Learning all the Time

John Holt
s[LRiVN][sRLi zms \sLi
@sVyRLi c s. $syxqs RNRPsLji

1. RRsRLi c yRVRLi
"C xmsoxqsNRPLi yj @s J xmsoxqsNSs dxqsVNRPVs sVsxqsVNTP xRVNRPVs yRV NRPsVNTP xmsoxqsNRP
xmsxmsLiRLi[NTP xmss[aRPLi ]LjiNTPLij. A xmsxmsLiRLi[ FLRixqsR*Li LiLij.'

RRsysNTP NSszqsLij ssVNRPLi

INRPryLji s[sV INRPLiNTP ssV y VFyxmss RWysVs. A Fyxmss RWzqs N]s[Q LiVVLij. BxmsVRV H[
DLi[VsW. @LiR RWLRiLi[ s[sV NRPszmsLiRgSs[ yZNP[zqs JsWLRiV FsgSjgS RWzqsLij. "xmslLi[ R V sVLiy[!" @sVNRPVLij
NS[V NS}qsxmso @RWNRP RgiR LjiNTP s y][ }qsxLi [zqsLij. "yNRPV RRsRLi s[Ljiryy?' @sTgjiLij. Rs D[aRPLi
@LRiLiNSNRP xqslLi[ @ysV. y. xqsWqs yzqss " hop on pop' xmsoxqsNRPLi dxqsVN], ssV ZNP, rFny dsVR
NRPWL][, y I[ NRPWLRiVs xmsoxqsNRPLi Lji sVgS, gRiLRigS RRsRLi ALRiLiLiLij. y][ NRPWLRiVs RRyLi[
sVVLiRV y][ ryszRLi, }qsxLi @sxqsLRiLi NS[V!
"Lives of children ' (zms syV) @s mx soxqsNRPLi[ L`i sxqss, [}qs @s[ @yR zmsyT][ Rs
@sVys }msL]LiW qx sLjigS B[ @LiRV. C [}qs RRVso xqsLiy [NRPVLiy sRsTgS dsR V[ Ljilgi[ NRPVLSRV.
@Li y RRVsoN][ysNTP IzmsLiRRLi FsLi][ NRPxtsQLi. A zmsyT][[ sxqss GNSLiRLigS J gRij[
xqssWs[aRPsV[VyRV. A xqssWs[aSV FsLiR yRVNRPLigS DyW A xmsoxqsNRPLi[ B sLjixqsVyRV sxqss c
""RRVso sxtsQR VLi[ s[VLi [R V[[V NRPXztsQNTP sW sVR @sVLiR s[V xmsoyj. sVVR sVLi[ [}qsNTP y dsVR
ssVNRPLi NRPVjLjiLij. y sWsVWV sxtsQR VLi @szmsLiy A ssVNRPLi [NRPVLiy Rs sxtsQR VLi[ GdsV ryR Li NSRs
@szmsLiLij...''
A ssVNSsNTP NSLRiLi Bk @s BRsVRLigS xms[NRPFsRV. NSs RRVso }msyT dsVR @NSLRiLigS NRPlgi[
ssVNRPs[V A zmsyT RRVsoNTP $NSLRiLi RVRVRVLij, xmsoyj @soRVLij.
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[xqsVs Q [ DLiVLij. J @xmsLjiR xmsxmsLiRLi[NTP @RVgRiV|msRVRVsV DLiVLij. RVs[VxqsVLij! RRVsoRVLi[ Rmx sVV
]LRiVyLiVV. yNRP zmsRRNRPVNRPV FRVLij. xqsLjigS RRsNRP F[ @sR y GsVsVNRPVLiL][! sWryLRiV T[ FsLiR
@ssWsLi. zqsgiR V][ RFy. BLi sVRs][ sVVRsoRVLij RRVso.
A ryxxqsRWR[ RVV[LSLi[ N]LiR FRLi NSy, \ LRiLi NSy, ssVNRPLi NSy. @sNRPy sVLi
RxmsVV s}qs N]LixmsV @LiVNRPVFss dsV NSy, Ry sLi NSy. NSs sWsVWVgS NSq s LRiWsV
yysLRiLi BLiRVNRPV @sVNRPWLigS DLiRRV. Rmx sV sVT[ ][ syLiR VV sNTPLjiryLiR V, xqsLjijRVyLRiV. r dN][
RLRiV NRPWy C ssLSsNTP sVRRV sxqsVLiRV. yLi][ syLij NTP NSq s LRiWsV J sLRiNRPLi ][xqsVLij.
N][xms>ylgis sgRiLRiLi RgRiLRi "\s r' (N]R V T) @s T DLij. ks gRiVLjiLi y "Instead of
school ' ("TNTP RVVgS...') @s[ xmsoxqsNRPLi[ NRPWy y xmsRLi LjigjiLij. BNRPR RRsysNTP xms[NRP
syNSLRiNRPsW[sd DLiRso. FyhRixmsNRP sLi[sd V DLiRRV. NSxqsVV DLiRso. @R RVs XLiyV DLiRso.

[R s DLiRRV. xmsLkiORPQV DLiRso. GdsV DLiRso. |msRlgi[ zmsV NRPWy yNTP Gj NSs}qs @j, FsxmsVRV NSs}qs
@xmsVRV, FsLiR NSs}qs @LiR, FssLji sR NSs}qs yLji sR ZNP RRVsoNRPVLiW DLiLRiV. NSs @NRPR zmsLiRLjiNUP
zqss sxtsQR VLi (@j NRPWy xmsNRPqx sW [LRiVV DLiRso, zmsV yLiRNRPV y[ VxqsVNRPVLiLRiV) GLiLi[, zmsNTP
FsxmsVRV Vj xmso y y zmsRVRsV Rl\ Lis LSxqsVqs s=s s @Tgji[ RRVso FyRV. C LSxqsVqs
AsVxso. @Rsj NRPLiRV gRiLi gRiLidLRi\sVs xqs*LRiLi. NSs sVXRV ztsQ. Fs[ G xqsWV zmss=FyVgS
mx ss[aSRV. zmsNTP BRRLi[ FyLi.
J zmsyTN][, FyxmsN][ DsVLiT RRVso dsVR gS sVLij @sVNRPVLiyLi. J xmsoxqsNRPLi xmsVNRPVs A Fyxms s[LRiVgS
LSxqsVqs RgiR LjiNTP s "y][ NRPzqs RRVsoyy?' @s @RVgRiVRVLij. "JRVqs' @LiRV LSxqsVqs. @ sVVRsoRVLij
y RRVso. BR LRiW NRPzqs LSxqsVqs gRijNTP sLRiV. RLRiV xmsNRPs[ NRPWLRiVs RRVso sVVRRVRVLij Fyxms. C
ssLRiLi[ LSxqsVqs |msRgS [NRPLi [qx sVNRPVLiVsV NRPszmsLiRRV. sVR sVR [ sVXRVsogS "sLki gRiV`, sLki gRiV`'
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ELRiVNRPVLiRV. C RLiRV J BLRi\ s ssVVuyV rygRiVRVLij. Fyxms RRVsoN][s RLi A}mszqs, xmsoxqsNRPLi sVW}qszqs LiVVgS sVL][
xmss[ xmsTFRVLij.
\|mss Ljigjis ssLSs "[Rs', "bPORPQ' sLi sW][ sLij LiRRLi N]LiLi NRPxtsQs[V. zmsNTP RRsRLi
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s[LRiVNRPVs bPORPQ xmsRRVds INRPNRPgS sj|msRLi. zmsNTP NSxqsLiR sVRRV, [RVWR ss*ysNTP sVLi
sVdsVLjis Dy=xLi][ GLi [zqsy @j @sVNRPVs mx nsy ss*Rs sxtsQRVLi Rs @sVsLi[ VxqsVNRPVyRV
LSxqsVqs.
sVV\|ms# gRiLiV
zms[ xqs*RgS RRys Vj xmsoLi[ C "xqsRVLi' FsLiR NSLi @Lijy*s @TgSsV LSxqsVqs s.
INRP aSxqsQs[R LSxqsVqs Rs xmsWgS mx nsys mx sjLigS ssWRV [xqsVNRPVs, N]UNRPLjiLiRVNRPVyRV. sVVRLi 30
gRiLiNRPV \|msgS G zmsyRW Rs sR RRs[Rs LSxqsVqs FyRV. rylLiNRPV qx sgRiVs 20 ssVuyV ]xmsVs C xmshRisLi
N]j s FyV rygjiLij. N]LiRLRiV zmsV @LiRNRPy RNRPVs xqssVRVs[V RjyLRiV. N]LiRLRiV @xqsV FsxmsoRW
RRss[[RV. "\s r'[ Rjss zmsV BLiRVsVLiRV @LiRLRiW s[VztsQRVsV (\|xqsWV)NTP sLRiV. BNRPR
RRVso y NRPhjisLigS DLiVLij. BNRPR NRPWy "\s r' zmsV y LSLiyLRiV. @Li[ Fs Rjsy, FsLiR
Rjsy, FsLiR NSLi Rjsy xqs*RgS sVVLiRVN] RjyLRiV NRPsVNRP y LiRLRiW sVLi RRVsLRiV[ @RWLRiV.
sVV\|ms# gRiLi RRVso... C sVV\|ms# @s xqsLi yNRPV sVL][ ][ NRPWy FsRVLRiLiVVLij. JryLji IxW[
NUPQyLi` sgRiLRiLi[ J sWs sy NSLRiNRPsWsNTP xqsyLRiVgS ssV. syLiR V sRVxqsV 30NTP, 50NTP sVR
DLiVLij. y }msRyLRiV. yLji[ xqsgRiLi sVLij dsg][ yLRiV. y sVLij @xms[ztsQR W xmsLRi*R FyLiRLi sVLi][, ROTPQ
@sVLjiNS sVLi][ NPU Qy LiRVNTP sxqs ss yLRiV. sVVRL i sVWRV yLS FyV sVWRV RFnyVgS NSxqsVV LjigSLiVV.
sVVR RFny[ xmsd LS lLiLiRV gRiLiV, yLSsNTP HRV L][V ]xmsVs @Li[ sVWRV yLSVgS sVV\|ms# gRiLi
FyV NSxqsVV LjigSLiVV.
FyhSNTP "NS gS[' yzqss "Words in colours' (LRiLigRiV[ xmsyV) @s[ mx soxqsNRPLi[ xmsTs J
@ VRRV xmsRs (N]LiLi @s xmsR @s BxmsVRV @szmsrLij) yRRLi LjigjiLij. xqsLjigS ssWgji}qs C xmsR
qx sRys[ BxqsVLij. NSs BLiRV[ RLiR FyR FsNRPVsgS DLiVLij. RLRiV gRiyRV NSNRPF[ xmsWgRiLi
dsLRiVgSLjiFRVLij. @xqsV A RLRiNTP NRPWy NSLRiNRPsWsNTP N]LiLi sVVLi[ xysoTgS RLkiRV ss*RLi LjigjiLij. A
NSLRiNRPsW[ RLiR xmssdLRiV gRisVsLiysV. y sVLij RLiR V C xmsRs sxmsoLigSs[ yyLRiV @szmsLiLij.

INRPLjiRLRiV y gS yyLRiV. N]LiRLRiV sxmnsVRWLRiV. @lgi[ syLiR V,[ NSxqsV[ NRPWy \ ssR Li NRPszmsLiLij.
N]s NSxqsV[ sVLi Dy=xLi NRPszmsLiLij. syLiR V[ NRPWy xmsVR Dy=xLi gRi y y sVLij DyLRiV.
BNRPR s[LRiVNRPVsj A syLiR VNTP RLRiVyR FsLiRsLRiNRPV DxmsWgRixmsTLij @s sxtsQR VLi dsVR G\sy
@sVxqsLiys @RRVyV Ljilgi[W [][ yNRPV dRV. G\[s[Li C sVV\|ms# gRiLi mx shRiyxqsLi][ A syLiR VV
RsVNRPV NSszqssLiR \ sxmsos, RsVNTP NSszqssLiR s[VLRiNRPV xqsLiFyjLiyLRis C NSLRiNRPsWs gRisVsLiyNRP yNRPV gRi
@FyRVLi GLRiTLij.
A L][[s[ Fy[ xmnsRVL`i @s J RVs sys[R gRiVLjiLi sysV. BRRV xqsLixmsn VxqsLixqsQQLiR NRPWy.
BRRV [ sLRiV}msR FyLiy[s mx sW[ \lLiRVNTP RRsRLi, yRVRLi s[LjiLi[yRV. A RLRiVyR A [aRPxmso
sVLki xmsVR*Li @RgS [aRPLi sVLiT RLjisVzqsLij. @j s[lLi[ sxtsQR VLi. CRVs [j Lis sysysLi xms[NRPLigS
DLiVLij. N]LiLi BLi syss[V zqs*RW GxtsQs Rs ""xyLji'', ""DFyyLiVVs'' @s xmsoxqsNS[
sLjiLiLij. @LiVV[ Fy[ LRiWF~LijLis sysLi zqs*RW zmss ysNTP sVLjiLiR @VRRV (LSNUPRVLigS
sxms yRNRP\sVsj NRPWy) LRiWxmsLi @sVN][sRV. \lLiRVNTP LSNUPRV xmsLjizqsRV gRiVLjiLi, yNTP, y NSLRiLigS ysVV
FsRVL]LiVs xqssVxqsNTP sVR xqsLiLiys gRiVLjiLi [}msyRV. sVLji sVLkiNTP sRsj xqsLjigS B[! Rs
xqsLixtsQ[ RLRiRV ]lLi[ xmsys RRsRLi, yRVRLi s[LjiLi[yRV. A }msR l\ LiRVV RsVLiRNTP ysVV RRVsoNRPVLiW
FsysNTP ZNP[sLi 30 gRiLi RLkiRV ys BRRV NRPWy gRisVsLiyRV.
sVV\|ms# gRiLiV. @Li[ qx sW[ INRP yLRiLi. RRsRLi @s[ xmsNTPRV VVNRP xmsLjisWLi.
@ORPQLS AsxtsQLRi
zms xmsxmsLiRLi, sVVLigS @LiZNP, @ORPQLS xmsxmsLiRLi FsLiR RsRLigS DLiVLi][ INRP zmsyT RgRiLRiVLi[
s[LRiVNRPVysV. A zmsyT }msLRiV NTPq s. H[yRV. sV RVLRiVgS DLiRV. L][ ysV s[VLki][ y A{mnsxqsVNTP
s[yRV.
NTPqs RLiT Lki \QsLRiV. [sLig`i Lki sTzmsryR V. @LiRV[R NTPq s ARVNRPVs[ sV[ NRPWy NSLiR V, xqsV=V,
LkiV c Bs[ DLiLiVV. A sV[ FyV N]s mx sLi NRPdsVV NRPWy DLiLiVV. A xms LRiNRPLRiNSVgS NRPzms
\|s[V, JsL`i TV, LiORPQsV sLisds sLjiryRV. gRiLi RLRiT C ry=V ARVRW NRPWLRiVLiRV. A NSLiR V,
LkiV A xms sLi sTzmsxqsVLiRV. sVR sVR [ |\ qsLRis NRPWR][ J Fqs NSLRiV sxqsVLiVLij. C RLiRLiy
LRiVgRiVRVLi[ ys][ W G][ NRPR @ ysLi VRVLiRV. B @ds sVLjiFLiVV LiVVgS
ARVNRPVLiVLiRV. @LiVV[ gRiR N]j s[ NTPqs A[ J sWLRiV sLij. mx ss N]s LRiNSVgS }msLji[ @s
@ORPQLSs F DLiRVs NTPqs gRisVsLiyRV. RsV NRPsVNRPVs C N]R sxtsQRVLi INRP lLiLiRV ryLRiV yNRPV
RWLiyRV NRPWy. @xmsVRxmsVRV A @ORPQLRiLi GLi @s @Tgji NRPsVNRPVs[ yRV. NSs @xmsVRxmsV[. sWsVWVgS
@LiVV[ Rs yxqsLiy L][RV, LkiV, \|qsLRis NRPWRV c ds dsV[.
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RRW\lLis N]s "@ORPQLSs' sLRiVxqsgS }msLji @[Li xmsRLi @sTgSRV. A xmsy[ @RQORPQLRiLi DsQLiVV[ NTPF[Vy.
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J ryLji RsV ARVNRPVLiWLi[ RWzqs Rs mx s[ INRP ][ "U' @ORPQLRiLi DLiRs xqsWLiysV. yLi][ sVd
Dy=xLi s "xmsyV' }msLRiVRW @s[Lis @RgRiRLi sVVRV|msRV. Fs[ sR\sVs, mx sNRPysNTP ds [ s

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ys |msR gS xms LiRVN][[R V NTPq s. NS}qsxms RLRiVyR RsNTP "S' @ORPQLRiLi sLi sVVNRP INRP ]LjiNTPLij. ysNTP "J,I,T,U'
NRPzms[
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y sV, AsV][ V sW A{msn xqsV[ xmss[}qs {qs s @s[ NRPVLSRV syLRiV. BRLRiW NRPzqs A gRij[ Ds FylLi= s
Fxqs V ys [NPT FsNTPLiRRLi sVVRLRiV. NTPqs Dy=xLigS A xms[ FyyRV. |msR |msR sxqsVs oNTP xqsLiLij Lis G
xms\sy NTPq s NTP y Bxts QLi. y sVLij zmslgi[ NTPq s NTP RsV xqsLjigS xmsVN][sV NRPWy [sLiR |msR sxqsVs o FsR R Li
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sLRiWzmsLiRVN][ys yT ALSLi.
sVR sVR[ DsVLiT NTPqs sVd Rs @ORPQLS A[NTP sF[VyRV. C A sVLiT yRV
s[LRiVNRPVsj GsV? @ORPQLS LRiWFy Rmx s sVlLi[\sVy DLiy? INRP[sVLi[ @ORPQLSV NRPXsV ANRPXRVV @s
sxtsQRVLi. lLiLiRsj GLiLi[ @ORPQLSs NRPWLji mx syV VVRV @s sxtsQR VLi. sVWRsj GLiLi[ @ORPQLSs G
sRLigS NRPzmsy @][ xmsRLi, @Li[ @LRisLiR\sVs xmsRLi, NSNRPFsRs sxtsQRVLi. N]s sxqsVsos sVsLi sWsVWVgS
N]s xmsRRV[s[ yRRLi, N]s N][ sVLi[ RWRRLi [qx sVLiLi (NTPqs ARVNRPVs[ mx s). NSs ys[ sVL][ sRLigS
y]RV, sVL][ N][Li sVLiT RW]RV (@ORPQLS) ss sxtsQRVLi NRPWy C A sVLiT @LRisVso][Lij. @lgi[
sxqsVsoNTP sWsVWVgS zqss xmsWy NRPy, ds N]R xmsWyV DLi]RV ss sxtsQR VLi. NTPq s A
sRLigS @ORPQLS gRiVLjiLi VxqsVNRPVs RLiy xqs*RgS, ry*sVsLi[ VxqsVNRPVs sxtsQR WV. Rs xqs*LiR @sxqsLS
N][xqsLi, xqsLRiy N][xqsLi NRPsVNRPVs sxtsQR WV. |msR y sVxmsV N][xqssW, |msR y FRLi dsV][ VxqsVNRPVs
sxtsQR WV NSso. G][ @xmsVRxmsVRV "Bj yNRPV zqsLij RWaSy?' @s RsV NRPsVNRPVs yLi[ yN][ lLiLiRV
sxtsQRWV sT [zqsy, @RLiy y sVxmsV N][xqsLi s[LRiVN][[R V. s[sV sVVNRPV A NRPVLRiyRV RsV s[LRiVNRPVsj
FsxmsVxmsVRV s yNRPV xmsRLji+ryy @s ARVRgS FsRVLRiV RWxqsW DLi[y .
xmsy xmsLjibdPs
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LRiRLiVVRV A D a[ PR Li][ A xmsoxqsNRPLi yRV[R V. A xmsoxqsNSs y RRLiRVV Rjs zmsNTP RRsRLi s[LjiryLiR s
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@j Rzms[ A xmsoxqsNRPLi[ Fs[ sVLi sxtsQRWV DyLiVV. xmsd }ms[sV }msNTP \|msgRiLi[ BLigkixqsV[
GNSORPQLiR xmsyV DyLiVV. DyxLRiNTP -an aRPLi][ sVVgji}qs xmsyV c can, Dan, fan, man, Nan, pan,
ran, tan, an, ban, van. A RLRiVyR C mx sys DxmsWgjiqx sW s s yNSV DyLiVV. RLRiVyR -at
aRPLi][ sVVgji}qs xmsyV c bat, cat, fat, mat, Nat, pat, rat, sat, at, tat, vat. ds][

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-am, -ab, -at, -ig, -in, -id, sVVR\s aRP][ @LiRsV[V mx syV DyLiVV. C mx syds NSyLi[
sVss[V A[LiRVNRPVs NRPWLRiVN][s RV ss[V. NSs @sds Fssl\ Liy @ @sVsogS sLik NRPLjiLi, INRP ][ |msR |msR
@ORPQLS][ qx sxtsQLigS @RV s[}qs rNRPLRiLigS DLiVLij. xmsd }ms[sV A }ms[ ss sdss xmsy][
NRPWLjis yNSVLiLiVV. @s NSNRP @LiRNRPV sVVLiRV ss xmsyV NRPWy DLiLiVV. @LiVV[ A yNSV NRPsVs
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Bj sVVNRPV y sLi. mx sRLi |msLRiVgRiVRVs N]j yNSV }msLRiVNRPVs NRPRVgS LRiWF~LiRVyLiVV.
@ sVgS sWL][ }ms yNRP s[xqsLjiNTP (N]s ryLiR V BLiNS sVVLi[) zmsNTP "RRVso[s sVLRiLi' GsV[
mx sVTFRVLij. A @sVsLi][ zmsV sVgS yLiRNRPV y[ mx sNRP[ |^sV, \|qs[LRiVV, yFyLRixmsNRPsV
sVVR\ss RRsRLi sVVRRyLRiV.
BLi mx soxqsNPR Li INRPVLi[ zmsNTP LRilgiRVysNTP soLiVLij. y s[Vsg][RNTP yVlgi[mx sVRV A mx soxqsNSs
y NTP BysV yLi][ Rs NRPWRVLjiNTP RRVso VRVLiRs. NSs y s[Vsg][RV gSs, A RLS*R AsV
RsVVT sxtsQR VLi[ gSs RRVso }ms xmsRVy[sd xmsn LiR[R V. RRVso VysVs Fssl\ Liy sVVLiRVN]}qs
sVVLiTgS sLSNRPLjiLi[yLRiV. [V sRs FyLjiF[VyLRiV. @LiRV[R @[ xmsoxqsNSs y NTP @LiRVV[ |ms
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sVgjiFLiVVLij.
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}ms[s[ sVV DyLiVV. RNTPs }ms[ @ds @ORPQLS[. @ds y |msR |msR @ORPQLSV. qx sVLigS zms RXzts QNTP
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y RgRilLi[ gRisVNRP s zmsVLi[ Rmx sNRPVLiy C mx soxqsNRPLi (BLis[ sVlLi[ mx soxqsNSs NRPWy) Brys V. ys
y Fs RRVsoyL][, GLi [ryL][ y ZNP[ sj[rys V. ssV Rjs |mssVs @Tgji[ RRVsoysV. [RLi[
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A[Li RW}qs A NSxqs ]LRis NRPWy zmsV "bPORPQ' NTPLi[ dxqsVNRPVs @LiRLRiLi VyLRis @szmsxqsVLij. xqsRWs
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RRsysNTP xqsLizqsR R
zmsNTP RRsRLi Fs s[LS @s sxtsQR VLi dsVR sV s[Vyso\s sVs sys[RV Fs[ sLiR sLiR
xqsWRsxqsW syLRiV. RRsysNTP zmss zqsR Li RWLi ZNP[s Li sVVs xmsoxqsNSV y RWLiy, A
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ryLji A[}qs @j sLigS g]xms @RVR Li @szmsxqsVLij. ysVV "[j}qs' Rmx s zmsNTP GdsV RZNPNRPRV @s
@xLiNRPLjiLi[ |msRNTP C @RVR Li J gRiVFyhRiLi. RsV RVW |msRV sWRVNRPVLiWLi[ ss zmsV s[LRiVNRPVLiLRiV.
sVVLigS BNRPR gRisVsLiRszqss sxtsQR VLi GsVLi[ |msRV sW[ yLi[ zmsNTP s[LS @s D a[ PR Li][
sW[j y RNRPVs[. yNTP xmsLRixqsLRiLi sWRVNRPVs[ sxtsQR WV DLiLiVV NRPsVNRP sWRVNRPVLiLRiV. NRPsVNRP |msR
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DLiLiVV. @s sV\sss. sWV yT |msRV mx ssVV LjizmsLiRVNRPVLiLRiV. sW FyLi, sVs zmsyRV
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FsLi][ sVLij zmsgSs[ s[sV NRPWy sxmsVRV yNRPV s[s[ RRsRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV. yNRPV xmsNRPLi DsLiR
s[VLRiNRPV yNRPV |msR gS FssLRiW s[LRi[R V. |\ msNTP RRsRLi, RjsLiRRLi sLis |msR gS FssLRiW [R V[RV. s[sV N]LiLi
|msR yRWNRP yNRPV, sW LiVVNTP sW sV INSsR xmsoxqsNSV Rjs sszmsLi[j . NSs @xmsZNP[ sWNRPV RRsRLi
gS s[zqsLij. xg][ zmnsLig`i yzqss " Dr. Dolittle' xmsoxqsNSV Rjs[j @sR. BRLRiLi AsRNTP BLRixmsNRP
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@LiRVZNP[ A NRPRV sWNRPV s[s[sW @szmsxqsVLij.
RRsysNTP yNRPV xqsWQ Lij ss sVL][ sxtsQRVLi GLiLi[ A L][[ (@j y, y NSLi NTPRLi) zms
mx soxqsNS[ y RNRPVs sVVLi[s. N.C. Wyeth @s J g]xms RNSLRiVRV DLi[yRV. y sVV
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RxmssxqsLji @s @LiR sVLiVVLij. @LiRVNRPs Fsg][ RRsRLi s[LRiVNRPVysV.
RRsysNTP zmsV zqsR Li NSyLi[ zmsNTP @RQORPQLRiLi][ gSR \ sVs xmsLjiRRVLi GLRiy. sV][ NSRV,
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y NRPNTP BLi\|mss LRiLigRiV LRiLigRiV, |msR |msR @ORPQLS][ sxqsQXR ryszRLi GLRiy. A sRLigS A @ORPQLS][
xmsLjiRRVLi |msLRiVgRiVRVs N]j Aj[ @LRiLi [s ANRPXRVVgS, sNSVgS, sLiNRPLRiVgS NRPszmsLi[ @ORPQLSV, NRPsVLigS zqsLRi
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@s Fss\lLiy [ soLiVLij. sVVLi[ [ @xqsLiRLRiLigS DLiVLij.
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B |msR ysLjiNRP xmsxmsLiRLi[ sVVFyR gRi LRiNRPLRiNS xmsys g][R ZNPNTPLiy. |msR [NRPLi[ RsV
@soRV, Fs[ @RVR NSLSNTP @syLRiLigS DLi[ xqssWyLRiLi B DLiVLij @s y NRP NTP NRP sV DLiy.
sVsVxtsvV GLi [xqsVLiLRiV, GLi RVgRiLRiV @s[j VxqsVN][yLi[ rxtsQ mx soxqsNRPLi NRPy, dFns \LRiNRPLki[ Fs[
}msV sVsNTP Fs[ sxtsQRWV VxmsoyLiVV.

xqs*RVLi bPORPQ xmsR

lgiLiy |qsN`P= @s[ AsR "Gnys at work ' @s J RNRPs xmsoxqsNRPLi yzqsLij. Rs N]RVNRPV Fy RsNRPV
ysVgS RRsRLi Fs s[LRiVNRPVsk A xmsoxqsNRPLi[ ssLjiLiLij. sVVR[ Rs[ s s yNSV NRPWLRiVNRPVs sVgS
yNRP sLSs sVLRiVgRiV xmsLRiVxqsW NRPsVLigS |msRV y}qsLi RNRPs xtsQ yRVgRigSRV. Gnys at work
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xmsoLij. zmsV GLi s[LRiVN][y[, Fs s[LRiVN][y[ sVVLi[ sLRiLiVVLiRNRP, [s s[LRiVN][sys\ZNP[ zmsV sVVLiRVgSs[
NRPXztsQ [xqsVyL][ A yLji[s[ ys FR=zLi[ ss[NRPLi gRi RLiR V Fs sRVRVNRPVLiL][ A xmsoxqsNRPLi[ DLij.
syssxqs s sWLRiysNTP NRPXztsQ [xqsVs RLiR NTP, RRLiRVNTP NRPWy C xmsoxqsNRPLi sVLi }msLRis, xqsWQ Lij s BxqsVLij.
lgiLiy N]RVNRPV Fy H[ xmsVLi[ yRVRLi sVVRRV. INRPryLji ysV BLiN]s @RV][
sWRVRW xysoTgS DLij. zmsyRV AsRs G][ @RgSs INRP lLiLiRV ryLRiV xmsRVLiyRV. AsR
xms LiRVN][[R V. yLi][ szqsgjiFLiVV J s NSgjiRLi dsVR, "RUDF ' @s yzqs ysV [[ |msRV. ysV
A xqsLi[aSs @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVLij. R.U.D.F. @Li[ "Are you deaf?" (ds ZNP[\ sVy sVVy?) @s A zmsyT
D[aRPLi. sLis[ N]RVNRPV xmsjs gRiVLjiLiLij. @xmsVLi yT bPORPQ[ RgRiV gRiR dqx sVN][sRLi sVVRLij.
zmsyRV sV sVgS BLigkitx sv uy ys |msLiRVN][rygSRV. N]RVNRPV G G mx sRRV[ mx soL][gRisVxqsVy][,
FsLi @RVgRiV[ sVVLiRVNRPV sRVxqsVy][ @Liy A R sbPRLigS gRisVsLi Rs xmsLjibdPy xmnsys aRPRgS
gRiLiR xqs Li RVRLi sVVRLij.
""BLiNS xmszqsy\s y N]RVNRPV xmsoL][gRis gRiVLjiLi [V= dxqsVNRPVLiVsxmsVRV @RLiy RLRiVyR xmsLjia][R sgS
LRiWF~LiRVRVLiRs s[sV EzLiR[RV. yNRPV sVVQ\sVs qx sLixmnsVss mx soxqsNRPLi[ yxqsVNRPVs[ @yV DLi[j . Fy
xmsy |qsLig`i s[LRiVNRPVLiVsxmsVRV s[sV Fs[ AxqsNTPNRPLRi\sVs sxtsQRWV gRisVsLiysV. yNRPV RLRiVyR zqsLij.
ylLiqs Lki` zms dsVR xmsLjia][RsV [zqs zmsNTP mx sLjiuyLRi sWLiR Li dsmx sVRV yLiRNRPV y[ N]R N]R sWLSV
sRVNRPVLiLRiV @s NRPsVNRPVyRV. Fy sxtsQR VLi[ NRPWy A ILRisTs[ gRisVsxqsVysV...
C sRLigS INRP zmsyT syssLi sVVys, sysVsLi sVVys ORPVQLigS xmsLjibdPLi ssLRiLigS
yRVRLi @s[j Rs gRisVNRP, FsxmsVRW zmsyT Rgij lLi[ DLisV NRPsVNRP yNRPV dsLiVVLij gSs Bj sVL]NRPLjiNTP ryR Li
NSs xmss.''
ccccc

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LSxqsVyss y NTP @LiR sVLiVVLij. "GLi, LSxqsVyLRiV?' @s @Tlgi[y. NRPsVLigS y xms y sV[sLi @LRiQ\sV y
dsVR saS*xqsLi GLRiTLij NS[V. y LSR mx sLiRVN][sRLi sWs[aSLRiV. NSs s[sV [qx sVs[sV[, y sVLiT s[sV
GLi VxqsVN][g][LRiVRVy[ qx sxtsQLigS sVVLi[ }ms}qs soLiVLiRs @szmsxqsVLij. @ [}qs y y @R RVy[
BxtsQxmspLRi*NRPLigS Fys[yLRiV @szmsxqsVLij.
lgiLiy |qsN`P= xms[NTPLi LSRVRLi s[LRi[R V. NRPdsxqsLi LSRVsVs FR=zLiRsV NRPWy [R V. AsV LSxqsVLi[
AsV lgi[ LSRWs Rxmss[ A zmsyTNTP Fy=sLij. @ORPQLSV, y DyLiR sWRLi s[LjiLiLij. A
@ORPQLSs RsNTP ][sV NRPWLRiVNRPVs mx sys sLjiLiRVNRPVs A zmsy[ LSRVRLi FyLRiLiLiyRV.
sVVR[ mx sy NRPWLRiV[ Fs[ Rmx sVV ]lLi[ s. @RQORPQLSs sj[}qsyRV. @yV dsVR sVgS Rs[ Rmx sVV
jRVNRPVLiW syRV.
lgiLiy |qsN`P= N]RVNRPV Fy BLiRNUP LSRVRLi FsLiRVNRPV s[LRiVNRPVyRV? FssLji xqsRVLi [NRPVy LSR
s[LRiVN][ys FsLiRVNRPV @szmsLiLij? y sVs sVzmsLiyy? NSxqsV xmsoxqsNSV sVVLi[ Rjs[zqs ][ syLRiVs,
RLRis sVzmsLiyy? Bs[sd NSLRiV NSso. @xqsV NSLRis[VsV[ lgiLiy |qsN`P= xqsxtsQLigS VRVLij. Rs
sVsxqsV[ sWsV sQQNRPLi RVysNTP LSRVRLi s[LRiVNRPVyRV. LSR @s[ sWR sVLi][ ][ yLji][ sWRysNTP
s[LRiVNRPVyRV.
Fy RRVso Fs s[LRiVNRPVLiWy][ VxqsVNRPVs[ xmsRVRLi[ lgi Liy A zmsy Fs[ xmsaRPV @Tlgi[j.
xmsLkiORPQ Lis Fs[ |ms[ j . xmsLkiORPQLi[ sWsVWVgS xqsW [ |ms[ xmsLkiORPQ Lis NSso. qx sW[ |ms[ mx sLkiORPQV zmsNTP
FsLiR Vr, sVVLigS FsLiR d][ VxqsVN][sysNTP |ms[s. NSs C xmsLkiORPQ D[aRPLi @j NSRV. N]RVNRPV G][
s[LRiVNRPVLiVyRs VxqsV. @LiVV[ GLi s[LRiVNRPVLiVyRV? Fs s[LRiVNRPVLiVyRV? G mx sR[
s[LRiVNRPVLiVyRV? RRVso @s[j J xmsRWLi Lij @sVNRPVLi[ A xmsRWLi[ sVd [Li? RRVso @s[
xmsNTPRV[ sVRLiRLRi RaRP# [Li? Bk AsR VxqsVN][g][lLi[j. ks }msLiRVZNP[ xmsLkiORPQV.
""Fy Rs\ZNP ys[ OSQQV sRVsVLiRVNRPVs y N][xqsLi NRPXztsQ [}qsyRV. INRP ryLiVV[ OSQQV sLRis[LRigSs[ |\ ms
ryLiVV OSQQV Rs[ LRiWF~LijLiRVNRPVs NRPXztsQs N]srygjiLi[yRV. B BLiNS BLiNS NRPxtsQ\sVs OSQQ N][xqsLi
aRPsVLi[yRV. A sRLigS @LiRNRPLiRNRPV \sVs OSQQ N][xqsLi aRPsVxqsW FsLi][ sVLij zms gSs[ qx sxLigS
xmsoL][giR sVxqsW syRV.''
Fsjlgi[ zmsV qx sLjigS Blgi[ FsRVgRiVyLRiV. NSs @RLiy xqsW[ [LjiLiyNSs[. INRPryLji xqsW[ [LSNRP OSQQsV
y LiRNRPV y sRVsVLiRVN][sRLi @LiW DLiRRV. qx sW[ yLji OSQQsV slLi[bPxqsVLij. GLi s[LRiVN][y[, Fs
s[LRiVN][y[, FsLiR [xms s[LRiVN][y[ @ds xqsW[ aSzqsxqsVLij. qx sWV slLi[bPLi[ OSQQV zms RLRig]RyLiVV.
mx nsy mx sRLi IxmsxmsNRPF[ [, xmnsy FyhRiLi LSxqsVNRPVLSNRPF[ RsV[ c Bk xqsWV xmsR. yLi][ xqs*RLiRLigS
OSQQV FsLiRVNRPVs[ @yV, y N][xqsLi FyVxms[ @yV RFRVLij. @LiRVZNP[ NS[V y sVLij zmsV
xqsW[ [LRiNRP sVVLi[ RRsRLi LSRVRLi s[LRiVNRPVLiLRiV.
"dsV zmsNTP Bj s[LjiLiRLiT,' "dsV zmsNTP @j s[LjiLiRLiT,' @s LS}qs mx soxqsNSs s[sV IxmsVN][sV. @Li
mx soxqsNSV zms[ RsVLiRNRPV ysVV VxqsVN][ys Dy=s, RsVLiRNRPV ysVV VxqsVN][gRisVs ssVNSs
@gRi]NRPVyLiVV. sVL]NRPLRiV [ Rmx s VxqsVN][[sVs @FyRWs NRPVgRi[ryLiVV.

""ZNPs` gRiVRs, ylLiqs Lki`, ... zmsRW[ (sLi sys[RV sLRiWzmsLisV), zmsV [}qs F~LRiV ZNP[sLi
RWRXNPR \ sVss NSso. (r dN][) y @sVxqsLjiqx sVs ss ssxqs NTP @s xmsLiV. syLRiVV [}qs
F~LRiV s RxmsVV @s N] FylLi[R VNRPVLiy, @LiRV[ RRVsoNTP @sxqsLRi\ sVs FsLi][ xqssWyLRiLi DLiRs
gRiVLjiLiRgRigji[, syLiR VV NRPWy @Li sLSRNRP RXNRPys @sLRiRVNRPVLiLRiV.''
"\sVLi` ryL`iQ=' @s[ xmsoxqsNRPLi[ }qssWL`i FyxmsL`i C sxtsQR Ws[ gS xqsxts QxmsLjiyRV. NRPLixmspL`i yRRLi
s[LRiVNRPVLiVsxmsVRV FssLjiZ\ NPy sVVR[ INRP xms[NRP\sVs BLij FsRVLRisoRVLij. NRPLixmspL`i @soV INRP
DLiVLiRs AbP}qs, yxqss Li[ sVL][ DLiVLij. sxtsQRVLi dNRP NRPLixmspLji ATFxqsVNRPVLiVLiLRiV. Rmx sV
NRPLixmspL][ [R V. FgSsW DLij. ys[ "bug' (][xtsQLi) @LiLRiV. ys jj [ @Liy xqsLiR VNRPVLiVLij. @lgi[ zmsV
[}qs "F~LRi' ssVNRP NRPWy INRP }RVso DLi]RV. INRP RxmsVRV ssVNRPsW, INRP RxmsVRV ssW DLi]RV. INRP
xqsLiRLRiLi[ s[LRiVNRPVs xqsys, sVL][ xqsLiRLRiLi[ RxmsVgS sLjiL ixms[xqsW DLi]RV.[NRPF[ y s[LRiVNRPVs[
xqssWyLRiLi[s @sNRPRsNRPNTP NRPsVNRP xmsRVRW DLi]RV. A NRPsVNRPs xqsxtsQLi [}qs, xqsLi[s dLji}qs, "sVVyLRi
s[Lji}qs,' RRVso }ms xmsRVRLi[ zms][ |msRV @ssxqsLRiLigS NRPV{qs xmssNRPlLi[ R s y @FyRVLi.
xmsy @LRiLi xqsLiRLSs[ xmsds
zmsV qx sLRiygS J NRP][, xmsN][ RRVsoNRPVLiVsxmsVRV G][ ds mx sRLi sLij @sVN][LiT. sLis[ RRsRLi
Azms A sW @LRiLi N][xqsLi sRNRPLRiV. Dy=xLigS sVVLiRVNTP rygjiFRVs NRPRs INRP sW N][xqsLi AxmsRLi y NTP Bxts QLi
DLiRRV. xqsLiRLSs sW @LSs EzLiRysNTP xmsRVQryLRiV. ""@xmsVy LS Rs RWLRiLi[ sVLiT J
s RVNTP daSRV,'' @s yNRPLi[ RWLRiLi @Li[ GLi[ NRPRLigS dNRPFLiVVy @[][ V |msVNRPVs[
|ms Li][, xqsLid Li][ @s xqsVLigS EzLiRsRV. N]LiLi NRPxts Q\ sVs xmsR\ sV[
yV\lgiRV xqs=LiRLS[ mx sLjiRRV\sV[ ys sVLRiLi B[ zqsFRVLij.
gS Rjs[ y , sVLi aRP sLi gRiyLRiV A ys sxmsn VLiVsoV s[zqs xqsLiFyjLiRLRiV. sWsVWV
xmsoxqsNSV Rjs xqsLiFyjryLiR V. y sxmsVRV, gS Rjs[ L][[ NRPWy FsxmsVRW sxmsn VLiVso sVVVNRPVs FyFys
F[R V. @xqsV y sR FsxmsVRW sxmsn VLiVso DLi[j NSRV. y s[ xmsVs 50 xmsyV NRPWy sxmnsVLiVso[ RWzqs
DLiRsV.
C sxmsn VLiVsoV Fs LSryL][ y sVLijNTP dRV. sVVLiRVgS sxmnsVLiVso xmsRVLjiLiRRRVNRPVs xmsRVLRi
xqsLixqs N]s sLiR sVLij "xqsLiFyRNRPV's sRVsVxqsVLij. yLjiNTP R Bs mx sy xqssVNSds ryzRLi[ A
xmsyVs yNSs }qsNRPLjiLiRsVLiVLij. INRP xmsysNTP Fss yNSV ds\ [ @s yNSV xmsVN][s RLi ds xmss.
RsV[ Ds js xmsNRPV, yLRi xmsNRPV, ss sVVR\s mx soxqsNSds gSLi A mx syVs yNSs sjNTP
xmsVNRPVLiLS xqsLiFyRNRPVV. IN][ mx sys ys LSzqss LRiRLiVVR G @LRiLi[ xmsWgjiLiy][ gRisVsLi, @ yV\lgiRV
xqsLiRLSV mx sLjibdPLi, Ry*LS sWNTP @LSs sLRi*ryLRiV. @Li[ mx sy @LSs gRiVLjiLi sVsVxtsv @FyRW
qx sLiNRPss[V sxmnsVLiVso @ssW.
yN][ N]R xmsRLi FsRV\lLisxmsVRV, A xqsLiRLRiLi[ ys @LSs s[sV gRizLiR[NRP FLiVVsLiR sWys, s[sV
GdsV VxqsVN][[NRPFRWss NSRV. A xqsLiRLRiLi[ A xmsys gRiVLjiLi G][ dgS @LRisVsoRVLij. @[ mx sRLi sVL][
xqsLiRLRiLi[ FsRV\lLisxmsVRV sVL][ sRLigS @LRisVsoRVLij. @ J xmsj, xmsj}sV xqsLiRLS[ A mx sRLi FsRV\lLi[ ys
xqs*LRiWxmss[VsV[ xqsxtsQLigS zqsFRVLij.
zmsV (ssNTP Bj |msRNTP NRPWy sLjixqsVLij) G\y RRVsoRVsxmsVRV RjsLiRLiy xmspLjigS @LRiLi

NSys sRVsVLi GLi [R V. RjsLij sWNTP sWLRiV aSRLi FssLjiNUP @LiR Li NSRV. Rjss yLi[ FsLiR @LiR sVsoRVLij
@s[j @j Rjs[yT @sV sLi dsVR AyLRixmsT DLiVLij. zmsNTP y Rjs[[][ Dy=xNRPLRiLigS DLi[ yV. BLiNS
BLiNS RRys @szms}qs yV... sVL][ sVVQ\sVs sxtsQRVLi GLiLi[ qx sLiRLSs sW @LSs gRizLiRysNTP
zmsV @yV mx sy. @xqsV sVLi FyhRiNRPVT ORPQLi @[. sW @LiR Li zmsNTP [, sxmnsVLiVso RWzqs
s[LRiVN][sVLi[ @[Li sW @LSs gRizLi[ @yV N][[yLRiV. sVLji sVsNRPV RVs ys A[Li,
a][jLi VxqsVNRPVs[ rysVLSQs[ NRPy s[VR xqsV= @LiLRiV!
Fs RRy c Fs RRsNRPWRRV
N]s[ NTPRLi J xqssVL`i NSLixmso[ RWs @s J dsg][ NRPVLSRV FsRVLRiRWRV. BRgSRV sLRiVxqsgS xmsLkiORPQ [
TLiNUPV N]RVRW Rs NSxqsV[ @RVgRiV rysLi[ DyRV. BRT qx sWV BRTNTP RRVso xmsRLi aRPVR RLiRVgRi @s
BRT dsVR AaRP sRVVNRPVLij. BLiRV sVLiRV sLRiORPQLSxqsVT NTPLiR sVNRP ELRiVNRPVLij. A NSLixmso[ y sVLij
zmsVyLRiV. @j NRPaSRLi }msR zmsV, ssVNRP R RLRigRiRV y zmsV. NSLixmso[ zms yLji qx sWV @sVy
gRiVLjiLi sWRsVyLRiV. xqsW[ y FsRVLRiVs[ NRPxtsQ xqsV gRiVLjiLi NSLixmso sLRi*zLi[ RLRiNTP ssLRiLigS
xmssVyLRiV. RWs sWRLi BLiRV sVLiRV ryRVLiNSLi sLRiNRPV [LRiVsxms[R V. INRPryLji sWRLi [LiR V Lji lLiLiRV
sVVNRPV @s ELRiVNRPVyRV. NSs A lLiLiRV sVVNRPW s[sV s[ sVLRiF[sV. sWRysNTP [ sLiRVyRV.
[[ G][ xmsoxqsNRPLi DLij. @j y. sWLjis WRL`i NTPLig`i LSzqss "Why we cant wait ' (C sLkiORPQ BNRP yV)
@s[ xmsoxqsNRPLi. A xmsoxqsNSs A NSLixmso[ BLiRV sVLi ryLiRLi RjyRV.
A xmsoxqsNSs [][ xmsVNRPVs ExmsoRW, VNRPVRVs xqs*LRiLi][ @LjiyRV c ""dsVLRiLiy yNUP xmsoxqsNRPLi gRiVLjiLi FsLiRVNRPV
xms[R V?'' A @LRiVxmso BxmsNUP y so[ sWLRiVsWgRiV][Lij. Bs[Q xqsWV sRLi[ Fss*LRiW A xmsoxqsNSs
RRssVs [ [, NRPdsqx sLi RWLiRsV NRPWy [[ @s N][xmsLi, R DyLiVV A @LRiVxmso[. xmssNTPsWs, ENRPRLixmsoRV
xmsoxqsNSV RRssVs s[j ryLiR V gSs, BLi sV\ss, @sxqsLRi\ sVs xmsoxqsNRPLi RjsLiys dsV ZNPxmsVRW @szmsLiR[[Li?
@s gRij Lixmso DLiy @LRiVxmso[.
BNRPR gRisVsLiRszqsLij GLiLi[ "Why we cant wait' RRsRLi @LiR xqsV Li NSRV. NRPhjis xmsy][,
yLiyRLiR yNS][ Rmx sVs N]LRiVNRPVRV mx sRRV. RWs Rjs[ xqsW[ s[ NSRV, sVlLi[ BRLRi \|xqsW[\sy ys
RRsgRi yLRiV xmsVsVs xmsj sVLij NRPWy DLiRLRis y ssVNRPLi. NSs ZNP[sLi lLiLiRs RLRigRi zmsNRPVLi[ mx shRis aRPNTP
gRiyRVgS y qx sWV [R sVVR s[R VR RWs, saRP* xmsRVRLi [zqs J s L][[ xmsoxqsNSs xmspLji [aSRV.
ks sVsNRPV lLiLiRV sxtsQRWV @LRisVsoRVyLiVV. 1) zmsV RsVNRPV @LRisLiRLigS ][[ xmsoxqsNSV RRsysNTP
Bxts QxmsRyLRiV, @}msOTPQryLRiV, FsRVLRiVRWryLRiV. 2) @VsLi mx soxqsNSs y @LiRVV[ |msT[, |msR sVLiT
@sxqsLRi\sVsLiR s[VLRiNRPV NRPdsxqs xqsRWs sWRs[V dxqsVNRPVLiW yLiRNRPV y[ xmsoxqsNSV RRsRLi s[LRiVNRPVLiLRiV.
\|ms lLiLiRV xqsy[ sVVR ys "On learning to read ' ("RRsRLi Fs?') @s xmsoxqsNRPLi[
LRiRLiVVRV W[ \|sV, NSlLis s V RNRPgS ssLjiLiyLRiV. NSs lLiLiRs xqsys y xmsoxqsNRPLi
sxqsLjiLiLij. [Ry xmsRRV sVLRiVgRiV mx sLji[ sWLSs sxqsQXRLigS RLjiLiyLRiV gSs INRP @sVVQ\sVs sxtsQR Ws
gRisVsLiR[NRP FRWLRiV. @[sVLi[ zmsyRV @RgRis RRVso, N][LiR s bPORPQ A syLij xmsgRiNTP @R VxmsRVRVLi[ gSs
s[VV RVRV.
@LiVV[ y @FyRVLi[ NRPWy N]LiR [xmsLi DLi]RV. \|sV y \ss yRV. gRi yxqssNRPy
RXNRPRLi gRiyRV. RsV [R y xmsR RV[, NSLRiNRPFy[ @xqs*Q\ sVs xqssLRiV NRPWy RVysNTP

IxmsVN][s xqsW sVVLiT \sLjis, zmsNTP FsLiR Fy[, Fs Fy[, FsLiR xqssVRVLi[ Fy[ @Liy RsV
[RV[s[ DLiRs sVxms[ xqsWV @jNSLRiVs xaRP gS @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVs LRiRLiVVRV @LiRVNRPV xmsLjiuyLRiLigS C
sR\sVs spx LRiRs [zqs DLiLRiV. xqsWs FsW gRiVxmsLRiR[Li gRisVNRP xqsWV xmsoxqsNSs Fs gRiV VV][
xqsWLiyLRiV. xqsW[ y[ "yRNSV' FsLiR |mnsWLRiLigS DyW sLjiLiyLRiV. Rjs[xmsVRV zmsV [}qs F~LRiNTP
RLiR V NRPVsogS xqsLijxqsW bPOTPQLi[ \ sLjis ssVLji+xqsW A xmsRs Fs sWLRiVN][y[ VRW syLRiV.
|\ ms @LiaS[ s sVVR yLi[c @Li[ zms mx soxqsNSs BLiNS @sXj [VVRVss sxtsQR VLi[ c y
}msj sVVsWNUP sLi. qx sW[ zmsV sj[NRP Rjs[ xmsoxqsNSV y sVVNRPV @LRiLi [NRPVLiy, @yxqssNRPLigS,
}mssLigS DLiLiVV. [LRiV N]RyLiVV. A[Rss RxmsV yLji xms ryLiVV. C sxtsQR VLi dsVR gRiLiNRP mx nsyV
}ms[Li[ RWyLi c
""1920 [ xmsRVLjiLixmsR yRNS[ @gRiVs 645 ss xmsyV DLi[s. 1930 yNTP A xqsLi 460
xmsyNTP xmsTFLiVVLij. ys, HRs RaS[... 350 xmsy[ DLi[s. 1960, 1963 sVR xmsRVLjiR\sVs GRV yRNS
xqsLixmso[ 113 sVLiT 173 xmsy[ DyLiVV. 1920[ xqsgRiVs INRP NRPR[ 333 xmsyV DLi[s. 1962 yNTP @j
230NTP jgjiLij. sVVRL i xmsoxqsNRPLi[ ss xmsy xqsLi 1920[ 425 @LiVV[, 1930[ 282 @LiVV[, 1940[ 178
@LiVV[, 1962[ 153 @LiVVLij.''
\|ms mx nsys RLjixqsW xmsRVLRi NRPLRiV RsV yRNS aRPmx soztsQs Rgjiqx sW LSsysNTP gRi NSLRis LRiRLiVVRV
B ssLjixqsVyLRiV.
""INRP NSLRiLi... GLiLi[ yRNSV BLiNS BLiNS sry=LRiLigS @soRVs N]j zms mx shRiaRPNTP BLiNS BLiNS RgRiVRW
sLij. NSs ks sVLiT sxmsoVV gjizLis FyhRiLi Bj NSRV. mx soxqsNSV zmsNTP sVLki NRPhjisLigS DyLiVV NS[V
@LiRVZNP[ ys BLiNS xqsLRidNRPLjiLiy NS[V, BLiNS RNRPVs xmsy[ yy NS[V @s sLRiRWsNTP syLRiV. A
NSLRiLi [R ss xmsd N]R sVVR[sV BLiNS BLiNS RNRPVs xmsyV NRPszmsxqsW syLiVV. N]s xmsys[ RLRiRW
yRVRW mx soxqsNSV LSRVRLi LjigjiLij. yLi][ @s RRsysNTP [LiR V N] [ s... A ILRisT BxmsNUP N]srygRiVRW
srLij.''
yRNSV FsLiR @y*s zqs[ DyW Fs RWzms C mx soxqsNRPLi FsLi][ s[VV [zqsLij. NRPdsxqsLi A INRP NSLRiLi
N][xqs\sVy \|sV, s mx soxqsNRPLi RRy. A xmsoxqsNRPLi xmsosW @s yRNS yR RgiR VRW s[ ILRisT
LRiVgRiTLiRLi[ sVLi[. yRNSV BLiNS Dy=xNRPLRiLigS, xqsWQ Lji yRVNRPLigS DLiy, AsLiysy*,
RRyszmsLiy. A mx sLjisWs NRPVgRi[zqsLiRLi[ C xmsoxqsNRPLi g]xms xmsoxqsNRPsVs[ @sVN][y.
"On learning to read ' ("RRsRLi Fs?') @s mx soxqsNRPLi[ zms F~LRi @LiRLSLRiLi Fs
VxqsVN][y @s sxtsQR VLi dsVR y RLRi LjigjiLij. G][ @sLi s, sLRiORPQ Li s zmsV Rmx sVV [qx sVLiLRiV,
A Rmx sV Rmx sVs RNRPjy, @sqx sLRi\sV[ J lLiLiRV BRVN][y, yVgRiV @LiLiy c @xqsV C mx sR [ RxmsV
@LiLRiV LRiRLiVVRV. zmsV [}qs F~LRiV yNTP @LRisLiRLigSs[ DLiLiVV. RLRiV C sxtsQRWs gRisVsLi @j y NTP
VxqsV @s sxtsQRWs zmsNTP RV[RW. zms F~LRi[ xmsRsLigS DLi[ @LS[Li[ RLRiV sjNTP
mx sVNRPVs ys zmsNTP sT RW. B[ INRP sR \ sVs FyRsVNRP sVsxqsR* sZaP[xtsQs Fs xmsNTPRV.
sVLi @sVsLi gRi sVsxqsR* aSxqsQs[RV NSsRLi][, LRiRLiVVRV C @LiRLSLSs sjNTP xmsVN][s RLi[
g]xms s[LRiV xmsRLji+LiyLRiV. @Li y F~LRiRyLS? mx soxqsNRPLi[ y }msL]s DyxLRiV sWRLi zmsV

[}qs Fs[ F~LRi[s @LSs [R xmsLji[sgS DyLiVV. NSs LRiRLiVVRV RRsRLi s[lLi[ xmsd RLRiV y xmsRs[
yy, y sWLRiLi[s[ sRy @s xmsVRVRVyLRiV. C sxtsQR VLi[ sWRLi s[sV y ][ GNUP sLiR[sV.
RRsRLi[ s[ F~LRis @LiR xqsWORPQ LigS xmsLjia][jLi A mx nsys sTLiRRLi sLigS sZaP[xtsQ\ sVs xmss[.
NSs C xmsR ARLRiRNRPLi NSRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ LRiRLiVVRV qx sWLisLiR JzmsgS, sVLSRgS, ss[NRPsLiRLigS
zmsNTP F~LRiNTP qx sLijLi[ RLiR V y @LRiVRV. RLRiNTP @ [R VysNTP NSszqss bPORPQ gSs, xqssVRVLi gSs,
D a[ PR Li gSs, @sNRPy sVLi BLi NRPXztsQ[ FsLi][ @sxqsLRi\sVs ORPQV, zms xms }mssWsWyV, DLiRso.
@xqsV xqsW sLigS C xmsRs @sVV LRiFy @s gRigS @sVNRPVLi[ ys s Ljilgi[ s[VV NRPy NUP[ FsNRPVs.
@xqs[ C L][[ zmsV, RRVsoV @s @LiaRPLi dsVR NRPVxy sVsxqsR* xmsLjia][RsV, RNRP sZaP[xtsQV
|msRLjiFRVyLiVV. ysNTP ][R V BLi xqsVsR\ sVs xmsRs @LiRLRiW FyLiys sLRiLij }qs...
NRPsVNRP BLi RLids @ssxqsLRiLi @s y @FyRVLi. @xqsV RLRiV zms NSxqsV[ @LiRLji sVVLiRV
gRiLRigS RRssVsRLi sWs[}qs sVLij. @xmsVRV y F~LRiV VxqsVN][sW @NRPlLi[ RV, ys qx sLijLiRsW
@NRPlLi[ RV. zmsNTP yLji qx sLRiy N][xqsLi yLjiNTP yLRiV RRVsoNRPVs[ sVLi, AxqsNTP NRPLRi\ sVs xmsoxqsNSV @LiR[}qs y
sVVNRPV F~LRiV yLiRNRPs[ sVV sWRVLi @LiVVFyLiVV.

xmsoxqsNRP xmsxmsLiRLi[ FLRixqsR*Li

|s @s J xmsj s Fyxms sW A{mnsqs gRiVsVLi[ "Land of Oz' @s J zms ss mx sVNRPV
NRPWLRiVLij. yLi][ LiVVgS ARVNRPVLi[Lij. AsVNRPj ZNP[s Li J sVLji}qs kLiR RRVLRiryNSLRixmso sxqsVs o. ys [][ xmsVNRPVs
gjiNRP ATLiys RWrLij. NSs |\ mss sVLji}qs NSgjiRLi sVsVxmsogS DLiRRLi][ xmsoxqsNRPLi xmsVLjiF][Lij. sVR
sVR [ RV RV sVs NTPLiR xmsTF][Lij. N]s ryLRiV s NRPsLRiV}ms][ mx sVNRPVs \|msZNPRVRVLij. NSs A xmsoxqsNRPLi[
BLiNS Fs[ qx sss }msV DyRVs ys RW]Rs, F~Rs, sF~Rs, LiF~Rs @ BLiNS Fs[
xqsLRiy syryV VVRs A FyxmsNTP BLiNS d[R V FyxmsLi!
ss[ C Fyxms y @NRP "@y' (sVW[j) sLij. J |msR NRPVLki[ NRPWLRiVs "A.J. Wentworth,
B.A.' @s xmsoxqsNRPLi xmsVNRPVs y sV s[VLkiNTP "Rjs' sszmsrLij @y. sLigS |msR y RRVsoRVsQ [
RRVso][Lij. @LiVV[ AsV @s[ sWNTP [][ mx sVNRPVs mx soxqsNSsNTP G qx sLiLiR sVW [R V. FssL][ @RXaRP }qszRV
sR gSR[[ V][Lij. @LiR RWLRiLi[ ssV RWzqs, ""sW @sVNTP Rjs sszmsxqsVysV. @RLigS xmsyds
s[s[ RRVsoRVysV,'' @s sVd RRVso[ xmsTFLiVVLij. ""@sossosV, sLiWy!'' @s NS}qsxmso NRPR ss sVd y
xms[ xmsTFRWsV. A RLRiVyR y sV s[VLki zmsLij. Ay RRVsoRV RRVsoRV sVR [ RRsRLi Azms }ms zms
sVd RRsRLi N]srygjixqsVLiR!
ss |s RRVso, By @y RRVso c I lLiLiRW RWxqsVLi[ zmsNTP mx soxqsNS][ mx sLjiRRVLi GLRiRysNTP
lLiLiRV xmspLjigS sQQ\sVs sWLSV DyRVszmsLiLij. sVVR mx sR[ sLRiVxqsgS sVVLiRV @ORPQLSV, RLRiVyR s
s xmsyV, RLRiVyR N]s[ mx sy][ NRPWLjis yNSV, RLRiVyR s s mx soxqsNSV, RLRiVyR |msR xmsoxqsNSV,
B xmsLjiRRVLi [xqsW F[ sLjiNTP G xmsoxqsNRPLi @LiVVy Rjs[ rysVLiR QLi s[ @sNSaRPLi DLij. NSs C xmsR[ ss
ZNP[LiLi[ B INRP xmsoxqsNRPLi xmspLRi[VxqsLjiZNP[ gRigRis\ sVFRVLij. C xmsR[ mx soxqsNRP xmsxmsLiRLi[NTP xmss[bPLiRRLi @Li[
sLRiVxqsgS Fs[ @sL][ys yVNRPVLiW FsRLi @ssW. INRP @sL][RLi ygSs[ sVL]NRP zqsRLigS DLiVLij. INRP
RVxmso LRisgSs[ sVL][ sVWzqss RVxmso A*sxqsVLij.

lLiLi][ xmsR @yNTP mx soxqsNS][ mx sLjiRRVLi @LiVVs mx sR. C mx soxqsNRPLi yj @s J xmsoxqsNSs dxqsVNRPVs
sVsxqsVNTP xRVNRPVs yRV @yNTP xmsoxqsNRP xmsxmsLiRLi[NTP xmss[aRPLi ]LjiNTPLij. A xmsxmsLiRLi[ FLRixqsR*Li LiLij. s
s @ORPQLS sVLi][, xmsy sVLi][ FyLRiLiLiRNRP "|msR y RgRiLRi xmsoxqsNSV DLiLiVV, @lgi[ Rs sR NRPWy xmsoxqsNSV
DLiLiVV, DLiRgRiso' @s ss][ A xmsLjiRRVLi sVVRLiVVLij. A saS\sVs ss[ sVgS s s
yV BsVVRVRW syLiVV. mx soxqsNS[ NRPRV yNRPVs DLiRVs, y[ sVd xmsyV DLiRVs,
A xmsy mx ss T[ NRPR[s LRixxqsLi zqsFRVLiRs, C NRPRs BRLRiVNTP F~Rs, c B Fs[ sxtsQR WV A
FyRsVNRP ss y*LRi sLRiVxqsgS AsV sVsxqsV[NPT xmss[bPyLiVV.
ryLixmsyRV xmsR[ s[LRiVNRPVs FyxmsNTP RNTPs sxtsQRWds c mx syV, yNRP sLSLi sVVR\ss c
VVRV. @y sLji sVLiT sVVRV |msLij. "Bj yj' @s ss AsV sVVR sVV. sVLji sR @s[ xqsVkLRi
xmsRWxqsNTP @LiRLSLRiLi ss xqsLRi*ry*ds xXRRWsNTP xRVNRPVs "Bj yj' @s k sWgS @sgRigRiRs[VgS?