1.

0 YIELD STRENGTH

The yield strength is defined as the stress at which a predetermined amount of permanent
deformation occurs. Because there is no definite point on the curve where elastic strain ends
and plastic strain begins, the yield strength is chosen to be that strength when a definite
amount of plastic strain has occurred. Yield strength is a very important value for use in
engineering structural design. When designing a component that must support a force during
use, we must be sure that the component does not plastically deform. We must therefore
select a material that has high yield strength, or make the component large enough so that the
applied force produces a stress that is below the yield strength. In contrast, the tensile
strength is relatively unimportant for ductile materials selection and application since too
much plastic deformation takes place before it is reached. However, the tensile strength can
give some indication of the materials, such as hardness and material defects.

2.0 Offset Method to determine yield stress

For some materials (e.g., steel and plastics), the departure from the linear elastic region
cannot be easily identified. Therefore, an offset method to determine the yield strength of the
material tested is allowed. An offset is specified as a percentage of strain. The stress (R) that
is determined from the intersection point "r" when the line of the linear elastic region (with
slope equal to Modulus of Elasticity) is drawn from the offset "m" becomes the Yield
Strength by the offset method.

Figure 1: Tension test graph-offset method

In the general engineering structural design, the yield strength is chosen when 0.2 % plastic
strain has taken place. The 0.2% yield strength or the 0.2% offset yield strength is calculated
at 0.2% offset from the original cross-sectional area of the sample (s=P/A).

During yielding stage, the material deforms without an increase in applied load, but during
the strain hardening stage, the material undergoes changes in its atomic and crystalline
structure, resulting in increased resistance of material to further deformation.

3.0 Elastic and plastic region description