o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p 62%

TS. Nguyn Vn Dng, KS. V Hng Sn Tm tt: H thng tip t ca mng Vin thng l rt quan trng, n thc hin chc nng tip t cng tc cho thit b v tip t bo v v tip t chng st. Vic o c chnh xc tr s in tr tip t l rt quan trng nh gi hiu qu v cht lng ca h thng tip t. Bi bo ny s phn tch v nh gi cc yu t c nh hng n tnh chnh xc ca kt qu o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p 62%. 1. Khi qut. H thng tip t l thnh phn bt buc phi c bo m hot ng v an ton cho h thng vin thng. Vic o kim nh gi cht lng h thng thng tip t l cng vic thng xuyn phi thc hin v gi tr in tr tip t l thng s c quan tm nht. Tuy nhin vic o c chnh xc tr s in tr tip t cn phi thc hin y mt s yu cu v thit b o v phng php o. Bt k mt t tip t gm n in cc no cung c th quy v thnh 1 in cc bn cu tng ng (lc ny t tip t c coi nh 1 in cc bn cu) c bn knh r (xem hnh 1) Mi im trong in cc bn cu tng ng ny c in tr v in th bng nhau. Nu t tip t c in tr tip t l R (), in tr sut ca khu vc t tip t l (.m) th bn knh ca bn cu tng ng c tnh bng cng thc:

r=

, m (1) 2 R
Li tip t

r
in cc bn cu tng ng

Hnh 1. in cc bn cu tng ng ca t tip t

2. Phng php im ri in p 62%. 2.1 Cu to my o in tr tip t My o in tr tip t hot ng trn nguyn l Vn - Ampe, my gm c ngun pht dng v mch o in p. Ngun pht dng in ni ra ngoi bng 2 in cc C1 v C2 (hay E v H). Mch o in p ni ra ngoi bng 2 in cc P1 v P2 (hay ES v S). i vi my 3 in cc th in cc C1 v P1 (hay E v ES) ni chung vi nhau thnh in cc E.

C1 (E)

P1 (ES)

P2 (S)

C2 (H)

Hnh 1. Cu to ca my o in tr tip t 2.2 M t cch b tr o: ng in cc dng C2 (in cc ph) v in cc p P2 trn mt ng thng vi t tip t cn o vi iu kin khong cch t tm t tip t n in cc dng C2 bng 3 n 5 ln ng cho D ca t tip t v khong cch t tm t tip t n in cc p P2 bng 62% khong cch t tm t tip t n in cc dng C2.

ng cho ca li D O

C1 P1 P2 C2

in cc p P2
D2 in cc bn cu tng ng

C2 in cc dng

D1=(35)D

Hnh 2. Nguyn l b tr o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p 62% Trong phng php o m t trn cn phi m bo khong cch t tm ca t tip t n in cc dng C2 bng t 3 n 5 ln ng cho ca t tip t m bo in cc p P2 nm ngoi in cc bn cu tng ng ca t tip t.

Nguyn l o hot ng theo nguyn l Vn - Ampe. My o pht 1 dng in vo t tip t qua mch dng in C1, C2, dng in pht vo l dng xoay chiu c tn s khc vi tn s ca ngun in li trnh nh hng nhiu ca dng in li gy ra, thng thng ngi ta chn tn s l 128Hz (xem bng 1). Mch in p s o in th dng ln ca t tip t bng mch in p P1 v P2, gi tr in tr ca t tip t o c xc nh bng in th dng ln ca t tip t chia cho dng in my o to ra chy vo t tip t. 2.3 nh hng ca b tr in cc ph P2 v C2 n kt qu o Vic b tr cc in cc ph C2 v P2 phi m bo theo quy nh l D2=0,65D1 v m bo in cc ph C2 v P2 nm ngoi vng nh hng ca t tip t. Trn hnh 3 M t nh hng ca t l D2/D1 ti tnh chnh xc ca kt qu o in tr. Nh vy nhn vo th trn hnh 1 ta thy vi t l D2/D1 = 0,62 s cho kt qu ng vi tr s tht nht. Nhn vo th trn ta cng nhn thy trn trc D2/D1 ti ln cn gi tr 0,62 ng gi tr in tr o c gn bng ng gi tr chnh xc ca t tip t v thc t chng minh cho php sai s D2/D1 dao ng cng tr 10%.

Gi tr in tr o c

Gi tr chnh xc ca t tip t

0,62

D2/D1

Hnh 3. S nh hng ca kt qu o do b tr in cc. Nhn vo th hnh 3 ta s suy ra c nu ta dch in cc p P2 li gn t tip t tr s in tr tip t o c s nh hn tr s chnh xc, nu dch in cc p P2 ra xa t tip t (gn in cc dng C2) s o c tr s ln hn tr s chnh xc. 2.4 nh hng ca vic b tr in cc khng m bo khong cch t in cc p C2, dng P2 n t tip t Thc t hin nay cc t tip t cho cc trung tm Vin thng thng c quy m ln, din tch ca t tip t c th ln n vi nghn m2 v ng cho D ca li tip t thng vo khong 50 n 100 m. Nh vy m bo khong cch t li tip t n in cc dng phi b tr ic cc dng cch t tip t n hng trm m, tuy nhin hin nay cc my o in tr tip t trn mng li c dng pht tng i nh, ch yu l pht dng di 10 mA, v vy my o khng th o c khong cch ln ln n hng

trm mt c, ng thi cc my o ny thng ch trang b cc dy o ngn, khong 30 n 50 m., c bit c 1 loi my dng ph bin nht trn mng li ca VNPT l my Kyoritsu 4102 v 4105 c dy o di nht ch l 15m. Khi s dng my o pht dng nh, khng th o c khong cch di dn n vic b tr in cc dng v in cc p ngay bn trn t tip t hoc trong bn cu tng ng ca t tip t, nh vy gi tr in th o c trn mch in p ca my o ch l chnh lch in p gia cc im khc nhau trong in cc bn cu tng ng ca t tip t. Nh phn trn trnh by in th ca cc im khc nhau trong in cc bn cu tng ng khi c dng chy vo c in th bng nhau, nh vy gi tr in p trn mch in p o c nh hn rt nhiu so vi chnh lch in p ca t tip t v t chun v nh vy gi tr in tr o c cng nh hn rt nhiu so vi gi tr tht ca t tip t. Qua s liu so snh gia kt qu o ca cc Bu in tnh v kt qu o kim ca nhm o kim tip t chng st Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in cho thy sai s do b tr in cc p trn t tip t so vi cch b tr chnh xc ln n 30, 40 ln. Bng 1. Mt s loi my o in tr tip t ph bin v cc thng s chnh Dng o, mA 2; 10; 50 0,1; 1; 10 0,1; 1; 10 3,2 10 0,1; 1; 10 3,5 5 5 50 0,1; 1; 10 Tn s, Hz 128 128 128 325 128 128 128 2701/ 14701 135 121,6 128 128

TT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 4500

M my o

Hng sn xut AEMC AEMC AEMC AEMC AEMC Chauvin Arnoux Chauvin Arnoux Duncan Instruments Avo Int Avo Int Avo Int Avo Int

S cc 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4

4610, 4610 Kit 4620, 4630 3610 3620 Kit CA6421, CA6423 CA6460, 6462 EM4055 No. 250260 No. 250261 DET2/2 DET 3/2

13 14 15 16

DET 5/4D, 5/4R DET 62D 4102 (ch th kim) 4105 (ch th s)

Avo Int Avo Int Kyoritsu Kyoritsu

4 4 3 3

0,1; 1; 10 0,1 ; 1 2 2

128 128 -

3. Kt lun o in tr tip t bng phng php im ri in p 62% l phng php ph bin nht trn th gii v cng l phng php ph bin nht Vit Nam. Bi bo ny trnh by nguyn l c bn ca phng php o v cc nh hng n kt qu o khi thc hin khng chnh xc cc yu cu bt buc ca phng php cho c gi c c thng tin y v su sc v phng php o p dng phng php o mt cch chnh xc.

Ti liu tham kho: 1. Tagg, G. F.: "Measurement of earth-electrode resistance with particular reference to earth-electrode systems covering a large area", PROC. IEE, Vol. III, No. 12, December 1964. 2. Manuel J. Leibovich, "Analytical study of the 1.11 rule for earth resistance measuring. 3. Ti liu ca mt s hng sn xut my o in tr tip t nh AEMC, Chauvin Arnoux, Duncan Instruments, Avo Int v.v.