CHAPTER 4: CALCULATIONS

The calculation in this chapter considers Ataturk Dam in southern

Anatolia-turkey.

Ataturk Dam in eastern south of Anatolia; Is one of the biggest dams in

the world, in lies on the Euphrates River, by making the third larger lake in
turkey, Ataturk Dam Lake, which covers an area of 817 Km2.

Also the dam is a part of the GAP project (in Turkish Guney
Anatolian project, English: southern Anatolian project). The aims of this
project are to get the required power for turkey, and to cover the
maximum area for irrigation.

The Data from Internet:

The width of the dam is: 1819m = 5970 ft

The height of the dam is: 169m = 550 ft

Total capacity of the turbines: 2400 MW

Pressure pipes Diameter= 7.25 m

Q. = 200-2000 m3/s

Lake area= 817 Km2

Total water volume available= 48.7 Km3

Full reservoir level= 542m over the sea level.

Minimum operating level= 526m over the sea level.

β1= 70o.

β2= 100o.

Assumptions:

The Outer diameter of the Runner: 12 m.

The Inner Diameter of the Runner: 8 m.

The Width of the Blades: 0.8 m.

∆z = 2 m.

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Turbine head is 169 m, the discharge varies between 200~2000 m3/s, the
outer radius of the runner is 6 m, the inner radius of the runner is 4 m, the
width of the runner blades is 0.8 m, the angular velocity is 8 rad/s,
β1=70o,β2=100o. We need to find

a) Fluid power
b) Turbine power
c) Efficiency
Solution method:
1- Velocity triangles.
2- Divide the discharge by 10(Qo=200 m3/s), to distribute the
power on 10 turbines, to get more control of the power.

Solution:

Data:

H= 169 m.

Qo= 200~2000 m3/s.

r1= 6 m.

r2= 4 m.

b1= b2= 0.8 m.

ω= 8 rad/s.

β1= 70o. Location 1

Vt1
β2= 100o.
U1 X
At location one, α1 β1
To find the peripheral speed of the blade: ν1
Vn1
u1=ω * r1 V1
u1= 8 * 6 = 48 m/s.

To find the normal component of velocity:

Vn1= Q.A1

A1= 2π * r1 * b1

A1= 2π * 6 * 0.8 = 30.17 m2

Vn1 = 20030.17 = 6.63 m/s

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To find the fluid velocity relative to the vane:

Sin β1= Vn1ν1

ν1 = Vn1Sin β1

ν1 = 6.63sin70o = 7.05 m/s

To find the tangential component of the velocity:

Vt1= u1 + X

*Where X is the distance between the end of U1 & the tangential

component of the velocity

X= Vn1tanβ1

X= 6.63tan70o = 2.41 m/s

Vt1 = u1 + X

Vt1= 48 + 2.41 = 50.41 m/s.

To find the magnitude of the velocity:

V1=Vt12+Vn12

V1= 50.412+6.632 = 50.844 m/s.

To find the angle between the peripheral speed and the velocity:

α1= tan-1 Vn1Vt1

α1= tan-1 6.6350.41 = 7.5o.

ν2 V2
At location two:
Vn2
To find the peripheral speed of the blade:

u2 = ω * r 2
180-β2 α2
u2 = 8 * 4 = 32 m/s X Vt2
To find the normal component of velocity: U2
Vn2 = Q.A2

A2 = 2π * r2 * b2

A2 = 2π * 4 * 0.8 = 20.11 m2.

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Vn2 = 20020.11 = 9.95 m/s
To find the fluid velocity relative to the vane:

ν= Vn2sin180-β2

ν= 9.95sin80o = 10.1 m/s.

To find the tangential component of the velocity:

Vt2= u2 – X

*Where X is the distance between the end of U1 & the tangential

component of the velocity

X= Vn2tan⁡(180-β)

X= 9.95tan80o=1.75 m/s

Vt2= u2 – X

Vt2 = 32 – 1.75 = 30.25 m/s

To find the magnitude of the velocity:

V2 = Vn22+Vt22

V2 = 9.952+30.252 = 31.84 m/s

To find the angle between the peripheral speed and the velocity:

α2 = tan-1Vn2Vt2

α2= tan-1 9.9530.25 = 18.21o.

Now first we find the fluid power:

Wf. = γ * Q. * HT

Wf. = 9.81 * 1000 * 200 * 169 = 331.578 MW

Now we find the turbine power:

WT. = ω * T

T = ρ * Q * (r1Vt1 – r2Vt2)

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T = 1000 * 200 ( 6 * 50.41 – 4 * 30.25 ) = 36.292 MN.m

WT. = 36.292 * 8 = 290.336 MW

The efficiency of the turbine is:

ηT = WT.Wf.
ηT = 290.336331.578 = 87.6 %
For the case of Cavitation:

σ = NPSHHT = Patm-Pνγ-∆z+hLHT

For the ambient temperature Pν= 2.6314 KPa @ T=22℃

hL= (ƒLD + ΣK) Q22gA2

A= π4 * (7.25)2

A = 41.28 m2.

ƒ = 0.013.

Σ K = 0.

hL= 0.2 m.

σ = 101-2,63149790- 2+0.2 169 = 0.049

NPSH = 8.24 m.

CONCLUSION
In turbo machinery devices which extract the energy from the fluid
we can get a great clean and free energy.

But even this energy we can’t get it all (η = 100%), due to many reasons;
such as:

1- Turbine casing Power loss.

2- Head loss.
3- Runner Power loss.
4- Mechanical Power Loss.
5- Leakage Power Loss.
6- Friction in the pipes.

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 7- Fish Protection Systems.

But the amount of energy which we can get from such a plant
varies from KW’s up to 3 GW, so even due to all the reasons mentioned
above, but the hydrothermal power plant is still a great source of energy.

References:

1- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine
2- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine
3- http://www.scribd.com/doc/12744448/Design-Construction-of-Hydro-
Turbine
4- http://permaculturewest.org.au/ipc6/ch08/shannon/index.html
5- http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/turbine.htm
6- http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E12.htm
7- http://www.tpub.com/content/fc/14104/css/14104_78.htm
8- http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/AE_impulse_turbine.htm
l

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9- http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/mechanical-energy-equation-
d_614.html
10-http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/SPRING/propulsion/notes/node92
.html
11-http://kufa.iowoi.com/montada-f43/topic-t496.htm
12-http://www.scribd.com/doc/5245721/francis-turbine-
13-http://university.arabsbook.com/forum23/index3.html
14-http://www.hydrotu.com/productsservice.asp
15-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbine
16-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan_turbine
17-www.ku.edu.np/mech/Tutorials/Francis.ppt
18-http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/F/AE_Francis_turbine.html
19-http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/27407.as
px
20-http://www.gilkes.com/hydro/francis-turbine.html
21-Turbo machinery Design and Theory, ISBN 0824709802
22-http://www.scribd.com/doc/12730770/Francis-Turbine
23-http://www.scribd.com/doc/6463596/Turbine
24-http://www.scribd.com/doc/18433900/5245721-Francis-Turbine
25-http://www.scribd.com/doc/20005038/Francis-Pelt-on-Turbine
26-http://www.scribd.com/doc/24506924/Water-Turbines

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