6.

2
Methods of Expressing Sets What are you going to learn?
To mention various ways of expressing sets To change the set expression from one way to another

You have learned that the set of football players can be stated in the form of: {Football players} In mathematics a set can be defined in several methods. For example, we have the set of prime numbers less than 10. This set can be written as: {Prime numbers less than 10}. The method above is called expressing sets by description. If we have P = {Prime numbers less than 10}, then we can write the elements of P, namely 2, 3, 5, 7. If all members of P are written consecutively enclosed by a pair of curly brackets, and each two members are separated by comma (,), then we get: P = {2, 3, 5, 7} This method of expressing the set P by listing all of its elements is called the roster method.

Key Words:
ways of expressing sets roster set forming notation

So: P = the set of prime numbers less than 10 can be written as follows: P = {2, 3, 5, 7} Some examples of sets expressed by roster are: 1. K = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 2. L = {January, June, July} 3. M = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 100} 4. N = {7, 14, 21, 28, . . .}
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Consider set P = {2, 3, 5, 7}. The elements of set P satisfy a certain condition, that is each element of P is a prime number less than 10. Therefore, set P can also be expressed as follows: P = { x| x prime number less than 10 } or P = { x| x < 10, x prime } Remarks: 1. The element condition is written after the symbol x| 2. The expression reads P is the set having elements of all x such that x is prime numbers less than 10. The way above is called the set-builder notation. Some other examples of expressing sets using set-builder notation are: a. K = { 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 10 } can be written as: K = { n | n is whole number not greater than 10} or K = { n | n is whole number less than 11 } or K = { n | n < 10, n W }; W = the set of whole numbers or K = { n | n < 11, n W }; W = the set of whole numbers b. M = { 1, 2, 3, . . . , 99 } can be written as: M = { a | a is natural number less than 100} or M = { a | a < 100, a A }; A = the set of natural numbers c. N = { 7, 14, 21, 28, . . . } can be written as: N = { m | is natural number multiple of 7 } From the above explanation, you have learned how to express sets in three methods. You remember those methods, dont you? Explain the three methods.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 7/217

Acquiring the Sets of Numbers

At the elementary school you already learned several types of numbers. From certain types of numbers a set can be formed, resulting in several kinds of sets of numbers, such as:

Remarks
* The prime number is a natural number having exactly two factors, namely one and the number itself. The composite number is a natural number having more than two factors.

1. C = Set of whole numbers, or C = { 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } 2. A = Set of natural numbers, or A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } 3. G = Set of even whole numbers, or G = { 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . } 4. J = Set of odd whole numbers, or J = { 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . } 5. K = Set of square numbers, or K = { 1, 4, 9, 25, . . . } 6. T = Set of cubic numbers, or T = { 1, 8, 27, 64, . . . } 7. P = Set of prime numbers, or P = { 2, 3, 5, 7, . . . } 8. K = Set of composite numbers, or K = { 4, 6, 8, 9, . . . }

1.

Express the following sets with set-builder notation. a. K = set of natural numbers between 2 and 7 b. L = { 10, 11, 12, 13, . . . } c. M = { 2 }

Solution :
a. K = { x | 2 < x < 7, x is a natural number } b. L = { n | n > 10 , n is a whole number } c. M = { x | x is an even prime number }

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2. Express the following sets by listing their elements. a. N = { x | x is prime number greater than 10} b. O = set of square numbers greater than 15 c. P = { n | 1 < n < 5, n is a natural number}

Solution :
a. N = { 11, 13, 17, 19, . . . } b. O = { 16, 25, 36, 49, . . . } c. P = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 7/219

1.

2.

3.

Express the following sets by listing their elements. a. A = set of even whole numbers between 20 and 30. b. B = set of the first six natural numbers. c. C = set of factors of 24. d. D = set of the first five squared numbers. e. E = set of the first seven even whole numbers. f. F = set of multiple of 5 between 1 and 100. g. G = set of letters forming the word mathematics. h. H = set of multiple of 3 of natural numbers. i. I = set of the first eight composite numbers. j. J = set of prime numbers between 10 and 40. Express the following sets by description. a. A = { 6, 12, 18, 24, . . . } b. B = { 23, 29, 31, 37 } c. C = { 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 } d. D = { 0, 2, 4, . . . 16 } e. E = { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 } f. F = { 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 } g. G = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h } h. H = { 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 } i. I = { 5, 10, 15, 20, . . . } j. J = { 1, 8, 27, 64, . . . } Express the following sets with set-builder notations. a. A = { 12, 13, 14, 15, . . . , 25 } b. B = { 11, 13, 17, 19, . . . } c. C = set of even whole numbers not greater than 50. d. D = set of odd numbers between 10 and 20. e. E = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 } f. F = {a, i, u, e, o } g. G = set of the first four odd whole numbers. h. H = {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 } i. I = set of the first eight prime numbers. j. J = set of multiple of 7 of natural numbers.

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4. Related to Real World Express the following sets in the two other methods. a. A = set of months not having 31 days. b. B = set of vowels in the alphabet. c. C = set of days having names starting with letter t. d. D = { Monday, Tuesday , Saturday } e. E = { January, February, May, June, July } f. F = { red, yellow, green } g. G = { red, white } h. H = { red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple} i. I = set of leap years between 1900 and 1925. j. J = set of five human senses.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 7/221