovla~ou Tfll) lJaYVI1TIKrll) orroKhiaewe;, K.QTO. rnv orroio eq,aPIJ6~0IJE Til O')(Eall:

Arr (UUYXPOVIl) = Flp - Tp (aA.YE~pIK6)

1.11 nOpEra.

01) trOPEia ~ I7AEliuq .(course) TaU nAoiou xapOKTllpi~OIJE Til ywvia rrou axIlIJOT1- ~ETOI I.lETa~U Till) KOTEu9uvuewe; TaU ~opp6 KOI Tile; npOEKTaaEWe; TOU 610IJrlKil 6~ava TOU nA.oiou (ax. f.'-' )111. En6vw UTa VOUTIK6 XOPTIl. 11 nopelo nou npenEI va aKoAou9f)UEI TO nAoio Yla va "AEOael 006 EVa rorro UE 6Mo, naplO"TOVETOI IJE eu-

B)' Su

Toallu60upa

IX. 1.11.

nopeia KaJ Ei6r] rropsnliv (6E~16 EIKova). Ano;,uTIl KOI eioll anOAuTwII OVTIOTOIXIWV.

UXETIK'; 610meuofl (OpIOTEpr; Eu(ovai.

(1) H nopElo EKCIlp6:~ETOI KOI IJE TOV opo tm;'Euoll». 'OlJwo; evvolo;'oYIKO: 0 opOC; «nopeic» ovrunoxpiVETOI IiEPlcro:':OTEPO Iip0C; Til 6eOoIJEIIIl KOTeu8uvoll nio; nAwPll<; TOUKIIiOUIJEVOU n;'oiou. AIITi8ETO 0 opeo; «n;'Euullll npooOPIJ6~ETOI neplooOTEPO npoe; TIlIi KOTEU8UIIO'1 Til'> nAwPIlO; TOU OKIVI1TOnOlllIJEvou nxotou 1101 1610iTEpa TOU oYllupo!3oAI1I.1EVOU, TOU napaj3el3hlllJEVOU r; TTpOOOEIJEVOU n;'oiou OE OPIouevo O'1I.1Elo.

9Eia ypaJ,lJ,lIl, 'l onola auv6EEI TOUe; Mo ronouc, Kan] aUVEnEla, a«l>Ou T'lV KaTEU- 9uva'l TOU poppa anoTEAEi 0 J,lEa'lJ,lpPIVOc;. 'l nopelo nou xap6aaETal aUJ,lnintEI J,lE TI1V npOEKTaal1 TOU 6IaJ,lIlKoUe; (Kapivae;) TOU nAoiou. IT'l aUVEXEla ., rropelo nou XapaX9.,KE J,lETa«l>EpeTOI napaM'lAa oro nA'laU~aTEpo aVEJ,loMYlo TOU xapT'l, 6IEPXETOI ano TO KEVTPO Kal TEJ,lVEI T'lV nEpl«I>EpEla TOU aVEJ,loAoyiou a' Eva apl9J,1o J,l01- pwv, npoe; T'lV KOTEu9uva'l TOU nAoiou. ITo aVEJ,loMYlo T'le; nu~i6ae;, 11 rropelo rroe: aKoAou9Ei TO nAoio 6EiXVETai ano T'lV oVOJ,la~oJ,lEV'l rPllPpq "AtiJpllr r'llBuvouUtl rPllPpq (lubber's line), nou Eival xapaYJ,lEV'l J,lovlJ,la aTl1 AEKaVI1 T'le; nu~i6ae; Kal KaTO T'lV KOTEu9uva'l TOU 6IaJ,lIlKoue;.

AvaAoya J,lE T'lV KOTEU9uva'l TOU poppa (BA-BJ,I-Bn), nou Eival 'l apxr; J,lETpr;aEWe; TWV nopeuev, 61aKpivoVTai 01 nopEiEe; aE rpla Ei6'l (ax. 1.11):

a) AAII8qr iropE/a CA (true course), Eival 'l ywvia J,lETa~u aA'l90ue; j30ppa Kal 6IaJ,lIlKoUe; TOU nAoiou. H aA.,9r;e; rropelc Elva I aUTr; nou xap6aaOJ,lE aTO VaUTIKO XapT'l. T'lV aA'l91l rropelc prropel Enia'le; va T'lV 6EiXVEI aTO nAoio 'l yupoaKomKr; nu~i6a oTav 6EV napouala~EI EpyaAElaKo a4MJAJ,la.

13) MaYVIITlKq "opEla Cp (magnetic course), Elval 'l ywvia J,lETa~u J,layv'lTIKOU j30pp6 Kal 6IaJ,lIlKoUe; TOU nAoiou. Tnv nopEia auTr'] T'l 6EiXVEI 'l J,laYV'lTIKr'l nu~i6a nou 6EV En'lpEa~ETal ano TO J,laYV'lTlaJ,lO TOU nAoiou.

y) nOpE/a rrufl6tzr Cn (compass course), Eival 'l ywvia J,lETa~U f30ppa nu~i6ae; Kal 6laJ,lIlKoue; TOU nAoiou. Tnv nopEia aUl'r; 6EiXVEI 'l J,laYV'lTIKr; nu~i6a navw aTO nAoio, Il onoia Enllpea~ETOI f3El3ala an6 TO J,laYVI1TlaJ,l6 TOU nAoiou. EivOI 611Aa6r; 'l nopeia nou 6eiXVEI 'l 19uVTtlPIa nu~i6a J,le T'lV onoia KUj3ePVaJ,le TO nAoio. Qe; nopeia nu~i6ae; J,lnopei va gewP'lgei Enia'le; Kal 11 Ev6el~'l T'le; nopeiae; T'le; yupoaKomKr;e; nu~i6ae; nou napouala~el arogepo a«l>aA'1Ja, 6'lAa6r'l 6ev 6EiXVEI TOV aA'l9ftj3oppa aMa J,lia aM'l KOTeu9uva'l no~.I\(a<l>Epel on6 TOV oA.,9f} j30ppa KOTa TO epyoheloKO

a<ll6AJ,la T'le; nu~i6ae;. •

01 "OpE/Er PETpouVTal uqpEpa arro#tAEIUTIK6 UE POiPEr, arr6 0000 - 3600, KaT6 TllV OAOKU#tAIKq &a/PEuII TOU avEpoAoriou Kal "por Ta 6E116 TIIr KaTEu8uvUEWr TOU (Jopp6. I\EJ,le n.x. nopeia:

~A = 315° r'l ~A = 083° r'l ~TT = 006° •

• AMOTE XP'laIJ,lOnOIOUaav Kal T'lV TETaproKuKAIKr'lIJETPl1a'l TWV rropeuhv an6 0° - 900 lJe apXtl J,lETPtlaEWe; TO f3opp6 n VOTO npoe; An'lAIWT'l r'l ZE«I>UpO. KaTa TI1V TOPTOKUKAIKr'l EnOIJEVWe; J,lETP'la'l TWV nOP.,EllOv XP'lalJ,lonOlouaav we; rrpdrm enwvUJ,lia B n N Kal 6EUTEPll A f) Z. 'EAeyav n.x. nopeia:

~A = B 300 Z 11 ~A = N 85° A n ~TT = B 48° A n ~TT = N 1 0° Z.

1.12 416mEuall.

Qe; cm6AuTII 616mEuuII tl avTIUTotx/a AC (bearing) Ev6e; aVTIKEIJ,lEVOU, xapaKT'lpi~OJJE Til ywvia nou axllJ,lOTi~ETal JJeTO~u T'le; KaTEu9uvaewe; TOU j3opp6 Kal T'le; vonTr;e; ypaIJJ,lf)e; napOT'lP'lTtl-aVTIKEIJ,lEVOU. Qe; UXETlKq 616"TEUUII Ex (relative bearing) E~aMou xapaKT'lpi~OJ,lE T'l ywvia nou ax'lJ,lOTi~ETal IJETO~U Tile; KaTeu9uvaEwe; TI1e; nAwPI1e; (6IaJJr'lKoue;) TOU nAoiou Kal T'le; VOI1Tne; ypaJJJJne; napOT'lP'lTn-aVTIKEIJJEVOU. ~IlAa6n, 'l 6la«l>op6 aTle; Mo aUTEe; KaT'lyopiEe; 61amEuaEwv Elval 'l apxr'l JJeTPr'laEWe; T'le; Ka9E ywviae;. AUTr; eivOI 0 130ppae; ornv an6AuT'l 616mEUa'l Kal f'J nAwP'l TOU nAoIou orn axeTIKn 616meua'l. H an6AuTf'J Kal n axeTIKf) 616meua., Ka9we; len!'r

I{f':;;l> __ ~~s:.2~b

/.~A.T '95t.

35

11 rropelo <»aIVOVTQI OTO C1)(f}~a 1.11. 01 610mEuaEIe.; TWV KaTa<»avwv allJ..lEiwv Tile.; ~IlPOe.; '\aJ..l(3ovoVTQI ~E TIe.; 610mpEe.; nou Ton09ETOUVTQI EnaVW OTa aVEJ..I0MYla TWV nu~16wv (6nwe.; 9a nOUJ..IE Kal napaKOTW).

Avo'\oya J..Ie TIlV KOTeu9uvall TOU (3oppa (BA-BJ..I-Bn) nou elval apXrl J..IETPrlaEWe.; TWV an6AUTWV 610meuaEWV, 61aKplvOVTai aUTee.;, 6nwe.; Kal 01 rropelec , ae rplc el61l (ax. 1.11):

a) AAq8q~ tm6AuTq 616,"~uuq ACA (true bearing).

(3) MayvqTIKq an6AuTq 616nr~uuq ACp (magnetic bearing). y) null6a~ an6AuTq 616,"~uuq AC" (compass bearing).

'Onwe.; Kal 01 nope lee.;, 01 an6AuTf!~ 610nT~uu~/~ IInpOul/FaI U~ 1I0Ip~~ an6 OOOO -

. 36oo, OAOKUKAIK6 KaT6 Kal/6l/a, q naAl6T~pa an6 oo - 9oo Tf!TapTOKuKAIK6, tm6 B q N npo~ A q Z. 01 UX~TIKE~ 610nTf!uu~/~ IInpOul/Tal OAOKUKAIK6 tm6 OOOO - 36oo Kal npo~ m Mll6 Tq~ nAwpq~ q qlliKUKAIK6 tm6 OOOO - 1Boo npo~ Fa 6~116 q aplt1T~p6 TI1~ nAwpq~ On6T~ xapaKTqpiColITal 6~116 - np6uII/0 q aplt1T~p6 - K6KKII/0. IrlJ..lElwVETa I OTI 1'1 J..Ie1:Pl'1al'1 rropeuev Kal 610meuaewv aE aVE~OpOJ..l(3oue.; eXEI KaTapYl'1gei arlJ..lepa eVTeAWe.;.

H Arl4J1'1 TI'1e.; 610mEUaEWe.; anOTEAEi epyo TOU a~IWJ..IaTIKOU ye<»upae.;. H 616mEual'] "a J..I(3aveTal J..IE TI'] 616mpa, rrou Elval npoageTIl OTI'] OTe<»avl'1 TOU oveuoxovlou Tile.; 610mf}plae.; nu~i6ae.;. ITIlV nu~16a, Til J..Ila nAeupa TI'1e.; ywviae.; Tile.; 610meuaEwe.; crroTEAei TO J..IIl6ev (0) TOU cveuoxovlou Tile.; nu~16ae.;, TIlV 6e CiAAIl nAEup6 anOTeA~i 11 EuBuYPoJ..lJ..llal']: o<»BaAJ..IOU - npoao<»96AJ..IIOU KQI aVTI0<»96AJ..IIOU OToX6OTPOU - avTlKEIJ..IeVOU. H ypaJ..lJ..lrl aUTr'J TeJ..lVEI TIlV nepl<»epela TOU cveuoxovlou - npo; Til 61EuBuvall TOU aVTIKEIJ..IeVOU - a' Eva apl9J..1o. 0 apt9J..1os aUToe.; anOTEAei Til 6toTITEual'] TOU aVTtKEtJ..lEVou. Eival <»avepo an6 TO axrlJ..la OTI 11 nopeia 6ev Enl']pEa~EI TI']V TIJ..Ir'J TI'1e.; 610TITEUaEWe.;. AUTO nou TI'1V EnIlPEa~EI elvQI 11 aAAaYrl 8eaEwe.; TOU nxolou.

H 616meuall Ev6e.; aVTIKEIJ..IeVOU an6 TO nxolo prropel va xapax8Ei oro x6pTIl. rta va xapaxBEl11 6t6mEuall OTO X6PTI1 npenEI va unapxouv 6uo OTOtXEia. To rrpdrro elvcn va J3POUJ..IE OTO XapTIl TO aVTIKEIJ..IEVO nou 610TITEUOJ..lE, Kat TO 6eUTEpo Elvat 0 apIBJ..I6e.; TWV J..IOIPWV Tile.; 610meUaEWe.;. ITO nAllatEOTEPO aVEJ..IoMYlo Tile.; nEptOxrle.; nAOU EVWVOJ..le TO KeVTpo TOU ovepoxovlou J..Ie TOV apt8J..1o rrou 610TITEUOJ..le OTI'1V nepl<»epEla. Til ypaJ..lJ..lrl aUTr'J Til J..IETa<»epOJ..lE nap6AAIlAa J..IeXPI va nEp6aei an6 TO avTIKEilJEVO nou 610TITeUaaJ..lE. Til ypalJJ..Ir'J aUTf) Til XapaOOOJ..lE rrooc TIlV nAEup6 rrou (3piaKeTal TO n"olo, 61'1Aa6., an6 TIlV nAEUpa Tile.; 96Aaoaae.;.

1.13 METaTpon~c; nOpEIlIJV - 610mEuaEwv.

E<»OCTOV, Eival 6uvaTo va eXOIJE TETapToKuKAIKee.;, IlJ..lIKUKAIKee.; xm OAOKuKAIKec; TIJ..Iee.; rropeuov Kal 610mEuaewv, sfvm cncpctrnro va EiJ..laOTE ce Beall va EKTEAOUIJE Kal TIe.; aVTIOTOIXEC; Em8u·J..IIlTec; J..IETOTpOnec; TOUC;. I' aUTec; 61aKpivoJ..lE TIC; E~f}e.; rreplmWaEIe.;.

a) An6 rEraprorUKAIKE~ U~ OAOKUKAIKE~. 'Ornv 11 TETapTOKuKAIKf} nopeia rl 616- TITEual'] nepIAaJ..l(36vETQI, OTO nourro TeTapToKuKAIO, 11 aVTiOTOIXI'] OAOKUK"IKrl ouunirrrer J..IE TIlV TeTapTOKUKAIKrl, n.x. B 600 A = 0600• ITO 6euTEpo TETapToKUKAIO, 11 aVTiOTOIXI'1 OAOKUKAIKrl elvQI TO unOAOITIO TWV 1800, n.x. N 700 A = 1800 - 700 =

36

110°. ITo TpiTO TETCPTOKUKAIO. rJ avriOTolXrJ OAOKUKAIKIl Eivol IJEyoMTEprJ KOTO 180°, ,n·x. N 50° Z = 1800 + 50° = 2_30°. KOI OTO TETOPTO TETOPTOKUKAIO. rJ oVTiOTOIXI'J OAOKUKAIKIl EivOI TO unoxomo TWV 360°, n.x. B 20° Z = 360° - 20° - 340°.

I3l An6 OAOKUllAlKEf UE TETapToKuIlAIKEf· 'OTOV I'J OAOKUKAIKIl nAEU0rJ Il tliomEUon eivOi IJIKpoTeprJ on6 090°, fl oVTiOTOIXrJ TETOPTOKUKAIKIl EivOi rJ iOlo IJE srnovulJiEe; B-A. n·x. 010° = B 10° A. METQ~U 090Q KOI 180°, rJ oVTiOTOIXrJ TETOPTOKUKAIKIl eivOi TO un6Aomo TWV 180° IJE EnwvulJiEe; N-A, n.X. 120° = 180° - 120° = N 60° A. METO~U 180° KOI 270°, rJ oVTiOTOIXfl TETOPTOKUKAIKIl EivOi IJIKPOTEprJ KOTO 180° IJ~ ernovuulec N-Z. n.x. 200° = 200° - 180° = N 20° Z. KOI IJETO~U 270° KOI 360°, rJ oVTiOTOIXI'J TeTOpTOKUKAIKIl eivOi TO unOAomo TWV 360° ue ElTwvulJiEe; B-Z. n.x. 300° = 360° - 300° = B 60° Z.

yl An6 IIPIKullAlKEf UE OAOKUKAIKE( Kal aVTiUTpot/Ja. EKTEAOUIJE TIe; EmSUlJrJTEe; IJETOTpOnE~ 6nwe; noponavw. EXOVTOe; rravrc un61J.1rJ TrJ oloipEOrJ TOU OVEIJOAOyiou rrou OiVETOI KOI eKeivl"J nou ~I"JTEiTOI.

KOTa TIe; pETOTponEf UXffTIKWV 6,0nTEUUffWV, I"J rJlJlKUKAIKrl OE~IO elvm rJ iOlo IJE TrJV OAOKUKAIKIl KOI rJlJlKUKAIKIl 016meu01"J OPIOTEPIl OiVEI TrJV OAOKUKAIKI'j OV rJ npwTrJ Oc:t>OIPESEi on6 360°, I\EIJE n.x. IX 075° r't IX 75° npcorvo KOI IX 305° Il IX 360° - 305° ::::: 55° K6KKIVO/p. KOTO TIe; PETUTPOnEf UXETIKWV UE an6AuTE( 010- mEUOEIe; KOI OVTiOTPOc:t>O. 01 OXETIKee; OlomEuoele; KOI 01 on6AUTEe; ovaYOVTOI npwTO OE OAOKUKAIKec; KOI lJeTa npOXWpOUIJE OTIe; IJETOTponee; 6nou eXOIJE:

A{ = { + EX KOI EX = A{ - {

ITl"Jv npwTI"J oxeol"J. ov lTPOKUIJ.IEI aSpololJO IJEyoMTEpO on6 360° TO IJEIWVOIJE KOTa 360°, ITI"J OeuTEpl"J oxeO"I"J ov I"J ~ eivol IJEyoMTEPI"J an6 TI"JV A~ ou~avolJE TI"JV TeAEuToio KaTa 360°. EivOi c:t>avEp6 6TI KOTa TIe; IJETOTpOnec; aUTEe; XPI"JO"IIJOlTOIOUIJE OIJOEIOEiC; A~ KOI ~ KOTa ~EUYrJ. OrJAOOr't A~" KOI ~" Il A~TT KOI ~TT (Il KOI A~~ KOI ~~ OV onOITrJSei). Av n.x. eXOlJe:

~,,01 0° KOI IX 5° K6KKIVO. SO elvm A~" = 010° + (360° - 5°) = 010° + 355° = 365° _. 005°,

~ 280° KOI A~n 170~ So EivOi IX = 170° - 280° = (360° + 170°) - 280° = 5300 - 280° = 270° r't 360° - 270° = 090° K6KKIVO/p (v. unoAoYl01J6e; 30e;).

1.14 N. unoAoYlo .. 6~ 3os. METOTpon~~ nopeu"v-610MEUOEIIJV.

nap66fflypa' 1.

nAEOVTOe; npoe; B 40° Z lJeTPIlOOlJe IJE TI"J 016mpo TrJC; nu~iooe; TIe; OlomEUOEIe; OUO KaTOc:t>OVwV orJlJEiwv TrJC; ~l"Jpac; We; OKOAOUSWe;: c:t>apou N 300 A. KOnvOOOXou N 500 Z. nOIEe; eivOi 01 oVTiOTOIXEe; OAOKUKAIKEe; TllJee; TrJe; rropeicc KOI TWV olomeu-

oewv;
~ A~TT c:t>apou A~TT KOnvOOOXou
TETOPTOKUKAIKIl B 400Z N 30° A N 500Z
+
360° 180° 180°
--
(1) OAOKUKAIKIl 320° 150° 230° 37

nap66Elypa 2.

ZI1TEiTOI 11 ~ETaTpOTTl'l TWV napaK(lTW OAOKUKAIKWV nopeuov Kal 610mEuoEwv OE TETOPTOKuKAIKee,;:

OAOKUKAIK~ ~A 310°
360°
(2) TETapTO- ~A B 500Z
KUKAIK~ ~ 125° A~A 044°

180°

~ N 55° A A~A B 44° A

A~TT 202° 180° A~TTN 22° Z

nap66Elypa 3.

nAEOVTOe,; ~E rropein 3500 (aAI18~), ~ETp~oa~E ~E TO radar TIe,; OXETIKee,; 610mEUOEIe,; TPIWV O"TOXWV we,; E~~e,;: nAoiou A 025° K6KKIVO, nAoiou B 172° rrocoivo, q,ap6- nxorou 005° rtpdorvo. nOIEc,; EivOI 01 aVTiO"TOIXEc,; an6AuTEc,; aA118Eic,; ()lOmEuoEIe,;;

nAoiou A nAoiou B q,ap6nAolou
(3) rX (OAOKUKAIK~) 335° 172° 005°
+ + +
~A » 350° 350° 350°
(4)A~A » 685° 522°
360° 360°
(4) A~A » 325° 162° 355° nap66EIYpa 4.

nAEoVTae,; ~E rropsfn (nu~r6ae,;) 005°, uerpnooue ~E Til 616mpa Tile,; nu~i6ae,; TIe,; an6AUTEe,; OIOnTEUOEIe,; (OAOK) TPIWV aVTIKEI~evwv we,; E~~e,;: oxpurrnplou 190°, q,apOU 353°, nAoiou 006°. nOIE<; EivOI 01 QVTiO"TolxE<; 0XETIKE<; OIOnTEUOEI<;, OAOKUKAIKee,; Kal 1l~IKUKAIK~e,;;

nxpurrnplou q,apou nxolou
A~TT (OAOK) 190° 353° 006°
~ (OAOK) 005° 005° 005°
(4) rx (OAOK) 185° 348° 001°
3600 3600
(3) rx (1l~IK) 175° 012° 001°
p/K6KKIVO p/K6KKIVO OInpamvo 06qyiE~.

(1) An6 TETapToKuKAIKee,; TI~ee,; rropeuov Kal OIOnTEUOEWV OE OAOKUKAIKEe,;: - TETapToKuKAIK~ B-A = OAOKUKAIK~

- TETapToKuKAIK~ N-A = 180° - TETapToKuKAIK~

- TETapToKuKAIK~ N-Z = 180° + TETOPTOKUKAIKrl

- TETapToKuKAIK~ B-Z = 360° -. TETOPTOKUKAIK~

38

(2) Ana O'\oKUKAIKee; TIIlEe; rropeuov KOI olomEuoEwv OE TETapToKuK'\IKEe;: - O'\OKUKAIKr; 0000 ewe; 090° = B - (O'\OKUK'\IKf)) A

- O'\OKUK'\IKr; 090° Ewe; 180° = N - (180° - O'\OKUK'\IKf]) A

- O'\OKUKAIKr; 1800 ewe; 270° = N - (O'\OKUK'\IKr; - 180°) Z

- O'\OKuKAIKr; 270° ewe; 3600 = B - (360° - O'\OKUK'\IKr;) Z

(3) Ana IlIlIKuK'\IKee; O)(ETIKee; olomEuOEIe; (Ix) oe O'\OKuK'\IKee; KOI uvrlcrpooo:

IlIlIKUK'\IKr; Ix o/npoOlvo = O'\OKUK'\IKr; Ix IlIlIKUK'\IKr; Ix p/KaKKlvo = 360° - Ix

O'\OKUK'\IKft Ix < 180° = IlIlIKUK'\IKr't Ix o/npoOlvo

O'\OKUKAIKr; Ix > 180° = IlIlIKUKAIKr; Ix p/KaKKlvo (360° - O'\OKUK'\IKr;)

(4) Ana O)(ETIKee; olomEuOEIe; OE an6'\UTEe; KOI ovrlcrpccc:

A~ = ~ + Ix (O'\OK)

IX (O'\OK) = A~ - ~

XPIlOlllonOIOUIlE OIlOEIOE[e; A~ KOI ~ KaTO ~EUYIl, ollAaof) A~;. KOI ~;. r; A~n KOI ~n (f] KOI A~1l Kal ~Il av anOiTlleE[). Av npOKU4IEI OepOlolla (~ + Ix) IlEyaMITEpo ana 360° TO IlEIWVOIlE KaTO 360°. ITIl ola<l>opo A~-~, av ~ IlEyaMITEPIl Tile; A~ au~ovoIlE TIlV TE'\EUTa[a (A~) KaTO 360°. IE nepfrmoon nou ea EmeUllouoallE va unoxovlCJOIlE Til ~ ana TIe; Tlllee; A~ KOI Ix E<I>ap1l6~01lE Til oxeoll, ~ = A~ - Ix·

1.15 410pOWOEIC; nopElwv - 610nTEUOEWV.

Ilpoxeurevcu va n'\EuoOIlE ana Eva rorro OE aAAO, IlETPOUIlE TIlV nopelo OTO a'\IlSee; aVEllo,\6Y10 TOU vnunxou XOPTIl. ria va TIlPIlSEi 11 rropelo ourn an6 TOV rrnoa'\louxo npenEI va OIOpSWSE[ OE rrooelo nu~ioae;. AVTiSETa, npenet va yvwpi~ollE OE rrom a'\IlSri rropslc aVTIUToIXE[ Il aKo'\OUeOUIlEVIl nopein nu~ibae;. Koro TOV iOlo rporro, rrctpvovrcc ilia tu6nTEUOll Ev6e; vauTI'\laKou aVTIKElllevou, XPIlOlllonolwvTae; Til olomftpla nu~ioa (A~), ElvOi crrcpclrrrro va Til OIOPSWOOIlE OE a'\IlSri (A~;.), rrpoxeruevou va Til xapO~OIlE UTO v. XOPTIl. Eniolle;, ilia a'\IlSri 016mEUOIl, Se'\OIlE noMee; <l>opee; va rnv avayoyollE OE 016nTEUOll nu~ioae;. ITIlV npO~Il, OEV napOUOIO~ETal avoYKIl XPIlOlllonOiriOEwe;, Kal EnOIlEVWe; OIOpSWOEWe;, llayvllTIKWV nopEIWV KOI OlOnTEUOEWV.

KaTo ouveneic, npOKUnTEI Il aVOYKIl OIOpSWOEWe; TWV nopeuov KOI TWV anoMTWV OIOnTEUOEWV ana a'\lleEIC; OE nu~i6ae; KOI uvrkrrpooc. Eivci <l>avEp6 6TI Il nopeio nu~loac; Kalil a'\ller;e; ola<l>epouv KaTO TIlV napaMayri (ox. 1.15). 01 ouvaTEe; SeoEIe; TWV KaTEUeUVOEWV TOU 130ppo B,\ xcn Bn elVOI OUO, 6nwc; <l>aiVETal UTO iOlo OXr;lla. H Tlllft Tile; ywvlae; np nou o)(llllaTi~ETal IlETa~u TWV KaTEuSuvOEWV aUTWv eXEI aAYEl3pIKr; eWOla, oll'\aori OMOTE ElvOi (+) KOI OMOTE (-), anwc; ava<l>epSIlKE OE npOIlYOUIlEVEe; napaypa<l>oue;. 'Apa II aAII8q~ nop~ia ~ival TO aAy~pplK6 ,,8pOIUJla TI1~ nop~/a~ nufi6a~ Kal TII~ napaAAayq~. ITO 1010 oxr'tlla 1.1 5 rropcrnoouue Enrolle; ro E~riC;:

a) n~pinTWull 6nou np + IA/E, Elval ~;. = ~ + np 13) n~pinTWO'II 6nou Ilp - Ill/W, eivm ~A = ~n - np

(1) (2)

@

39

®

IX. 1.15. ~16peWOIl nopeuov,

An6 TIC; axeaelC; (1) KOI (2) npoxurrrer 0 vevIK6c;. oMa KOI J3aO"lK6c; VIO Til VOUO"In'\o1a Tlmo<;:

'ETO"I OV n.x. eXOlJe: ~ 223° KOI np 2° W. Il ~A = 223° + (_2°) = 223° - 2° = 221°, KOI ~ B 77° Z KOI np 1° E. Il ~A = (3600 - 77°) + (+ 1°) = 283° + 1° = 284°.

An6 TOV nopon6vw i3oalK6 rurro oMa KOI TO [610 aX~lJo. e~aVeTOI KOI 0 e~[aou XP~O"IIJOC; VIO Til voualnA010 runoc

Av n.x. eXOlJe:

~ = ~A - Flp (OAVei3PIKa)

- ~A 065° KOI Ilp 3° W. Il ~n = 065° - (-3°) = 065° + 3° = 068°

E<t>6aov orrc nopeiec; KOI 610meuaelC; WC; OPXrlIJETp~aeWC; elvm IJIO on6 TIC; KOTeu8uvaelC; TOU i3opp6. laxuouv KOI VIO TIC; TeAeUToiec; 01 oVTiaTqlxol runoi [uop8w- . aewv TWV 610meuaewv (ax. 1.11. oplO"Tep~ eIKovo).

A~" = A~ + Flp (OAVei3PIKa) KOI A~ = A~A - np (OAVei3PIKa)

40

'OTafl IXOPE ~TapTOKUdlKlf ntJP~lEf 1It11 6IOrrnUU~Ifi, Tlf pETtTTplntJp~ "pWTa U~ OAOKUKAIKlf Kal 1I~T6 Tlf 61op8wflop~, 6nwe; 'OVO<!lEPO~E. BE~OIO ou6EnOTE yIVETal Mycx, YIO 616p9wOll OXETIKWV 610mEuoEwv. O<!lou OUTEe; EXOUV we; OPXr1 ~ETPr1- OEWe; Til YP0tJtJrl nhwPIle; KOI 6XI TO ~oppO.

ruvO\jJI~OVTOe; TOUe; rmpuncvui 6uo ~OOIKOUe; rurrouc 610p9wOEWe; nopeuov KOI TOUe; 6Moue; 6uo 610p9wOEWe; 610mEuoEwv. npoxurrrouv 01 nopoK(JTW OUO ~UIKol YIO Til vouorrrxolo TunOII'I:

(A) 'A = (A) '" + np (aAYEppIK6) KOI (A) '" = (A) 'A - np (aAYEppIKW

ria va crrooeuvovrm o<!l6'\tJ0To KOTO TIe; olop9wOEIe;. 0' OPIOtJEVO n'\oio unoPXEI OUOTlltJ0 TPIWV OtJOKEVTPWV KUKAWV. tJE TO orrolo EKTE'\OUtJE TIe; Em9utJ1lTEe; OIOP- 9WOEIe;. 0 E~WTEpIK6e; KUK'\Oe; 0' aUTO OVTmpoownEUEI O'\1l9Eie; nopeiee; rlOlomeuOEIe;. 0 ~eooioe; - OTpemOe; ~OYV"TIKEe; KOI 0 eOWTepIKOe; - crperrroc nu~iOoe;. ria Til XPlloltJ0noill0rl TOU. rrou eivol on'\ouOTOTIl. nrrorrelrm oUYXPOVIl on6K'\loll KOI nupsxrporm YIO TIlV rropelc, H An Ton0geTeiTol. ovo'\oyo tJe TO onuslo Tile;. oe~lo r1 oplOTepo crre TOV e~wTeplK6 KUKho 616 TOU BtJ TOU ueonlou KUK'\OU KOI Il Tp rono- 9ETeiTol. ovo'\oyo tJe TO onuelo Tile;. 6e~10 rl oplOTepo TOU BtJ 610 TOU Bn TOU eowTEPIKOU KUKhou. 'ETOI Koge EvOel~1l evoe; 6eiKTIl (oxrlvc TWV KUKAwv) 6eixvel ana tJEOO npoe; TO E~W (A) ~ - (A) ~II - (A) ~A OTOUe; oVTiOTOIXOUe; KuKAoUe;.

H YUPOUKO",KIj "u/i6a oev enllpeo~eTol on6 TO tJ0YVIlTIOtJ6 Tile; YIle;. ours KOI ana TO tJOYVIlTI0tJO TOU n'\oiou. 'ETOI. 6ev nopouUlo~el o<!lo'\tJoTo A6yw tJOYVIlTIKWV rmpexrpombv. Me cMo '\OYIO 6EV nopoOO'lo~el OUTE o<!loAtJ0 onoKAioewe; An OUTe O<!lo'\tJo nOpEKTpOnrle; Tp, KOI EnOIJEVWe; OUTE TO OUV9ETO O<!loAtJo Tile; nopo'\'\oYrle; np. nopo'\o aUTO OIJWe; onv OUOKEUr1 ll'\EKTPOIJIlXOVIKr1 nopouOIo~EI EVo OTogep6 YIO 6'\ee; TIe; nopeiec; ~pyaA~IaK6 rl ut/l6Apa opy6f1ou, nou 0IlIJOIVel OTi TO IJIl0EV TOU oveuoxoviou 6EV TOUTi~ETOI tJE Tllv KOTEU9uVOll TOU ohll90ue; ~oppO. rTo9EponoiEiToi KOTO tJlKPrl ywvlo OTo9EPrle; TltJrle; ,\iyo OVOTO'\IKO rl hiyo OUTIKO on6 TOV ohll9rll3oppo. To o<!lohtJo oUT6. YIO TO orrolo ~E~OIO unoPXEI unoXPEwoll OUVEXOUe; E'\EYXOU YIO Til olonlOTwoll Tile; OKpl~OUe; TltJrle; TOU. fJElIJpEfrai trW 1«1- paAAay" KOI XOPOKTllpl~eTOI WC; OVOToAIK6 + lA/E. orov ° ~opp6e; Tile; vupooxomKfte; ElvOI OVOTO'\IKO ana TOV oAIl9ft KOI wc; 6UTIK6 - Ifl/W 6TOV 0 ~oppOC; Tile; yupooKomKftg'ElvOI OUTIKO TOU oAIl90ue;. To ut/I6Alla tTt/I Tile; yupOOKomKftc; tJE TO xopaKTIlPIOtJO TOU (+) rl (-) unoAoyi~ETol onEugeioe; IJE IJE906oue;. 6nwe; ElvOI 11 eu9uYPOtJlJlOIl 6uo OVTIKeIIJEVwv. tJE OOTPOVOtJIKEe; nOpOTIlPrlOEIC; KAn. KOToxwpi~eTol OE OTO 131~'\lo nopoMoywv TOU nAoiou KOI AOtJ130VETOI nOVToTe uno""l1 YIO Til 616p- 9wOll TWV rropenov KOTO TOV 1010 rporrc nou '\OtJ~6VETOI uno""ll OTIC; 610p9woele; TWV rropeuov KOI Il nOP9Moyrl. To o<!l6'\tJo oUT6 ouvft9we; Exel noM tJlKpft TltJrl (1 ° r1 2°). eivOi OTogepo YIO 6Aec; TIC; nopeiec; KOI YIO tJEy6ho XPovIK6 610OTlltJO. rUtJ<!lwva u' aUTO. KOI OTIl vupooxornxri nu~i60 YIO Til 610p9wOll rropeuov IOXUEI 0 YEVIK6e;

, • " • wv (nou bEV xpnCJIllonolouVTal OTflV

(1 I nciVTWS, 01 btop9wUEII; llaVVflTlKWV nopeuav Kal ulomE~uE ." .

npa~fl an6 TO vauTtM6IlEVO) UE aAr19Ei~ tl nu~i6a~ Kat TO aVTt9ETO IlnopOUV va EKTEAEOTOUV liE TOU<;

E~tl<; Tljnou~: .

(A) ~A = (A) ~~ + An (aAVEl3pIKO) Kat (A) ~ = (AI ~A - An (aAVEl3pIK~),

(A) ~~ = (A)~" + Tp (aAVEl3pIKoI Ka.' (AI~" = (A) ~~ - Tp (aAVEl3pIKa),

41

rurroc: (A)~A = (A)~ + 0'<1> (aAYE~pIK6) Kal (A)~TT = A~A - 0'<1> (aAYE~pIK6), orrou acp TO acp6AfJa Tile; yuporru~ioae;.

1.16 N. unoAoYloJl6C;; 4oC;;. 410p9wOEIC;; nopElwv-6IomEuoEwv.

Turret EcpapfJoyf)e;:

(A)~A = (A)~TT + Ilp (aAYE~pIK6) KCI (A)~ = (A)~A - Flp (aAYE~pIK6) (1) (3) (5)

nap66f:lYpa 1.

METpf)aafJE fJE Til olompa TOU ErravaMJmll Tile; yuporru~i6ae; Tie; 610TTTEuaEIe; TPIl.lJV KOTacpavwv onuehov Tile; ~llp6e; We; E~f)e;:

A~ 0400,5 A~TT 000°,5 A~n 270°

, 2 3

To a<l>6AfJa Tile; yuponu~ioae; EXEI rrpoa610pla9Ei KOI civrn ioo rrpoc 1°, 2 W. ZI1- TEiTOI vo urroAoYla80uv 01 OVTlaTOIXEe; 610TTTEuaEIe; nou 8a XOPO~OfJE aTO XOPTIl.

A~A A~A2 A~A3
,
A~ 040°,5 000°,5 2700
(2) np 1°,2 1 °,2 1°,2
(4) A~A 039°,3 359°,3 268°,8 nap66f:lypa 2.

H nopelo rrou xap6~OJ.lE aTO v. X6PTIl, nrro TO AlfJoVI ononxou fJEXPI TO AlfJoVI rrpooprouou EIVOI ~A 0000. ITO nAllalEaTEpo aVEfJoAoYIO Tile; rrEpIOX"'e; TOU nAou mov iOlo X6PTIl OVQyp6<1>ETOI:

Yarn 1° 06' W (1969) deer. about 13' annually

ZIlTEITOI va urroAoYla9Ei 11 noosto (~n) nou 80 6WaOfJE orov nll6oAlouXo va TIlPf)aEl.

(2) An (auYXPovll) 1 °,9 IE (lncr) (2) Tp (J8UVTf)PI0) 00,0 IW

1°,9 +/E

(6) ~A 000° .... 360°

np 1°,9

(4) ~n (19UVTf)PI0) 358°,1

nap66f:lypa 3. .' A <lVI ononAou fJEXPI TO AlfJO-

H nopeia Tllv orrolo xap6~OfJE aTO v.xapTIl, ano TO IfJ A .

• 'VOI 355° ITO nAYlOIEaTEPO OVEfJOAoylO Tile; nEpIOX"'e; TOU rr OIOU

VI rrpooplafJOu EI . .. I

aTOV 1010 x6pTI1 avayp6<!>eTal:

Var" 2° 17' W (1963) incr. about 12' annually.

ZIlTeiTOI va uTToAoVlo80uv 01 aVTiOTolxee.; TeTapToKuKAIKEe.; TIIJEe.; nopsuov TWV Mo TTu~iowv TOU TTAoiou.

OloTTTr1Pla 18uVT.,pla
~A 355° 355°
+ +
(2) np 4°,8 6°,3
(4) ~ 359°,8 361°,3
(6) ~ 001°,3
(1) ~ B 0°,2 Z B 1°,3 A nap66~,ypa 4.

METp.,OOlJe Til ol6meuoll KaTa<l»avoue.; aVTIKellJEVOU Tile.; ~Ilpae.; OTO V. XapTIl (A~A) ton TTpOe; 134°. KaTo TOV TT"OU, ue nopefn TTu~ioae.; N 22° Z olomeuoolJe TT"oio TTpOe; rc opiorepe Tile; TT"wPIle; 25°. H TTapaAAaVrl Tile.; nu~ibae.; eivm 2°,5 A. ZIlTEiTal va UTTO"OVI080uv 01 aVTiOTOIXEe;:

a' Ol6TTTEUOll TTu~ioae; TTOU 8a IJETPrlOOIJE, orov TO TTAoio ~pE8Ei navw ern 010- rrreuon OUTri 134°,

W TTOpeiO TTOU OKo"ou8Ei TO TT"oio !Joe; OTO XapTIl,

V' aTT6"uTIl ol6TTTEUOll TOU TT"oiou TTOU napaTIlPrioalJE.

(OVTIKEIIJEVOU) (TT"oiou lJae;) (TTOpOT. TT"oiou)
A~A 1340 180° 360°
+
np 2°,5 ~ (TET) 22° IX(p) 25°
-- --
(4)A~ 131°,5 (1) ~n (oM 202° (1) Ix(oM 335°
+ +
np 2°,5 ~n 202°
--
(4) ~A 204°,5 (1) A~n 537°
360°
(6) Al.A 177° 06qy/~~.

(1) rEVIKO, TTPIV OTTO Ko8E olop8wOll TTopEioe;., OIOTTTEUOEWe; TETOPTOKUKAIKrle; rl 1l1J1KUK"IKrie; TllJrie;, TIlV IJETOTPEnOIJE OE O"OKUK"IK., oUlJ<I»wva lJe TOV 30 vcunxo UTTOAOVIOIJO (§ 1.14) KOI IJETO TTPOXWPOUIJE ornv ETTl8uIJIlTrl 010p8wOIl.

(2) riO Til ol6p8wOll TWV TTOPEIWV xm OIOTTTEUOEWV - ana TTu~ioae.; oe aAll8eic.; KOI TO aVTi8ETo - XPIlOIIJOTTOIOUIJE Tllv TTopoAAoVll, nou aVTIOTolxei ern OUVXPOVIl aTTOK"IOIl KOI rnv TTapEKTpoTTri Tile; TTu~foae; TTOU XPllollJonOloulJe Via Til OUVKeKpIIJEVIl rropslc. H TTapaAAavri j3pioKeTOI oUlJ<I»wva lJe TOV 20 vouruco UTTOAOVIOIJO (§ 1.10). Iav ETOe; Via Tllv EUPEOIl Tile; OUVXPOVIle; ATT TTI'IpaIJE am TTapaoeiVIJOTa aUTO TO 1983. Oc.; TTapEKTpOTTrl XPIlOllJOTTolrioOIJE TIlV aVTiOTOIXIl Tile.; TTu~iOqe.; xm nopeiae.; orro TO TTlvaKiolo TTapEKTpOTTWV (j3MTTE TTlvaKiolO IJOVv. TTu~ioEe;, OX. 4.6KO).

(3) To (A) OTOUc.; TUTTOUc.; E<I»0PlJoy.,e; XPIlOllJOTTOleiTal IJOVO Via Tic.; OIOIlTE.UOE.I\,

~ rc

f:r,~~y1;; ~~~$

'95t.

43

EVW lTapaAEilTETal am; lTDPEiEC;.

(4) npOKEITal Via aAVEj3pIKr; lTp6aSEall ria4>aipEall. H np 0IlAaol'] ouvoceuerm IJE TO' onuelo TIlC; (+) ri (-). BAElTE AElTTDIJEPEIEC; OTIC; DOIlViEC; 4 KOI 5 TDU 2DU vaUTIKDU ulTDADVlalJDU (§ 1.10).

(5) ria Til 0lop9wall lJaVVIlTIKWV lTDPEIWV xm OIDlTTEUaEWV XPllallJDlTDIDUVTal 0'1 aXEaEIC;:

-

(A) ~~ = (A) ~A - AlT (aAVEj3pIK6), (A) ~A = (A) ~~ + AlT (aAVEJ3pIKO),

(A) ~~ = (A) ~n + Tp (aAVEj3pIK6) Kal (A) ~n = (A) ~~ - Tp (aAVEJ3pIKO). H lTID lT6vw DOllvia 4 EXEI KI E6w TIlV lOla EC$)apIJDVr;.

(6) Av OEV Elval ouvaTr; 11 a4>aipEall, lTpDa9ETDIJE 360°. Av TO' anO'TEAEaj.Ja ulTEpJ3aivEI TIC; 360°, TIC; a4>aIPDUIJE.

AnOHAI:H

1.17 NauTIK6 ",(AI.

ria Til IJETPllall TWV alTDOTOaEWV OTIl vcuomxolo XPIlO'lj.JO'lTDIEfTOI TO' vauTIKo piAl V.IJ. (sea Dr nautical mile, M) lTO'U aVTllTpDaWlTEUEI TO UroBEPO ypapplKo avonruypa TO{OU pEUqpPplVOU EVO~ "PWTOU Tq~ poipa~ (1Jt/J 71 UTO YEwypat/JIKo "AclTo(, TWV 45°8 Jj N. ElTEIOr; TO' aVOlTTUVlJa aUTO E~apnlTOI nrro Tie; 6IaO'TOaEIe; HIe; Vile; eXEI ylVEI 01E9vwC; lTapaOEKTr; 11 TIIJr; TDU vaUTIKDu IJIAIDU fall npoc 7852 piTpa oxprJ3wC;. TO' vauTIK6 IJIAI UlTDOlalpEITOI aE 6tKOTa r1 UTcl61a (cables). Ano TDV oprouo TDU v. IJIAIO'U Elval q>avEp6 6TI 0' apl9lJOC; TWV lTPWTWV TI')e; j.JDfpae; TO~O'U j.JEal')lJl3plVO'U, IJETa~u TWV lTAOTWV OUD TOlTWV, rcourm IJE TDV apl9j.Jo v. IJIAfwv IJETO~U TWV napaMr;AWV lTMTO'UC;. H npaVlJaTlKI'] 61JwC; TIIJr; TO'U vounxou j.JIAfO'U avo TO 610<1>0'po nMTIl Tile; Vile; IJETa136METOI Myw TO'U a<l>OlpO'EIOO'Ue; axr')I.JOTOe; TrIC;, 0<1>0'0 01 j.JEal')lJl3plvO'I oev alTDTEAO'UV IJEYIO'TO'UC; KUKADUC;, aAM EMEi4JEIe;. TWV onoiuiv I') ~<I> " OEV aVTIO'TDIXEI O'TO', i610 YPOIJIJIKO cvorrruvpo IJr;KO'Ue;. ~E6DIJEVO'U OTI o rnv npo~1') 0'1 auv.,9EIC; lTAOEC; OEV ElTEKTEivDVTOI lTPDC; TIC; lTDAIKEC; lTEplDxec; - OlTO'U I') npoYIJOTlKr; TIIJr1 TO'U IJIAIO'U lTAl')alO~EI TI')V lTIO' j.JEyOAI') TIIJr1 TO'U - I') aKpfl3EIO uno TI') XPI')O'IIJO'nolnon TO'U VOUTIKO'U IJIMDU rrou aVTllTpaaWlTEUEI I') IJEal') TIIJr1 8EwpEiTai IKOVDnDII')TlKrllll.

(1) n~pi IIlAlou. H Ae~1] «~rAI» npoepXETol on6 TI] AOTlvlKIi «mile» KOI al]~OiVEI XIAlooa. To OE apXIKo ~iAI cvnnpooumsue 1 000 J31i~OTO Ev6e; Pw~oiau OTPOTIWTI], r EVIKO. we; ~iAI ernlle» xapaKTl]pi<o~e TO ypa~~IK6 ov6muy~o T6~ou ~EarwJ3plvou TI]e; VI]e;. npurrou TI]e; ~oipaS (bCII 1'). Av I] VI] EiXE KOVOVIK6 aCllOlpIK6 crxlipo. 01 pEal]~J3plvoi Tile; Bo onOTEAouaov peVIOTOUe; KUKAoue; KOI 11 TIIlIi TOU ~IAiou Bo 1'1- rev <7TOBEPIi a' oMKAIlPIl TIlV EmCll6vElIl Tile;. ·O~we;. Mvw TOU aCllolpoElboue; crxli~oToe; Tile; Vile;. 01 ~Eall~J3plvoi Tile; onOTeAouv EMeiIjJEIe;, en6vw aroue; onoioue; 11 bCII 'l ' bev nopoualo~el araBep6 vpa~~IKO ~i1Koe;, 'ETal. au~CIIwva ~e TIC; TeAEuraiee; pETPliaEIe;. TO vpO~~IK6 ~IiKoe; TOU ~IAiou (bCII 1') elver:

- orov larweplv6 1842.8 m

- a' Evbl6~Eao nAmoc; 45° 1852.2 m

- orouc n6Aoue; 1864 m

Mov66E{ ptjKOU{. 0 CYUVXPOVOC; vauTIM6~evoc; xp'lO"l~onolei Via T'l ~ETP'lCY'l cnocrcoeux. U4JWV KOI j3a9wv, 6lcl<l>opec; ~ovcl6ec; TOU ~eTpIKOU CYUCYTI'WaTOC; ~e TI<;' aVTiCYTOlxec; Icyo6uvolJieC;,6nwc; <l>oiveTOI O"TOV rrlvoxo 1.17.1.

nlNAKAE 1.11.1
1 X1AI61lETPO (km) rooo e 1 VOUTIKO Ill'" ( M ) 10 OTOOlalOEKOTO V.Il.
0,53995680 VOUTIKOU IlIAiOU 1852 m
0.62137119 statute mile 1,852 km
1093,61330 yards 6076,115485561eet
3280,83990 feet 2025,37182852 yards
1.150779448 statute miles
1 IlETPO (01) = 100cm 1 OTOTIKO IllAI 1609.344 m
39,370079 inches (statute mile) 1.609344km
3.28083990 feet 0,86897624 v. IlIAiou
1.09361330 yards 5280leet
0,54680665 fathom 1760 yards
0,00053996 v, IlIAIou
0.00062137 statute mile
lOT06lo = 0.1 v. IlIAiou
(cable) 219.4560 m
720leet
240 yards
1 nooopi = 0.3048m 10Pyulo = 1,8288 m
(foot) 12 inches (fathom) 6 feet
0.33333333 yard 2 yards
O. 1 666666 fathom
1 lvroc = 2.54cm 1 yuop60 = 0.9144 m
(inch) (yard) 36 inches
3 feet An6 TIl; TIIlEe; OUTEe; EIvol ClKJVEp6 6T1 on6 mv d6XHTTlI Tlptj OTOV lorlllEplv6. TO lliAll3aiVEI OUVExWe; ou~av61lEVO npoe; TO IlEyaAUTEpa nAOTI1 KI an6 TO 6uo I1lllo4KJiplo. YIO VO 1I>900EI Til pErHTT" Tlptj TOU OTOUe; n6Aoue;. riO TO npaYIJOTIK6 EMEIIjIOEI6Ee; OX(1Il0 Tile; YI1e;. OTO onoio 01 IJEOl1lJPPIVoi cnorexouv EMEIIjIEIe;. 11 BEoIP'lTllCtj Tlptj TOU IJIAiou avo Ta 6104KJpa nAmI1 eivm:

1 M = 1853,42 - 10,56 -.2. m

6nou II> Eival TO nA6Toe; OTO orrolo ava4lEP£TOI Ko9E 4KJp6 TO IllAI.

Ta 6pOll61lETpa TWV nAolwv Eival PU91l10llEva hOI. WOTE aU~l1ol1 OTIe; Ev6Ei~EIe; TOUe; KaTO Eva v.

IllAI va aVTmpoownEuEI npaxwPI1011 TOU nAoiou KaTO 1852 IlETpa, 6011 611Aa6f) Elval Kalil OTa9Epf) TOU Tlllf). IUlllI>wva 61lwe; liE 6aa avanTU~allE OXETIKO liE TI1V EAlIXIOTI1 KOI IlEYIOTI1 Till" TOU IlIAiOU. Yla nMEe; IlEyoAwv EKTOI7EWV 6111l10UPYElroi m9av6Tl]Ta oll>6AlJaTOc;. TO onolo nalpvEI al0911Tf) Till" OTa XOIlI1M nMTI1. KOVTO OTOV I0l11lEpIv6 Kal OTa 1j1I1M nAllTI1. KOVTO OTOUe; n6Aoue;. Av TO 6pOllOllETpO Ilae; IJETPI10E an6OTaol1 100 v. IlIAlwv A.X. nEpl TOV I0l11lEplv6 1'1 TOUe; n6Aouc;. 11 npayllaTlK" npOxwPI1- 011 TOU nAolou Ilae; eo Elva! 1011 npae;: 1852 x 100 = 185.200 IlETpa. nou aVTIOTolXOUV OE .641 =

45

1.18 An6aToar].

DC; amjuTauq ri 6iappa d (distance, dist) OTIl vouomAolo XOPOKH1Pi<OIJE TO IJriKOC; TIlC; VOIlTriC; YPOlJlJric; TTOU ouvbeEI buo OllIJEio TTOVW crnv ETTlCPOVEIO Tile; YIle;· rTIlV ETTlCPOVEIO TIlC; 8oAooooC; 11 oTT6mOOll IJETPIETOI OE VOUTIKO lJiAIO KOI OTa TTOTOIJIO KOI TIC; AiIJVEe; OE VOUTIKO lJiAIO ri XIAI6IJETpO. nOAI6TEpO 11 OTTOOTaOI1 IJETPI6- TOV OTIC; oyyAooo~wvIKec; XWPEC; OE OTOTIKO lJiAlo.

H IJETPIlOIl OTTOOTOOEWV OTIl vouomxolc yiVETOI TTOVW OTO VOUTIKO XOPTIl. n pootllopi~OIJE bE rnv OTT6OTOOll TTOU blOVUEI TO TTAoio EiTE onEu{:lEioe; IJE TO opo- 1J6IJETPO, EiTE TToMoTTAOOlO~OVTOC; TIlV TOXIJTIlTa TOU nxolou eni Til blOPKEIO TTAou. EivOI ollAoori: lJiAIO avo wpo x WpEC;. riO TIlIJETPIlOIl OTTOOTOOEWV 6Mwv nAoiwv Ii OlllJEiwv XPIlOIIJOTTOIOUIJE TO radar I'l TIc,; UTTOAOVi~OIJE. 01 onOOTOOEIc,; IJETO~U AIIJOVIWV ri OIlIJEiWV-TOTTWV bivOVTOI OTTO TOUc,; ElbIKOUC; VOUTIKOUe; "iVaKE~ a"OUTOUEWV (distance tables), ri TIC; TTpooblOpi~OIJE ETTlAUoVTOc,; TOUe; ElbIKOUe; VOUTIKOUe; unoxovrOIJOUC;.

100' eiiw, ov I] llPOXWPl]ol] oUTfj llpaVIJOTOnolfj81]KE OTIC; iOIEe; llEploxee; IJE nopelo 0000 fj 1800 (npoe; J3oppO fj VOTO) 80 OVTlaTOIXEi npoe; olo<!>opee; nAmoUe;:

185.200: 1842,8 = 100',50 rrsplnou nspl TOV IOI]IJEPIVO, KOI

185.200: 1864 = 99',36 nsplrrou nspl TOUe; llOAOUe;. npOKUffiEI OI]AOOfj IJIO OIO<!lOPO aTle; EV- 6Ei~EIC; TOU opOIJOlJeTpOU 0',5 IJIKp6TEPl] ana TI]V npaVIJOTIKfj aTOV IOl]IJEPIV6 KOI 0'.64 IJEvoAUTEpl] 0110 TI]V npaVIJOTIKfj aTOUC; TTOAOUC;.

npOKUITrEI 6~Aao., IJIOOIO<!>OpO aTle;EVOEi~EIe; TOU OPOIJOlJeTPOU 0'.5 IJIKPOTEpl) 0110 TI)V llPOYIJOTIK., aTOV IOI)IJEPIVO KOI 0',64 IJEvoMTEpl) ana TI)V npaYIJOTlK., aTOUe; 116Aoue;.

EKTOe; erro TO vOUTlK6 lJiAI eXOIJE KOI:

0) To tullPfiP'v6 ., Yfiwypal/llK6 piA' (geographical mile) TO orrolo XOPOKTl]pi~OIJE OOV TO aT08EpO ypaIJIJIKO IJ.,KOe; T6~ou TOU IOI]IJEPIVOU Ev6e; TTPWTOU TIle; 1J0ipae;. too TTpOe; 1855.345 lJeTpa (J300EI TI]e; EMEII(IOEIOOUe; OVO<!lopOe; 1980, 6TTOU I] IOI]IJEPIV., cxrivo 0 elvm 6378137 rn). AUTO OVTlaTolxei OE tJ.A t ' KOI eXEI aT08Epfj TlIJ". VIOTi TO y.,IVO O<!lOlpoEloee; 8ewpEITOI oov aTEpeO eK TTepIOTpO<!ltie; rrepl TOV O~OVO TaU KOI EnOlJeVWe; 0 IOI]IJEPIV6c; onoTEAEi nEpl<!>epElo KUKAOU. Tile; orroloc TO llPWTO lJoipoe; (JOI]IJEPIVO lJiM 110POUOIO~EI aT08Epfj VpaIJIJIKfj TllJfj o· oMKAl)pl] TI)V eKTool] TWV yewvpa<!lIKwv IJI]KWV. To IOl)IJEplv6 lJiAI XPllollJOnOIEiTOI 1J6vo KaTO TOUC; 8EWPI]TIKOUC; UTTOAOYIOIJOUe; IJEyoAwv EKTOoewv TI)e; VI]C;, KOTO TOUe; ortolouc AOIJJ30VETOI UTT61(11] TO llpaYIJOTIK6 EMEll(loEloee; oxrilJO TI)e; YIle; (KOTOOKEU'; IJEPKOTOPIKWV XOPTWV K.O).

13) To fT7fInI(6plA, (statute mile) Jl pIA, lllP6, TO OTToiOXPI]Ol(JOll01EITOI OKOIJO. aTlC; HnA KOI oMES AVVAOoo~vIKee; XWPEe;. OOV 1J0vo6a IJf)Kpur; OTI]v ~l]pO. OVTi TaU XIAIOIJETpOU. noMer; <!lopee; XPI]OI- 1J0noleiTOI ano TIe; XWpEr; OUTer; KOI onv 1J0VOoa IJJlKOUC; aTOUC; nAWTOUe; 110TOIJOUe;. Tlr; AilJvee; KOI TIe; ()JWpUYEe;. To aTOTlK6 lJiAI IOOUTOI npor; 1609 lJeTpo KOI IOXUEI I] Oxeol):

1 v. IJIAI = 1.15 aTOTIKO lJiAIO

Xr6610. Oe; YVWaTo. 01 IJOVOOEC; IJETpfjoEwr; TWV oPxolwv olE<!>epov OTTO reno OE TOll0 KOI 0110 Aoo OE ,\Qo. Mlo OTTO Tlr; llPWTEC; npoano8E'IEC; nou eYlvov YIO TI]V K081EPWOl] TI]r; OUYKEKpIIJEVI]e; 1J0VOOOr; lJeTp';OEWe; TaU IJ.,KOUr;-OnOaTOOEWC; eVIVE on6 TOUe; opxofoue; 'EMI]VEC; 01 OTToIOi. OVO<!lepETol OTi XPI]OIIJOnoi(JOOV TO IJfjKOC; TaU «op61JOU aywvwv» TOU OAUIJTTlOKOU ITooiou OOV TETOIO 1J0vooo. TI]V 011010 onOKOAoUOOV ur6610 (stadium). TouTO ';mv kro rrpoc 600 EMIlVIKO 110010 .; 100 opYlee; (607.9 OI]IJEPIVO TTOOIO). nOAAer; YVWIJEe; 010TUnw8rjKOV KOTO KOIpOUr; OTT6 TOUr; opxoiouC; . EMI)VEe; llepi TaU IJI'tKoue; TaU aroofou. 0 EpOToo8evrje;. KaTO TIe; IJETPIlOEIr; TaU YIO'TOV npoooloPIO(JO TWV OIOaTOOEWV TI]e; YI]e;. unoAovi~EI TO IJ';KOr; TaU aTaofou oe 157.5 IJETpO. To (JIlKOe; aUTO eivOi KOI OilIJepO KOIVO TTO-

. poOEKT6. To aTOOIO TaU APlaTOTEAI] ElvOI 100 m, TaU ApXllJllOI] 133 m, TOU nooelowvlou 167 m.

TOU nTOAElJQlou 222 m KATT.

1.19 TOXUTI'ITO.

revlK6, TaxuTIITa S (speed) elvrn 11 cnocroon nou {lIavueTCI OTIl uovcoc TOU Xpovou. rTIl 96"aooa 11 TaxuTIlTa eK<pp6~eTOI oE K6ppou~ K (knots, kns). 0 KO~fJOS aVTI<7TOlxei oe TOxuTIlTa TOU n"oiou ev6s vounxou ~I"iou TIlV wpa. 0 OPOI) «KO~- 1301»), eno~evwl) neplexel crroorcon Kal Xp6vo, noon ro onoio evunoPXouv uovo OTIlV wplaia TaxuTIlTa. 'ETOI "eVOVTal) n.x. n"oio TaXUTIlTal) 1 0 KO~fJwv, EVVOOlJ~E 6TI TO n"olo OlaVUEI cnocrcon 10 vauTIKo ~i"la OE Xpovo ~Ias wpas. KaTO ouverrsm 6ev npenEI va ouvxeoVTal 01 Ko~l3ol ~e ro VaUTIKO ~i}lIa,a<pou 01 nourrot EKq,p6~ouv wplala TaxuTIlTO KOI rn 6euTEpa cnooruon oe anpOOOI()PIOTO xpovo. LTC rrxofo 11 TaxuTIlTa 6ivETai anEu9Eial) an6 ro 6PO~0~ETpa. eire uno"ovi<ETOI ~e 130- 011 TIlV crrocroon rrou 61aVU91lKE Kal Til 610pKeia n'\ou. AK6~a uno'\ovi<O~E rnv TOXUTIlTa TOU n,\oiou XPllol~onOIWVTOI) TO radar Ii Kal (lIo<popel) ~eeOOOUS oxronxoial).

KATHrOPIEr nxov

1.20 Op906po~(o - Aolo6po~(o.

ria TOV ao<paM KOI ouvrouorepo n'\ou ~ETa~u ouo OIWEiwv TIlS Emq,ovEIOI) HII) VIlI). ° n'\oiapxol) XPIlOl~onolei WI) Kupla Kal 1300lKo e<po610 TO VOUTIKO XapTIl KOI TIlV nu~i60. 0 v. X6PTIll) 9a XPIlOl~EUOEI Via Til x6pa~1l Till) nopeio; nau eo uxoxou- 9r'jOEI Kal T'1V mOT., anEIKOVIOI1 Tile; nepIOXr1<; TOU n"ou. u' o"ee; TI<; vauTI"laKE<; n""po<popies rrou Ev6Ia<pepouv, onwl) n.x. VaUTl'\loKOU<; KIV6uvou<;. H nu~ibo So XprIOI~euoel Via TIlV TrlPIlOIl Till) rropaloc TOU n'\oiou xm veVIKO Via Til ~ETPIlOIl Till) KOTeu9uvoewI) OTIl 96'\aooa. Bel301a 90 rrpertei va unopxel Kal 11 ouvcrornru npooOIOPIO~OU K69E <pop6 Kal TWV ~IAiwv rrou EXel 61avuoEI TO nAoio OTIl eaAaooo Via opiouevo Xpovo rrxou, K6Tw orro TI<; ouv9f}Kel) aUTEs. OUO eivci 01 KOTllyopie<; nAou. Via va n"euoo~E ano eva '\1~oVI o' 6'\'\0. H op806popia KOI 11 Ao{o6popia_

Op806popla. Ano Til O<PaIPIKrl yew~eTpia eivOi YVWOTO OTI 11 ouvrouorepn cnoOTOOIl ~eTO~U OUO OIl~Eiwv TIlS em<p6velas Till) o<paipos EivOI TO T6~0 ~EVIOTou KUK'\OU. TO onolo OUV6EEI rc orWEia aUT6 KOI TO onolo eivcn ~IKPOTEPO orro 180°. 0 n'\ous Eni ~eVIOTou KUK'\OU Till) Em<povelal) Till) VIlI) - rrw onolo 9EWpOU~E Via rnv rreolrmoon oq,oipa - Ka'\eiTal op806poPIK6~ Ii op806popia (great circle sailing) (OX. 1.200). Lluo onuelo crnv Em<p6vE10 TIlS VIlS oUV6eOVTOI ~eTO~u TOUI) ~e ~OVo- . 61KO op900PO~IK6 TO~O, eKTos ov TO onuelc eivol OVTI610~ETPIKO (onuelo KOI OVTin0(01) ola<pepouv KaTO 1800),onOTe onelpOI) apl9~os ~EVIOTWV KUKAwv OlepXETOI on' aUTO. 'ETOI TO op900POJJIKO TO~O OUO oll~eiwv, rrou I3pioKovTol novco OTOV iOIO ~eollJJl3plv6 TIlS Vile; oUJJnimEI JJE TO tJEOIlJJI3PIVO TOUe;. EKTOe; av rn OIlJJEio eivtn OVTIOIOJJETPIKO. Av ro 6uo OlltJEia Eival 01 n6'\01. 0'\01 01 IJEOIlJJ!3Plvoi - JJeVIOTOI KU- . KAol OlePXOVTaI an' aUTOUe;. To JJETPO TOU op906poJJIKOU TO~OU OE npwTo JJoipae; 6ivEI TIlV op806poPIKq cm6tnaall OE vauTIKo IJI'\la. XopaKTIlPIOTIK6 Tile; op90opoJJiae; ElvOI OTi <7Tpe<pEI TO KUPTO Tile; npoe; TOUe; n6'\oue; Kal TO Kol,\o Tile; npoe;. TOV

IOIlJJEPIVO. 01 IJEOIlJJI3Plvoi Tile; Vile; OEV Eival nap6MIl'\01 JJETa~u TOUe;. aM6 oUVKAi- Or

{:~, .f'-:J

~tt1~%

/.~A.T '95t.

47

n

IX·1.20a.

Opeo6po~ia.

VOUV KCI TEIJVOVTOI OTOU~ "6"'ou~. 'ETO"I 11 op8156poIJia TEJ.lVEI TOUS 61a60XIKOUS J.learllJ!3plvous J.lE 61a«i»opeTIKee; vwviee; auvexwe;, 01 oooiee; aVTllTpOaWlTEUOUV TIe; 61a- 60XIKee; OPiJo6pOJllftf IfAE""~ KaTO aUVEnEla, Via v' aKoAou9';aoJ.le TOV opBo- 6POJ.lIK6 nAou an6 A ae B Bo npenEI va IJETa!36AAoJ.lE auvExWe; rnv nopeio TOU n"-oiou. ITO ax';IJO 1.200 11 AB elval opB06poIJio J.lE.TQ~U TWV T6nwv AKOI B. 01 EVOIOIJEO"OI J.lEarw!3plvoi axllJ.laTi~ouv J.lE TO T6~0 AB a4)(Up1K6 Tpivwvo, aTO onoio 01 E~wTepIKee; ywviEe; TOUe; EivOI 610$OpETIKec; on6 TIC; onevoVTI eaWTEplKES - opBo- 6pOIJIKES nopEiEe;.

/to/06pollia. Elval 6uVQT6 61Jwc;- va n"-EUaOIJE ano Eva rono Tile; Vile; c' cMo, TIlPwvras J.lOVOOIK'; KOI.aroBep'; nAEUan. TOTE TO nsofo oKoAou8E[ Enc.vw rrrnv em4l6vElo Tile; Vile; TOV OVOIJO~6IJEVO Ao{o6poPl1t6 "Aou .; Ao106popia (rhumb line). H Ao~06POlJio €iva! KOIJOuAIl O'TIlV ETTI$ClVEIO Tile; Vile;, IJE xopaKTIlPlaTlKO HIe; va TEIJVel TOUe; jJeolll.l!3plvoue; J.lE O'Togepti vwvio, vo avepXETOI O"UVEXWe; OE I.IJI1AOTEpo nMTIl. KOI vo axlllJaTi~el orrelpc. 11 enola oucsrtore $86VEI moue; n6Aouc;. Vlmi no PQj.lEvE 1 ooujJmwTIl npoe; OUTO("; (ax. 1.2013). 0ewPIlTIKC EXEI onooE1x8ei OTi lJeTo~U 6uo urllJEiwv Tile; Vile; OIEPXOVTOI onElpee; Ao~06pOJ.lrEe;. EKEivll OJ.lwe; 11 onoio Ev610$epEI TO VOUTIM6jJEVO sfvm OUT'; nou evtiJvEI TO al1jJEio oneuBEioc; xwpie; va • neplO'TpE4lETol Vupw an6 Til VIl. 0 IOIlI.lEPIVOS KOI 01 jJealll.ll3plvoi eivm jJEVlaTOI

IX. 1.20(1. i\o~o6po~ia.

KUKAor-op8o6polJier;;, oAM prropouv vo 8EWPIl8ouv we; EI6IKEe; nEplrrniJoEIr;; Ao~oOPOIJIWV. H an6OToOIl buo rornov nou IJETpOTOI Enovw OTIl AO~o6pOIJIKri KOlJnuAr] anOTEAEi Til Ao{o6poPIKtj a1f6aTaaq TWV rornov aUTWV. H OTo8epl'l ywvio IJE TIlV onoia TEIJVOVTCI 01 IJEOIlIJ!lPlvoi on6 TIlV KOlJnuAIl OUTI'l onOTEAei Til Ao{o6pOPIKtj rl P£PKaTOPIKtj mJP£;a.

EUYKpiaq. ruvOljJi~OVTar;; TO nopOlTOVW KOI ouvxplvovro-; TIe; IbuJTf]Tee; TWV buo cunov KOTIlYOPIWV lTAou npoxurrrouv TO E~I'Je;:

a) Eni TOU IJEPKOTOPIKOU-VOUTIKOU x6pTil n x6pO~Il Tile; Ao~obpolJioe; eivOi onArl, . o!pou OUVIOTO Eu8Eio YPOIJIJI'J nou TEIJVEI TOUe; IJEOlw!lplvoue; IJE TIlV il)lo ywvia, EVW Tile; op806polJioe; EivOI 6uoxEpl'!e; o!pou anoTEAEi KOlJlTuAIl·

PI nAEOVTOe; op8obpoIJIKO EXOIJE TO lTAEOVEKTIlIJO QTI 610VUOIJE rn DUVTOIJ6TEPll cnorrrnnn, aMo ouYXpovwe; K.OI TO DOaOpO IJEIOVEKTIlIJO OTI 01 lTOpElee; npenel auVEXEIO VO IJETOa6MoVTOI. YIO VO TrlPIl80UjJE lTOVW OTO op800POIJIK6 TO~O nou XopO~olJe.

Y) nAEOVTOe; Ao~o6pOIJIKO EXOJ,JE TO OIlJ,JOVTIK6 nAeovEKTIlJ,JO OTI TIlPOUIJE OTo8epI'! nAEUOll orro TOV rono nou·~EKIV6IJE IJEXPI TOV reno nou !p86voJ,Je. aMo ouvxpovwe; Kal TO IJEIOVEKTIlI.l0 on OEV OIOVUOIJE Tllv EAOXIOT'l om}OTOOIl·

6J H op80opOl.lio KOI 11 Ao~oopOlJio cuunlrrrouv YIO nMEr;; enovw OTOV IOlllJePIVO

KOI OTOUe; IJEOlll.lppIVOUe;. 01 rropelec, op806poIJ1KI'! KOI AO~OOpOIJIKrl, 80 EiVaI 0900 0

• rc

Ut1r%

/.~A.T '95t.

49

rl 2700 KOI OOO°rl 1800 aVTiOTOtxa.

E) rta Mee; Tte; oMee; 8eoete; evoe; onuelou OTIl VIl. 11 6ta<l>opo IJETa~U '\o~o6polJiac.; Kat op806polJiae;. rrou ouv6eet rc 6uo onuelo, au~ovEI IJE TIlV aU~lloll TOU nA6- TOUe; TWV 6uo OIlIJEiwv, TIlV E'\OTTWOIl Tile; 6la<l>opoe; TOU n'\oTOuc; xm TE'\Oe; TIlV eAOTTwoll Tile; 6la<l>opoe; IJrlKOUC;. reVIKO, TO op806popIKO KEp6o~ 11 unepOXrl 61l'\a- 6rl Tile; Ao~o6pOIJIKrle; anOOTOOEWe;, aU~OVETOI OE cvcxovto TOU KU!30U nepirrou IJE TIlV aU~lloll Tile; anOOTOOEWe; oe e~OIpETIKEe; neplmWOEIe;. Av 6m,\aOlao8ei n·x· 11 cnoorcon. eival 6uvaT6 va 8nAoolao8Ei TO op806pOIJIKO KEp6oe; Kal av rpmxcmo- 08Ei 11 anOOTaOIl va 27nAaolao8ei TO KEp6oc; OTIC; neplTITWOelC; aUTee;. Iuvenwc; 0- rov 0 T6noc; a<l>i~ewc; j3pioKeTol nepinou OTO lJeolllJj3plv6. EXEI 61lAa6tlIJIKPrl 6la<l>opo IJtlKOUe; VIa onola6rlnOTe 6lo..,opO nAmoue;. npOTIIJOUlJe va nAeUOOlJe Ao~06poIJIKO. rIa nopeia npoe; AnIlAlwTIl-Ze<!;upo (nAOUe; oe napoM.,Ao), eXOlJe Til lJeVIOTIl 61a<l>opo Ao~06polJiae; Kal op806polJiae;. H 61a<l>opa aUTft au~avel OlllJaVTIKO lJe rnv aU~lloll TOU nA6Toue;. 'ETOI. orev 01 6uo reno: j3ploKoVTal KOVTa OTOV IOlllJepiVO. 11 61a<l>opa aUTtl elval noM IJIKPrl Kal TO KEp60e; eMXIOTO, evw OE ~IlM nMTIl naipVEI OlllJaVTIKee; TllJee;. ria TO ,\oVO aUT6 KOI Via IJIKpee; aK6IJa anOOTOOEIe; Kal VIa rorrouc nou j3ploKoVTal OTOV i610 nap6MIlAo. npOTllJOUIJE TIlV op806pOIJIKrl nAEUoll. rEV 1- Ka. Via IJIKpee; anOOTaOEIe; 11 6la<l>op6 op806pOIJIKfte; Kal Ao~o6pOIJIKrle; anOOTooeWe; eival alJeAIlTea. rl' aUT6 npOTIIJOUlJe va nAeOlJe Ao~o6polJlKa eXOVTae; TO nAeove«rnuc 6TI 8a TIlPrlOOlJe OTa8eprl nopeia. Iuvrl8we; OTa lJeoa nMTIl, lJeXPI 600 v·IJ·. nAeOIJE Ao~06poIJIKa.

ad nAeoVTae; op806poIJIKa 61epx6IJaOTe rrcvrors ana ~.,MTepa nA6TIl. aMo aUTO eival noMee; <l>opee; entKiv6uvo VIa TIlV ao<l>oAela TOU nAou (navoj3ouva. ouveXrle; OlJiXAIl. TplKUlJia KAn.).

o H entAoVtl VIa TO av npenel va nAeUOOlJe op806poIJIKa oe IJla oUVKeKpllJeVIl nepiTITWOIl, noMee; <l>opee; 6ev Eival T600 eUKoAIl. H 61a<l>opa TWV 6uo encoreoewv (op806polJlK6 KEp6oe;) 8a oUVTeAeoel l3el3ala ano<l>aolOTIKo OTIlV ano<l>aorl lJac;. E<I>6oov 61Jwe; 11 ao<l>aAela Kalil oUVTOlJeUOIl TOU nAou e~apT6Tal Kal nrro aA"~Ue; nap6voVTee;, eival <l>avepo 6TI 8a rrpsrrer va lJeAETrlOOlJe Kal rn 6uo ei61l nAou nprv KaTaM~olJe ornv TeAIKrl an6<1>aoll.

KE<PAAAIO ~EYTEPO

NAYTIAIAKEr EKLlOrElr

rEOLlAlrlA

2.1 ITolXEfa r Ew6alofa~

r~lAJ6a,a/a eivOI 11 emOT~~1l nou aoxoAeiTal ue: a) Tov aKpl(3~ npo0610p10~6 Tile,; geoewe,; oll~eiwv Tile,; emq,avelae,; Tile,; Vile,;, (3) TOV npoo{)lopI0~6 TOU ~eve90ue,; KOI TOU oxf]~OT6e,; Tile,;, V) rnv crtorurneon T~Il~aTWv f] Kal oMKAIlPIle,; Tile,; emq,avelae,; Tile,; Vile,; oe Kanola KAi~aKa Kal 6) TIe,; ~eTpf]oele,; KOI Til ~eAeTIl TWV 61aXPovIKwv ueTa~oAwv TOU ne6iou (3apuTIlTae,; Tile,; Vile,;.

Tp'YlAJfI,ap6~ 0 npo0610pI0~6e,; Tile,; geoewe,; TWV oll~eiwv, viveTOI oe Kanolo ouOTIl~a avaq,opae,; nou eq,ap~6~el Kage xwpa Via Til 61K~ Tile,; emq,avela, ~e Til ~of]gela ~ETpf]oewe,; (VWVIWV Kal ~IlKWV) nou eKTeAouVTal novw OTIlV emq,avela Tile,; Vile,; an6 onuelo OE onpelo. H mo KAaoIKf] ~e9060e,; TTpo0610p10~ou geoewv eival 11 ~e9060e,;,Tou Tp'YlAJfI,apou. Ta oll~Eia - TWV orrotuiv TTp6KeiTai va npo0610pl090uv 01 geoele,; Kal ro orrole 9a anoTeMoouv ·TO oKeAET6 (6iKTuo), oe e9vlKf] KAi~aKa, ana OTTOU 9a e~apTllgei Kage aMIl v~w6aITlKf], TOTTovpaq,IKr't r't xapTovpa<pIKf] EPvaoia - oXIl~aTi~ouv Tpivwva TWV orrokov uerpouvrm 01 vwviee,;. To OU~TTAEv~a TWV TPIVWVWV f] TETpanAeupwv nou oXIl~aTi~ouv m onuslc AeVETal TP'YlAJflOP~TP'K6 6/KTUO KOI 01 Kopuq,ec,; TOU AEvoVTal TP'YlAJflOpeTpiKa allpe/a. AvaAova ~E rnv crroorcon TTOU exouv 01 TTAeupee,; TWV TPIVWVWV 61aKpivoVTai oe TTpwTIle,;, 6EuTEPIle,;, rplrrp; f] TeTapTIle,; Ta~Ewe,;. ria va 60gei KAi~aKa OTO 6iKTUO xm va eival 6uvOTf] 11 EniAUOIl TWV TPIVWVWV npenEI va ~ETpf]oO~E TOuAaXIOTo ~Ia TTAEupa TOU 61KTUOU nou AeVETOl paall. ruvf]9we,; uerpouvrcn TTeploooTepec,; Via eAEVXo. Av eXo~E Twpa Tie,; ouvrercvuevec (geoll) - VEwvpaq,IKee,; f] ETTiTTe6ee,; - evoc; onuerou A, TIlV crrocrnon SI KOI Til 610meuoll a ev6e,; ayvwOTou onuelou (vsou) aTT6 TO A, unopouue va urroxovlcoue TIe,; oUVTeTav~evec.; TOU vsou onuetou (OX. 2.1 a).

Tp/nA~uplap6t;. Me TIlV E~eAI~1l TWV IlAEKTPOVIKWV opvavwv TTOU usrpouv EUKOAa, vpf]vopa KOI ~e ~evaAIl aKpi(3ela orroorcceu; Eq,ap~o~eTal 11 ~e9060e,; TOU TP'"A~uplapou, 6TTOU usrpouvrm oAee,; 01 nAEupec; TOU 6lKTuou. Fro KaMTEpa 6~we,; anoTEAeo~aTO eq,ap~6~eTOI evae,; ouv6uao~6c.; TWV 6uo ~e966wv, 61lAa6f] ~eTPOUVTOl oxe66v 6Aec; 01 vwviec;, Ka9wc; Kal TToMee,; TTAEupee,; TOU 6IKTUOU. H eVTa~1l ev6c.; onueiou OTO oUOTIl~a ouvrercvuevuiv, 61lAa6f] 0 npo0610plo~6e,; Tile,; geoEWe,; EVOc.; onueiou OE eva oUOTIl~a avaq,opac;, vivETal ouv6eoVTac; TO avvwOTO aUT6 onueio IJE eva YVWOT6 onuelo lJe ~Ia vwvia KOI Tllv aTT6OTaof] TOU, aTT6 TO onueio

51

A

B

IX. 2.1a.

TpIVlllvla~6c;.

IX. 2.1p.

T pmAEupla~6c;.

nou ~ETPflSIlKE 11 crroorcon. MnopEi 6~we; va ViVEI Kal ~ETpWVTae; TIlV onoorcon ana ouo vvwaro onuelc, on6TE TO VEO O'Il~eio J3piO'KETal ornv To~fl ouo nEpuj)EPEIWV cvrlororxc (O'X. 2.1 (3).

Hwepa elvrn 6uveT6 ~e KaToMIlAa IlAeKTpOvlKO opvovo KOI j.JE Til ~UliI:lEIO TE XVIlTWV 60pu<j)apwv f1 el61KWV Emveiwv O'TOSIJWV. nou OIeAVOUV OUVEXlO<, EIOIKU O'fwara. V(] npoO'oloplO'Sei Il SEO'Il TOU onuelou IJETPIlO'ElO<, OE nUYKOOj.JIO 11 TomKO cuornuo ava<j)opOI) xwpie; unoAOVIO'IJOUe;. AUTO O'ulJPoivel YIOlI TU iOID ouru opvova elVa! e<j)061aO'IJEVa IJE TIe; KaToMIlAEe; unOAOYlarIKEe;; 1J0VabE<, KUI orvouv KUTEU- 8eia TIe; O'UVTETaVIJEVel) TOU onuslou. 01 O'uyxpovee;; u6pOypUq,IKE<, unlJpEOIEe;; E· XOUV rrpoouvoroxrcrel Ka! E<j)aPIJO~OUV TIe; TeAeUToiee;; oure-, IJEtlobou<,.

r.fAlEIU'l(al .AA.,tpO.t6E,- H <j)uO'IKfl em<j)OVEla Tile; VIlI) anOTEAEi IJla aVWlJaAIl yewAoVIKf1 0IaIJ6p<j)wO'Il. 01 lOKEavoi KOI 01 80AaO'O'Ee; KaAUTrTOUV nocooro 71 % Tile; Em<j)OVElae; Tile; Yf11) KeTO npoaEVVIO'Il. nou aVTlarOIXEi aE 510000000 km2• To lJevaAUTEpo J3080e; Tf1e; SOAaaaae; elvm 10 911 IJETpa rreplrrcu, KOVTO ore vllO'IO Mariana TOU EIPIlVIKOU wKeavou. evw TO ~EvaMTepo U4Joe; Tf11) ~f1pOI). novw ana TIlV Em<j)oveia Tf1e; 80AaO'O'al). napoualo~el Il Kopuct>fl Everest oro IlJaM'ia ~e 8 840 m nepinou. To lJeyaAUTepo 130801) TOU wKeavou ollAaofl eivOI neplO'aoTepo an6 TO U4JOe; TOU 4JIlAOTepOu J3ouvou. IUVKpivOVTal) TOUe; apIS~oue; aUTOUe; ~e Til ~EO'Il aKTiva Tile; Vile; nou elvm 6371 km J3AEno~E OTi TO ~EvaMTepo J3(801) Tile; 8oAaaO'al) Kal TO ~evaMTepo U4JOe; J3ouvou anOTeAOUV aO'fl~aVTO rrooooro Tf11) (1/600) Tile; aKTivae;.

Av urropououue va 60Uj.JE Til VIl ana TO 6100Tf1j.Ja. 8a J3AEnOj.JE OTI. TO OX1lj.JU Tile;; elvrn O'<j)a!pIKa xm OlalJOp<j)wveTal oUO'laO'TIKo ana TrIV emq,OVEIU HIe;; tlaAuouue;;. 8elOpwvrae; OTI curn eneKTeiVETOI KOI KOTlO one rnv ~IlPO. ooou 01 e~UJ..laEIe;; Tile;; uiuO'IKI'le; VfiiV1l1) em<j)ovelae; eiva! rooo IJIKpEe; aUVKplTIKO lJe TO J..IeYEtlo<, HIe, YIJ<,. 0elO POUIJE 61lAa6f1 OTi TO npaVIJOTIKO axf1lJa Tile; Vile; Opi<ETOI ana T qv Entq,aVEIU TlOV 8aAaaawv Kal Til VOIlTf) npoEKTaaf) TOUI) KOTlO ana TIe;; Ilneipoue;;. H enl<j)avelu UUII1. onlOe; opia8llKE. AeyeTOI 'I€w€16E~ (geoid) Kal EivOi J..IIO lo06uVOJ..lIKQ e ruqxrvetu rou ne6iou J3apuTIlTae; Tile; Ylle;. H KaTaK6put/)o~ (6leu8uvoll TOU VIlJ..lOTO<, "1<' OraUIJIle;;) Eiva! Ko8ETIl ae Ko8e onuelo Tile; Em<j)oveIOe; TOU. AnOTeAei oe HI OUVIlUIl Enlq,O-

52

_.\.n£\.fl€& _ - - - - - _

£_).).t»f':- _ - -

--

--

./

./ /'

,..-

-: ..........

.,.,-

IX. 2.1y.

EnHI)6v~lo Vl']~ VEwel60u~ KOI EMEII.VOEI6ou<;.

VEla ava¢lopac; TWV UlJlO~eTpwv (ax. :l.' yJ.

To yewEI6ec;. eXEI ovw~aAr, ~OP¢lrl KOI Eno~evwc; noxu bUOKOA'l tJOIj'ltJOTIKli 610TUTTwoll. ria TO ,,"6yo aUTO 01 ovoywyee; Kal 01 unoxovicuoi OTrlV enrcpOVEIO TaU yewEl6ouC; TWV ~ETPrloeWv nou KOVO~E n6vw 01"1""1 y~iVll. <tJUOIKr') EnI<tJOVEla. Eival TToAUTTAoKe<;. 'ETa. OVTIK081OTOUIJE TO VEWEI6ee; ~E ~I<;l 0"-"11 Enl(pOVEIO. tJl; EUKoA., lJa8rWOTlKij 6IOT(mwar,. TTOU va eXEI OIJWC; Til yevlK~ j..I0p$rl KOI TO IJEYroUOC; TOU YEWEI60uc;. H lJoBllj..laTIKr; aUTr; Em$OVErO, TTOU auvr,Swc; XPIlOIIJOnOlouj..Ie o rn rewoOlaio oav Em¢lovelO avo$opOC;, Eivor evo £AA£lfIIO£16£~ EK "£plarpo(III;~ (ellipsoid of revolution), nou ElVa! EAO¢lp6 TTETTAoTUOIJEVO Ol"OUC; noAouc; KOI E~OVKWIJEVO OTOV la'lIJEp1V6 (OX. 2.16). ¢lOVTO~OJ.lOOTE OTi npOepXETaI ana TIlV neptc rporpq IJIOe; eMeilJlEWC; vupw ono TOV 6~ovo nepIOTpo¢lr'lc; Tile; Vile; Kal EXEI OXrU..lO KUI {)I0- OTOOEIC;; TETOIEC;, TTOU va TOlplCl~EI KOTO TOV KO'\LITEPO Tp6no jJE TO YEWElb~<... ono ro anoia anoKMvEI KOTO j..IEOO opo KOTO ± 30 m .

. ria Ko8e OllIJEio Tile; $UOIKr'le; vf)Tvlle; Em¢lov€lot:;: OVTlaTOIXEi KOI sonoro 0 IlIJEio TOU eMellJlOEI6oue;. H olJ¢linAeUPIl QUTI'] QVTlaTOIXio uxonoreirm IJE rnv Ko8ETil ono

N

IX. 2.16.

To eM.EIIj.lOEh~EC; EK nepIOTpolll';o;.

53

TO OrUJEIO Tile; CPUOIKrle; Yrl'iVI1e; EmcpaVEIOe; npoc TIlV emcp6VEIO TOU eAAelljJOeiOOUe; avocpopae;. To I.IrlKOe; Tile; Ko8hou OnOTe,\Ei KOI TO YEWPETPIKO Ulp6PETPO TOU onuelou Tile; CPUOIKrle; Yrl'iVIle; EmcpaVEIOe;.

H Ko8ETOe; aTO eMElljJOelOee; KOI Il KOTOKOpUCPOe; nou nepv6 ono 10 ioro cnueio, H Ko8ETOe; aTO eMenpoelorl KOI 11 KaToK6pucpoe; nou nepva an6 TO iOIO onuelo ouvrl8we; oev ouunlrrrouv aMa axIlI.lOTI~OUV I.Ila I.IIKPrl ywvia, l.Ie avolYl.la Alya oeuTepa T6~ou. rrou MyeTOI amJdlfT" T"~ KaTaKOpUt/JOu. AUTrl xapaKTIlPI~el TO n600 TOIPIO~OUV TO yeweloee; KOI TO EMenpoeloee; ornv neplOXrl TOU onpelou. ria xapToypacpIK6 oKon6 61.1we; rl Kal Yla npo(3A'lI.IaTa vauomAolia(,; EIVOI IKavonoillTIK6 va 8ewPrlo0l.le 6TI TO Oxrll.la TIl('; Yll(,; elvOi ocpalpIK6 l.Ie aKTiva Til I.IEOIl cxrlvo TOU eA'\elljJoeIOOUe; rrou elVOI neplrrou 6 370 km. 'ETol 01 unoAoYI0I.I01 eivOi anAOUaTEpOI.

'Omoc eivcn vvwaT6, l.Iio e'\AElljJll olocpepEI on6 TOV KUKAo KUlO TIl AEY0I.IE:vq EmnA6Tuvuq (oblateness or flattening or ellipticity). ME TOV opo ernnxoruvon EVVOOUl.Ie TO Myo TIl('; olocpopa(,; TWV Mo Ill.lla~ovwv npoe; TO l.Iey6Ao 1l1.l10~OVO Tq~ EMeiljJEWe;. !(.ll.Icpwva ue cure eX0I.IE rnv enmAOTUVOIl Tile; YIl~ (OX. 2.10);

a-b 1

f= =

a 298

nepirrou, 6nou f 11 enmAC1Tuvoll TOU eMelljJOEIOOUe; EK neprcrporprp; a 11 ronuepivnoxrtvo KOI b Il no'\IKrl cxrlvc TOU eMelljJOeloOue;. Ano Til 0XEOIl OUTIl !l>OIvnOI Oft TO OXrll.lO TIl('; Ylle; eival Aiyo rrenxcruouevo npoc TOUe; no,\ouc". XWPIc" 0I.lWI, VO olo(j>EPEI TToM OTTO TO ocpOlplK6.

Iul.lCPwvo I.IE TIe; TeAEUToie(,; l.IeTPrlOEIe; TTOU eYlvov. TO KUPI()lEPO OTOIXelO Tile; YI]e;

slvrn:

- Ma~o 5.97423 x 1027 g

- MeOIl TTUKVOTIlTO 5.517 g/cmJ

- 101ll.leplvft cxrlvc (a) 6 378 137 m

- nOAIKrl OKTivo (b) 6 356 752,31 m

2a+b

- Meoll cxrlvc ( )6 371 008.77 m

3

a-b

- EnmACTuvoll-- 0.00335281068 (tl 1/298 nepinou) a

01 olaaraoEI(,; TOU eMelljJoeloou(,; avaq>epoVTOI Yla TO eMelljJOEIOee; avocpopae; 1980. EKTO(,; ol.lWe; an6 aUT6 orn vauomAoia XPlloll.IOnoloul.le oloq>opa eMelljJoeloft ovacpopo(,;. ITOU(,; xopTe(,; Loran C n.x. XPIlOlI.IOnolefTOI TO EMelljJOeIOE(,; cvoeopa(,; WGS 1972 (World Geodetic System).

rEfJJKEIITpIK6 nAm", ITO EMElljJoeloE(,; avacpopo(,;. 11 aKTiva K0 nou olEPxeTal an6 Eva rorro 0 oVOl.la~eTOI YEfJJKEIITPIKq KaTaK6pu~ (ax. 2.1 e). Aoyw TOU eMelljJoeloou(,; OXrll.laTO(,; Tile; YIle; 11 em(3aTIKrl aKTiva (yewKeVTplKrl KOTaKOpucpo(,;) oev TaUTi~eTOI l.Ie rnv KaTeu8uvoll TOU Vrll.laTO(,; TIl('; aTo81.11le;, 11 onolo slvm Il 0A KOI 11 orrolc oVOI.IO~eTal KIITtIK6put/JO~ (yewypacpIKf)). ITO oxrll.la 2.1 e 11 yewypacplKtl xuTOKOpUCPOe; eival KoSeTIl npo(,; TO Enfneoo nou ecpameTal aTO onpeto/rcno 0. TEI.IVEI oe TOV 101ll.lepiVO aTO onuslo A. axlll.laTi~oVTa(,; Til ywvia cp nou elvm len l.Ie TO VEwvpacplKO nACTOe; TOU rorrou. Av evwo0l.le TO onuelo e l.Ie TO KEVTPO TIl('; Vile; K

I

n'

Ix·2.1e.

rEWKEVTplKO nAerroe; Kal ywvia KOTaKopuljloU.

axrllJaTi~ETOI 11 ywvia e'. 11 onoia OVO~a~ETOI VElIJKEvrPIK6 rrAm" KOI EivOi ~IKPOTEPIl ana TO YEwypaCPIKO nMTOe;.

H YEWKEVTP'IK~ KS KOI YEwypacplK~ AS KaTaKopUcpOe; axll~aTi~ouv aTO arWEio S T'l YlIJ,,/a T"" KrlTaKOPUt/loU fl. Ano TO Tpiywvo KA9 npOKUnTEI 'l axea'l:

cP = CP' + V KOI CP' = cP - V

H TI~~ T'le; ywviae; T'le; KaTaKopUqlOU 6iveTOI an6 TOV Tuno:

(1 )

v = 11',6 'l1.l2cp

(2)

nou a'l~aivel OTI ern nACT'l 00 Kal 900 ('l~2CP = 'l~00 KOI 'l~ 1800 aVTiaTolxa) EXEI p,,6E"'KtJ r/ptJ, acpou 'l~OO ~ 1800 = O. a'l~o6'" aTOV larWEplv6 KOI aTOUe; no~oue; 01 6uo KaToKopuCPOI TOUTi~OVTOI. AVTi9ETo ae n~OTOe; 450 B ~ N ('l~2CP = 1l~900) 'l ywvia me KaTaKopucpoU exel T'l pEYlar" TlptJ T'le; nou EivOI 11',6 X 1 = 11',6. r'l~el(i1veTal oK6~a 6T1, enel6~ aTO eMElqJoEl6ee; ax~~o T'le; Y'le; KOI 01 6uo KOTOKOPUCPOI f3piaKoVTOI aTOV i6,0 ~Ea'll.lf3plv6, TO yewKEVTpIK6 ~';KOe; 6ev ~eTaf3aMeTOI. To yewypoqllKO 61l~a6~ ~~KOe; ev6e; ronou ouumrrrer ~E TO yewKeVTplKO ~~KOe; TOU i- 610U rorrou,

To YEWKEVTPIKO n~OT'l XPIlOl~onolouVTol I.l0VO crnv KOToaKeu~ TOU I.lEPKaTOP'KOU XaPT'l, 6nou eKei ~a~J3avETOI unoqJ'l TO npOY~OTIKO eMelqJoel6ee; aX~l.la Tile; Y'le;. BoaEI TWV 6uo avwTepw rurnov (1) KOI (2) uno~oyi~oVTol TO YEWKETPIKO nACT'l KOI I.leaw ourdiv ru aulopEptJ wAin'" (meridional parts). TO onoia nopexouv 01 vcunxol nivaKee;, y,a rn ~a9'll.laTIK~ KaTaaKeu~ TWV ~epKoTopIKWV xapnilv Kal T'lV aKplJ3~ eni~ua'l TWV ~0~06PO~IKWV npoJ3~Il~OTWV(1I.

(1) EKToe; an6 TIe; YEWKEVTPIKEC; aUVTETaYIJEVEe; EXOIJE KOI YEwoaITIKEe; aUVTETOYIJEVEe; (YEWOOITIKO nMlTOC; Kal IJtlKOC;), rrou XPl]allJOnOlOUVTal orn YEwOalaia. 'ExolJE aK61J1] Kal TIe; aaTpOVOIJIKEC; aUVTETaYIJEVEC;. nou XPl]alllOnOIOUVTOI ornv AaTpOVOlJia Kal o-m YEWOOloia. AUTI':C; cuvoecvrrn ue TIC;

yewoalTIKEC; liE TI]V an6KAlal] TI]e; KOTaKopuljloU. ~ ore

f:r,~~y1;; ~~~$

'95t.

55

npOBOAEI

2.2 npopoA~~

H OVOVKIl TOU OV8PWTTOU vo ~JTTopEi vo rropcmpel KOI vo eXEI errorrrslc OE OVTIKEilJEVO ~ IJEVOAEe; TTEpIOXEe; Tile; Vile;, WOTE va EivCI OE 8eOll vo TIe; IJEAET~OEI. TOV OO~VIlOE OTIlV KmOOKEU~ KOI napaT~PIlOIl Tile; OTTEIKOvioEWe; - aTTOTUTTWOEWe; TOUe; OE OlJiKPUVOIl. 'ETOI Eivol ouvm~ 11 OUVOAIK~ ETTOmEio. H TEXVIK'; TTOU OOXOAEiTaI Kuplwe; IJE TIlV OTTEIK6vI01l OE OlJiKpUVOIl TTEPIOXWV TOU XWpoU TTOU 1J0e; TTEPll30MEI KOI OE TETOIO IJOp~~. WOTE VO OIEUKOMvEI TIlV nopcrnpnon. OVOlJa~ETClxapTOypa(/Iia. H XOpTOVpa~io TTEPIAolJJ3clVEI TO OUVOAO TWV EPVOOIWV TTOU OTTOITOUVTOI V'O TIlV KOTOVPO~~ KCI ncpouofnon TWV VEWVpO~IKWV TTAIlPO~OPlwv OE 1J0p~'; xapTIl· IUIJ~wVO IJ' OUTO. X6PT'I (chart) OVOIJO~OIJE rnv aTTEIKOVloll UTTO MilJOKO TWV ~UOIKWV XOPOKTIlPIOTIKwv TTEPIOXWV TOU VEWVpO~IKOU xwpou. ouv~8we; TTavw a' eva ETTiTTEOO XOPTi.

YTTOPXOUV TTOpO TToMee; KOTllvopiEe; XOPTWV KCI TToMa EiOIl OE Ka8E KOTllvopio.

H oloolKooio TTOU OKOAou8EITOI Ko8E ~opo OTIl xopTovpa~lloll EivOI OIO~OpETIK~. YTTOPXOUV 61Jwe; KOI KOlvee; opxee; OTOV Tp6TTO OVTIIJETWTTioEWe; TWV VEVIKWV TTpOI3AIlIJOTwv. TTOU TTOPOUOIO~OVTOI OE Ko8E Kmllvopio XOPTIl. 0, opxee; OUTee; KOI 11 IJE- 8000AOVio TTOU OKoAou8EiTOI OTIl OloolKooio Tile; XOPTOVpa~';OEWe; OTTOTEAOUV TIe; opxee; Tile; xopTovpa~loe;. ATT6 IJETPIlTIKIl OTTO'V1l opxee; Tile; xopTovpa<l>ioe; EiVaI 11 KA/paKa KOI 0 v6pOf aTlEIKov/U£lIJf TIlC; O<l>oipoe; .; TOU EMEI'VOEIOciuc; EK TTEPIOTpO<Illie; r'J KOI TIJ';tJ0TOC; TOU o' ETTiTTEOO. IJIO KOI 01 OTTEIKOvioEIe; OTIl XopTOVPo<l>io ovolJEPOVTOI OE OTTe'KovioEIC; Tile; V';'VIlC; o<l>oipoe; oe ETTiTTEOO.

, KAlpaKa }(fJPT'I (chllrt sCIIleJ ovop6(op£ TO A6yo RIIV P'lKWV, 6mllf £p(/lavi(ovTal

UTO x6PT'I "POf fa "paypaTIKa TOUr p£yI8'1. EK<I>pa~ETal 6e oav K = I :N. TTOU "11- 1J0ivel 6TI 1 mm ~ 1 cm OTO XOPTIl OVTIOToIxei OE N mm .; N cm OTIlV eTTl<l>oVEIO Tile; Vile;. H MilJOKO !JOS ~OVEPWVEI 61lA06r'J TTooee; <l>opec; Exel otJIKpuv8Ei EVa tJr1KOS V'a vo aTTEIKOVl08ei OTO XOPTIl. 0 N EivOI evoe; oKepoloc; ouv';8we; op,8tJoC; tJe TO TTPWTO TOU 'V1l~io KOTO TTPOTilJllOIl 1.2.4.5'; 25.75 MTT. 'EXOtJE 0l1AOO'; KAitJOKEC; 1 : 2000. 1 : 500000 K.O.K. ITIS oyyAooo~wvIKec; XWpEe; KOI OTIC; HnA XPIlOltJOTTOIOUV KArIJOKee; OTTWe; 1": 1000' (1 iVTOO: 1000 TTOOIO TTOU OVTIOTOIXEi oe 1: 12 000) ~ 1": 1 stat. mile (1: 63 300) MTT. r,o TIlV MitJOKO xapTIl 0 Mvoe; TWV ETTI<!>OVEIWV roourtn lJe TO TETPOVWVO TOU AOVOU TWV OVTIOTOixwv tJIlKWV.

ETTEIOr'J UTTOPXEI TTOPOtJOP~WOIl orov OTTEIKOvi~olJe Til O<l>Oipa o· eTTiTTeoo. KWVO r'J KUAIVOPO. VI' oUT6 EXOlJe KOI IJIO oMIl MilJoKo. TIlV ItA/pam "popoA;'f .; "apapop(/ItiJa£lIJf· AUT'; ElvOI 0 Mvoe; TOU aTTEIKOVI~6IJevou IJ';KOUe; TTpOe; TO OVTIOTOIXO TTpaVtJOTIK6 tJr'JKOe; OTIl O<l>oipa. Iuv.,8we; 11 MilJoKO TTpo(3oAr1e; EivOI aMIl KOTO TTOpaMIlAo Kal oMIl KOTO lJeOlllJl3plv6. ITIe; OUIJIJOp~Ee; OIJWe; TTpol3oAee;, OTTWC; EivOI KOI 11 IJEPKOTOPIK~. 11 MIIJOKO OUT'; elval 11 1010 KOI KOTO TTopaMIlAo KO' KOTa IJEOIlIJI3plvo. KOTa ouvsrmc KOI OE K08e olEu8uvoll. EivCI TTOVTWe; OIO~OPETIKri oe TOTTOUC; IJE olo~opeTIKo TTAmOe;.

A<I>OU TO O<l>OlpIK6 ri TO EMEI'VoEloee; oxftlJO Tile; Vile; oev EivCI cvorrrunxo. XPEIO~eTol eva v6po aTlEIKov/U£lIJf ft "popoAqf (map projection). IJIO o,aolKooio 6llhoori.

56

KOTO rnv onolo IlE KonOio jJe9060 VEWjJETPIKrl rl jJ091l1l0TlKrl ri KOI ouvoucouo TWV OUO va EivOi 6UVOTrl 11 onEIK6vI01l VrllVWV nEploxwV OE eninEoo xapTI. KaTo TIlV npo~oArl, onwe; elncue. EVOe; O<l>OIPIKOU TlJrlIJOTOe; o' enineoo ri oMIl ovcrmrnxn em<l>6vEI0 olllJlOUPVOUVTOI "apapopt/)tiJu£/~ O<l>OU oev eivOi OUVOTO va unerxovlcoIle eva o<l>OIPIKO TlJrllJO oe Enineoo,xwpie; va oMolw90uv TO jJeve90e; r'] TO OXrlllO rl TO EIJ~060V TOU oneIKOVI~OIJEVOU TlJrlIJOTOe;. Av6Aovo Aomov lJe TOV rrpooprouo TOU XOPTIl 90 e~opTllger KOI 11 EKAOVrl Tile; npo~Arle;.

o aVTIKEllJeVIKOe; oKon6e; TOU XOPTIl elvm va nopoUOIo~el oAee; TIe; nAIlPoQ>opiee; Via Til VrllVIl em<l>ovela, vEVOVOe; nou EivOi OOUVOTO orov exolJe lJeVaAIl otJiKPUVOIl (1JIKPrl KAiIJOKO). 'ETOI emAEVETOI TO TI 90 onelKovl0gei KOI nwe; 90 anelKovl09Ei, OIlAaorl TI oUjJ~oAo 90 XPllolllonOllioolJE. noMee; Q>opee; Il aQ>aipeoll (emAov';) KOI o oUI.I~oAlojJoe; EivOi T600 EVTova, nou evoc; XapTIle; anooelKvuETol OTI eXEI no All AiVIl OIlOIOTIlTO ue TO TlJrllJO Tile; Vile; nou oneIKovi~eTOI, OV IlnOpOUOalJE va TO OOUlJe one lI'IlM. H EmAoVrl KOI 0 OUIl~oAIOlJoC; enOIJEVWC; cnorrouv IOloiTEPIl lJeAETIl, vicri O· aUTO OTIlPi~ETOI Il Eno<l>rl TOU X6PTIl IJE TOV OVOVVWOTIl TOU.

reVIKO olOKpivolJe TpEIe; KOTllvopiee; XOpTWV. 01 rno ~oolKoi KOI rno 6la6eo0tJevOi slvm:

01 TO"oypat/)IKoi xapT£~ nou onEIKovi~ouv Til 1J0P<I>rl TOU e66Q>oue; lJe TO Q>UOIKa KOI TeXVIlTO XOPOKTIlPIOTIKO nou ~piOKOVTOI novw OTIl VIl. Av napouOIo~ouv 90- MOOlEe; nepIOXEe; AEVOVTOI u6pOypat/)IKOL

01 OMEe; ouo KOTllvopiee; XOPTWV ouvrcooovrcr jJE ~oOIl TOV Tonoypa<l>lKO XopTil. H 1.110 an' OUTEe; nEplEXEI TOUe; XOpTEe; nou onelKovi~ouv npo09ETO OTolxeia TOU e66<1>oue; rl TOU unEMQ>oue; rl Tile; OTIJ60<l>Olpae;, onwe; n.x. eivm 01 yewAoYIKOi, 01 E6aq,oAoYIKOi, 01 lIauT,A,aKo;, 01 cepovounxot, 01 IJETEWPOAOYIKOI. H rpim KaTIlYOpia neplAolJ~OVel TOUe; 8£paTIKou~ xapT£~ nou oxorro exouv va napouOIOOOUV Til geOIl, TIlV EKTOOIl rl KOI Til <l>uOIl OI0<l>OpWV <l>UOIKWV, OIKOVOIJIKWV ri KOIVWVIKWV <l>OIVOIJEVWV.

KOTO TIlV KOTOOKEUrl TWV XOPTWV npo~MOVTOI TO onuelo Tile; YIle;, nou geAoIJe v' crreixovlooue, eiTe n6vw oe enineoo, eiTe novw oe em<l>avelO nou prropei v' avamuxgei OE enineoo, onwe; EivOi 11 em<l>avelo KWVOU, KuAivopou KAn. Eivm 6UVOTO eniOIle; ilia npo~oArl (onEIK6vI01l) va vlvsrrn Ile K090pa 1.I091l1J0TIKO rpono. 61lAao.; vo olvel TIe; 1l09rnJOTIKEe; oxEOEIe; nou ouvoeouv TO onuelo navw OTIl o<l>oipa l.Ie TO aVTiOTOIXO Tile; novw OTO XOPTIl. Koge 1.110 uno TIe; npo~oAee;, nou XPllOllJOnOlOUVTal vro rnv KOTOOKEUrl TWV xapTwv, nopououl~el IOIOiTEpa XOPOKTIlPIOTIKO, TO onoia rnv Ka91OTouv KaToMIlAIl Via oprouevn IJOVO XPrlOll. KalJlo OIJWe; npol3oAr']oev nopOUOIo~el TO nAeoveKTrllJOTO 6Awv TWV 6.Mwv 1J0~i, wOTe va elvoi XP';OIIJI1 vm OAee; TIe; nEplmWoele;. revIK6., Il OIO<l>Op6. TWV XOpaKTIlPIGTIKWV Koge npO~OAr']e; yiVETOI rno 0I091lTrl GTOUe; x6.pTee; nou KoAUmouv eKTET0I.IEVee; em<l>avelee; Tile; YIle;. '000 uucpuivouv 01 nepIOXEe; nou cvoncprorcvovrm. TOOO 01 olo<l>opee; TWV XOPTWV nou qouv lTopox8ei lJe ~aOll OIO<l>opETIKEe; npO~OAEe; Vivo TOI AlvoTepo 0I08IlTee;. 01 ,)IOQ>OpEe; curse, neplopi~OVTOI GTO eAoXIGTo KOI e~a<l>ovi~oVTOI npaKTIKO GTOUe; J(llpTec;. ITOU lTaPIGTaVOUV IJIKPEC; eKTooelC;, onwe; n.x. GTOUe; All.leVooeiKTee;.

In l3aOlKo xapaKTIlPtOTtKO, nou npenel va nAIlPouv 01 npo~oAee;, wOTe va 8ewpq80uv OTt E~Unr1PETOUV TOUC; OKonoUe; TOU XOPTIl novw GTO nAoio, EivOi TO aK6- AQuBa:

57

- ~laTripllall TOU OXriI-'OTO<'; TWV <!>UC1IKWV XOPOKTIlPlaTIKWV.

- ~laTripIlall TWV el-'~06wv (UTTO KAiI-'OKO).

- KOT<lMIlAIl KAil-'OKO l-'eTPriaeW<'; TWV OTTOaTOaeWv.

- AV0110pOaTOall TIl<,; op806pol-'io<,; W<'; eu8eio<,; YPOl-'l-'ri<';·

- AV0110pOaTOall TIl<,; Ao~06pol-'io<,; W<'; eu8eio<,; YPOl-'l-'ri<';·

- ~uVOT6TIlTO TIlPriaeW<'; aT08epril) nopekn; I-'ETO~U 6uo onuelurv TTOVW mil YIl· ,

01 610<!>ope<,; TTPO~OAE<'; TTOU XPIlall-'0TTOIOUVTOI arilJepa eivrn evoeX0l-'evo vo 11AIlpOUV I-'io ri TTeplaaOTepe<,; OTTO OUTE<'; TI<,; auv8riKe<,;. 'Ercn 6ev UTTOPxel TT·X. 11pO~OAri TTOU 11 i610 vo TTOpiaTOVel T'1V op806poIJio KOI TI'l Ao~06pol-'io wI) eu8eiel) YPOI-'I-'E<';, TTPOYI-'O TTOU 1610iTepo 80 ev6lE<!>epe TO VOUTIAAOl-'eVO, OUTE eivOi oUV0T6 vo 6IOTIl-

pei TO oxrilJOTO KOI TO elJl3066v (urro KAiIJOKO) TciUTOXPOVO. '

AVOAOYO lJe TO KPITriPIO TTOU 80 eTTlAeyouv, 01 TTPO~OAEI) KOTOToaaovTol ae 610- <!>opel) KOTllVOpiel). Avaov KPITriPIO EXOIJE TO VOIJO OTTEIKOviaewl), TOTe 610KpivOVTOI aE OVOAUTIKE<,;, YEWIJETPIKE<,; KOI IlIJIOVOAUTIKEe;;. Av ocv KPITr1PIO 8EWPr100IJE TO aTOIXEio TTOU 61OTIlPOUVTOI KOTO TI'lV TTPO~OAri, TOTE 610KpivOVTOI ae aUl-'lJop<!>el) ri Op801J0P<!>IKE<,; ri YWVIOTIlPIlTIKEe;; OTTEIKoviaEI<';, E<!>oaov 610TIlPOUV TO oxril-'O, KOI ae laOOUVOIJE<'; ri EIJ~060TIlPIlTIKEI) OTTEIKoviaEI<'; orcv 610TIlPOUVTOI TO EIJ~o66. TEAOI), ov aov KPITriPIO 610xwpiaIJOu TTOpOIJE TIlV ETTlqxlVEIO IJE Til ~0r18eI0 Tile; OTToiOI) yiveTOI Il TTPO~OAri, 610KplvOIJE TI<,; Eni1lE6E~ ri a(lpou8Iall£{, TIl) KuAIV6pllli~ KOI TIl) KWVIK£~ allEIKOvIITE/~. AVOAOYO IJE Til geall TOU O~OVO rou KUAiv6pou r'j TOU KWVOU ae OXEall lJe TOV O~OVO TTeplaTpo<!>ri<,; Till) YI'le; 01 TTPO~OAEI) 610KpivoVTOi oe:

- Op8i{, 6rov 01 o~ovee; KuAiv6pou ri KWVOU ouunlrrrouv lJe TOV O~OVO Tile; YIle;.

- EYKapITIE{, 6TOV 01 o~ovee; KuAiv6pou ., KWVOU eivol K0geToi aTOV 6~ovo nspr-

aTpO<I>rie; Tile; YI'le;;·

- nAaYIE{, orcv 01 a~ovee; I3piaKoVTOI ae ev610IJEoel) 9Eaele;.

01 XOpTel) TTOU XPIlC1lIJOTTOIOUVTOI Kuplwe; YIO ovoAuall ri KOTOYPO<!>rl KlvrlaEwv yiVOVTOI lJe aUIJIJOp<!>Ee; OTTEIKoviaele;. ITIl vouolTTAo'10 XPIlOIIJOTTOIOUVTOI aUlJlJop<!>el) TTpo~oAEC; TTOU aov ETTI<I>clvEIO TTpO~OArlC; prropouv va EXOUV TO eTT'TTE60 (0~ll-'ou910- Kril. TOV KWVO (KWVIK';) fJ TOV KUAlv6po (lJepKOTopIK'; TTpo~oM).

2.3 KWVIKI\ npopoAI\.

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, . "

58

BaonlJ:i«,;

IX·2.3a.

AnAI'I KILIVIKI'l npolJoAr).

Ix. Up.

X6pTT]~ B. r]IJlo¢loIPiou. anAl'll; KILIVIKr)~ npo!l'oAfJ!;.

59

vive rm <l>OVEPO, crnv npoJ3oAri OUTri 0 noAoe;; OEV OnEIKOvi~ETa! 00 onueio, oMo. .ruv r~ri~o nEpl<I>EpEloe;; KUKAou. 01 orroorccetc I.IETO~U TWV-'OI.lOKEVTPWV OUTlIJV KUK~WV eivcn OVo.AOYEe;; ~E Tie;; oVTiarOIXEe;; crroorcce« TWV nopoMriAwv nAOTOUe;; 1T!1VW ern Yll. rTO oxril.lO 2.313 nopOTIlPOUI.IE OTI TO OXril.lOTO Tile;; Em<l>ovEloe;; nou

,lipioKOVTOI KOVTO orov nopoMf')Ao Eno<l>rie;; OEv nopouCJlo~OUV nopOI.IOP<l>wOIl. Avri8ETO, OPXi~EI VO nOpOUCJlo.~ETOI nopal.loP<l>WOIl 000 OU~OVEI Il cnocroon TWV onI-lEiwv ana TO J30CJIKO nop6MIlAo (Eno<l>~e;;), ollAoori 000 OU~OVEIIl OIO<l>OPO nMTOUe;; . uno TOY nopo.MIlAo OUTOV. AnoTEAEoI.IO, TO onpelo TOU n6Aou (<I> = 90°) VO OVOiYEI KOI VO yiVETOI nopo.MIlAoe;; KuKAoe;;. 0 TTopoMIlAoe;; eTTo<l>rie;; Exel TO 'iolO YPOI.II.IIKO l.lriKOe;; KOI orn Yll KOI novw orov KWVO TTOU nepll36Mel Til Yll. H KAil.lOKO TTo.VW 0' OUTOV EivOi EKEiVIl nou onueuovsrm KOVOVIKO TTOVW oro XOPTIl. 01 Aonrol TTopoMIlAOI EXOUV ~eyoAuTEpO IJriKoe;; ana TO TTpaYI.I0TIKO TOUe;;. H OU~IlOIl OUTri yiveTOI l.IeyoMrEPIl 000 Ou~o.vel Il onoaroori TOUe;; KOI OTTO TIe;; OUO TTAeupEe;; TOU J30CJIKOU TTopoMIl"DU. An' aura npoxurrret OTI Il KAil.lOKO oev elvrn Il iOlo aro OIO<l>OPO onuelo OUTe KUI npoc 6AEe;; TIe;; KOTeu8uvoelc;;. oro iOlo onuelo. ETTOI.IEVWe;; 0 XOpTIle;; OEV TTOpOUlJlo.<EI OI.lOIOTIlTO OXIlI.I0TWV, ollAoori oev eivOi OUI.II.I0P<l>oe;;. AUTO slvrn KOI TO KUPIOrepo IJEIOVEKTIlI.I0 Tile;; oTTArie;; KWVIKrie;; TTpoJ3oArie;; YIO VOUTlAIOKOUe;; OKOTTOUe;;. KOTO 'JUVEnElo 0 xo.pTIle;; nou rrpoxurrrei OTTO TIlV OTTAr') KWVIKri TTp0J30Ar') TTOpOUCJlO~el I.IE{('1~1l OIJOIOTIlTO TWV OXIlI.IOTWV TTOU oTTeIKovi~el, OTOV 01 T6TTOI EXOUV I.IIKPri Olo<l>opo. l1~orDUe;; orro ro J30CJIKO TTopoMIlAo. EivOi ollAoori KOTOMIlAol YIO vcuomxoto 1.I0VD KOVro. (]TO PaOIKO TTop6MIlAo (eTTO<l>rie;;) ri~at; TTepIOxEe;; l.Ie I.IIKpri OIO<l>OPO TTMTOUe;;

(Ill' ourov'!', -

KWIIIKq npo/JoAq Lambert. Tnv eKl.leTOMeu011.I1'") TTeploxri yupw OTTO TO J30CJIKO nop6MI'")Ao 1.I10e;; oTTMe;; KwvIKf)e;; TTpo(3oMe;; TTOU T1OpOUCJlO~el TI'") I.IIKpOTepl'") ncpcuop<l>WOI'"), urropouue vo TI'")V oleupuvol.le XPIlOII.IOTTOIWVTOe;; KWVO, TTOU vo TE uve I TI'")V em<l>ovelo TI'")e;; YI'")e;; oe OUO nop6MI'")Aoue;; (OX. 2.3y). 'ETCJI, Il TTeplOxri I.IETO~U TWV OUO TTopOMl'")Awv TTOU TEI.IVel 0 KWVOc;;. Ol.llKpUVETOI evw I'") TTeploxri TTOU eivrn OTTO TIe;; OUO TTAEupec; TOUC; IJEYEV8uVETOI. ITI'")V npo(3oA" OUT", OV I'") TTeploxl'] l.IeTO~U TWV OUO TTOp6MI'")Awv TOl.lrie;; urroorel TI'")V iOlo TTopal.l6pc1>woll l.Ie eKeivl'") TTOU UTTOPXEI OTIC; OUO nAEUpEe;; TWV J300lKWV TTopaMr\Awv, 0 XOpTI'")e;; TTOU 80 TTPOKUljJeI 80 TTOpOUCJlO~el OI.lOIOTIlTO rrooc TI'")V TTpaYI.I0TIK". H I.IE8000e;; aUTrie;; TI'")e;; onelKovioEWe;; EivOI YVW(]Tri onv T~pllouua KWIIIKq npo/JoAq ri KWIIIKq npo/JoAq P€ tWo !JaUIKOUt; nap6AAqAout; (secant conic or conic projection with two standard parallels).

H rno novw KWVIKf) TTP0(30Ar') urropel va uercrpcne! oe ou 1.1 1.I0P<l> I'") , OIlAoori TO I.IIKPO OXril.lOTO va rropcuelvouv ovaMoiwTa (1.11'") nopal.l6p<l>Wol'") YWVIWV). AUTO emTuyxoveTol OV l.IeTOKlvtiaOl.le TOUe;; nop6MI'")Aoue;; l.Ie TIl (301']8e10 1.I081lIJOTIKWV OXEoewv ErCJI, ware ae Ko8e al'")l.Ieio I'") KAil.lOKO va eiVOI iOlo KOTo. I.lriKoe;; TOU nopaMIlAou KOI TOU l.Ieal'")l.I(3plvou, To eiooe;; TI'")e;; TTpo(3oAtie;; oUTrie;; OVOl.la~ETOI uuppopt/Jq KWIIIKq npo/JoAq Lambert (Lambert comformal prolectionl'", 01 xapTee;; TTOU npoxurrrouv OTTO TIlV TTP0J30Ar') Lambert 1.I010~OUV 1.1' EKeivov TI'")e;; aTTAtie;; KwvlKrie;; TTpoJ3oArie;;. Av I'") oTTeIKOVI~Ol.leVI'") TTeploxti TTeplopi~ernl ae I.IIKPri crroorcon KOI OTTO TIe;; OUO

(1) X6PTIle; OTTArlc; KUlVIK';C; TTpofloAfJc; XPllallloTTol';9llKE Via npwTIl cIIopa TO 20 ouovc II.X. uno TOV KAou610 nroAElloio VIO TIlV OTTEIK6vlaI] TIle; MEaoYEiou eaAoacroe;.

(2) 0 opec; TTpoepXETol OTT6 TO VEUlVp{J$O TOU 180u OIWVO Johann Einrich Lambert orro rnv Mcrorlc,

60

IX·2.3y.

tun).~ I(WI!IKr'l npol3oAr; 11 runou Lambert.

61

lX.2.36. nOAUl(W~IKry 17Pof30Ar,.

62

nAEUpEe; TOU !3aOIKOU napoMIlAou, I') napaIJ6p!l>wol') EivOi Eniol')e; IJIKPr'j. Eu8Eia ypalJlJli OTO XOPTI') aUT6 naplOTOVEI T6~0 IJEYIOTOU KUKAou EnOVW OTI') YI'), IJE IKaVOnOlllTIKIi npOOEVVIOI'), np6YlJa nou EivOi nAEOVEKTlllJa xpliollJo vro Til vouomxoic. 'ETOI, 610,"EUUE/~ Kal pa610610,"EUUE/~ 01 or1OiE~ EillOl T6fa plYIUTOU KUKAOU, pnopouv va UrIOTumu80uv UE X6PTE~ Lambert xwpi~ v' alTalTElTal 616p(JWUII y,a Til ywvia UU;'EUUEW~ pETafu TOUr. Eniol')e; 0 XopTIle; Lambert XPIlOlIJOnolEiTal noMl OTI')V aEpovauomA01a. An6 TO vaUTIM6IJEVO XPIlOllJOnOiEiTal noAu Yla vauomAoia OTIe; noAIKEe; nEpIOxEe;, 6nwe; 8a 60UIJE OTa enousvn.

MnOpOUIJE EniOIle; I.IE KaToMIlAl')l.IETaKivlloll TWV napaM~Awv, WOTE va nAI')OIo~ouv I.IETa~U TOUe; 600 nAIlOI(]~OlJe npoe; TOV n6Ao, va lJeTaTpEipOl.le IJla anAr'] KWVIKli npol3oAr'j oe 1006Uval.lll, 61')Aa61i oe npol3oAIi nou va 61aTI')pEi rn elJl3a66. Tnv EKlJeTaMeuollJ1l neploxfl yupw an6 TO !3a01K6 napaMI')Ao o' Eva xapTIl anAr']e; KWVIKlie; npol3oAr'je; urropoupe va TI')V au~floolJe XPIlOIIJOnOIl.lJVTae; 6uo Ii rreprooorepouc KWVOUe; nou va e!l>clrrrOVTal oe 100p181J0ue; 6Ia60XIKOUe; !3aoIKoue; napaMIlAoue;. To eiooe; TI')e; npoj3oAr'je; aUTne; OVOlJo~ETal ITOAUKWVIKtj ITpOpoAl/ (polyconic projection) (ax. 2.36). ITI')V npoj3oAr'j aUTn K08E j3aOlK6e; nap6MI')Aoe; oxeola~eTal OTO rrpcvucTIK6 TOU IJEYE80e;, aM6 lJe 61a!l>opETIK6 KEVTPO an6 TOUe; oMoue; l3aOlKoue; napaAAI')Aoue;. rlauT6 xm 01 napoMIlAOI nAmoue; OTO xapTI') nou npoxurrrei oev eivcn 01.16- KeVTpOI, EVW 01 lJeOIlIJ!3plvoi anEIKovi~oVTal oav Kal.lnuAec; nou OUYKAiVOUV npoc TOV n6Ao, lJe rn KoiAa TOUe; npoe; TOV KevTplKo lJeol')lJl3plv6. KOI OTI')V npoj3oAr'] curn 11 elK6va TOU n6Aou 6ev eivOi onuelo aMo TlJnlJa KUKAOU. 0 xapTIle; nou npoxurrrei ono TJ')V noAuKWVIKr; npal30Afl XPIlOllJeUel Yla TIlV cnerxovron EKTeTalJEVWV rreproXWv OTOUC; aTAaVTee; KClI aMEe; eKMoele; TWV u6poypa!l>IKwv urmpeouov,

2.4 A~"OUelaK" npapol".

ITJ')V a{lpou(JlaKq ITpopoAq (azimouthal projection) rc oJ')lJeia TJ')e; em!l>avelac; npoe; anelK6vl01l npo130AAoVTaI mlVW oe Enine60, nou E!I>amETal OTJ') Yll. 'Eror, av npo13aAOIJE OlllJeia TI')e; YJ')e; aneu8eiae; navw oe enine61l em!l>avela, napaYETal xapTJ')e; xwpie; va xpElo~eTal cvorrruvpo. H a~ll.Iou8laKn npol3oAr'] 6J')Aaor'j urropel va 8ewPl18ei onv KWVIKn, OTllV onoia 0 KWvOC; Exel UipOe; IJIlOEV.

'Drov TO enine60 E!I>OmeTal 0' onoroermore oJ')IJEio Tile; YIlC;, eKTOe; an6 TOUe; noAoue;, Eu8EiEe; ypalJlJEe; nou xapooooVTal an6 TO UIIPEio EITOt/)tj~ (tangency point) orrorexouv T6~ ope06pol.liae; (IJEYIOTWV KUKAWV). 01 01J6KeVTpOI KUKAol TOU 0J')uelou ena!l>ne; ea crrorexoev TO YEWIJETPIK6 rorro TWV OJ')l.IeiWV ue ioJ') cncorcon an' aUTO. ITI')V a~llJou8laKn npoj3oAr'j I') napal.l6pcPwol'), nou eivm IJlloevlKIi OTO 01')IJEIO ena!l>flc;. au~vel OUVEXWe; yuPW an' aUT6. H napalJop!l>wol') TWV onusuov TWV KUKAwv, nou EXOUV KOIV6 KEVTPO TO onuslo ena!l>nc;. eivOi OTa8epli. H 61omeuoll orrorouonrrore onuslou TI')e; aneIKOVI~6IJEVI')e; em!l>avelae; ana TO onueto ena!l>r;e; nvcrmpkrrrrrm OWOTO. ria TO A6yo aUT6 01 npol3oAEe; TI')e; KOTl')yopiae; aUTr;C; OVOIJOa81')KaV a{lpou(J,aKEf. Eniolle; oVOlJa~OVTal xm {Evl(JlaKt~ (zenithal).

To ei60e; TI')e; a~llJou8IaKne; npol3oAr;e; e~pTtlTal an6 TI') I.IESOOO TI')e; npo~oAr;e; TWV o I') 1.1 eiwv TI')e; npoe; anEIK6vI01') em!l>ovElae; TI')e; YI')e; novw OTO enine60. 'Eror, um a~llJouSlaKfl npol3oAr'j xapaKTl')pi~Erol we;:

rVWpOVIKtj ITpo!loAtj (gnomonic projection), av TO IJOTI TOU napOTIlPI')TIi, TO ol')lJEio 6J')Aa6fl an6 TO onolo npoi3<lMETal 11 em$aVela, Ton08eTEiTai OTO

, "", £Y~f'-1

KEVTPO TI')e; YI')e;' at1~%

/.~A.T '95t.

63

ET£pEOypat/HKq npopolq (stereographic projection) ov TO ~OTI Tono8ETeiToi ovn610IJETPIKO an6 TO O'I'WEio Ena¢lri<;. Kal

Op80ypal/HKq npopoAq (orthographic projection) ov TO IJOTI TonoSETeiTOI O'TO 6nEIpo (ax. 2.40).

IX. 2.4a.

A~IIJOUelaKr'l npol1oAr'j:

A. YVWIJOVIKn npol1oA,.. TO IIOT' aTO KEVTPO TIle; Vflc;. B.OT40peoypacp'Kr'j npol1oA'1. TO IJCIT! 0- oVT.6'OIlETPIK6 Olllleio. r. OP~OVP04JIKti rrpol1oM. TO 1l0TI UTa onElpo.

rvwpo.,,«q npopoA". 'Orrui .. einOIJE. ov Eva EninE60 Eq,omETOI O'Tfl V'1 KOI 011- ueio TOU npo!3A'1S0UV KO'TO HI VEWIJETPIKIl EVVOia on6 TO KEVTPO Til .. VIl .. So EXOIJE rfl YVWIJOVIKri npopoAri (ax· 2.40. CTflIJEia AII1I. I:HJV nEpimwafl Til .. nMYloc; yvwiJOVIKri .. npo!3o"ri .. 01 IJECTlW!3Plvoi nOpIO'TOVOVTOI onv euSeiec; ypotJlJe ... rrou aUYK"iVQUV npm,; TOV nA'lCTIEO'TepO n6AO. 01 nop6M'lAOI nAClTOUC;. EKTO .. on6 TOV tonusf}IV6. naplO'TOVOVTOI aav Ko~mUAE" (ax. 2.413 KOI 2.4yl. Enia"l), onwl) KOI 0' 6AEI) TIl) "\IIJQU8JaKEC; npo!3oAEI), 01 cSlomEuO'El1) anD TO onueto Enaq,ril) napIO'TOVQVTOI KOIIOVIKO. H KAilJOKO OnOaTOaEWV I.IETO!3ohhETOI OnOTOI.IO. Onwa6rinoTE 11 npoj3oAI;" UUTrl 6EV EivOI OUTE aUlJtJ0P¢l1l OUTE lao6uvOI.Hl. H nopoIJ6p¢lwO'I1 aivrn roco IJEvaAll, WO'TE TO axfJlJOTO Kal 01 anoOToaEIC; O'TIC; nEplaXEC; rrou anEIKovi~OVTOI va 1-1010-

(') 8EWPElra, 6n OUT" Elval I') ITOAI6TEPIl yvwarft npol1oAr'j ITOU avamuxellKE orrc TO 80M TO MIAriOIO TO 600 IT.X. ITEpfITou. napaarC:lTIl(ft EI1(6va TI')e; npoj30Af)e; oullie; EXOIJE erov TOITOSE'Tl'jaOIJE oro I(EVTPO 6104lOV0ue; a4lalpae; ITfwr'l4>WT6c; 1((11 0'40 TuX6v OIlIJ£io Tile; EJTlClXlvElaC; EC$lQm6IJEVO ern O4laipa EnlneOo. 01 OIEPX6IlEV£e; 616. lJ~aou Tile; ETTlCIXlvElae; aKTiVEC; npoortlrrrouv ero EITiITEOO KOI OE1XvOUV T1llPQO'TOTlKO TO ITpo!30M6IJEVa OTIIJEia.

64

IX. 2.411.

nMVlo YVWIlOVIKrl npol3oM·

<OUV eAOXIOTO us TIe; aVTIOTOIXee; TTpaY~OTIKEC;. AUTO I3E13010 OEV laXUEI orcv OUTee; eival I(OVTCt aTO mweio eTTa<!l~e;.

ETTEIO~ T6~0 ~EyI(JTOU KUKAou TT6vw crnv ETTI<!l6vEIO Tile; YIle; aV~KEI OE enlTTEOO IJEYIOTOU KU!tAOU. TO anoia OVOYKOOTIKO 61epXETOI on6 TO KEVTPO Tile; YIle;. enETOI OTI 11 TTP0130hfJ TWV OlllJeiwv TOU lJeVIOTOU KUKhOU So Eivol 11 TOIJ~ TWV 6uo ETTITTeowv. ollAoofJ Eu8eio YPDIJIJI'J. To YEYOVOS OTI OTIl YVWIJOVIK., npoj3oM T6~0 lJeYIOTOU KU!tAOU TIlS ETTlcp6VEIOe,; Tile,; YIle,; noplOTOVETOt ocv Eu8eio ypalJ~.1I1. OTTOTEAei TO /lau1K6 QAAa KQI TO POII061K6 Xpqulpo nAr:OIlEKTqPQ Tile; TTP0f30AiJe,; aUT.,s YIO Til voumnAdla. H naPDIJOp<!lwcrll Tile.; npoj3aMoIJEvIle.; ETTI<!lCtVeIOe; EivOi IJIKPri KOVTO OTO onueio EnO<!lfJs. Au~vel 6IJwe;. noM 600 OTTOlJaKpUVOIJOOlE an' OUT6.

An6 Til YVWIJOVIKI'J TTp0I30A,fJ napaYETOI 0 xpl'\mlJoe.; VIC TO VOUTIMOIJEVO YIIWPOIIIK6, xapTq" 0 orroloc h6yw TIlS 130CJIK.,s tOiOTIlT6s TaU va TTOPIOTCt TIlV op806poIJio ws EUSElo ypaIJIJI'J xm Til ho~o6polJia we; KOIJT1IJAIl KOhEiTOI KOI op806poplK6, (gnornonic q great circle chart) (ax. 2.4y KOI 6). n6vw OlO X6PTIl OUT6v 0 101l1JEplv6e; Kalal IJEcrlllJl3Plvoi - WS IJEVIOTOI KU!tAOI - QTTOTeAouv Eu8eiEe; ypOIJIJEe;. 01 IJEOrllJI3plvo[ ouyKhlvouv npoe; TOV nAIlO'lEOTEPO TTOAO KOI EivOI OU'lJlJeTpIKOi ava i';euYIl KOI ana TIC; 6uo nAEupES TaU lJeallIJl3plvou TOU onuelou ETTOcpfJe;. ATToIJoKpUVOVTol OE IJETO~U TOUS oAo€vo KOI TTEplo06Tepo 600 OU~6VEI 11 610<!lopolJrlKOUe; OTTO TO i610 crrllJeio ena<!lrle;· 01 TTop6MIlAoi nMTous OTTOTeAOUV KOlJnuAEe; ypOIJIJEe; IJE TO KolAo TOUe; npoe; TOUe; noAoue; KOI TO KUPTO TOUe; npoe; TOV IOll~EpIVO. nopouOIoi';ouv KOI ourol OUlJlJETpio we; rrpoc TO IJE(JI'W13PIv6 TOU onuelou ETTo<!lt'le; KOI TO axfJlJO TI}":~~"_

. ~~

'95t.

65

IX·2.4V·

rVWIJOVIKOC; XOPTr]C; IJE or]IJE.io ETTO¢o~~ OE nA6To~ ¢o 300B.

IX. 2.46.

Op806poIJ10 1(01 "o~6polJlo 0'10 YVWj.lOVIKO X6pHl·

aUvexwl,; vlveTol KAelOToTepo 60'0 ovepx6IJOOTE oe \IIIlAOTEPO nhmll (0)(. 2.4e). 01 YVOOlJoVIKoi xapTEI,;. nou XPIlOllJOnOlOUVTOI OTIl voumnho'ia, ¢lepouv KOTcAAllho nUKVO 6iKTUO l.IeOIlI.l!3P1VWV - nopohhr')hoov ov6 l ' rl KOI 0',5 OK61-10, Via va j3piOKOVTOI 01 OUVTETOVI.IEVel,; TOOV orllJeioov n6voo 0' oUTOUC;. To navw Kal KaTw nepl8wplO, OTO onoio KOTOhr')vouv KOI 01 lJealll.lJ3plvoi, onorsxonv rnv KAipaKa ptjKDU{ KOI ¢lepouv un06rOlpEoelC; OUTOU, evw TO 6e~la KOI oplOTepa onorexouv rnv KAipaKa rrAaTOuf· OuoenoTE XPIlOlIJOnOloul.le VOUTIK6 610J3~Trl VIO Til IJETPI1011 TOU vewyp0¢llKOU nxorouc KOI IJ~KOUC;. ITOUC; auVIl910IJEVOUC; YVWIJOVIKOUC; xopTec; 6ev IJnOPOUIJE va IJETp,;oOlJe onOOTaoelC; KOI nopeiEC; ., 6romeuoell;. E¢looov 0 nhoul) ViVETOI KaTO l.IeOIlIJ(3prvo ~ en! TOU ronueprvou. on6TE TaUTi~ETOI 11 ho~oopol.lio l.Ie TJ)V opeoepol.IiO, J) nopeio KOI 1'1 6ravuOIJeVil OnOO'TOOIl elvor YVWOTEC;. ITIlV rteplrmoon TOU rrxou KOTO lJealllJJ3plv6 11 rropefo e[vol 0000 r'j 1800 KOI 11 cnoorcon eivol 11 ola¢lopo nMTOUC; os rmurro. IT 1'1 V rtepfrrnaon TOU "hou eni TOU IOlllJeplVou 11 nopeia eivOi 0900 r'J 2700 Kar 11 crroorcon eivar 11 olo¢lop6 IJf)KOUC; oe rrpdrro.

O. YVWI.l0VIKoi xopTe<:; KOAUmouv EK"TOOelC; TWV wKeovwv - yevlKoi XaPTEC; - KOI •

66

stereographic

azirruthal equidistant

orthographic

EX·2.4E.

IUYKP10'l TWV TeOOapwv elCSwv o~IIIOUeIOKWV Tlpof!oAt.iJv.

XPIlOl~EUOUV Yla Til ypacplK~ EniAUOIl TOU op900pOIJIKOU nAou. I' aUTOUe; TO onuelo EOOCPtle; (point of tangency) I3piOKETOI rrspl TO ~eoo. A6yw Tile.; E~OIpETIKtle; rrcpo- 1J0PCPWOEWc;, 01 OKTEe.; KOVTcl oro nEpl9wplcl TOUe; nopOUOIC]~OUV OXtl~OTa TEAEiwe; OlacpopeTIKcl an6 m npawaTIKcl. Ae.; 01l~Elw9Ei OTI 01 op900PO~IKOi XOpTEe; OEV ovoyp6cpOUV vaUTIAlaKee; nAIlPocpopiEe; KOI OUOEnOfE XPllol~onOIOUVTOI 00 VOUTIKOi xapTEe.;. 'Orcv TO onueto rnocpl'le.; Eivol 0 nOAoe.;, 0 xapTIle.; KOAEiTOI "oAlK6f YVWPO"'Kd{ x6PTllf (polar gnomonic chart).

An6 T'lV A~EpiKavIKtl Y6pOYPOCPIKtl Yrmpeotc EK6ioOVTOI yvw~ovlKoi XOpTEe; nou napOUOlCl~OUV TO nAEOVEKTIl~a Tile; 6UVOT6TIlTOe.; IJETPI'lOEwe; nopEIWV KOI crroOTaOEwv novw a' aUTOUC_; ~E TO EI61KO allEpoA6Ylo KOI TIe.; KAlpaKEf rrou cpepouv. 01 ~Ee0601 npo0610P10~OU nopEIWV Kal anOOTooewv nEplypaCPOVTOI A(imO~EpWe; OTOUC_; xapTEe; aUTOUC_; (I3AEnE napOK{lTw).

ETEpEoypa.,Kq "po/loAq. 'EXO~E OTOV npoJ3All90uv onuelc Tile; EmcpclVEIOS Tile; YIlS KOTO YEWI..IETPIKtl EVVOIO navw a' EcpomOI..lEVO EninEoo ono onueto nou J3piOKETOI novw OTIlV emcpavElo TIlS YIlS KOI OVTI610IJETpiKa TOU onuslou Eno<l>tlS (ax. 2.40). H OTEPEOYPOCPIKtl npoJ3oAtl oVOl..la~ETol KOI a"pou8,aKq op80poP.,Kq "Po/loA.; (azimouthal orthomorphic projection) (ax. 2.4E). Krn OTIlV npoJ3oAf) OUTtl 11 nopolJopCPWOI1 - EnOl..leVWe; Kalil K'\iI..lOKO - ou~aVEI 000 OnOI..lOKpUVOI..IOOTE ono TI!) alllJEio EnoCPtls. AIYOTEPO OIJWS orro Til YVWIJOVIKtl npoJ3oAtl. 'ETOI, OAOKl\I1PO 111J1- oqxiiprc unopei va onEIKovI09Ei xwpic_; IJEyaAI1 nopoIJOp<tiwOI1. 'Omoc KOI OTIS oA-

~ ('I'r(,

f:r,~~y1;; ~~~$

'95t.

AEe; a~II,.IOu8IaKee; npol3oAee;. T{I~a IJEViOTWV KUKAWV (opB06polJiEe;). nou 6IepXOVTa! uno TO onueio Enacprle; naplOTCVOVTOI onv EuBeiEe; vpalJlJee;. 'OAOI 01 chAol KUKAOI !lapIOTOVOVTa! onv KUKAOI rl T6~ cunav. H KUPI6TEPIl vaUTIAlaKrl EcpapjJOVrl HIe; OTEpEovpacplKrle; npol30Arle; eival Via TIlV KaTaC1KeUrl xapnuv TWV nOAIKwv neploxwv Ka8we; Kal Via TI1 jJllxavlK., rl vpacplKrl eniAuC1f1 TOU TPIVWVOU BeC1eWe;.

Op80ypa.,Kq "po/l.oAq. H npopoM aUT" npoxurrrs: an6 Til veWjJeTplKrl npopoA., ana TO onelpo C1l1jJeiwv Tile; Vile; novw C1e EcpamOjJevo enine60 (C1X. 2.4a). H op- 80vpacpIKrl npOpOArl. 6ev eival C1UIJIJOPCPIl OUTE lC106(JvalJll. EcpaPIJO~ETal Kupiwe;' OTI1V aOTpOVOlJlKrl vauC1mAo¥a. orov urmrrelrm vpacplKrl eniAuC111 TOU TPIVWVOU 8eaewe; Ka8we; Kal Via TOV npoC1610plC11J6 TWV oupaviwv cuvrercvuevuiv.

Eiva! 6uvaTo jJla a~llJou8laKrl npopoM va uerrrrpctrel ETC1I. wOTe 11 KAijJaKa anoOToC1EwV KOTO IJrlKOe; orrorouormore jJEVIOTOU KUKAOU nou 61ePXETai ano TO C111: ueio enacprle; va eival OTa8eprl. TOTE EXOlJe TIlV KToa{lpou8laKq "popoAq (azimouthal equidistant projection) rl a~ljJouBlaKrl lC1anExouC1a. H npopoM aUTrl 6ev eiva! ours C1UIJIJOPCPIl OUTe lC106uvalJll. H napalJ6pCPwC111 KOVTO OTO onpelo enacprle; eivm jJlKPrl KOI au~ovEI C1uvExela lJe TIlV aU~IlC11l TI1e; anoOToC1EWe; ana TO onuelo enacprle;. Via va vlvouv TeAIKO rn C1XrljJaTa eVTeAWe; napajJOPCPWIJEVa OTO eK 6lalJ4§Tpou ovrl- 8ETO onuelo enacprle;. H npOaOArl aUTrl XPIlC1ljJonoleiTal Via TI1V aneiKOVIC11l OAOKAIlPile; Tile; emcpOVElae; Tile; VI1e; Kal TIlV KaTaC1Keurl TWV 61avpaIJIJOTWV avavvwpiC1ewc; ocrspuiv. napExel TO nAeoVEKTlljJO Tile; OTa8eprle; KAijJaKae; anOOTOC1eWe; eKaTEpw- 8EV TOU onuelou enacprl<;.

H anAOUOTEPIl nepirmoon TfI<; npopoM<; aUT.,<; eival OTOV TO enine60 ecpcmeTOI a' eva an6 TOU<; noAouc;, Tors xapaKTllpi~eTOI we; "oAIKq luoa{lpou8,aKq "popoAq (polar equidistant azimouthal projection) rl roonexouou a~llJou8IaKrl· 01 jJeC11llJaplvoi OTOUe; XOPTEC; nou npoxurrrouv an6 Tllv npol3oM aUTrl eivcn eu8eiee; vpalJlJEe; nou ouvovnovrm OTOV n6Ao enacprle; Kal 01 napohAIlAol nAoTouc; elvm ouoxevrpoi KUKAol jJe KEVTPO TOV nOAo. 01 anoOToC1ele; jJeTa~u TWV KUKAWV aUTwv e~apTwVTOI ana Til jJe8060 fJETacpOpOS npo13oArl<; TWV arUJEiwv an6 Til VIl OTO EcpamOIJEVO errl!le60, To ax.,lJa 2,4e ernrperrei Til C1UVKPIC1f1 TWV TPIWV el6wv a~llJou8laKWV npo- 130Awv Ka! Tile; a~llJou8IaKrle; lC1anEXOUC1ae; npol3oArl<;. Kal OTIe; TEC1aeplC; nepnrnuaEIe; onuelo enacprlC; elvcn 0 nOAo<;. np6KEITOI 61lAa6., Via laopl8jJee; noAIKE<; a~IIJOU- 8laKee; npol3oAE<;.

2.5 KuAIV6pIlll\ npopoAI\.

Av neplp6MoIJe Tf'\ VrllVIl C1cpaipa lJe KUAIV6po. nou Exel UIjJOe; lao !..Ie TOV o~ovo TIl<; Kal npop6MojJe ornv eaWTeplKrl TOU enrcpOvela K6Be onuelo Tile; C1cpaipa<;. 8a Exolle Eva C1UOTfllJa anelKoviaew<; Tile; acpalpIK.,e; enrcpovelac; mlvw ae KuAIII6pIK6 avfmTuypa. H npoaoM TOU ei6oue; ourou OvojJ6~ETal KuAlv6pIKq "popoAq (OX. 2,5a). Av6Aova jJE Til BEC11l TOU KUAiv6pou nou EcpOmETal OTIl C1cpaipa. Il KUAIV6plKrl npOpOArl 61aKpiveTai ae: op8q ri IUIIPEpwq IWAlv6pIKq "popoAq (equatorial cylindrical projection) erov 0 KUAIV6po'( ecpOmerol aTOV lalllJeplvO (o~ovae; KUAiv6pou ouunfrrrei lJe 6~ova C1cpaipae;). EYKapula KuAw6pIKq "po/loAq (transverse cylindrical projection) orov 0 KUAIV6poe; ecp6mETOI ae TuxoVTa IJEalljJ13plv6 Kal "AaYla KuA,V-

68

. 9 ~II

IX·2.5a.

KU)\lV6pIKrl rrpoJ3oAr'}.

6pIKq rrpopoAlj (oblique cylindrical projection) ornv 0 KUAIVbp01) e$OTTTETol ae TUX6vTQ J,lEVICTO KUKAO.

XapaKrqpIUTIKa KuA",6p'K"~ rrpopoAq~. Av npoeKTEivo(JE ro errirreeo TuN IJEa'llJ~pIVWV, So TJ,ltlaOUV aUTO TOV KUAlVbpo KOTO TOV OVTjCTOIXO opISIJ6 KOTOK6pu$WV VPO(JPWV (OX. 2.50). 01 VPOIJIJEI) o UTE I) WI) Ko8ETEI), eivol napOAAf]AEI) IJETO~U TOUI) KOI E$6aov EXOUV jail IlA laonEXOUv enovw orov KuAIV6po aE orroioenrrore nMIToe;. EVW enovw CTIl VIl auvK.A.jvouv J,lE rnv aU~llall TOU nA6TOUI). 01 napoAAIlAOI nMTOw; ElT(lVW CTI'] VIl slvm Ko8ETEI) rtpoc TOUI) IJEal1(Jl3pIVOUI), aXI1IJOTj\OVTOe; (JIKPOUI) KUAAOUc;, rrou TO IJtlKOI) Till) nepl$epEIOe; TOUI) EAanwVETOI npooceunxc lJe TI']V aU~llal'] TOU nA6Touc;. Av npoEKTeivoJ,lE ro EnjnEoa TWV napoAJ\~Atr.iv nAOTOUI), aUTO So T(JtlaOUV TOV KuAIVOPO KOTO nepl$epElel) IJE TIlV iOlo blOIJETPO Kal jail (JE Til OIOJ,lETPO TOU lal1lleplVOU, Ko8' Mo TO U",OI) TOU KU . .\iVOpou. 01 blOIJETPOI So slvor Ko8ETOI npoe; TOUI) J,lEal1lJ~pIVOUC; rrou EXOUV npol3AIl8Ei. Av 0 KUAIV6p01) T(J1l8Ej KO-

£'yf'f'

I{f~'''' ~~s:.2~b

/.~A.T '95t.

.~. ~ .

69

IX· 2·511·

KUAIV6pIKO EKnETCOIJC Trle; YIl'>.

TO TUXOUOa YEVETEIPO TOU Kal aVamUx9Ei, 9a lJae; napOUOIOOEI TO KuAIV6pIK6 av6- ,"uypa T'le; Y'le; OTO orrolo napOT'lPOUIJE TO E~~e; (OX. 2.5J3):

OMKA'lP'l 'l ETII<I>6vEIO T'le; Y'le; anEIKOvi~ETOI OE EninEOO OX~lJaTOe; opSoywVIOU.

01 IJEO'lIJ~PIVOi anEIKOVr~OVTat OE K69ETEe; ypalJlJEe; napoM'lAEe; KOI iOEe; IJETO~U TOUe;, EXOVTae; TO IJftKOe; TOU a~Ova T'le; Y'le;· ria T'lV iOlo 610<l>opa IJrlKOUe; 'l IJETO~U TOUe; cnocrcon napalJEVEI OIJETO~A'lT'l (iolo).

01 nopoM'lAOI nA6Toue; anEIKovi~OVTOI OE OPI~OVTIEe; ypOIJIJEe; Ko9ETEe; rrpoc TOUe; IJEO'lIJ~pIVOUe; KOI nap6M'lAEe; fJETO~U TOUe;, EXOVTOe; TO IJ~KOe; T'le; rrepr<l>EpElae; TOU IO'lIJEPIVOU. ria T'lV iOla OIO<l>opa nMnoue; 'l IJETO~U TOUe; unocreon EAOTTwvETal ono TOV IO'lIJEPIVO rrpoc TOUe; noAoue;.

01 n6Aoi orro crlllJeio n6vw OTIl Yll onEIKov[(OVTOI IJE EUSE[Ee; YPOlJlJee; [crEe; IJE TOV IOIlIJEPIV6.

E<I>ooov 01 IJEO'lIJ~PIVoi OIJIKPUv9'lKOV (ouIJTIlEo9'lKOV) KOI 01 nopoMIlAol ETIlIJIlKuv911KOV EnETol 6TI OEV OIOTIlP~9'lKE 11 OIJOIOT'lTO TWV OXIlIJOTWV OTO KuAIVOPIKO cvcrrruvuo,

. BauIKIt; a"alTlfUEIt; VaUTlKOU X6pTQ. 0 vauTIM6IJEVOe; Ev610<l>epETOI WOTE, 0 'X6pT'le; nou 90 XP'l0lIJOnol'l9Ei vo TOU napeXEI T'lV EuxepEla nAEUOEI,IJe; nrro rorro OE rorro IJE TIlV T"PIlOIl OT09Ep.,e; rropeloc T'lV anoia So OVTlTIpOOWnEuEI 11 Eugeia YPolJlJ" nou ea evwvEI TOUe; ouo TonoUe;. eo npETIEI Enio'le; OUT~ vo TIAI1Poi TIe; E~.,e; 1300lKEe; npoUnOeeOEIe;:

- 01 IJEOI1IJ~PIVoi KOI 0 IOI1IJEpIVOe; lJo~i IJE TOUe; nopoMI1Aoue; nMTOUe; vo OVO-"f· ,~..; noplOTovOVTOI we; EVO ypappIK6 61KTUO npaAAqAwv Kal Ka61Twv ypappwv pETalu TOUt;.

- Tuxouon AO~OOpOIJIK~ KOIJTIuAI1 OTI1V ETII<I>oVEIO TI1e; YI1e; va cvcrtnprornverm we; Eu6Eia ypappq.

- No OloTl1peiTol 11 OIJOIOTI1Ta TWV OXIlIJ(lTWV, 11 onoio ETII l30ME I TI1 OIOT"Plloll TI1e; IOOTI1TOe; TWV YWVIWV, YIOTi TOTE IJOVO 11 Ao~oopolJio Sa TEIJVEI TOUe; IJEcrlllJl3plvoue;, nou eivOi IJETO~U TOUe; nop6MI1AoI, IJE OT09EP" ywvio KOI 90 Ei-

70

VOl eueeia vpa~~rl.

ho vaUTIKa XOPTI'l ea npenel va blaTl'lpeiTai 11 opol6TIITa UTOIXfJIW6wv uXllpaTWV Tile; em<l>avele; Tile; Vile;. bllAabrl 11 npoj3oArl va elval oU~~OP<l>Il·

MfJPKUTOplKIf npo/JoAIf. H ~epKaTopIKr'j npoj3oArl (Mercator projection) elvOl 11 mo VVWOTrl KOI eupurcrc XPllol~OnOIOUlJeVIl ana TO vaUTIMa~evo. AVrlKel crnv «ornvopio TWV KUAIVbplKWV npol3oAWV. oU~<I>WVo ~e rnv onoia KoBe onuelo Tile; EIlI<I>oveloe; Tile; Vile; npoj3aMeTol (urrorurnuverm) ornv em<l>ovelO TOU KUAivbpou nou neplj30Mel rnv em<l>avela Tile; Vile;. Ana TIe; Tpele; KUAlvbplKee; npoj3oAee;. OUTrl nou xpl101~onoleiTOI ana TO vauTIMa~evo elvOi '1 ou~~oP<l>'1 opBrl rllorwepIVrl KUAIVI'>PIKf) npoj3ohrl. YVWOTrl on ~epKOTOpIKrl npoj3oM. crnv onoia KOI OTllpi~eTal 11 «orooxeun TOU ~epKaToplKoU XOPTIl. 01 o~ee; buo KUAlvoplKee; npoj3oAee; onovro xprlOl~onOlouVTOI OT'1V npa~1l (n.x. OTIlV nOAIKrl vouomxoic KAn.).

EKE"II MfJpK(nopa(l). 0 MepKoTC>pae; rporronolnoe TIlV anAl') KUAlvbp1K1l rtpojioM - nou nAIlPof TIlV npwTIl J3aOlKrl cnotrnon TOU vcurtxou XOPTrI (biKTUO KaBthwv ~eoll~j3plvwv Kal napoM~AwV) - j300el pa811paTIKwv uxtUfJwv. Eno~Evwe; '1 npo- 130M TOU bev sivm yew~eTplKrl aMo avahUTIKrl. I:uVKeKpl~Eva. noocrnpnoe on TO KUPIO ~eloveKTIl~a Tile; KuhlVbplKrle; npol3ohr')e; Via e<l>ap~OVIl Tile; o rn vcuomaoic 11- rev 6TI 01 nopeiee;-ho~oopolJree; oev unopouonv va xapaxBouv oav euBeiee; vpou~ee;. I:xe6iooe homav TOUe; nopoMllhoue; ETaI. wOTe v' nrroucxpuvovrrn ~ETO~U TOUe; rreprooorepo 600 nhllofo~av rrpoc TOUe; n6Aouc;. ~e T'lV iOla ovoxovlo nou au~OVETOI TO ~rlKOe; napoMllhou KuKhou OTaBeprle; fli... ·ETOI. TO ~rlKOe; T6~ou ueonpJ3PIVOU. rrou aVTIOTolxel oe uro oUYKeKpllJevll bla<l>Opo n"elTOUe; 6<1>. ou~ovel 600 npoxwpou~e rrpoc TOUC; n6Aouc;. Via va vivel nneipo a' aUTOUe;. To iolO aKplJ3we; ou~l3aivel KOI ~e rnv aU~lloll oUYKeKpl~evlle; Ola<l>opoe; ~rlKOUe; 6A avo TOUe; napoA"IlAOUe; nMrroue;, 'Eror, 11 napa~ap<l>woll oe KoBe onuelo TOU XapTIl eivoi lOla npoe; KoBe oleuBuvoll, 'Ape Smrnpeirm 11 ~OP<l>rl OTOIXEIWOWV oxrwelTWv. a<l>ou '1 npo- 130M eVlve OIJ~~OP<l>Il· AM6~el l3ej301a ana neplOXrl oe neploXrl, I:TO oXIl~a 2.5v TO vpa~~IK6 ~rlKOe; TOU T6~ou AB OTOV 101l~eplv6 elvcn: AB = R,fli... 6nou R '1 oxrivc Tile; o<l>aipae; KOI 11 6h oe oKTivla. evw TO aVTiOTOIXO vpa~~IK6 ~rlKOe; T6~ou 6" OTOV nap6Mllho nMTOuc; <I> eival: al3 = r.6A. 6nou r 11 cxrivo TOU ~IKPOU KUKAOU. Enelof) 6~wC;: R = r sece, eneTOI 6TI TO ypappIK6 plfKOr T6fou ~A a' tva "apaAAIIAo "AaTOUr f/J fJival PIKp6TfJPO KaTa TO UUVuAfJUTtj «sece» an6 TO iOIO T6~o OTOV ronuepiva. I:TIlV KuhlVbplKrl bllhObr'j npol3oArl rn T6~a nap6MIlAwV noMan"a0l6~ovTOI x sece, a<l>Ou anelKovi~OVTOI loa ~e TOV ronusprvo. AUT6 oll~aivel 6TI '1 KAi~aKa rm-

(1) np6KEITai Via TO <l>Aallav66 VEWVp{JCI>o Gerhard Kremer. YVWOTO OTI1V enox., TOU lie TO eKlIoTlvrouevo 6vOlla TOU W~ Gerardus Mercator 0 orrolo; ETIlv61lcre TO lJepKaTOplKO XOPTIl TO 1 569. KaT' oMou~ np6KeiTOI VIO emvenon TOU IlEvallou 'EMI1VO vewypaCl>Ou Mapivou TOU Tupiou (TElIoC; A' KOI OPXE~ B' Il.X. OIwva) rnv onoio EKlleTaMEuSIlKE 0 Mercator. Bej3alo noVTwe.; slvm OTI 0 Mopivoe.; 0 TupIOe.; unr'tp~e 0 npwToe.; OTI1V IOTopio TOU VOUTIKOU XOPTl']. oCl>ou E~l1crE 14 oll6Kl1l1pou~ olwvee.; npo TOU Mercator KOI npwToe.; rmpouolcce epvo TOU yupw an6 TO SElla TOU VaUTIKOU XOPTIl (npoj3oll., MopiYOU, 0 610 P660u nap6l1l11]lIo~ - 36° j36PEI0e.; K.o.), navw OTO onoio Cl>aiveTol nwe.; crTIlPiXellKOV 01 IJETayevEOTEpOi. 0 r6Mo~ apXIIlI1XOVIK6C; u6povp6C1>oe.; TOU Nounxoo R. Doniol 61l1l0crieucrE, OTO emOTIljJovIK6 nEplo61K6 «Navigation, KPITIKr't 15 crElIi6wv liE TO TiTlIo «0 MepKOrwp lIoyoKlI6noe.;;» (OToIXEio an6 «MAPINOI 0 TYPIOI, N. <!>WTEIVOU. 1977).

71

n

s

Ex. 2.5y.

IXeOIl T~U IOIlIlEPIVOU KCI nop6MIlAou.

r 11

A 8 s

lX·4.56.

~TO KU'\IVOPIKO OVamUVIIO Tile; Vile; IIETO TOV noMonAoolOOIiO En! TEII4>, TO VPOIIIIIKO IlJiKOC; TWV IIE-

OIlIlI3PIVWV IIETO~U TWV nopaMJiAwv.

pa~opq,waEW4) KaTO nopoM'Il'\o EivOI «secq,». riO va ~ETOTponEi Eno~EVW4) 11 onAi] Ku'\lv6plKrl npol3o,\fl aE au~~opq,ll. Oa npEnEI Kal 11 K'\i~aKO napo~opq,waEW4) KOTO tJEarw13plv6 va yiVEI «seces. flllAa6rl rc npay~aTIKa ypatJ~IKa tJrlKIl TWV tJEalltJl3plvwv Y'O va anEIKoVlaOouv a' Eva TETOIO XOPTIl 00 npEnEI npdrrn vo no'\'\on'\o(1loaOouv x sece KOI ~ETO va a~IKpuvOOUv au~q,wva ~E Tl'lV K'\itJOKO TOU XOPTIl (ax. 2.56). ME TIl ~EOd60 aUT!'] 11 xopa~1l ~la4) oopeio4)-'\0~06po~ia4) yiVETOI EUOUypO~-

72

IJIl· reVIKO, rn xapaKTI1PIOTIKO Tile; lJepKaTOplKrle; npo!3o""e; IKaVOnOIOUV KaAUTepo ana KOee 0""11 npol3oMI TIe; anOlTrloele; Tile; vauom"01ae;.

Au(op~pq "A(ITf/. Av napaoeXeOUlJe we; eMXIOTO IJrlKoe; lJeOlllJ!3Plvou 6<1> = l ' KOI vpalJlJlKO IJrlKOe; 6)1. = l' = IJ, KaeelJlO ana TIe; olaOTooele; Ar Kat 86 Via TO nop60elVlJa VlvETat: IJsec (40° 1') + IJsec(400 2') + IJsec(400 3') + .. , IJsec41 ° '-IJ [sec(40° 1') + sec(4002') + see(4003') + .. ,see4l°]. na TuxoVTee; nopoMIlAoue; <I> Kat <1>', TO lJeTa~U TOUe; TO~O lJeolll.l!3plvoU ea eivm: lJ[see(<I> + 1') + sec(<I> + 2') + secte + 3') + ... + seco'[. H cneorcon napoMIl)l.ou nMTOUe; <I> uno TOV IOllIJeplVO eo eivm ion rrpoc (ax. 2,5e):

1.1 (sec 1 , + see2' + sec3' + .. , + sece

To VPOIJIJIKO IJtiKoe; 1.1 OIO$OpOe; IJtiKoue; l' enovw OTOV IOllIJeplVO ft orroiovcnrroTE napoMIl"o TOU xapTIl oe XI)l.IOOTO, xapoKTIlpi~Etol we; pOll66a XaPTf/ p. H apleIJ'lTIKrl TllJrl TOU o9poiolJOToe; (sec l ' + sec2' + sec3' + ... + seco xopaKTIlpi~eTOI we; au(op~pi~ "A6To~ "'l (meridional parts), 11 XPllOlIJOnOillOll TOU onoiou eivol a"apaiTf/Tf/ Yla Tf/II KaTafTK~uq TOU p~pKaTopiKoU X6PTf/. Eivol $ovepo OTI TO OU~OIJEpee; nMTOe; ~K",p6'~1 TOil apl8p6 TWII pOll66wII x6PTf/ P, nou nepl)l.OlJl3avETol lJeTO~U TOU ronuepivou KOI TOU nopoMIl)l.ou nMTOUe; OTOV onoio OVO$EpETOI. M' aMa -"OVIO TO oU~OlJepEe; nMTOI,; evoe; rorrou Tile; Vile; EivOI TO 6epOIOIJO TWV lJeTo!3o"wv (nopOIJOP<l>woewv) OTO IJrlKOI,; TOU lJeOlllJ!3Plvou ana TOV IOllIJeplVO IJEXPI TOV nopoMIl"O <I> TOU iOlou rorrou, Merpnrtn oe os rrpdrrc, a$Ou TO 'l ' OVTIOToIxei oe 1 v. lJi"l.

~------------~------------~

sec s sec ,'+ sec i +

se(:2# sec ,'+ sec

~ s

IX.2.M.

AU~llepEC; nA(noc;.

73

Io OU~OJ,JEpe!) TTACTO!) E~OpT(hOi aTTO rnv ETTITlAOTUVOll TOU EAAElljJOElbOU!) KOI Il TlJ,Jri TOU TTOpeXETOI aTTO rc ElblKa TlIvaKiblo (meridional parts) TWV vouruaov mvoKWV Norte's, Bowdich KOI Via TO EAAElljJOEIOe!) oxl'jJ,JO Til!) VIl!) (terrestrial spheroid) ITOU Il ETlITTACTUVOri TOU eXEI AIl<l>8Ei Ion TTPO!) 1/298 nEpiTTouI21, ITOU!) TTivaKE!) ouTOU!) EIOEPXOIJOaTE J,JE TI!) jJOipE!) TTAOTOU!) OPI~OVTIO, TTOVW ri KOrW KOI m TTPWTO KO- 8ETO bE~IO KI OPlaTEPO KOI TToipVOIJE TO <I>~ TOU TTAOTOU!) OE 1J0vaOE!) IJE rroooevvion EKOTOaTOU OUTOU, TT,X. <I> = 55°10', <I>~ = 3966,21. ria va [3pOUIJE TIlV onooruon IJETO~U Suo TTapoAAriAwv nMTOU!) ern IJEpKaToplKI'j npo[3oAI'j OE jJOVOOE!) aU~OIJEPOU!) TTh(nOU!) ea TTpenEt va [3POUIJE Til 6,at/Jop6 aulopEpWII nAaTWII /Jt/Jf' Il onoio EivOI TO OepOIUIJO OUTWV npOKEllJeVOU rrepi ETEPllJlIUPlIJlI KOI Il OIO<l>OPO TOU!) nspl 0PlIJIIUPlIJlI VEWVPO<l>IKWV nAaTWV, 0a eXOIJE OllAOOI'j:

/Jt/Jf = t/Jf t t/J'f (+ ET, - OIJ)

na nap66Elypa, av eXOIJE <I> 30° 15' N KOI <1>' 48° 45' N' Il ola<l>Opo OU~OIJEPWV nhoTwv EivOI: .D.<I>~ = <I>~ t <I>'~ (+ ET, - ou), Norte's n, tables (mer, parts): <I>'~ 3341', 67 - <I>~ 1893',93 = .D.<I>~ 1447,74, Eniol'j!) av eXOIJE <I> 15° 10' N KOI <1>' 20° 01' B Il OIO<I>OPO aU~OIJEpWV nAaTwv XPIlOlIJOnoIWVTa!) TOV iblo rurro E<I>apj.lOvri!) EivOI: <I>~ 914',70 + <I>'~ 1218,19 = .D.<I>~ 2132,89.

2.6 MEPKQTOPIK6~ xapTI1~.

Io OU~OJ,JEPI'j TTACTIl nopouOIo~ouv IJIKpe!) TIJ,Je!) Via IJIKPO nACTIl xrn J,JEVOAE!) VIO J,JEVOhO TTACTIl, ETaI, WUTE " TIP'; TOU aulopEpOUt; nA6TOUt; lIa t/J6611EI TO WEIPO UTOUt; n6Aout;. AUTO Ofll,JaiVEI OTI 01 anOaTOOEI!) IJETO~U TWV nopaAAI'jAwv Til!) iblO!) blO<l>Opo!) TTACTOU!) bEV elvci iOE!), aAAo ViVOVTOI OUVEXW!) J,JEvaAUTEpE!) 000 OVEPXOIJOUTE UE ljJIlAOTEPO nACTIl. ETlI<I>ovEIE!) ETTOlJeVW!) Til!) VIl!) KOVTO UTOV 101lJ,JEPIVO urtoxsivrm OE J,JIKPOTEPIl nopalJop<I>wol'j, KaTo TI'j IJEpKaToplKI'j npo[3oAri ana EKEiVE!), rrou [3piOKOVTOI OE 4JIlAOTEPO nACTll, 'Ertn aTl!) nOAIKE!) nEplOxe!) OEV unoPXEI opororrrrc TWV crxl']jJOTWV xm 6EV elvcn 6uvaTr; I'] orreucovron TWV nEploxwV OUTWV J,JE Til IJEPKOTOPIKI'j TTP0[30AI'j. H rpolAovbia (q>1J = 700B) n,x, aTO J,JEPKOTOPIKO xapTI'] q>aivETOI ion TTEpiTTOU UE EKTOuIl J,JE TIlV Aq>pIKri (q>1J = 0° rreplrrou), ov KOI Il TEhEUTOio EivOi TPEI!) q>oPE!) J,JEvaAuTEPIl aTTo TIlV TTPWTIl, Ko80uov sec700 = 3 TTEplrrou, ETTiuIl!), KaTo TIlV crreixovron TOU iblou OXriJ,JOTO!), av KOI TO KOTO nAOTO!) apia TOU eivrn EKTETalJEVO (611'jKEI KOTO J,JEVOAIl .D.q» TOTE bloq>OPIl elvcn KOI Il TTapoJ,JOp<l>wuIl rrou EXEI UTTOUTEi TO TJ,JriJ,Ja J,JEVOAOU TTACTOU!) aTTO TO TJ,JI'jJ,Ja IJIKPOU nAOTOU!). KClTW aTTO TI!) uuvel'jKE!) aUTE!) elvcn q>OVEPO OTI Il OlJolOTIlTa IJEVOAWV uXIlJ,JOTWV nou EI1I8uJ,JoUJ,JE VO EXOIJE UTO vcunxo XOPHI ETlITUVXOVETal TTEPIOOOTEPO, ornv oITEIKovI~oIJE oxl'jlJOTa TTOU KEiVTOI KOVTO UTOV 10llIJEPIVO, ollAaori EXouv IJIKPO TTACTO!), To 1610 oUIJ[3olvEI enioll!) OE Ko8E rreplrrruron, ornv rc oxriJ,JaTO TTapouOIa~ouv

(21 H apI81J1lTIKflnIJflTOu au~ollepouc,; nhOTOuc,; Via oC!>alpIK'; VI] OiVETCI ono rn oxecrl] ~ = 7915,7 AoV eC!> (450 + C!>121. ° ap181J6c,; Trt~ orrotcc onoTeAei orcseoo cruvTeAeCJT';. XapaKT.,pi~eTCI OE eTm vicrl TO nA6To~ Ka8e C!>opO KCI 01 TIIJEe; TIle; TEIJVOUaae; oev eivCI noon ovaAova aAM cuvoujcvouevc. H crxecrrt viverol noAunAoK6TEPrt av I] VI] 8ewprt8Ei eMelljloeloflc; EK nEpICJTp0C!>';C; •

. ", ~.

74

jJIKPr'j OIO<l>Op6 nMJToue;, O'1Aoor'j EKTEivOVTOI KOTO nop6M'1Ao. 'Erm, '"II ~pltmoPlIt", "pofJoAfl 61mllPoulITol 01 ywvh:~ ItOI II 01l016rllro 116110 TWII IIlltPWII aXlllltiTwll arll YII, lta8tiJ{ ItOI TWII aXIIII(nwII orro/ou6qrron: ~yl80ut;, Ttl 0"010 611~ fJplaltolfTllllt01lT6 UTOII ItTII~Pllf6. no TO A6yo our6 II Aolo6pollia lIOPlUTMrol ~ EUBEla ypallll"'. IU~<I>WVO 1.1' OUTO '1 jJEPKOTOPIKtl npol3oAr'j nAIlPoi KOI TIC; TPEIC; (3aalKEe; OnOITl'laEIe; KOI EnOjJEVWC; KpivETOI IKovonOlllTIKr'j YIO T'1V KOToaKEUr'j VOUTIKOU XaPT'1.

rEWIIErpllnt EPIIIIIIElo: 01 TEaaEplC; EIKOVEe; o,(3,y K.OI 0 TOU axr'WOTOe; 2.60 nopr-

orevouv nEploxf) 61000XIKWV jJEalljJ(3plvwv nou nEplEXEI uucpo KUKAo we; E~rie;:

I<I>OIPIKf) EnI<I>avEIO YIle;.

Avomu~1l a<l>olpIKf)e; EnI<I>OVEloe; aE EninEoo, nou nopOUal6~EI aauvEXEla. Av6mu~Il Tile; EnI<I>OVEIOe; aE EninEOO KaTO TO KuAIV6pIKO ovcrrruvun. I' aUTO TO KEVO ~ETa~u TWV ~Ea'1lJ(3plvwv aUlJnA'1PW81lKaV KOI 0 KUKAoe; Tile; EIKovae;

®

®

Ix. 2.60.

rewlleTplKfJ epunvstc llePKOTOPIKOU XaPTI1.

75

13' I1EToJ3MSI')KE aE eMEllpl'), EnEI6f) 01 KOTO I1Eal')l1J3plvo (<J)) 610moaEIe; TaU al1.KpUVSI')KOV KO. 01 KOTO nopciMI')AO (A) EmI1I')KUVSI')KOV.

Avomu~11 Tile; Em<J)OVEloe; KOTO Til I1EPKoTOPIKf) npoJ3oArl (<7TI')V onoio XPIl<7l- 110no'f)SI1KOV OU~OIJEP'; nAaTI1).

ria va 610TI1PI1SEi 61Jwe; 11 oIJol6TI')TO KUKAIKOU aX';110TOe; a' OUTrl, npenEI ana TO EMEllpOE.6ee; axf)IJO va TO EnOVO<J)epOI1E aTO 0PXIKO KUKAIKO. r,' aUTO OU~OVOl1e KOI TIe; KOTO IJEal1lJJ3PIVO 610m6aEIe; TOU, ovo'\oyo lJe rnv oU~llal1 TWV nopoM~Awv. H OU~l1al1 OUT'; TWV IJEal1lJJ3plvwv yiVETOI IJE Til XPl1<71lJonoil1all TWV ou~olJepwv n'\oTWV.

'616TIITE~ pEpKaToplKoU X6pTII. An' oon ovomuxSIlKoV rno novur ouvcvovrm 01 nopoKoTW 1616TI1Tee; TIe; orrotec eXEI 0 lJepKOTOpIKOe; XapTIle;:

1) 01 I1Eal1lJJ3plvoi IJE TOV lallIJeplv6 KOI TOUC; nopaMIl'\OUe; nAelToue; cnorexouv 6iKTUO "apaAA;,Awv Kal Ka8ETwv pETa(u TOU~ Eu8EIWV ypappwv.

2) 01 IJEal1lJJ3Plvoi IJE TI1V i6,0 610<J)opo IJf)Koue; IU~~Xouv, EVW 01 nopoAAIlAol IJE TIlV i6,0 610<J)opo nA6Toue; nopou<7Io~ouv ou~olJepeie; nrroorcoeu; OU~OV6IJEVEe; auVEXWe; rrpoc TO IpI1MTepO nMTI1.

3) a'OTI1PEiTOI 11 lo6TI1TO TWV YWVIWV, EnOIJEVWe; KOI II oPoloTIITa TlIJV PIKPWV uXllpfITwV.

4) Tuxouco Ao~06polJio oVOnOpl<7TQVETOI we; Eu8Eia ypappq nou TEIJVEI TOUe; ~ealllJl3plvoue; uno <7T08Epf) ywvio.

5) 01 nopolJOpcpwaEIe; TWV YEWYPOcplKWV AemOIJEpEIWV EivOI PIKP~~ KOVTO UTOV IUIIPEPlv6 Kal pEyaAuTEpE~ UTa ",IIA6rr:pa "AoTII.

6) ria TOV i6,0 Aoyo EivOI a6uvarll II KaTauKEuq pEpKaToplKoU XOPTII TWv"oAIKWV "EPIOXWV.

7) Eq,6oov 01 '\0~06polJiEe; nOpl<7TOVOVTOI we; EuSEiee; YPOlJlJee; oro IJEPKOTOPIKO XOPTIl, 01 opS06polJiee;, we; IJEYI<7TOI KUKAOI, So CPOiVOVTOI oo KOlJnuAee; IJE TO KUPTO TOU~ "PO~ TOU~ "6Aou~ Kal ra KoiAa TOU~ rrpo~ TOV IUIIPEplv6.

I:TO aXr1lJo 2.613 01 T6nOl A (Brest roAAioC;) KOI B (Norfolk USA) PpiOKOVTOI crro B IllJlacpoiplo KOI auv6EovTOI IJE euSeio YPOIJIJ'; Tile; '\o~obpOlJioe; KOI KOlJnuAIl Tile; opS06polJioe;. 01 T6nOl A KOI B (ax. 2.6y) J3piaKovTol ae ETepWVUlJo nAoTIl. OnaTE 11 opS06poIJio nou TOUe; ouv6eel nOPOU<7la~EI 6uo TIJf)IJOTo, Ko8evo ana TO onoio nAil poi TIlV nopon6vw 1616TIlTO. 0 lal1lJeplv6e; KOI 01 lJealllJi3Plvoi oro lJePKOTOPIKa XOPTIl cvrmpooumsuouv KOI Ao~06polJiee; KOI op806polJiee;. nOpl<7TOVOVTOI 6E we; YVW<7TO we; euSeiee; ypOIJIJEe;I1I.

(1) Tuxov IlEO''1Ilj3plvoe; Eni IlEPKOTOPIKOU x6pn] OOPIOT6vETOI we; Eu9Eia VpallllfJ KOI enollevWe; Eival Ao~06pollia. 0 IlEO''1Ilj3plv6e; OIlWe; nauEI va elvm Ao~06pallia OTOUe; noAoue;. 610TI TOTe av bev umlPXE '1 lla9'1IlOTIK" aO'uVEXEla OTOUe; n6Aoue; Sa "TOV 6UVaTO lie T'1V Tr,p'1O''1 OTagepr,e; nopelcc 000° (nAoue; Eni IlEO''1Ilj3Plvou) va CIISoO'olle O'E O''1IlEio T'1e; V'1e; rrou olaCllepel ano EKEivo T'1e; avaxwpfJO'EWe; KaTO AA = 180°. H nOPEra 61.1we; OT'1V npaVIlaTIK6TI'JTQ EivOI 0000 cno TO O''1IlEio avaxwpfJO'EWe; IlEXPI TOV n6Ao Kal 1800 an6 TOV n6Ao IlEXPI TO O''1IlEio aCII~we;. To VEVOVOe; TOUTO bEV EXEI npaKTIKr, onucclo. blOTI 01 n6Aoi bEV avanaplOTOvoVTOI n6vw OTO IlEpKaTOplKo X6PT'1. r,auTo OT'1V np6~'1 01 lleO''1Ilj3plvoi 9EwpouVTai we; Ao~bpOllrEe;.

76

) IX·2.SIL

Opijo6pOllio Kill Ao~o6pOllio TonwV OIlWVUIlWV nJ.rnWv naVW ae X6PTI] iJePI{OTOPIKI'lc.; npol3oAI'lC;.

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all / t-/

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/ / /

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IX. 2.Sy.

Opi306pollio KOI J.o~o6pOlli() Tonwv eTE:pwvullwv n"mwv navw ae X6PTI] llePKOTOPIKI'lC; npolJoMc;.

KAipalla PEPKUroPllIOU xaprq. ITIl lJepKaTOplKf] TTpo130An Il KAilJOKO TTOpOIJOp$tilaewc,; eivol lon lJe 1/cos¢! = seco. Av homov 0' EVo lJepKOTOplKO xapTIl EXOlJe KhilJaKO xapTIl = 1 :500 000 OTOV lallIJeplv6. aUTO aru.lOivEI OTI orroroenrrore IJf]KOc,; IJETpOlJE OTOV lalllJEplv6. OTO xapTIl TTpenel va TO rroManAOalaaOIJE x 500000, Via va EXOIJE TO npoVlJaTlK6. Av 61Jwc,; lJeTPtiaOIJE IJf]KOc,; oe IJEa'ltJl3plVo ri TTapaMIl-

~ "", £Y~f'-1

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77

Ao r'I 6AAr} EuSuypa~~la, Sa npenel rrourro TO ~r'lKoe; aUTO va TO noAAonAoOloaO~E x coso KOI ~ET6 x 500000, YIO va ~pOlJ~E TO npaY~OTIKO. riOT! TO ~r}KOr, aUTO xcTO Tr}V npo~oAr'I xm orterxovron UTO X6PTIl ~ey6Awae KaTO sece (rrcpcuopqxoou).

Aoyw Tile; XPIlOl~onolr'laewe; TWV au~o~epwv nAOTwv vrn rnv xurccxeuq TOU ~epKaToplKoU X6PTIl, 11 KAi~aK6 TaU eivOI {)laq,opETIKIi ava TO {:1I0q,OPU nAOTIl TOU. ria TO Myo aUTO 11 KJ..i~OKO a' eva ~epKoToplKO X6PTIl ovoq,epETOI aE oprouevo nMIToe; KOI XOpOKTllpi~eTOI we; t/lUUIKt; KAlpaKa (natural scale). AUTIl EKq,pO~EI TO Myo Tile; crroorcceux ~em~u ouo alll.leiwv aTOV nop6AAIlAo nAoTOUe; orov anoia ovoq,epeTOI, rrpoc TIlV crrecrcon TWV iOlwv ar}I.IEiwv UTIl Yll. H q,uOIKIi KAi~oKa TOU XapTIl all l.Ie I WVETO I UTOV TiTAo TOU we; natural scale n.x. 1/600000 Lat 27° 30' N. AUTO ar}l.Ioivel OTI OV r} crroorccn l.IeTO~U OUO alll.lEiwv UTO nopoAAIlAo L /0 30' B TOU X6PTIl, elvOI 1 m, r} onoorcon TWV iOlwv ar}l.Ieiwv OTr} Yll EivOI 600000 m, 011- Aoor'l 600 km. 'OTOV 11 KJ..iI.lOKO avoq,epeTOI UTOV ronueprvo (q, = 0°) xapuKTllpi~ETOI we; IUqpEpIV" KAlpaKa (equatorial scale).

KA/paKa pt;KOU~. 'Onwe; EivOI YVWUTO TO YEWypaq,IKO I.Ir'lKoe; OTIl Yr'llVIl aq,aipa 1.1 erpcrc I UTOV lalll.lEplvO. Eq,6oov 0 IOlll.lepiVOe; OTO l.IepKaTOplKo X6PTIl noororcvsrm onv EUSEio ypal.ll.lf] (KOI 01 l.IeOIlI.l!3Plvoi eniOIle; oov euSeiee; YP0l.ll.lee; K6SETee; a' OUTOV). Olll.laivel OTI 0 IOlll.lepiVOe; TOU X6pTIl urropel va XPIlOlI.IOnOlllSel we; KAIpuKa, n6vw UTIlV onoia PETpocivTal TO YEwypat/lIK6 Pt;KII. To yewypoq,IKO I.Ir'lKoe; urropel enlOIle; va l.IeTp6Tai KOI errl TWV napaAA~Awv. 01 orrotoi eivOI EuSelee; ypOI.Il.Iee; nop6AAIlAee; npoc TOV IOr}l.IePIVa xm 01 onoloi KaTo rnv ovomu~Il, aq,ou noAAonAaOlooSouv enl Tr}V Tel.lVOUOa TOU nJ..6TOue; TOU~ eYlvav loot oe ypal.ll.llKO I.lIiKOe; ~e TOV lallI.lEpIVO. ove~6pTIlTa an6 TO nMTOe;. KOT6 TIlV aVomU~1l TOU KuAIVOPIKOU avamUYI.IOTOe;, enOI.lEVWe; KOI TOU lJepKaTOplKOU XOPTIl, anooeixSIlKe OTI l.Iealll.l~plvol ~e TIlV lOla olaq,opO I.If]KOUC;. nou loanexouv UTIl Yr'lIVIl aq,aipo, loanexouv Kal OTO lJepKaTOplKO X6pTIl. KOTO ouveneio TIlV KAlpaKa pt;KOu~ (longitude scale) unoTeAel 0 IOlll.leplVoc; r'I 01 nap6AAIlAoi nMTouc; TOU XOPTIl nou slvrn laol.lepwe; OIOlPIl~evol a' oMKhllPIl TIlV opl~6VTla ypalJlJr'I TOUe; UTO XOPTIl. Mecrlll.l~plvoi I.IE olaq,opo IJr'lKOUC; 1° So neplAal.l~6vouv 60 lool.lepeic; unoolalpeoele; (60') KoSe ulo ana Tie; orrolec So exel ypal.ll.llK6 I.If]Koe; Ioo npoc; rn uovoec X6PTr} Kal So ovnrrpooumeuet llA = 1 ', ITIl Yll 0I.lWC; TO YP0I.II.IIK6 I.If]Koe; llA = t ' bev elvOI UToSepo o' OAO Tile; TO nACTr}, oAA6 100 npoe; TO luqpEpIV6 piAl x cost/l. Illl.lelWTEOv OTI TO ronuepivo ~ihl uvrmpooumsuet TO YP0I.II.IIKO IJf]KOC; 'l ' llA eni TOU IOlll.leplVOu (18551J1. aul.I<!>wvo ~e 000 Eino~e os nponvoupevo (ax. 2.5y). AUT6 0I.lWC; 6EV pa~ EmTpEnEI m Xpqulpono/flUq Tq~ KAlpaKa~ pt;KOU~ Kal y,a m pETpqUq anouT6uEwv, YloTi TOTE So enpene va noAAonAoOl6~0l.le TOV apISI.I6 npdmov Tile; llA (Tile; icouspouc KAII.I0KOe;) eni Til oxeor} 1855 coso. 'ClOTe 11 KAil.laKo I.If]Koue; XPIlOll.leUel I.IOVO YIO TIlV urrorunWOIl r'I Af]'lJ1l TOU I.If]Koue; ev6e; OTiYl.laTOC; KOI noTi y,a TIl pETpqUq anouT6uEWV. ITOUe; l.IepKOTOpIKOUC; x6pTee; Yla Tr}V KAil.lOKO I.If]KOUC; XPIlOlI.I0nOlouVTol TO novw KOI KOTW neplSwplo TOUC; f] KOI evol0l.leOOe; nOpOAAIlAOe; nou exel ololpeSei ae 1J0ipee; KOI npdrrn IJr'lKoUe;.

KAlpaKa nA6Tou~ Kal anoUT6UEwV. 'Onwe; elvOI YVWOT6 TO YEWypOq,IKO nA6TOe; OTr} yr'llVr} oq,olpo l.IeTp6Toi n6vw OTO l.IeOIl~plv6. Eq,oaov 01 I.IEalll.l(3Plvoi UTO uepKOTOPIK6 X6pTIl rrcprornvovrm we; euSeiee; ypal.ll.lee; nop6MIlAee; I.IETO~U TOUe;, alllJolvel 6TI 01 l.IeOIlI.l~plvoi OUTO! pnopouv va XPIlOII.I0nOIIlSoUV KOI we; KAil.lOKO l.Ie-

78

TpJlcrEwe; TOU YEWYPO$IKOU n'\ClTOUe;. A6yw Tile; XPllcrlIJOnOlJlcrEwe; TWV OU~OIJEPWV n'\OTWV, 01 YPOIJIJIKEe; orrocreoerc TWV nopoM~'\wv IJE Tl"JV iOlo OIO$OPO nMlToue; OEV elvm icrEe;, oMo cruvEXwe; oU~OVOVTOI IJE TIlV OU~llcrll TOU nMTOUe;. KOTO ouvenEIO 11 KAipaKa nAaTOuS" (latitude scale) napouula(el allluopepelS" 6lalpluelS" UTO xapTT/, IJE cruvEXJl OU~llcrll TWV ypOtJlJlKWV cnooreoeov IJETO~U TWV nopoM~'\wv Tile; iOloe; OIO$OpCe; nMTOUe; K09we; on0tJ0KpUVOIJOaTE ana TOV IcrlltJEPIVO. Ertouevwe; OVlcrO ypOtJtJIK6 IJf)Koe; 90 nopoucrlo~EI aTO xopTIl ceo OU~6VETOI TO nMTOe; KOI 11 010$op6 nMTOUe; 1', 01l'\00f) TO VOUTIKO tJi'\l, nou 90 EivOI leo npoe; IJ x seco, $96VOVTOe; TO onElpo aTOUe; n6'\oue;. AVTi9ETO, novw orn Yll TO VOUTIKO lJi'\l we; TO~O J.IEcrlllJJ3PlvoU A$ = l' nopOU<JIO~EI uTa8ep6 ypalJJ.lIKO IJJlKOe;. riO TIlV K'\iIJOKO n,\(lTOUe; TWV J.IEPKOTOPIKWV XOPTWV XPIl<JIJ.l0nOlouvTol TO 6e{la Kal aplUTepa nep'- 8wpla TOUe; f) KOI EVOIOIJEcrOI IJEcrlltJj3Plvoi, orouc onoioue; unopxouv olOlpecrEIe; nMTOUe;. ME IKovonolllTIKf) oKpij3EIO YIO TIlV np6~11 01 unoololpecrEIe; tJETO~U Mo OIOOOXIKWV nopoM~'\wv tJE OIO$OPO n'\aroue; 10 9EWPOUVTOI, OTOV KOTOcrKEUO~OtJE TOUe; x6pTEe;, 6TI EXOUV Ioo yp0tJtJlKO tJf)KOe;. H fOlo K'\itJoKo nMTOUe; XPllcrIIJO- , nOiEiTOI Enicrlle; KOI YIO Til tJETPllcrll crrocrcceov Enovw cro XOPTIl, TIlV orrolo rrcpooEX6tJoaTE KOI we; KAipaKa anouTauEwII (distance scale) orouc tJEPKOTOpIKOUe; xapTEe;. A6yw 6tJwe; TOU OIO$OPETIKOU ypOtJtJlKOU tJJlKOUe; TOU TO~OU A$ = t ' ova TO OIO$OPO nACTIl, 010$OPETIK6 90 EivOi K69E $0p6 TO yp0tJtJlKO tJJlKOe; TOU VOUTIKOU IJI'\iou.

2.7 N. unoAoYloJ.l6«; 50«;. KmooKEutj J.lEPKOTOPIKOU xapTIl.

1) npoa6loplap6~ pOtl66a~ X6PTI/. 'Orov J.loe,; OiVETOI 11 KAIJ.lOKO ., 01 oloOTocrEte; EVOe; XapTIl, nou ge'\otJE va KOTOcrKEUOcrOIJE, prropouue va rrpoooroptoope Til 1J0va- 60 XOPTIl IJ, 11 onoio EivOi crrcpctrnrn YIO TIlV KOTOcrKEUJl TOU xapTIl·

a) An6 Tqll KAipaKaxflpTq. 'EaTW OTI npoKEITOI va KOTOcrKEU6croIJE J.lEPKOTOPIK6 XOPTIl uno $UcrIKJl KAilJoKO 11K, OVO$Ep6IJEVIl aTOV nopoMIl'\O $. 'Orov ,\EJ.lE OTI 11 K'\iJ.lOKO 11K EivOi 11 $UcrtKJl, 90 nEI 6Tt OUTJl OVO$epETOI oro j30criKO nopaMIl'\O $ Kat OTt aTOV nop6MIl'\O OUTOV OEV EXOIJE nopolJop$wcrll. ria va j3pOUIJE En0tJeVWe; TO IlPOYIJOTIKO IJJlKOe; noMon'\ocrlo~OIJE x K, IJOVO OTOV TO tJJlKOe; aUTO J3picrKETOI 1l0VW aTOV iOlo nop6MIl'\O $. H 1J0vaOO XOPTIl tJ = t ' AA n6vw aTO j3a<JIKO nop6'\'\11'\0 $ onEIKovi~ETOI onv l'/K Jl 1855/K m f) 1 855 OOO/K mm. AVTicrTPO$O no'\l IJtlKOe; 2 IJ n6vw aTO j30criKO nop6MIl'\0 $ EXEI IJJlKOe; aTO XOPTIl 2 x 1855/K m KOI orqv npoYIJOTIKoTllm 2 x 1855 m (crX. 2.70). r onorovennore 6Mo nopoMIl'\O $', EnEIOrl TO tJf)KIl nopaIJOp$WVOVTOI KOTO secle - $'), EX0tJE: 11 tJovaoo IJ EXEI tJtlKOe; aTO X6pTil IJ=1 855 OOO/K x secte - $') mm, EVW 2 IJ aTO X6pTIl OVTlcrTOIXOUV crE IlPOYIJOTIK6 tJ~KOe; 2xcos($-$')xK m Jl 2x1855 m. IutJ$wVO tJ' aUTO,. OV Em9u- 1J0UtJE va KOTOcrKEuocrOIJE X6pTIl IJE $U<JIKf) K'\itJOKO 11K = 1/50000 aTO j30crlKO nop6MIl'\o 300, 11 IJovaoo TOU XOPTIl 90 EivOi 1J=1 855000 cosfx1/K= 1 855 000xO,86 603x 1/50 000=32,1 mm f) 32 mm.

13) An6 TIS" 61aUT6uEIS" TOU X6pTq. To OPI~OVTIO O'\IKO IJrlKOe; M TOU XOPTIl rrepi'\01JJ36vEI T6crEe; tJOV66Ee; tJ, ocroe; EivOI 0 op191J0e; Tile; OIO$OpOe; IJJlKOUe; crE nourru TWV oKpaiwv IJEcrlllJJ3Plvwv TOU. SO EivOi EnOIJEVWe;: IJ = M: (AA)'. To Ko9ETO OAIKO UlpOC; Y TOU XOPTIl nEpl'\OIJP6vEI TOOEC; IJOV06Ee; 1-1, oooc EivOI 0 opl9IJoe; Tile; 610$0-

0- !J.).. 1 J3

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______ ~ _L S

MCP'llO-TOPI'llOC; xaPTnc;

79

lx.2.1a.

I1poC76!OplaIJ6~ IJOVOOOC; XOpTrJ on6 TrJV KA1IJoKO XOPTrJ: 013 "" l' t.A = Ii 1(01 AS = 1855 auv41 (!JETPO) r;

1 855 000 cosq, mm.

pac; OU~OjJEPWV nAOTWv TWV OKpaiwv nopaMftAwv TOU. 6a elvol enojJE:vwc;: 1..1 = Y: a~. ME Til XPl1cr1jJonoillcrll TWV 6uo OUTWV ramov npoo610pi~ojJE Til jJovollo TOU XOPTIl on6 TIC; ETTI9UjJIlTE<; K09E <l>OpO 610O"TOOEI<; TOU.

r,o rrtlp66E,ypa ov UTOV uno KOTOOKEUft I..IEPKQTOPIKO X6pTIl ~IlTEiTaI 11 jJ I..I€TO~U

TWV OKpOrWV I..IE<JflI..lPPIVWV 200 Kal 22°, nou eo OTTexouv UTO X6pT., 48 em eX0I..IE:

Tuno~ e¥l.pI..IOvrle;: 1.1 = M: (AA)'

aA = 220 - 200 = 20 ft (aA)' = 120'

1..1 = 48 : 120 = 0.4 em ft 4 mm VIO l' l:J..

To VIVOjJEVO 1..1 x a<l>~ 6ivEI TO K08ETO. VpOjJjJlKO oAIKO (1\1I0e; TOU xapTI1 VIO TO ETTl811I..1I1TO nMTIl·

EnlallC; 0'1 geAojJe va !3POUjJE Til jJ TOU uno KOroOKEUrll..lEPKOTOPIKOU X6PTil )JETO~U TWV OKpaiwv nopaAA~Awv 16° KOI 18° ojJwvujJwv nAoTl.i.lv, nou 90 anexouv aTO X6PTIl 62 em EXOjJE:

rurro: E<!>OPI.IOVt'!C;: a<l>E = <1>( ± 4l'( (+ ET, - 01..11. 1..1 = Y: a41~

4le 180 =1 090.9 4l~ 160 = 966.3

A41~ = 124,6

To VIVOI..IEVO 1..1 x (l:J..)' 6ivEI TO opl~6VTlO VpajJIJIK6 OAIKO jJrlKOC; Vlo'Ta Em9ujJIlTO IJftKIl·

1.1 = 62 : 124.6 em

1.1 = 0.5 em ft 5 mm

2J npo6loplap6~ KAipalla,. An' 000 ovomux91lKoV oro rtponvoupevo. EXOIJE on 11 KAiIJOKO X6pTIl eivat: 11K = 1.11 (1 855 000 x cose). 'Erot 11 KAijJaKo TOU Xc'JPTl'l ornv rreplrrncon TOU rrpurrou nopo6elYIJOToc;, VIO TO I.IEaO nAc'JTOC; TOU Xc'JPTl'] EUTW 21°, elval:

rTI'J'II nepimwoll TOU 6EUTEPOU nopo6elYjJOTOC; elvoi:

11K = 4/(1 855 000 eos21°) = 4/(1 855 000 x 0,93) = 1/431 300.

80

11K = 5/( 1 855 000 cos 17°)= 5/( 1 855 000 x 0,95) = 1/352 4501' I

3) KOTOUKEU4 PEPKUTOPIKOI1 X6PTI1 U6pOYElou. Fie va KaTaoKEuooOPE IJEpKaTO~ pIK6 X6pTrI OA6KAIlPqt; Trlt; U6pOYEiou, xapaooopE OE $uMo xapTIl OUaTIlIJa op8oywviwv a~6vwv, ana Tout; orrolouc 0 PEV 6~ovao;; TWV X .~ TETPIlI.U"vwv avnnpoawnE.UE.1 TOV lall.IJEpIVO, 0 6E 6~ovao;; TWV 4J .~. TETaYIJEVWV TOV rrpdrro IJEaqlJj3plV6 TOU Greenwich. Ana TOV IO"qpEplv6 KOI npot; TO navw 90 sivm TO 136pEI0 IlPlo$alplo KOI npoc; TO KCrrW TO VOTIO. npOt; TO 6E~16 TOU npWTOU IJEOIlPj3plvou ElvOI TO OVOTOAIK6 KOI OPlaTEPO EivOI TO 6UTIKO 111J100$oiplO (ox. 2.7j3). 'EaTU) 01'1 90 XPl101pOnOlll9Ei

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KOTo(JKeu~ $uMou unOTunwcrEWs, (JEPKa:TOPIK.OU Xo.pnl HI~ U/)pOVEIOl).

! 1) naJ.16repo TO!iPUUV.IK6 NouapXE[o unoMVI~E If( !Jov660 TWV XOPTwVj3(.I!1e1 TWY OA!KWV 610- t]l'(JO'EWY Taus" 'Elm 01 XOprES TaU nQpouc;r[a~av oplcrlJtva OXi]IJ(TTO, IJE TO n).,EovEKTf((JO T!']S E UKO},!']S TQ9VO(.lI'jOEW"; TOU"; OTou.,;xaprCHIIU"OKE~, BOOlK.6 6(Jw~ (JEIOVEKl!,](.IO TI1~ (.IEeMou aUTr1S nTOV KO'!,] 610¢lOpETn(~ CIIUOlK~ KAi(J(TTO TOU xapr!l nou npOEKUrtTe KOe" $opCi. TOUTO O.!JWS elx" aav anOTEJ.EO).lO vo(J!lvllrav6uvarl'j !'] c;ruv6~c;r!l - c;ruc;rxenc;rl'( xopTtilv VEITQVIKWV nEp'oxWV. riO va ono¢'EuXgei TO

81

lJova60 xapTIl IJ = 0,5 mm. Av EmSUIJOUIJE va XOp6~OIJE TO 6iKTUO TWV IJEOllIJI3PIvwvova 10°, T6TE SO onexouv OUTOr IJETO~U TOU~ KOTO 60' x 10° = 600', 61lA. 600 x 0,5 = 300 mm = 30 em. nOipVOIJE on6 TI~ 6uo nAEupe~ TOU IJEOllIJI3Plvou, nou xapO~OIJE, KOI OTOV 101lIJEplv6 onuetc nou onexouv IJETO~U TOU~ KOTO 30 em. ha onuelo aUT6 <l>epVOIJE TOUe; IJEOIlIJI3Plvou~ TWV 10°, 20°, 30° K.O.K. A KOI fj. IJrlKOUC;. 01 nopoMIl'\OI nMTou~ So onexouv on6 TOV 101lIJEPlv6 T60E~ 1J0V66EC; XOPTIl, 600 elvm TO EKaOTOTE aU~OIJEpe~ n'\moc;. ria TIW EUPEOIl 6E TWV onocrccsurv TWV nopaMIl'\wv n'\moue; avo 100, npenEI va noMon'\oOlOOOIJE Til lJova60 XOPTIl srrl TO EKaOTOTE OU~OIJEpec; n'\mo~ Tile;. 'ETOI 01 onOOTOOEI~ TWV nopaM~Awv 10°, 20°, 30° K.O.K. Sa EivOI:

~--+1oo = 599,01 200=1217,14
x x
IJ (rnrn] 0,5 0,5
onoOTooEIC; on61S 299,5 mm 608,6 mm
30 em 61 em 300 = 1876,67

x

0,5

938 mm 94 em

rTO IJEollIJ13Plv6 TOU Greenwich Kal on6 TI~ 6uo nAEupe~ TOU 101lIJEPIVOU naipVOIJE ~EUYIl OlllJEiwv OE orrocreoerc 30 em, 61 em xm 94 em K.O.K. Kal xapOOOOIJE TO 6iKTUO TWV napOAAI;AWV TWV 10°, 20°, 30° K.O.K. B Kal N n'\oTouc;, WOTE va EivOi KOSETO npoe; TOU~ IJEOIlIJI3Plvou~.

H lJeS06oe; aUTrl KOTaOKEUrl~ IJEPKOTOPIKOU XOPTIl XPIlOllJonolEiTOI Kal Yla TIlV KOTaOKEUrl YEVIKWV xapTwv, nou nEpl'\olJl3ovouv TOV 101l1JEplv6. E<I>600v 6EV nepiAOlJl3avETOI 0 101l1JEPlv6~ OTOV un6 KOTaOKEUrl xapTIl, 01 crrocrcce« IJETa~U TWV nopaMIl'\wv 6ivoVTOI on6 TO YIv6IJEVO TIl~ 6lO<l>opa~ aU~OIJEpWV n'\aTWV errl Til IJOv660 XOPTIl. 01 anoOT60EIC; TWV IJEOllIJ13Plvwv I3pioKOVTOI, 6nwe; Ei60IJE rroponuvui, IJE Til oxeoll (b.A)' x IJ.

4) KaTaCTKEuq t/luAAou U"OTU"WCTEW~ PE au{opEpq "AtiTlI. ria va xcrcoxeucoo-

IJE <l>uMo urrorumuoeux IJE aU~OIJEPrl nACTIl Epya~6lJaOTE we; E~rl~:

EK'\eYOIJE Til lJova60 XOPTIl KOI xopaOOOIJE KOTOK6pu<I>EC; YPOIJIJEe;, nou OVTIrrpooumeuouv TOUC; IJEOlllJl3plvOUe;. 01 IJEOllIJI3PIVO[ So onexouv IJETO~U TOU~ aVaAOYO IJE Til 610<l>opo IJrlKOU~ nou cvnrrpooumeuouv KOI Til lJova60 XapTIl nou EKAe~OIJE, KOTO (b.A)' x IJ.

E<I>60ov 0 xapTIl~ So nEpIAOIJ136vEI TOV 101l1JEplv6, 01 nopaMIlAol Sa anexouv ana oUT6v KaTa TI~ lJov66E~ TOU OU~IJEPOU~ nMlTouc; TOU~, 61lAa6rl <I>~ x IJ. E<I>600v 0 XapTIlC; 6EV nEpl'\0lJl3ovEI TOV 10lllJEplVa, So onexouv IJETO~U TOUC; KaTo fj.<I>~ x IJ, IJETPWVTO~ on6 TOV KOTWTEPO nopaMIl'\O.

Av EmSUIJOUIJE v' cvcrrcpccrncoue rnv nEplOXrl 0' OPIOIJEVO IJrlKOC; <l>uMou xapTIl, npo0610pi~OIJE Til lJov660 X6pTIl IJE Til oxeoll: (Opl~6VTIO ypoIJIJIK6 IJrlKOe; XOPTIl nou 610TiSETOI): (fj.A)'. Ac, OlllJElwSEi 6n EXOUV a<l>OlpESEi rrponyOUIJEVWC, TO 6E~16 Kal oprorepe nEplSwplO TOU xapTIl.

~EloveKTIl~O oUT6, oTT04loaia91lKe 6le9vwc; KOI aiwepo eK6f60VTOI 01 VOUTIKOf xopTee; ~e Ka8oplfTpEv£r 6£Ka6IKEr KAlpaK£r. Iuvr,9wc; oTToTe}.ouv T~r;~OTO oMwv yevlKonipwv xopnov Tile; iOlae; KAi~aKa<; ETO"I, wO"Te vo eivOi OUVOTr, I') auv6,eal') ~eTO~u TOUe;. To ~eIOVeKTI')~o TWV XOpTtOV ounov eivOi QTI eKoi, OOVTOI OE olO4l0PETIKO IlEye91') KOI axr,1l0TO, ovo}.oyo ~e TIlV EKTOal') TI')e; YEWYPoC1>IKr,C; TTEpIOXr,e; TTOU aTTEIKovf~ouv.

Av OeAOlJE n.x. va KOroOKEUOOOEj <l>uAAo unOTunwoeWe; lJETa~U TWV lJeorUJ(3plVWV , 56° l1 - 168° l1 KOI TWV nopaM~Awv 44° 8 - 49° 8 lJE lJov660 XapTIl. lJ = 1.5 mm eXOlJE:

- AnoaTaoEIe; lJETO~ IJEOrw(3plvwv ava 1 ° ..... 60' x 1,5 mm = 90 mm

- OAIK6 ypappIK6 pqKtJ{ X6PTII:

A= 16ao (l1A)' = 720
x
A'= 15SO 1..1= 1.5 mm
l1A= 12° OAIK6 ypalJlJlKO IJ~KOe; = 1080 mm=1.08m
x
1° = 60'
(l1A)' = 720' -IJ"'f ="'f i: ""f (+ ET. - 01..1):
~ ..... 45° = 3013.38 4SO 3098,70 47° 3185.59
~""'44° = 2929,55 ..... = 2929,55 ..... 2929.55
l1<1>E ..... 83,83 lJ 169.15 1..1 256.04 1..1 ~ 48° = 3274.13

<I>E 44° = 2929.55

l1<1>E..... 344,58 1..1

49° = 3364,41

2929,55 434.86 1..1

- AnoaTaoele; napaM~Awv crro napaMIlAo 44°: <I> 45°..... 83.83 x 1,5 = 125.7 mm

<I> 46° 169,15 x 1,5 = 253,7 mm

<I> 47° 256.04 x 1.5 = 384.0 mm

<I> 48° 344,58 x 1.5 = 516,8 mm

<I> 49° 434,86 x 1,5 = 652,3 mm

To OAIKO YP0I..II..IIK6 U4'Oe; TOU XCPTIl elval 652,3 mm, 000 ollAao~ EivOI 11 orrocreon TWV napaM~Awv 44° KOI 49° 8 nMTOe;.

XapcooolJe opOOYWVIO rrou 01 aKpaiEe; OPI~OVTIEe; OlaaTCOEIe; Elval 1080 mm Kal 01 KaOeTEe; 652.3 mm (ax. 2.7y). Tnv KOTWTEPIl Opl~oVTla ypalJlJri TOU TI'I xapaKTl'lpj~olJe we; napaAAnAo 44°8 KOI TI'IV aVwTEPI'I 49° 8 nMrroe;. Til oe~la KaOETI'I ypal..l" TOU opOoywvlou xapaKTl'lpi~OI..lE we; I..IEOI'Il..lPPIV6 156° l1lJtlKOUe; KOI TI'IV aplaTEPtl168° l1lJtlKOue;. I:I'IIJEIWVETOI OTi m aVOToAIKC IJriKI'I au~vouv npoe; rc 6E~IC KOI ru 6UTIKC npoe; Ta oprorepc. EVW rn popEla nAoTIl au~vouv npoe; rn ncvw Kal rc VOTla nAOTI'I npoe; rc KOTW. l1I01POUI..IE TOUe; nap6MI'IAoue; TWV 44°8 xrn 49° 8 oe Ion TlJrilJaTa TWV 90 mm KOI xap6000lJE TOUe; I.IE0I'II.l(3plvoue; TWV 157°, 158°". 167° OUTIKOU l.lriKOUe; ano 6E~IC] npoe; T' aplaTEpO. Ano TOV nap6MI'IAo TWV 44° 8 rmlpvoue Tie; anOaTCOEIe; 125,7 - 253,7 - 384.0 - 516.8 - 652,3 mm KOI xapaooolJe TOUe; napCMl'IAoue; nAmoue; 45°- 4SO - 47° - 48°-49° 8 aVTiaTolxa.

l1I01POUI.IE TO ypOlJIJIK6 I..lriKoe; I.IETO~U TWV OlaOOXIKWV l.IeOI'lIJ(3plvwv aTOUe; aKpaIOUe; nap6MI'IAOUe; (44° KOI 49°) oe I..IIKpoTepa lou Tl..ltll..lOTa (6eKaoEc;. nEV- .t\-"i'''-

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KQTa(]KEU~ l)luMou UTTOTUTTW(]EW~ IlEPKQTOPIK~c.; TTpol3oA~C; lle(]W TWV au~ullEpWV nAUTWV. (bev cjlaiVETOI 11 aTTollclKpUV(]11 TWV TTapaM~Awv (]TO (]xl'llla Aovo TI1<; Il'KPI1<; KIIIIlUKU<;l.

To6E~ rrpdrrc KAn.) KOI EXO~E Tr)V KAi~OKO ~"KOUe;. alClpOU~e ~eTO TO Vpa~~IKO ~"KOe; ~ETO~U TWV 61060XIKWV nOpaM.,AWV OTOUe; oKpoioue; ~EcrrWJ3PIVOUe; ae Ion T~ri~OTO (6EKa6E~ nEVT06ee;. rrpurrn KAn.) KCI XWPIOTO Via Ko9E ~oipa n"'JTOUe; KCI EXO~E 1TJV KAi~OKO nAmOUe; KOI crrooraoetov. H lao~ep.,e; OUT" urroemlpeon Tile; aq, 10 6EV npoKoAEi Cla91lTO aq,oA~o OTIlV npo~ll. ria VOTIO nMTIl 11 nrrocrccn ~ETO~U 61060XIKWV nopaM~AwV ou~ovel rtpoc TO KOTW. rTIlV rreplrmeon OUT'; 0 Kopuq,aioe; nopoMIlAOe; xopoaaeTOI npwTOe; KCI ana OUTOV noipVOVTOI 01 cnooreoerc TWV Aomwv nopoM~AWV. ria OVOTOAIKO ~"Kil 11 OU~llall TOU ~riKoue; EivOI rrpoc TO 6e~lo, KOI Via 6UTIKO ~riKIl 11 OU~llall TOU ~"KOUe; EivCI rrpoc T' OPIO"TEpO.

5J KaTtluK£uq .Ii.uou Ul10TU"';JtT£W~ p£ Y£WP£TPIK6 Tp6110.

a) 'OTtIV 61v£TtII pov660 xQPTq. 'EO"TW CTI Em9u~ou~E va KOToaKeuoao~e q,UA/1.0 unoTunwaEWe;. ~ETO~U TWV nopoM~AWV 340 B KOI 360 B n/l.OToue; KOI TWV ~eall~J3plvwv 1480 A KOI 1520 A ~"KOUe;. ~E pov66a xQPTq ~ = 4 m m (ax. 2.76). H oKo/l.ou90u~EVIl ~E9060e; elVCI npoaEvvf~ouao KOI laxuEI Via ~IKpee; t)loq,opee; n/l.oTWV.

Epyaula 1 q: flolpvoue KO~~OTl XOPTIOU KCI xopoaao~e Ko9ETO Vpa~fJEe; ae ana- .Orc

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149' A 149° A 15()< A 151· A 1520 A
3&° 8 16°E
r - __ ..... E~ yacria 4 ~
.... .....
....
....
,
W A
~
.
,
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lS" 8 240 rnrn 240rr.m ~ 9 lSOE
K EpyalJla 2~
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W W W w
)4°8 ~ 134~
Epyaa(a .. ~
148' A 149' A 15('· A 15'''' A IS2" A IX. 2.76.

KOmUKEUrl <IIUhhOU unoTunwoEwc;. IIEpKaTOp1Krl<; npol3ollr)C;. ue VEWIIElP1K11IJel:looo IOIVlIUI 11IJOVU- 60 X6PTf]),

orocn 60' x 4 = 240 mm. XapaKTIlpi~oIJE aUTee; we; IJEOrw!3plvoue; TWV 148°, 149°, 1 50°, 1 51°, 1 52° an6 aploTEpa rrpoc Ta 6E~la.

Epyauia 2,,: ITo tJeoo TOU XapTIl xapaOOOtJE OPI~OvTla VPatJtJll rrou ovnrrpoownEUEI TO tJeoo nap6MIl .... 0 TWV 35°B.

Epyauia 3,,: I' onola6~noTE TOIJ~ TOU lJeoou nap6MIl'\ou IJE TOUe; IJEolllJ!3PIvoue;, crxlllJaTi~olJE vwvia Ion npoe; TO lJeoo nMnoe; TWV 35° [rplvuivo AKB).

Epyaula 4,,: Xap6000IJE TOUe.; nap6MIl .... ouc TWV 34° B Kal 36° B nMnoue; orro TIe.; 6uo rr .... Eupee.; Kal OE cnooroon an6 TO lJeOO 6011 11 unoretvouoc TOU OXI1IJCTI~OfJEVOU TPIYWVOU Kal EKaTepw9Ev TOU TE .... surclou. TIJ~lJaTa KA = Kr = K~ = uxrivee; TOU i610u KUK .... OU. An6 ro OlllJeia r KCI ~ <!>epOlJe napoMIl .... ec,; npoc TOV nope .... - .... 11,\0 nA6TOUe; TWV 35° B.

Epyauia 5,,: LlICIpOUIJE TIlV urrorelvouon TOU op90vwvlou TPIVwvou AB K rrou oXIlIJaTioSIlKe, av6'\oya tJE Til IJ Kal IOOlJepwe.;. AUT~ onorexel TIlV K'\ilJaKa nAOTouc,; Kal crroorcoecov. H opl~6vTla n'\eupa KB 61C1PEirol loolJepwc,; (~ 'l ' = IJ = 4 mm) Kal anoTe'\Ei rnv KhitJaKa tJ~KOUe.;.

13) 'OTall 6illffTai " KAlpaKa nA6Tou~ 61l'\a6~ TO ypalJlJlKO IJ~KOc,; TOU IJI,\iou cvri Via TI'l uovcoo xapTll, 11 «orcoxeun TOU <!>uMou Sa ViVEI we.; E~I'Ic,; (ax. 2.7E): 'EOTW OTI Em8uIJoUIJE va KaTaoKEuaOOlJe <!>u .... ,\o unoTunwoewc,; IJETa~U TWV napaM~'\wv 39° B KOI 41° B nAOTouc,; KOI TWV lJeol1lJ!3plvwv 58° ~ KCI 62° ~ IJ~KOUc,;!..IE VpalJlJlKO IJIlKOc,; TOU vaUTIKOU IJI .... iou 5 mm.

EpyauJa ''': ITO KeVTpo K OE eva KOlJtJOTI xapTi xaPOOOOIJE nEpl<!>epEla KUK'\OU IJE oxrlvo iall rrpoc 60' x 5 mm = 300 mm.

600 .~

620 ~ 610 ~

410 8 Epyaoia 2]

40D B

po
~
tI ,. tI
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0 -i5
tI
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a. IV
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62°~ 61° ~ 60 sao ~
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EpyQuiQ 2,,: Xap(JoOOI..IE 3 opl~6VTIEe; KOI nop6AAIl'\Ee; I..IETO~U TOUe; ypal..ll..lee; xoni Tp6no. WOTE 11 npwTIl va ()lepXETOI ana TO KeVTpo K Tile; nEpl<I>epElae; KOI 01 OAAEe; OUO va EcpOmOVTal ovrleroixo OTO aVWTEpo KOI KaTWTEpo olll..lEio Tile;. XapaKTIlpi~ol..lE aUTee; an6 KclTW npoc rn nOvw we; nap(JAAIl'\OUe; TWV 39°,.40° Kal 41 ° B n'\(1Toue;. nou anexouv I..IETO~U TOUe; 300 mm.

EpYQu/Q 3,,: rTO KEVTPO TIle; nEpl<I>epElae; axlll..lOTi~ol..lE ywvia JOIl npoe; <1>11 = 400 xm <l>epOI..IE TIlV n'\Eupe rrou. av npoeKTaeei. TEI..IVel TIlV nepl<l>epela aTO onueio A.

EpyauiQ 4,,: rTO KEVTPO K Tile; nepl<l>epelae; xape000I..lE l..I,a KOeETIl npoc TOUe; nap6AAIl'\OUe; 11 onoia anoTE'\ei TO l..IeOIlI..li3Plv6 TWV 60° I1l..1rlKOUe;. 0 l..IeOIlI..li3Plvoe; TWV 59° I1l..1rlKOUe; olePXETal an6 TO ol1l..leio TOl..lrle; A Tile; unorelvououc Kal Tile; rrepi<l>epElae;. TEl..lvel oe KeeETa TOV napO,\'\Il'\o TWV 40° B OTO onuefo B. H opl~6vTla nAeupo K B anoTE'\ei Tllv crrocrcon I..IETa~u TWV l..Ieolll..li3Plvwv f1,\ = 1°.

Epyau/a 5,,: I1100POUIJE IOOIJEpW<; rnv unorelvouou KA KOI Opl~6VTla n'\eupo KB rou TPIYWVOU ABK Kal eX0l..le TIe; unOOlalpeoele; TWV K'\'I..I0KWV n'\CTOUe; «n I..IrlKOUe; aVTioTOlxa. I1100pOUl..le TIlV nEpl<l>epEla os l..Ioipee; I..IE TO 00 - 180° CITO I..IEOIlI..li3Plv6 TWV 600 11 KOI eXOl..le TO avel..loMYlo TOU XCPTIl.

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6) KlITauKEuq KAIPOKIAIII AIPEllo6EiKTq. ITOUe; All..lev06eiKTee; (nopTOMvee;) SlvovTOI uuvfJ8we; 11 KAil..laKO I..IfJKoue; KCI 11 KAil..laKa nMrroue; KCI orroorcoecov. Mnopei 0- IJWe; va 6ivETai IJOVO 11 KAiIJoKa nMrroue;, onere elvm 6uvaTfJ 11 KaTauKeufJ Tile; KAilJaKae; IJfJKoue; navw 0" aUTOV we; e~fJe; (OX· 2.7UT): Ano TO 1J1l6ev Tile; KAiI..lOKae; nM- ' TOUe; Illepol..le eu8eia. nou vo UXlllJoTi~el vwvio lon npoe; TO usco nAmoe; Tile; nepioxnc. 45° Via TIlV rrsplrrruxrn TOU uxfJIJOTOe;. Ano Ka8e 61aipeull Tile; KAil..laKae; nMTOU<;. XOPOUUOIJE KOSETEe; rrooc TIlV Eu8Eia TOU l..Ieuou nAoTOUe; nou rl61l eXEI xopaX8Ei. To OIlIJEia TOlJrle; UTIlV TEAEuTOia 6ivouv Tie; un061ClpeUEIe; Tile; KAil..laKOC_; IJrlKOUe;. ria TIlV rrsplrrnoon nou Sa vvWpi~alJE rnv KAil..laKa I..IrlKOue;, Sa unopouocue va KaTooKEuooOl..le rnv KAil..laKO nMTOUe; I..IE ncpouorc lJe8060. crnv onoia 61Jwe; urroreivouon TOU TPIVWVOU TOU ueoou nAoTOUe; 8a nrov 11 KAilJaKa TOU nA(iToue; KCI OXI EKEivll TOU I..IrlKOUe;I2l.

7) np6XElpq KlITauKEuq q,uAAou u"oTu",iJUEIAI~. np6XEIPll xm npoKTIKfJ 1J€8o- 60e; KaTaoKeuf)e; q,uMou urrorumsoeux anoTeAei Kalil rrspfrrnoon KaTo rnv onoia 6Iaq>avee; llluMo xapTlou ronoeers ITO I navw UTO xapTIl, nou exel TIlV Em8uIJIlTfJ nepinou KAil..laKO KCI Illepel TOUe; nap6MIlAoue; nMTOUe;. nou 8eAoI..IE va unorumoooue. ITO llluMo 0'11 I..IEI wVOVTal anOUTaUele; l..IeTa~u TWV napaAA~Awv Kal l..IeUIlI..Ij3PIVWV. Ka8we; KCI TO nepl8Wpla. Eniolle; I..InopoUI..IE va XPIlOlIJOnOIr1uOI..IE oo $uMo urrorurnhoeun; TO vauTIK6 XapTrI onolau6f)noTe neplOXrle; ave~pTIlTO ue TIe; 1..I0ipee; IJrlKOue;, opKei va neplAol..lj3avEI aUTOUe; TOUe; nopaMIlAoue; Tile; neploxfJe; nAou. ITO xapTIl ourov OyvOOUIJE av unapXEI TuX6v anEIKovloll neploxfJe; KOI cvrl Via TIe; 1..I0ipe<.; I..Ir1KOUc;. nou avaypaq,oVTol navw UTO xOPTIl. avaypaq,0lJe TIe; em8ul..IllTee; 1J0ipee; IJ.,KOUe; Tile; i6lae; 61..1we; b."A. Iav I..IETOj3AIlTO UTOIXEio nOpal..leVEI I..IOVO TO nAmoe;. 'ETOI, vauTIKOe; xapTIle;, nou anEIKovi~EI TIlV neplOXr1 TWV aKTWV Tile; KaAIq,opvIO<.;.

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n.x., IJeTa~U TOU n"lJToue,; 25° B Kal 30° B Kal IJ~KOUe,; 135° fl KOI 140° fl urropel va XPll0IIJOTTOl1lgef OTIlV neploxft TOU ATAaVTIKou wKeavou oav Cl>uMo unorurnoosux IJETa~u TWV loiwv nAaTWV 25° B Kal 30° B Kal TWV eTTl9uIJIlTWV IJIlKWV 62° fl KOI 67° fl.

NAYTIKOI XAPTHI

EivOI Cl>avepo OTI 11 bOOOIl TOU vaUTIKou XOPT'l Kal TWV oMwv VOUTIKWII EK66- UEWII (nautical publications) Ka9we,; Kal 11 6lapKfte,; eVIWEpwof) TOUe,; Exel noM IJeVOAIl onucotc, IJla Kal aVTOvaKlto aneugeiae,; O'TIlV aoCl>6Aela Tile,; av9pwTTlVIle,; ~w~e,; O'TI") 90Aaooa, aMo Kal OTIe,; 9aMOOIEe,; nOIKiAEe,; ETTlKOIVwviee,;. Ir' aUTO ro 9EIJaTa TWV vaUTIKWV eKoooewv Ta xelpf~OVTal lJe uneu9uvOTIlTa Kupiwe,; 01 aplJOOlee,; xpoTIKEe,; UnIlPEoiee,;. H b6001l TWV vaUTIKWV j301l91l",OTWV EXEI 6uo OKEAIl. To Eva eival 11 ouMovft TWV nAIlPOCl>0PIWv nou aCl>Opouv TO vaUTIM6lJevo. To oMo eival 11 TeXVIKI') TOUe,; ene~epvaoia KOI elJCI>Ovlorl TOUe,; OTO XOPTIl KOI TIe,; oMee,; vauTIKEe,; eK- 660e I e,;. H ouMovl') TWV nAIlPOCl>oplwv avaCl>EpETOI a' Eva OAO Kltll po, au OTIl uc AelTOUPVIWV nou npoun09ETel:

TIlV (,"ap~11 Kal AelToupyia UOPOVpaCl>IKWV oKaCl>wv KaToMIlAa E~OTTAIO!JEVWV, Via TIlV eKTEAEOIl xapTovpaCl>~oewv, j3u90IJeTp~Oewv oe !Jla 9aMooio neploxl'), unOAOVIOIJOu TWV peulJ(rrwv, aVaKclAU""1l Uq,OAWV, Til 61aTTiOTwoll Tile,; avoVKIle,; Ton09ETftoEWe,; vauTIAlaKwv j301l91l1JCrrwv KAn.

TIlV unap~1l KaTaM~AWV oKaCl>tiJv Via rnv eVIQlTOOTaOll, AelTouPVia Kal ouvTrlPIlOIl TOU CI>OPIKOU OIKTUOU Kal TWV oMwv IJEOWV vauTIK~e,; OmJOVOEWc,;.

H anelKovloll TWV OTOIxeiwv aUTwv nnorrel OUOTIlIJaTIK~ Kal !Je906eu1JEVIl ernO'TI")IJOVIK~ enE~epvaofa Ka9we,; Kal (map~1l TWV avayKaiwv TexvlKwv !JEOWV rrpoxerIJEVOU TO O'Tolxeia nou oUVKeVTpwvoVTOI va KUKltOCl>OPl')oouv uneu9uva Via XPf)oll ana TOUe,; vaUTIMoIJeVoue,;.

IfWEpa 01 xwpee,; ola9ETouv KaTO Kav6va TIe,; OIKEe,; TOUe,; E8vIK~~ u6poypa.'K~~ U""PEUfE~ EK66uEWII. 01 6uvaT6TIlTEe,; TOUe,; neplopi~OVTal ouvf)9we,; O'TO 9aMooi0 Xwpo Eu9uvlle,; TOUe,;. ITllv EMooa 11 apIJOOla urmpeoto Via TIe,; vaUTIKee,; eKoooele,; (vaUTIKWV xapTWV xm TWV neplOOOTEPWV vaUTIKWV EK6ooewv) efvm 11 Y6poypa.,Kif Y"'IPEuio TOU nOAEplKOU NOUTIKOU, YYlnN. 01 xopne,; nou EK6ioei OVOIJO~OVTCI XIlpTE~ dA""'KIf~ EK66uEW~ (XEE) KOI KoAimTOuII TI~ EAAo6tK~~ OKT£~ KOI 86AauUE~ ITI"JV EM60a I"J npoIJ1')gela TWV xapTWV aUTWV Kal TWV 6.Mwv vaUTIKWV eK6ooewv viveTCI efTe aneugefae,; ana TIlV VYlnN ein ana TIe,; AI!JeVIKEe,; APXEe,; (ev6ExeTal o!JWe,; va nWAouVTOI KOI ana e~ouO'IOooTIl!JEvOue,; cvrmpooumouc OTa AIIJOVla). H TllJrl TWV eMI"JVIKwV vauTIKwv EKoooewv Ka90pi~ETal ana TIlV YYlnN.

EKToe,; OlJwe,; ano TIe,; E9VIKEe,; uopoypaCl>IKEe,; unll~oiee,; K6.ge xwpae,;, eow KOI TTOAA6. XPovla I"J Bperovlc Exel xapTovpaCl>r10el OAO TO YVWOTO KOOIJO Tile; uepovelou. ApIJo61a KpaTIK~ urmpeolc Via TIe,; vaUTIKEe,; eK6ooele,; TOU HVWIJEVOU BaolAeiou eiVOl TO YopovpaCl>IK6 rpaCl>eio (Hydrographic Office) TOU BpnolllKou NOUOPXEfou, (British Admiralty, BA). 'Ertn oAee,; 01 aVTiO'Tolxee,; EKoooele,; Tile,; unllpeoiae,; aUTI')c,; xapaKTllpi~oVTal we,; British Admiralty Publications. 'ExoIJe 0IlAaol') Admiralty chaffs, ~ Admirally List of Lights K.O.K. 01 eK06oele,; Admiralty KaMmouv TIe,; aKTEc,;

88

KOI TIt,; SOAOaaEe; OAWV TWV XWpWV. AnOTEAOUV OE YIO noMo XPOVIO T'lV xuprorepq n'lYI') npOIJI')SEloe; XOPTWV YIO TO nAoio, nou EKTEAOUV urrepnovno To~iOlO, aVE~OpT'lTO an6 rn a'llJoio rrou CPEpOUV. E~OUOIOOOT'lIJEVOI rrpOKTOp~r-avT,"p6uwrrOl (agents) TOU Admiralty EOPEUOUV OTO KUPIOTEPO AIIJOVIO T'le; uopoveiou ana TOUe; onoioue; KOI ElvOI OUVOTI') 'l npOIJf)SElo TWV XOPTWV OUTWV KOI TWV oMwv ana Tie; KUPIOTEpEe; VOUTIKEe; EKMaEIe;. H EKOOa'l «Cataloque of Admiralty, Charts and other Publications» 6nwe; So OOUIJE KOI rrcpoxcn», nou nEpu~:XEI EUPETI')PIO OAWV TWV xapTwv TOU Nouooxetou. nEpIAOIJ!3ovEI Enia'le; KOI nlvcxo OAWV TWV rrpcxroPWV OTO KUPIOTEPO AIIJOVIO TOU KOalJOU !.IE TIe; OIEUSUVOEIe; KOI TO T'lAECPWVO TOUe;, WOTE va EivOi OUVOTf) 'l nopOYYEAio KOI npOIJ,;SEla TWV ovoYKoiwv OTO nAoio 130'lS'lIJOTWV.

EKToe; OIJWe; ana TIe; EKooaEle; S. Admiralty EXOlJe KOI TIe; oVTiOTOlxee; all~p'KavIK~r ~K66u~Ir II~ rraYK6ullla KaAu",q. 01 OIJEPIKOVIKEe; urrnpeotec vmrnxtov EK60- aEWV EivOI:

National Ocean Survey, YVWOT'; we; NO, TOU unoupveiou eunopiou TWV HnA.

Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center, YVWOT'; we; DMA, TOU urroupvelou ESVIK';e; 'AlJuvoe; TWV HnA.

United States Coast Guard, YVWOT'; we; USCG, T'le; AKTocpuAaKi]e; TWV HnA.

01 vauTIKoi xapT~r all~plKavlKqr ~K66u~wr. 110U xpqUlllorrolouvTal UTO EN ~K6i- 60vTal arr6 m NO q DMA Kal aVTIKauUTquav TEA~uTaia TOUr YVWUTOUr xapT~tj all~pIK""'Kqr ~K66u~wr HO (Hydrographic Office). 01 aIJEpIKOVIKEe; un'lpeoiee; EKc56aEwv EKOioouv an6 KOIVOU .; XWPIOTO rc Aomo vauTIKo !30'lS';IJOTa. 01 aIJEpIKOVIKEe; vauTIKEe; EKooaEIe; npOTllJOUVTOI IOloiTEpa Yla rn !30PE10 KOI VOTla AIJEPIKi], OAOKA'lPO TOV EIP'lVIKO WKEOVO KOI T'lV 'Anw AVOTOAI'J. 01 EKooaele; NO KOI DMA, onwe; Sa 60UIJE nopaKOTw, OlaTiSEVTOI ana E~OUOIOOOT'lIJEVOUe; npoKTOpEe;-OVTInpoounrouc OTa KUPI6TEpa AllJOVla T'le; uopoYEiou, onou EivOi ouvaT'; 'l napaYYEAia TOUe;. nEplEXOVTOI OE EIOIK6 KOTOAOYO (NO Catalog of Nautical Charts).

LrllJEIWVETal TEAOe; OTI ru EM'lVIKO rrxolo IJEXPI KOI"TO S· nOYKOOlJlO nOAEIJO XP'lOIIJOnOIOuoav anoKAelOTIKo XOpTEe; !3pETavlKou Noucpgefou. METoYEvEOTEpa 0- jJwe; OPXIOE KOI 'l EUPUTOT'l XP';0'l TWV XOPTWV OIJEPIKOVIK'le; EKOOOEWe;. Ano Tie; OjJEPIKOVIKEe; EK06oEIe; lI~yaAuT~pq rroVTWr arrttxquq ~ixav UTO ~lIrroplK6 vauTIK6 01 vauTIKoi rrivaK~r HO, 6nwc; So OOUIJE OTO EIOtKO KECPOAOIO, A6yw T'le; cnxoucreuOEWe; KOI YP';YOP'le; EKTEAEOEWC; VOUTIKWV unOAoYIOIJWV nou rropexouv.

iJ/~8v~ir xapT~r (International charts). H OVOYK'l Yla XOPTOYPOCP'lO'l TWV OKTWV KOI TWV SOAOOOWV KOSE XwpOC; OO';Y'lOE OT'l AEITOUpyio ESVIKWV Un'lPEOIWV XopToypaCP';OEWe; TOU SoMoOiou XWPOU TOUe; KOI Til OUVTO~'l KOI O'lIJOOiEUO'l 610cpoPWV VOUTIKWV EKOOOEWV. H nOIKIAio OUT'; OTOV rpono Epyooioe; oMo KOI OTOV Tp6- no E IJCPOVIOEWe; TWV nA'lpocpoPIWV OUTWV OO'lYEi OE oUYXU0'l, ocpOU TO cnorexsOIJOTO TWV EPYOOlWV OUTWV XP'l0IIJOnOIOUVTOI cno TOUe; VOUTIMOIJEVOUe; 6AWV TWV XwpWV nou OlonAEouv TO SOAOOOlO Xwpo IJIO<; TpiT'l<; XWpa<;. KOTO OUVEnEIO 'l unop~'l EVOe; OIJOIOIJOPCPOU rponou nopaOTOOEWe; KOI OUIJ!30AIOIJOU TWV XOPTWV yiVETOI KoSrWEplVO nEplOOOTEPO E11ITOKTIK';. To 1967 0 iJl~8vqr Y6poypaf/JIK6r Opyavlull6r (International Hydrographic Organization, IHO) rrcpouofcos TOV npurro 6IESV'; XOPT'l. To 1974 EKc56S'lKOV 21 TETOIOI XOPTE<; orro 12 XWpEe; IJEA'l TOU Oo(y

• r~

f~T~l;; ~.~~$

'95t.

89

vcviouou KOI arliJepa aacpaAwe; KUKAOCPOPOUV neprooorepoi' ". 01 ble9veie; XOPTES yla avayvwplar, TOUe; nPOTaaaOUV aTOV aU~VTa apl9iJo TOU XOPTrI TO rplo YPOIJlJaTO «INT}} an6 TO npurrn YPOiJiJaTa Tile; Ae~ewe; «international». LUiJcpwva iJe TO 6aa avacpepaiJe, 01 vcunxol X6pTEe; nou unopei va ouvcvrncei Koveie; o ru eMllvlKo EI.JTIOPIKO nAoio eivOl:

EMIlVIKr,e; eKooaeWe; BpeTovIKr,S eKMaewe; (British Admiralty)

- AiJepIKOVIKIle; eK6oaewe;: (National Ocean Surney) (Defense Mapping Agency) - ~le9veie; x6pTee; (lHO)

XEE

SA charts

No charts OMA charts INT charts

2.9 X6PTEC; 61ocl»6pwv KAIJl6KWV.

Me KPITI'JPIO TIlV KAiIJOKO TOU XOPTIl exoiJe 6uo Ei6" vaUT'KwII xapTwII. Toue;x6pTE~ pEy6Af/~ KAipaKa~ (large scale charts) KOI TOUe; X6PTE~ PIKpti~ KAipaKa~ (small scale charts). 'Onwe; ovocpepaiJe, 11 KAiiJOKa XOPTIl 6eixvel noaee; cpopee; Exel cutKpuvgei iJlO enupovelo or, ypalJlJr, oprousvcov 61oaToaewv mlvw ern YIl, rnv orrolc anelKovi~olJe aTO XOPTIl. TOUTO all IJO ive I OTI 6ao lJeyoMTEpot; eivOl 0 ncpcvoucaTr,.:;, T6ao neplaaoTEpee; <popee; exel aIJIKpuvgei 11 emcp6vela nou uvcrroprorcveTOI, n.x. 1: 30 000. AVTigeTO 6ao IJIKp6TepOe; elvrn 0 rrcpcvoucornc. Toaee; AIYOTePES <popee; eXEI aIJIKpuvgei 11 npaYIJOTIKr, EmcpovEIo TOU XOPTIl, n.x· 1/5000. l\Eyovrae; Aomov XOPTIl IJIKpr,e; KAiIJOKOe; evvoouue XOPTIl nou 11 cvcncoccruon YVWaTr,e; El1IcpovElae; Tile; YIle; elvrn noM IJIKPr" t1 IJ' oMa MYlo 11 YPOiJiJIKr, TliJt1 TOU VOUTIKOU IJIAiou eiva! noM IJIKPt1, n.x. 2 mm. 0 XOpTIle; IJIKpr,e; KAiIJOKae; anelKovi~el noM lJeyoAEe; EIlICPOVEIEe; Tile; YIle; KOI Yla TO A6yo aUTO neplExel, OIJWe; EivOI CPUOlKO, noAu

(1) 0 IHO eXEI TI')V eopo TOU OTO MOVOK6. 'Epvo TOU Eivol va uuvTovi~EI TI~ ITp0(J110eEIE~ TI')~ 0IlOloll0P<l>OITOlrlUEWt; - TUITOITOIr']UEWC; TOU Tp6ITOU ITOPOUUIOUEWC; TWV IT.\I')PO<l>OPIWV OTOUC; VOUTIKOUC; XOPTEt; KOI TIC; .\olTTet; VOUTIKEt; EKOOuEIt;. IIlIlEIWTEO 6TI K6SE xwpa E<I>OPIlO~EI TIt; 6IKEt; Tilt; ETTI.\oyeC; OTO Sella EK06uEWV. AK61l1') '\EITOUPYEi KOI TO iJ~6vE~ Y6poypa_'K6 rpatfl,do (International Hydrographic Bureau, IHB) TO orrolo eivol eITiulllloC; curovouoc opyavlulloC;, elolKEulleVOC; UE TEXVIKO VaUTIKO Selima. IKoIToC; TOU IHB ElvOi va OIEUKO.\UVEI TIl ouvepvcoto IlETO~U TWV ola<l>0pwv ESVIKWV uOpOypa<l>lKWV UTTIlPE<JIWV, v,a TllllEiwUIl TWV KIVOUVWV TI')t; vouulTT.\olac; Kal TI') OIEUKO'\UVUI') aUTrlc;. 0ellOm oe IlE rn orrole aaxo.\EiTal TO IHB eival I') EKOOUI') OOI')Ylwv TTpO~ TOUC; vouTIMollevouc;, 01 onolec olaTiSEVTal OTa KUpioTEpa .\lllclvla TOU KOUIlOU, I') IlE.\ETI') TWV IlESOOWV Y'O TI')V KoMJTEPI') EKTUTTWUI') TWV vauTIKWv xapTwv KOI I') TUTTOTTOil')ol') TWV xapTwv TTOU EKOioOVTOI KOI TWV IlEUWV ITOU XPI')(JI- 1l0TTOIOUVTOI OTI') S6Aouua Yla TIl UrlllaVUI') TWV aKTwv. Trw i6puuI') TOU IHB OITO<l>O(JIOE 6IESVrlt; 610- UKEIj.II') OTO Aoveivo TO 1919 KCrrW an6 TI')V myr60 TOU !3PETOVIKOU NOUOPXEiou. IE VEO OIOUKEIj.II') ITOU UUVrlASE OTO MOVOK6 TO 1921 eYIVE aTTOOEKTO TO KOTOOTaTIKO TOU r pO<l>Elou KOI UITOYPo<l>l')KE oIT6

. EKITPOUWITout; 21 KpaTWV. 'EKToTe uuvEXi~EI va AEITOUPYEi UITO TI')V OIyi60 TOU OH E. ITO IH B UUIlIlETEXEI KOI 1'\ EMMa.

90

MVEe; nAIlPo<llopiEe; VIO rnv oa$6AElo Tile; vouamAoloe;. TETOIOI XOpTEe; EivOI ouroi rrou onEIKovi~ouv wKeovOUe;. To oVTieETO aUI.lj3aivel OTOV I.IIAolJE VIO XOpTEe; lJevoAile; KAiIJOKOe;. n6VTWe; 6ev un6pxel OUTe TeXVIKO OUTe VOIJIKO KPITI1PI0 lJe TO onoio vo XOpaKTllpi~OVTOI 01 x6pTee; We; IJIKpf)e; f) lJev6AIle; KMIJOKOe;. Ano vOUTIKf) oxornc EXEI em KpOTf)ael vo eEWpOUVTOI XapTEe; l.Iev6AIle; KAiIJOKOe;. EKeivol novw orouc onoioue; urropel vo ViVETOI EIJ<IlOvf)e; 11 lJeToKiVllall TOU aTiVIJOTOe; TOU m\oiou KOTO OEKOTO TOU v. IJIAiou KOI vo onelKovi~el <IlUalKO oAoue; TOUe; VOUTIAIOKOUe; KIVOUVOUe;. Til VOUTlKf) af)IJOvall KOI KOeE 6MIl xpf)allJll nAIlPo<llopioC1l• AVE~OPTIlTO an' oou ovomu~olJe. ovoAovo IJE rnv Em<ll6vei0 Tile; Vile; rrou onEIKovi~ouv KOI Til aUVKEKplIJEVIl XPIlalIJ6TIlTa TOUe;. olOKpivolJe TOUe; VOUTIKOUe; XapTEe; we; E~f)e;:

oJ rEI/litO; X6PTEt; (general sailing charts). EivOI XapTee; I.IIKpf)e; KAilJoKoe; rrou KU- 1.I0iVETOlon6 1/150000 IJEXPI 1/600000 f) KOI I.IIKpOTEPfle; KOI onEIKovi~ouv eKTETOIJEVee; eOMaalEe; em<ll6velee; Tile; Vile;. 01 VEVIKOi XapTEe; XPllall.l0nOlOUVTOI VIO HI aXEoioall IJOKPOU nAou. on6 TO AllJavl ovoxwpf)aewe; I.IEXPI TO AII.IOVI o<lli~EWe;. rr.x. IJETO~U nrrelpurv f) KOTa I.If)Koe; TWV OKTWV 1.I10e; nnelpou. Tsrorot xopTee; EivOI 0 XopTile; TOU ATAoVTIKOU IJE TIe; OKTEe; Tile; B Al.lepIKf)e; KOI BA EupWnlle;. 0 XOpTIle; ana Gibraltar IJEXPI 136pEI0 9aAaaao. 0 xapTIle; ono Port Said IJEXPI Gibraltar K'\n.

I:Toue; veviKOUe; xapTee; xopa~ol.le 6Ao TO TI.lf)IJOTO rropeuev, VIO vo lJe'\eTf)aOIJE TO Ei60e; TOU nAou rrou eo oKoAouef)aOIJE. VIO vo I.IETPrlaOI.lE TO ouvoxo TWV IJIAiwv TOU TO~1610U KOI VIO vo unoxovlooue TO KOUall.IO KOI TO '\omo E<Il0610. YrrorurnovoIJE Enialle; TO aTiVIJO TOU nAoiou ova 24wpo auvf)ewe; 610aTIll.loTO KOeE I.IEaIlIJEPI. WaTE vo nopaKO'\OUeOul.le TIlV np6060 TOU n'\ou. I:Toue; vevlKouc; XOPTEC; TO 130ell alllJEIWVOVTol IJOKPIO crro TIe; OKTEe; KOI 01 OKTOVp0I.IIJEe; alllJelWVOVTOI xwpie; nAil po<IloplOKa aTolxeio vouamAo·ioe;. EnOIJEvwc;, OTOV nAIlala~Ol.le ., nopon.\EOI.IE OKTEe;. npEnel nop6MIlAa lJe TO veVIKO X6pTIl vo xpnouionorouue KOI TOV EI61KO x6PTIl Tile; neploxf)c;, nou nepIAal.l136vei TIe; ovoVKoiee; n'\llpo<llopiEe; vouam,\oioe;. I:e noMoue; YEVIKOUe; xapTee; unapxouv XapOVI.IEvO ope06p0I.IIKO TO~O KOI OKOl.Ill K0l.lnU'\Ee; ialle; 1J0VVllTIKIle; anoKAiaewe;.

/lJ X6PTEt; altTo"Aoilto; (coastal charts) f)X6PTEt; lIautTmAoiar;. H K'\iI.lOKO TOlle; EiVOl I.IEvaMTepll. KUl.laiveTOI an6 1/50000 we; 1/150000 Kal onelKovi~ouv IJIKPOTEpEe; Em<ll6vElee; Tile; Vile; aE aUVKplall ue TOUe; VEVIKOUe; xOpTEe;. lxovorroiouv Til 61- T" ovaVKIl TWV vauTIMolJEvwv. napoual(]~ouv VP0I.II.IIKO IJIlKOe; v. I.II,\iou OPKETO lJeyaAo. npaVlJo nou !3olleael aTO va ViVOVTOI OVTI'\Ilma TUXOV Mell Tile; I.IETpiJaewe; f) eEaeWe; TOU nAoiou. METO 6eixvouv IJE '\EmOI.lEpeIO TIe; OKTEe;. TOUe; KIVbUvouc, TO oj3ae". TOUe; !3paxoue;. TIe; VIlai6ee;. TOUe; U<lla'\ouc;, TOUe; <Ilopoue; KOI YEVIKO Mo TO <IlUalKO KOI TEXVIlTO aTOIXEio Tile; nEpIOX"e;. rrou EnllPEa~ouv TIlV oa<llO'\EIO Tile; vouam'\otoe;. riO TIlV oa<llo'\elo Tile; vouamAoi'oe; 0 ovaVKoioe; xOpTIle;. nou npe-

(1) AUT" TIlV npaYIlOTIKoTIlTa 6EXETOI Kalil vOlloAoyia TWV nEI8apXIKwv LUlll30uMwv EllnoplKou NaUTIKou aMa KOI TWV TaKTIKWV 6lKamllPiwv. nepa an' aUTO UmlPXEI Kal OXeTIKI'] ouorcon TOU IMO Yla XPlloIIlOnoif]of] KOTa TO 6UVOTO vaUTIKwv xapTWV Tile; IlEyaAUTEpf]e; KAillaKae;. Ano vOIlIKI']e; nxeupOe;. ° Kav. 20 TOU KECII. V Tile; 6lE8vouC; oUlll3aoEwe; (COOCll6AelO Tile; av8pWTTlVf]e; ~wlic; OTf] 8c'JAaooa» (SOLAS 1974) npol3AEnEI 6TI TO nAoio npEnEI va EivOi ECll061aollEvo lie enapKEie; xc'JpTee; nou va KaAuTTTOUV TO Ta~i61 nou np6KEITai va EKTEAEo8ei. 0 Kavovloll0C; Tile; EEn Yla eClloolaollo TWV nAoiwv liE XciPTEC; KAn. (n6 192/80) npol3AEnel bTl TO nAoio npenel va ECll06Ia~ETal liE XcipTEe; Tf]e; nEploxl']e; nxou. xwpie; va 6IEUKPIVi~EI av 01 xapTec; curet elvm lleYCAf]e; Ii IlIKPI']C; KMllaKae;.

91

nEI va unOPXEI crrn ye<l>upa, EivOI ° XOpT"e; voucrmAo·lae;. AUT6 cr,,~aivEI OTI cre nsplrmoon TUX6v npocrapO~EWe; TOU nAoiou 01 aVOKpITIKee; APxee; KOI TO olKacrlriPla auT6v TOV XOPT" xapoKT"pi~ouv we; KOTOM"AO XOPT" T"e; nEploxrie; xm 6XI TO YEVIKO XOPT"I2I. HAOe; UTO xapT" oUT6v YIVOVTOI Kal 01 onOlEcr6rinoTE OIOpSwcrEU'; UTI1 vaUTIAIOK'; KOToUTacr" T"e; nEploxtie;.

y) '"PEllo6EIKUt; ri nopToA611Et; (harbor plans). 01 XOPTEe; curol, rrou ovo~o~ovTOI Kal XOpTEe; AI~OVIWV, anEIKovl~OUV rreproprouevn Em<l>avElo HIe; y"e;, 6nwe; EivOi TO '\I~aVI ~E T"V Eicro06 TOU. ~IKpoi KOAniaKOI KOI 6p~01 aYKupol3oAiae;, OiauAol. OIWpUYEe; Kal EicroOOI noTO~WV (crX. 2.90 KOI 2.913). H KAi~oKa TOUe; EivOi ~IKp6TEP" ana 1 /50 000 Kal xp"m~onOlouVTOI KaTa T"V npoosvvron UT"V nEploxti rrou cnsrKovi<ouv. 01 AI~EVOOEiKTEe; OEV <l>epouv noMee; <l>opee; OiKTUO ~Ecr,,~l3plvwv. <t>ePOUV cruvfJ9we; ulo uovo KAi~aKa an6 T"V onoio xapacrcro~E TI1V aM" (I3AenE KOI rmpnvp. 2. 7). AVE~apT"Ta orro TI1V KAi~OKa nMTOUe; Kal ~tiKoue; <l>epouv ~Ia ~EXWPIUTfJ KAi~aKa cnooruoetov crE ~ETPO (ti yuapoEe; nOAloTEpO) ti oeKaTo TOU ~IAiou. 'OTOV 01 hl~EVOOEiKTEe; OEV exouv Khi~aKa nhCTOUe; KOI ~tiKoue; oivouv TIe; crUVTETOy!-leVEe; Ev6e; UIIPElou allaywyqt;. rrou EivOi xapaKT"plUTIK6 UT"V nEploxti rrou KaMITTEI 11 rroproxevo.

6) t/JuAAa unGTunWuEwt; (plotting sheets). EivOi ~EPKoTopIKfJe; npol3ohtie; ~E ~Eyah" axETIKO Khf~oKa KOI <l>epouv uovo TO OIKTUO ~Ecr,,~l3plvwv KOI napaM~hwv xwpie; KO~la VOUTI"IOKti nA"po<l>opia YIO T"V KoSoplcr~ev" EKTOcr", T"V orrolo KoMmouv. Xpnoursuouv YIO T"V unoramoon TOU n"ou UT"V wKEovon"o';o, YlaTi 01 xapTEe; TWV WKEOVWV EIVOI YEVIKOi, onOTE Myw T"e; ~IKpfJe; TOUe; KAi~OKOe; OEV EivOi ouVOTti " urrorumoon ~E "Emo~epEIEe; TOU KOS"~EPIVOU n"ou. 01 K"i~aKEe; n"'JTOUe;

*, EivOi ~OVI~O unoOI"pE~eVEe; aE ~OlpEe; KOI rrpurm T"e; ~oipae;. EnElori KCSE <l>uMo ) urrorurneoeux unopsl va xp"aIIJOnOl"SEI Yla TO OVO<l>EpO~EVO B KOI N n"CT", 01 unoolOlpecrEIe; TWV KAI~aKWV nAclTOUe; avoypa<l>OVTal cruvtiSwe; ~Epaupout; KOI K6KKIIIOUt; apI8pout;. 01 npdrror xp"m~Euouv Yla P£TPIIUII - alloyvwuII P6PEIWII nAanilv KCI 01 OEUTEPOI 116TIWII nAaTwII. H opSti avayvwa" TWV aplS~wv OEiXVEI Kal T" xpfJa" TOU <l>uMou YIO l3opEIO ti V6TI0 nMT". 01 KAilJaKEe; ~tiKoue; cvcvpcoouv ~ovo TIe; unoololpecrEIe; TWV npWTWV T"e; ~oipoe; xm 0XI TWV OKEpaiwv ~OlpWV. KOI auTO YIOTi TO <l>uMo urropel va xp"mlJonOl"SEi crE onoroerutore YEwypa<l>IK6 ~fJKoe; - ncvToTE o~we; UTO n"moe; UTO onolo ovo<l>epETCI - oEoo~evou OTI " K"i~aKa IJtiKOUe; eXEI olalpESEi Icro~Epwe; UTO ~EPKOTOPIKO xapT". KaTa TOV n"ou xapaKTl1pi<O~E EIJEie; TO ~tiKoe; KaSE IJEa"lJl3plvou OVOYpcl<l>OVTae; aUTO ~E crnM ~oMI3I .' Eroi, av YIO nopaOElwa Ta~IOEUOIJE cruVEXwe; OVOToAIKee; ti OUTIKee; nopeisc ~ecro UTa nhaimo TWV aKpoiwv nopaM~"wv nMTOUe; TOU <l>uMou KCI <l>SacrolJE UTOV oKpaio OE~16 ti oxoclo opurrepo ~Ecr,,~l3plv6, OEV exo~E nopo va cruvEXicro~E TOV n"ou aTO iOIO <l>UMo. Yno T"V npoun6SEa" o~we; OTI Sa OPIS~rlcrO~E ~ava TOUe; ~Ecr,,~l3plvouc, WUTE va KaMmouv rn En6~Evo oU~OV6~EVO rl EAaTTou~Eva ~fJK" Tile; nopEiae; - rrxou ~ae;. rTO <l>u'\'\o unorumucsux unapXEI o""See; aVE~oMylO. rrou <l>epEI

(2) AAAc KOI al10 TO VOIlO Ixovoviouo EEn) U110XPEOUTai TO l1 .... oio va EXEI XCPTr] 110U va 6Eixvel 0- Aoue; roue; KIV6uvoue; KOI o .... a TO jior]9iJllara 110U a$OpOUV Tr]V aU$C .... Ela Tile; vcuom .... o¥ae; UTr]V I1EP'OX')· Me oAAa MYla 0 XOpTIle; oxron .... o1ac; slvm eKeivoc; 110U U110XPEouTai 0 a~IWllaTIK6e; $u .... aKr;e; va rro'paKoAougei H)V I1p6060 TOU 11 .... 0U KaTo rn 61cpKeia Tile; $U .... aKr;e; TOU (ap9po 11 5 TOU xovovrcuou epvaoia<; UTa I1Aoia).

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fllllevo&eIKTrI<; (T1opToMvo) EK&Ooew<; B. Admiralty.

ouv~9wC; E~WTEPIK~ KOI EcrWTEPIK~ OAOKUKAIKI'1 bloipecrrt. 0 e~WTepIK6c; KU,KAOC; XPrtO'l~onoleiTOI VIO 136pelo nACTIl KOI 0 ecrwTEplKac; Via vono n"'nll. errors KOI ovTIO'Tpe$OlJe TO ¢luMo OTnV rrsplrrruron OUT1l.

rTO nepl9tiJpl0 TWV ¢luMwv unapxel 6,0ypappa 1'1 Aoyopl91JlKr'] KAilJoKO crtorrmcrewc;, xpavou KOI TOXUTI1TOC;, Via T'lV EUPEOIl Evac; OTT6 TO rpin OTOIXeio <nov EivOl YVWOTa TO buo aAAo. HAoC; aTO nepl9wplO TWV q,UA"WV unorurncoeuic noAAec;.¢(",.,;~c ..

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