You are on page 1of 29

1

¬s»R½ò®©s[ª«sV
1ccc ÇÁxmsoÒÁ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ccc 02
2cccÇØxmso ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ccc 06
3cccxqsVµ³y xqsª«s¹¸¶[Vù ccc 15
4ccc»R½* úxmsryµj¶ xqsª«s¹¸¶[Vù ccc 16
5cccx¤¦ÝxmsC Fy:10 ccc 18
6ccc@©«sLiµR¶V ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ccc 19
7cccLRiz¤¦¦¦LSxqs ccc 23
8cccr¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ ccc 27
9ccc@LRiµyxqs ccc 29
2
ÇÁxmso ÒÁ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ
1ILiNSLRi xqs¼½ ©yª«sVV NRPLRi»y xmsoLRiÅÁV ¬sLRi˳ÏÁD
¬sLRi\®ªsLRiV @NSÌÁ ª«sVWLRi¼½ @ÇÁÚ¬ds \|qs˳ÏÁLi gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ee
ee ÇÁxmsoee
Aµj¶ xqs¿RÁV ÇÁÙgSµj¶ xqs¿RÁVee \|¤¦¦¦ Õ³dÁ xqs¿RÁV ©y©«sNRP x¤¦Ü[{qs Õ³dÁ xqs¿RÁVee1ee
r¡\¿Á r¡ÀÁ ©«s x¤¦Ü[ª«sC ÛÇÁ[ r¡ÀdÁ ÌÁÅÁ ªyLRiee ¿RÁV\|ms ¿RÁVxms ©«s x¤¦Ü[ª«sC ÛÇÁ[ ÍØB LRi¥¦¦¦ ÖÁª«s »yLRiee ˳ÏÁVÐÁA ˳ÏÁVÅÁ ©«s D»R½Lki
ÛÇÁ[ ÊÁLi©y xmsoLkiA ˳ØLRiee xqsx¤¦¦¦xqs zqsAßáFy ÌÁÅÁ x¤¦Ü[z¤¦¦¦ »R½ BNRP ©«s ¿RÁ\ÛÍÁ ©yÖÁee NTPª«s xqsÀÁALS x¤¦Ü[CH NTPª«s NRPW\®²¶ »R½V\ÛÉÁ FyÖÁee
x¤¦¦¦§NRP−sV LRiÇØC ¿RÁÌÁßØ ©y©«sNRP ÖÁÐÁA ©yÖÁ ee1ee
x¤¦¦¦§NRP−dsV x¤¦Ü[ª«s¬s ANSLRi x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ©«s NRPz¤¦¦¦A ÇØCee x¤¦¦¦§NRP−dsV x¤¦Ü[ª«s¬s ÒÁ@ x¤¦¦¦§NRP−sV −sV\ÛÍÁ ª«s²T¶ACee x¤¦¦¦§NRP−dsV
D»R½ª«sVV ¬ds¿RÁV x¤¦¦¦§NRP−sV ÖÁÐÁ µR¶VÅÁV xqsVÅÁV FyC@z¤¦¦¦ee BNRP©y x¤¦¦¦§NRP−dsV ÊÁÅÁ{qsxqs BNTP x¤¦¦¦§NRP−dsV xqsµy ˳ÏÁªyC@z¤¦¦¦ee x¤¦¦¦§NRP\®ªsV
@LiµR¶Lji xqs˳ÏÁV N][ ËØx¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sV ©«s N][Bee ©y©«sNRP x¤¦¦¦§NRP\®ªsV ÛÇÁ[ ÊÁV\lLi&V »R½ x¤¦¦¦D\®ªsV NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©«s N][B ee2ee
gS\®ªs N][ »yßáV x¤¦Ü[\®ªs NTP\|qs »yßáVee gS\®ªs N][ µy¼½ ÇØ\âßá ¬dsryßáVee gS\®ªs N][ gRiVßá ª«s²T¶ACA ¿yLRiee gS\®ªs N][ −sµj¶A
−sÅÁª«sVV −ds¿yLRiVee gS\®ªs N][ ryÑÁ NRPlLi[ »R½©«sV ÛÆÁ[x¤¦¦¦ee gS\®ªs N][ ÒÁ@ \ÛÍÁ zmnsLji ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ee gS\®ªs N][ ÇØ\|ms µj¶\|qs µR¶WLjiee gS\®ªs N][
®ªs[\ÛÆÁ ¥¦¦¦µR¶LS x¤¦¦¦µR¶WLji ee NRP´R¶©y NRP´k¶ ©«s A\®ªs »][ÉÓÁee NRP´j¶ NRP´j¶ NRP´k¶ N][ÉÔÁ N][ÉÓÁ N][ÉÓÁ ee ®µ¶[µy ®µ¶[ \ÛÍÁ®µ¶[ ´R¶NTP Fyz¤¦¦¦ee ÇÁÙgS
ÇÁÙgRiLi»R½Lji ÆØ{¤¦¦¦ ÆØz¤¦¦¦ee x¤¦¦¦§NRP−dsV x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ¿RÁÍØG LSx¤¦¦¦§ee ©y©«sNRP −sgRi\|qs ®ªs[xmsLRiªyx¤¦¦¦§ ee3ee
ry¿y ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ryÀÁ ©yB ˳ØÐÁA ˳ØD @FyLRiVee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ ª«sVLigRiz¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ µy¼½ NRPlLi[ µy»yLRiVee }mnsLji NTP @\lgi
LRiÐdÁH ÑÁ»R½V µj¶\|qs µR¶LRiËØLRiVee ª«sVVx¤¦Ý NTP ËÜ[ÌÁßáV ËÜ[ÖdÁH ÑÁ»R½V xqsVßÓá µ³R¶lLi[ zmsALRiVee @Liú−sV»R½ ®ªs[ÍØ xqs¿RÁV ©yD ª«s²T¶AC
−ds¿yLRiVee NRPLRi−dsV A\®ªs NRPxms²y ©«sµR¶Lki ®ªsWÅÁV µR¶VALRiVee ©y©«sNRP G\®ªs ÇØßÔáH xqs˳ÏÁV A}ms xqs−sALRiV ee4ee
´yzmsA ©«s ÇØB NUP»y ©«s x¤¦Ü[Bee A}ms Azms ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«sV r¡BeeÑÁ¬s }qs−sA ¼½¬s FyBA ª«sW©«sVee ©y©«sNRP gS−dsH gRiVßÔá
¬sµ³y©«sV ee gS−dsH xqsVßÔáH ª«sV¬s LRiÐdÁH ˳ØDee µR¶VÅÁV xmsLRix¤¦¦¦Lji xqsVÅÁV xmnsVLji \ÛÍÁ ÇØBee gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ ©yµR¶Li gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ ®ªs[µR¶Li
gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ LRiz¤¦¦¦A xqsª«sWC ee gRiVLRiV CxqsLRiV gRiVLRiV g][LRiÅÁV ÊÁLRiª«sW gRiVLRiV FyLRiÊÁ¼d½ ª«sWCee ÛÇÁ[ x¤¦¦¦D ÇØßØ AÆØ ©y{¤¦¦¦
NRPx¤¦¦¦ßØ NRP´R¶©«sV ©«s ÇØCee gRiVLS BNRP ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ ÊÁVLRi&WCee xqs˳ÏÁ©y ÒÁA NS BNRPV µy»y r¡ \®ªsV −sxqsLji ©«s ÇØC ee5ee
¼d½LRi´j¶ ©yªy ÛÇÁ[ ¼½xqsV ˳تy −sßáV ˳Øâßá[ NTP ©yB NRPLkiee ÛÇÁ[¼d½ zqsLRihji DFyC ®ªs[ÆØ −sßáV NRPLRiª«sW NTP −sV\ÛÍÁ ÌÁCee ª«sV¼½ −sÀÁ
LRi»R½©«s ÇÁªyx¤¦¦¦LRi ª«sWßÓáNRP ÛÇÁ[ BNRP gRiVLRi NUP zqsÅÁ xqsVßÔáee gRiVLS BNRP ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ ÊÁVLRi&WCee xqs˳ÏÁ©y ÒÁA NS BNRPV µy»y r¡ \®ªsV −sxqsLji ©«s
ÇØC ee 6ee
ÛÇÁ[ ÇÁÙgRi ¿ylLi[ ALRiÇØ x¤¦Ü[LRi µR¶xqsWßÔá x¤¦Ü[Bee ©«sªy ÅÁLi²y −s¿RÁ ÇØßÔáH ©yÖÁ ¿RÁ\ÛÍÁ xqs˳ÏÁV N][Bee ¿RÁLigS ©yD LRiÆØB \ZNP
ÇÁxqsV NUPLRi¼½ ÇÁgji ÛÍÁ[Bee ÛÇÁ[ ¼½xqsV ©«sµR¶Lji ©«s Aª«sC »R½ ªy»R½ ©«s xmso\¿³Á ZNP[ee NUPÉØ @LiµR¶Lji NUPÈÁV NRPLji µ][{qs µ][xqsV µ³R¶lLi[e ©y©«sNRP
¬sLRigRiVßÓá gRiVßáV NRPlLi[ gRiVß᪫sLi¼½A gRiVßáV ®µ¶[ee ¾»½[¥¦¦¦ N][B ©«s xqsVLRi&VC ÛÇÁ[ ¼½xqsV gRiVßáV N][B NRPlLi[ ee7ee
xqsVßÓáH zqsµ³R¶ {msLRi xqsVLji ©y´R¶ee xqsVßÓáH µ³R¶LRi¼½ µ³R¶ª«sÌÁ ANSxqsee xqsVßÓáH µk¶xms ÍÜ[@ Fy»yÌÁee xqsVßÓáH F¡z¤¦¦¦ ©«s xqs\ZNP NSÌÁVee
©y©«sNRP ˳ÏÁgRi»y xqsµy −sgSxqsVee xqsVßÓáH µR¶WÅÁ Fyxms NS ©yxqsV ee8ee
xqsVßÓáH CxqsLRiV ÊÁLRiª«sW BLiµR¶Vee xqsVßÓáH ª«sVVÐÁ ryÍØx¤¦¦¦ßá ª«sVLiµR¶Vee xqsVßÓáH ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁÙgRi¼½ »R½¬s Û˳Á[µR¶ee xqsVßÓáH ryxqs»R½
zqsú−sV¼½ ®ªs[µR¶ee ©y©«sNRP ˳ÏÁgRi»y xqsµy −sgSxqsVee xqsVßÓáH µR¶WÅÁ Fyxms NS ©yxqsV ee9ee
xqsVßÓáH xqs»R½V xqsLi»][ÅÁV gjiA©«sVee xqsVßÓáH @hRixqshji NS Bxqs©y©«sVee xqsVßÓáH xms²T¶ xms²T¶ Fyª«sz¤¦¦¦ ª«sW©«sVee xqsVßÓáH ÍØ\lgi
xqsx¤¦¦¦ÑÁ µ³j¶A©«sV ee ©y©«sNRP ˳ÏÁgRi»y xqsµy −sgSxqsVee xqsVßÓáH µR¶WÅÁ Fyxms NS ©yxqsV ee10ee
xqsVßÓáH xqsLS gRiVßØ ZNP[ gSx¤¦¦¦ee xqsVßÓáH }qsÅÁ {msLRi Fy¼½ryx¤¦¦¦ee xqsVßÓáH @Li®µ³¶[ Fyª«sz¤¦¦¦ LSx¤¦¦¦§ee xqsVßÓáH ¥¦¦¦´R¶ x¤¦Ü[\®ªs
@xqsgSx¤¦¦¦§ee ©y©«sNRP ˳ÏÁgRi»y xqsµy −sgSxqsVee xqsVßÓáH µR¶WÅÁ Fyxms NS ©yxqsV ee11ee
ª«sVLi®©s[ NUP gRi¼½ NRP{¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÇØBee ÛÇÁ[ N][ NRP\|¤¦¦¦ zms\¿³Á xms¿³RÁV»yBee NSgRiµj¶ NRPÌÁª«sV ©«s ÖÁÅÁßᥦ¦¦LRiVee ª«sVLi®©s[ NS ÊÁz¤¦¦¦ NRPLRi¬s
3
−ds¿yLRiV ee Hry ©yª«sVV ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«sV x¤¦Ü[B ee ÛÇÁ[ N][ ª«sVLi¬s ÇØ\âßá ª«sV¬s N][B ee12ee
ª«sVLi\®©s xqsVLRi¼½ x¤¦Ü[\®ªs ª«sV¬s ÊÁVµ³j¶ee ª«sVLi\®©s xqsgRiÌÁ ˳ÏÁª«sßá NUP xqsVµ³j¶eeª«sVLi\®©s ª«sVVz¤¦¦¦ ¿][ÉØ ©y ÆØBee ª«sVLi\®©s ÇÁª«sV \ZNP ry´j¶
©«s ÇØBee Hry ©yª«sVV ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«sV x¤¦Ü[B ee ÛÇÁ[N][ ª«sVLi¬s ÇØ\âßá ª«sV¬s N][B ee13ee
ª«sVLi\®©s ª«sWLRigji hSNRP ©«s FyB ee ª«sVLi\®©s xms¼½ zqsD xmsLRigRiÈÁV ÇØBee ª«sVLi\®©s ª«sVgRiV ©«s ¿RÁ\ÛÍÁ xmsLi´R¶Vee ª«sVLi\®©s µ³R¶LRiª«sV }qs¼d½
xqs©«sÊÁLiµ³R¶V ee Hry ©yª«sVV ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«sV x¤¦Ü[Bee ÛÇÁ[ N][ ª«sVLi¬s ÇØ\âßá ª«sV¬s N][B ee14ee
ª«sVLi\®©s Fyª«sz¤¦¦¦ ®ªsWÅÁV µR¶VALRiVeeª«sVLi\®©s xmsLRiªy\lLi ryµ³yLRiVee ª«sVLi\®©s »R½\lLi »ylLi gRiVLRiV zqsÅÁee ª«sVLi\®©s ©y©«sNRP ˳ÏÁª«sz¤¦¦¦ ©«s
Õ³ÁÅÁee Hry ©yª«sVV ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«sV x¤¦Ü[Bee ÛÇÁ[ N][ ª«sVLi¬s ÇØ\âßá ª«sV¬s N][B ee15ee
xmsLi¿RÁ xmsLRiªyßáV xmsLi¿RÁ xmsLRiµ³y©«sVee xmsLi¿Á[ Fyª«sz¤¦¦¦ µR¶LRigRiz¤¦¦¦ ª«sW©«sVee xmsLi¿Á[ r¡x¤¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦ µR¶Lji LSÇØ©«sVee xmsLi¿y NS gRiVLRiV
GNRPV µ³j¶A©«sVee ÛÇÁ[ N][ NRP\|¤¦¦¦ NRP\lLi −ds¿yLRiVee NRPLRi¾»½[ \ZNP NRPLRi\âßá ©y{¤¦¦¦ xqsVª«sWLRiVee µ³_ÌÁV µ³R¶LRiª«sVV µR¶BA NS xmsp»R½Vee xqsLi»][ÅÁV
´yzms LRiÐÁA ÑÁ¬s xqsW¼½ee ÛÇÁ[ N][ ÊÁV\lLi&V x¤¦Ü[\®ªs xqsÀÁALRiVee µ³R¶ª«s\ÛÍÁ DxmsLji ZNP[»y ˳ØLRiVee µ³R¶LRi¼d½ x¤¦Ü[LRiV xms\lLi x¤¦Ü[LRiV x¤¦Ü[LRiVee ¼½xqs
¾»½[ ˳ØLRiV »R½\ÛÍÁ NRPª«sßáV ÇÜ[LRiVee ÒÁ@ Çؼ½ LRiLigS ZNP[ ©yª«see xqs˳ÏÁ©y ÖÁÐÁA ª«so²U¶ NRPÍت«sV ee Gx¤¦¦¦§ ÛÍÁ[ÆØ ÖÁÐÁ ÇØ\âßá N][Bee ÛÍÁ[ÆØ
ÖÁÐÁA ZNP[»y x¤¦Ü[B ee ZNP[»y »yßáV xqsVAÖÁx¤¦¦¦§ LRiWxmsoee ZNP[¼d½ µy¼½ ÇØ\âßá N_ßáV NRPW»R½Vee NUP»y xmsryD GN][ NRPªyDee ¼½xqs ¾»½[
x¤¦Ü[G ÌÁÅÁ µR¶LkiAD ee NRPVµR¶LRi¼½ NRPª«sßá NRP¥¦¦¦ −ds¿yLRiVee ªyLjiA ©«s Çتy GNRP ªyLRiee ÇÜ[ »R½Vµ³R¶V ˳Ø\®ªs ryC ˳ÏÁÖdÁ NSLRiee »R½W
xqsµy xqsÍت«sV¼½ ¬sLRiLiNSLRi ee16ee
@xqsLiÅÁ ÇÁxms @xqsLiÅÁ ˳ØDee @xqsLiÅÁ xmspÇØ @xqsLiÅÁ »R½xms »yDee @xqsLiÅÁ gRiLRiLi´R¶ ª«sVVÐÁ ®ªs[µR¶ FyhRiee @xqsLiÅÁ
ÇÜ[gji ª«sV¬s LRix¤¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦ Dµyxqs ee @xqsLiÅÁ ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ gRiVßá gjiA©«s −ds¿yLRiee @xqsLiÅÁ xqs¼d½ @xqsLiÅÁ µy»yLRiee @xqsLiÅÁ xqsWLRi ª«sVVx¤¦¦¦
˳ÏÁÅÁ ryLRiee @xqsLiÅÁ ®ªsW¬s ÖÁª«s ÍØB »yLRi ee NRPVµR¶LRi¼½ NRPª«sßá NRP¥¦¦¦ −ds¿yLRiVee ªyLjiA ©«s Çتy GNRP ªyLRiee ÇÜ[ »R½Vµ³R¶V ˳Ø\®ªs
ryC ˳ÏÁÖdÁ NSLRiee »R½W xqsµy xqsÍت«sV¼½ ¬sLRiLiNSLRi ee 17 ee
@xqsLiÅÁ ª«sVWLRiÅÁ @Liµ³R¶ |mnsWLRiee @xqsLiÅÁ ¿][LRi x¤¦¦¦LSª«sVÆÜ[LRiee @xqsLiÅÁ @ª«sVLRi NRPLji ÇØz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[LRiee @xqsLiÅÁ gRiÌÁª«s²³R¶
x¤¦¦¦¼½A NRPª«sWz¤¦¦¦ ee @xqsLiÅÁ Fy{ms Fyxmso NRPLji ÇØz¤¦¦¦ee @xqsLiÅÁ NRPW²T¶ALRi NRPW®²¶[ zmnsLSz¤¦¦¦ee @xqsLiÅÁ ª«sVÛÍÁ[¿³RÁ ª«sVÌÁV ˳ÏÁÐÁ ÆØz¤¦¦¦ee
@xqsLiÅÁ ¬sLiµR¶NRP zqsLji NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ ˳ØLRiVee ©y©«sNRPV ¬ds¿RÁV NRP\|¤¦¦¦ −ds¿yLRiVee ªyLjiA ©«s Çتy GNRP ªyLRiee ÇÜ[ »R½Vµ³R¶V ˳Ø\®ªs ryC ˳ÏÁÖdÁ
NSLRiee »R½W xqsµy xqsÍت«sV¼½ ¬sLRiLiNSLRi ee18ee
@xqsLiÅÁ ©yª«s @xqsLiÅÁ ´yª«see @gRiLiª«sV @gRiLiª«sV @xqsLiÅÁ ÍÜ[@ee @xqsLiÅÁ NRPx¤¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦ zqsLji ˳ØLRiV x¤¦Ü[Bee @ÅÁLki ©yª«sVV
@ÅÁLki ryÍØx¤¦¦¦ee @ÅÁLki gjiA©«sV gki»R½ gRiVßá gSx¤¦¦¦ee @ÅÁLki ÖÁÅÁßáV ËÜ[ÌÁßáV ËØßÓá ee @ÅÁLS zqsLji xqsLiÇÜ[gRiV ª«sÆØßÓá ee ÑÁ¬s Gz¤¦¦¦
ÖÁÛÆÁ[ ¼½xqsV zqsLji ©yz¤¦¦¦ee ÑÁª«s xmnsQoLRiª«sWG ¼½ª«s ¼½ª«s Fyz¤¦¦¦ee ÛÇÁ[»y NUP»y ¾»½[»y ©yD ee −sßáV ©y\®ªs ©y{¤¦¦¦ N][ ´yDee NRPVµR¶LRi¼½
NRPª«sßá NRP¥¦¦¦ −ds¿yLRiVee ªyLjiA ©«s Çتy GNRP ªyLRiee ÇÜ[ »R½Vµ³R¶V ˳Ø\®ªs ryC ˳ÏÁÖdÁ NSLRiee »R½W xqsµy xqsÍت«sV¼½ ¬sLRiLiNSLRi ee19ee
˳ÏÁLkiH x¤¦¦¦´R¶V \|msLRiV »R½©«sV ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ee FyßÔá µ³][\¾»½ D»R½LRixqsV ÛÆÁ[x¤¦¦¦ee ª«sVW»R½ xmsÖdÁ¼d½ NRPxms²R¶W x¤¦Ü[Bee ®µ¶[ ryÊÁWßáV ÌÁCH Jx¤¦¦¦§
µ³][Bee ˳ÏÁLkiH ª«sV¼½ FyFy \ZNP xqsLigjiee Jx¤¦¦¦§ µ³][\|ms ©y\®ªs \ZNP LRiLigjiee xmsoLi¬ds Fy{ms AÅÁßáV ©yz¤¦¦¦ ee NRPLji NRPLji NRPLRißØ ÖÁÐÁ \ÛÍÁ ÇØx¤¦¦¦§
ee A}ms ÕdÁÑÁ A}ms {¤¦¦¦ ÆØx¤¦¦¦§ee ©y©«sNRP x¤¦¦¦§NRP−dsV Aª«sx¤¦¦¦§ ÇØx¤¦¦¦§ ee 20ee
¼d½LRi´R¶V »R½xmso µR¶BA µR¶»R½V µy©«sVee ÛÇÁ[ N][ Fy\®ªs ¼½ÌÁ NS ª«sW©«sVee xqsVßÓáA ª«sVLi¬sA ª«sV¬s NUP»y ˳ØDee @Li»R½LRigRi¼½ ¼d½LRi´j¶
ª«sVÖÁ ©yDee xqsÕ³Á gRiVßá ¾»½[lLi[ \®ªsV ©y{¤¦¦¦ N][B ee −sßáV gRiVßá NUP¾»½[ ˳ÏÁgRi¼½ ©«s x¤¦Ü[Bee xqsV@xqs¼½ A´j¶ ËØßÔá ÊÁLRiª«sWD ee xqs¼½
xqsVAßáV xqsµy ª«sV¬s ¿yD ee NRPª«sßáV xqsV ®ªs[ÍØ ª«sÅÁ»R½V NRPª«sßáV NRPª«sßá ´j¶¼½ NRPª«sßáV ªyLRiV ee NRPª«sßÓá zqs LRiV¼d½ ª«sWx¤¦¦¦§ NRPª«sßáV ÑÁ»R½V
x¤¦Ü[A ANSLRiVee ®ªs[ÌÁ ©«s FyCA xmsLi²R¶¼d½ ÑÁ x¤¦Ü[\®ªs ÛÍÁ[ÅÁV xmsoLSßáVee ª«sÅÁ»R½V ©«s FyBJ NSµk¶A ÑÁ ÖÁÅÁ¬s ÛÍÁ[ÅÁV NRPVLSßáV ee ´j¶¼½
ªyLRiV ©y ÇÜ[gki ÇØ\âßá LRiV¼½ ª«sWx¤¦¦¦§ ©y N][Cee ÇØ NRPLRi»y zqsLRihki NRPD ryÛÇÁ[ A}ms ÇØ\âßá r¡Cee NTPª«s NRPLji AÆØ NTPª«s ryÍØ{¤¦¦¦
NTPD ª«sLRi¬ds NTPª«s ÇØßØee ©y©«sNRP AÅÁßÓá xqs˳ÏÁV N][ A\ÛÆÁ BNRP µR¶W BNRPV zqsAßØee ª«s²y ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ª«s²U¶ ©yC NUP»y ÇØNS x¤¦Ü[\®ªs ee
©y©«sNRP ÛÇÁ[ N][ AF¢ ÇØ\âßá @\lgi gRiBA ©«s r¡\|¤¦¦¦ ee 21ee
Fy»yÍØ Fy»yÌÁ ÌÁÅÁ AgSry AgSxqsee J²R¶NRP J²R¶NRP ˳ØÖÁ ´R¶ZNP[ ®ªs[µR¶ NRPx¤¦¦¦¬s BNRP ªy»R½ee xqsx¤¦¦¦xqs @hSLRix¤¦¦¦ NRPx¤¦¦¦¬s
NRP¾»½[ËØ @xqsVÌÁW BNRPV µ³y»R½Vee ÛÍÁ[ÆØ x¤¦Ü[B »y ÖÁÐdÁH ÛÍÁ[\ÛÆÁ x¤¦Ü[B −sßØxqsVee ©y©«sNRP ª«s²y AÐdÁH A}ms ÇØ\âßá Axmso ee 22ee
ryÍØ{¤¦¦¦ ryÍØz¤¦¦¦ G¼d½ xqsVLRi¼½ ©«s FyCAee ©«sµk¶A @\¾»½ ªyx¤¦¦¦ xmsª«sz¤¦¦¦ xqsª«sVVLiµj¶ ©«s ÇØßÔá@z¤¦¦¦ee xqsª«sVVLiµR¶ ryx¤¦¦¦
xqsVÌÁ»y©«s gjiLRi¥¦¦¦ }qs¼d½ ª«sWÌÁV µ³R¶©«sVee NUP²U¶ »R½VÖÁ ©«s x¤¦Ü[ª«s¬ds ÛÇÁ[ ¼½xqsV ª«sV©«sx¤¦¦¦§ ©«s −dsxqsLRiz¤¦¦¦ ee23ee
4
@Li»R½V ©«s zqsxmns¼d½ NRPx¤¦¦¦ßÓá ©«s @Li»R½Vee @Li»R½V ©«s NRPLRi\âßá ®µ¶[ßÓá ©«s @Li»R½Vee @Li»R½V ©«s ®ªs[ÅÁßÓá xqsVßáßÓá ©«s @Li»R½Vee @Li»R½V ©«s
ÇØ\|ms NTPA ª«sV¬s ª«sVLi»R½Vee @Li»R½V ©«s ÇØ\|ms NUP»y ANSLRiVee @Li»R½V ©«s ÇØ\|ms FyLSªyLRiVee @Li»R½ NSLRißÓá ZNP[¾»½[ ÕÁÌÁÍØz¤¦¦¦ ee »y
ZNP[ @Li»R½ ©«s FyG ÇØz¤¦¦¦ee Gx¤¦¦¦§ @Li»R½V ©«s ÇØ\âßá N][Bee ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§»y NRP{¤¦¦¦H ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§»y x¤¦Ü[Bee ª«s²y ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV E¿y ´yDee
E¿Á[ DxmsLji E¿y ©yDee Gª«s²R¶V E¿y x¤¦Ü[\®ªs N][Bee ¼½xqsV E¿Á[ NRPD ÇØ\âßá r¡Bee ÛÇÁ[ª«s²R¶V Azms ÇØ\âßá Azms Azmsee ©y©«sNRP
©«sµR¶Lki NRPLRi−dsV µy¼½ ee24ee
ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§»y NRPLRiª«sVV ÖÁÐÁA ©y ÇØBee ª«s²y µy»y ¼½ÌÁV ©«s »R½ª«sWB ee ZNP[¾»½[ ª«sVLigRiz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[µ³R¶ @FyLRiee ZNP[¼½A gRißá»R½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦
−ds¿yLRiVee ZNP[¾»½[ ÅÁzms »R½VÈÁz¤¦¦¦ ®ªs[NSLRiee ZNP[¾»½[ \ÛÍÁ \ÛÍÁ ª«sVVNRPLRiV Fyz¤¦¦¦ee ZNP[¾»½[ ª«sVWLRiÅÁ ÆØ{¤¦¦¦ ÆØz¤¦¦¦ee ZNP[¼½A µR¶WÅÁ ˳ÏÁWÅÁ xqsµR¶
ª«sWLRiee Gz¤¦¦¦ Õ³dÁ µy¼½ ¾»½[Lki µy»yLRiee ÊÁLiµj¶ ÅÁÍØ{qs ˳Ø\âßá x¤¦Ü[Bee x¤¦Ü[LRiV AÐÁ ©«s xqs\ZNP N][Bee ÛÇÁ[ N][ ÆØBNRPV AÅÁßÓá FyBee
Jx¤¦¦¦§ ÇØ\âßá ÛÇÁ[¼d½A ª«sVVz¤¦¦¦ ÆØBee A}ms ÇØ\âßá A}ms ®µ¶[Bee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ zqs Õ³Á ZNP[C ZNP[Bee ÑÁxqs ©¯[ ÊÁÅÁ}qs zqsxmns¼½ ryÍØx¤¦¦¦ee ©y©«sNRP
Fy¼½ry{¤¦¦¦ Fy¼½ryx¤¦¦¦§ ee25ee
@ª«sVVÌÁ gRiVßá @ª«sVVÌÁ ªyFyLRiee @ª«sVVÌÁ ªyFyLkiG @ª«sVVÌÁ ˳ÏÁLi²yLRiee @ª«sVVÌÁ Aª«sz¤¦¦¦ @ª«sVVÌÁ \ÛÍÁ ÇØz¤¦¦¦ee
@ª«sVVÌÁ ˳ØB @ª«sVVÍØ xqsª«sWz¤¦¦¦ ee @ª«sVVÌÁV µ³R¶LRiª«sVV @ª«sVVÌÁV µk¶ËØßáVee @ª«sVVÌÁV »R½VÌÁV @ª«sVVÌÁV xmsLRiªyßáVee @ª«sVVÌÁV
ÊÁÅÁ{qsxqs @ª«sVVÌÁV ¬dsryßáVee @ª«sVVÌÁV NRPLRiª«sVV @ª«sVVÌÁV xmnsQoLRiª«sWßáV ee @ª«sVVÍÜ[ @ª«sVVÌÁV AÐÁA ©«s ÇØBee AÐÁ AÐÁ LRi}¤¦¦¦
ÖÁª«s ÍØBee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ ®ªs[µR¶ FyhRi xmsoLSßáee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ xms®²¶[ NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ ª«sÐÁAßá ee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ ÊÁLRi®ªs[V AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ BLiµR¶ee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ g][{ms \¾»½
g][−sLiµR¶ ee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ CxqsLRi AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ zqsµ³R¶ee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ ZNP[¾»½[ NUP¾»½[ ÊÁVµ³R¶ ee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ µy©«sª«s AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[ª«see AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ xqsVLji ©«sLRi ª«sVV¬s
ÇÁ©«s }qsª«see ZNP[¾»½[ AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ AÅÁßÓá Fyz¤¦¦¦ ee ZNP[¾»½[ NRPz¤¦¦¦ NRPz¤¦¦¦ Dhji Dhji ÇØz¤¦¦¦ee G¾»½[ NUP¾»½[ x¤¦Ü[Lji NRPlLi[z¤¦¦¦ee »y AÐÁ ©«s xqsNRPz¤¦¦¦ ZNP[C
ZNP[B ee ÛÇÁ[ª«s²R¶V ˳Ø\®ªs ¾»½[ª«s²R¶V x¤¦Ü[Bee ©y©«sNRP ÇØ\âßá ry¿y r¡B ee ÛÇÁ[ N][ A\ÛÆÁ ËÜ[ÌÁV−sgS²R¶Wee »y ÖÁÐÁH zqsLji gSªyLS gSªyLRiV
ee26ee
r¡ µR¶LRiV ZNP[¥¦¦¦ r¡ xmnsVLRiV ZNP[¥¦¦¦ ÑÁ»R½V ÊÁz¤¦¦¦ xqsLRiÊÁ xqsª«sWÛÍÁ[ee ªyÛÇÁ[ ©yµR¶V @®©s[NRP @xqsLiÆØ ZNP[¾»½[ ªyª«sßᥦ¦¦lLi[eeZNP[¾»½[ LSgRi
xmsLki zqsD NRP{¤¦¦¦@¬s ZNP[¾»½[ gSª«sßᥦ¦¦lLi[ ee gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ »R½Vx¤¦¦¦©¯[ xmsDßáV FyßÔá \ÛËÁxqsLi»R½LRi gS\®ªs LSÇØ µ³R¶LRiª«sVV µR¶VAlLi[ee gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÀÁ»R½V
gRiVxms»R½V ÖÁÐÁ ÇØßáz¤¦¦¦ ÖÁÐÁ ÖÁÐÁ µ³R¶LRiª«sVV −ds¿ylLi[ee gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ CxqsLRiV ÊÁLRiª«sW ®µ¶[−ds r¡x¤¦¦¦¬s xqsµy xqsªylLi[ee gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ BLiµR¶
Bµyxqsßá \ÛËÁlhi[ ®µ¶[ª«s¼½A µR¶Lji ©yÛÍÁ[ee gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ zqsµ³R¶ xqsª«sWµ³k¶ @LiµR¶Lji gSª«s¬s ryµ³R¶ −s¿ylLi[ ee gSª«s¬s ÇÁ¼d½ xqs¼d½ xqsLi»][ÐdÁ
gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ −dsLRi NRPLSlLi[ee gSª«s¬s xmsLi²T¶»R½ xms²R¶¬s LRiÐdÁxqsLRi ÇÁÙgRiV ÇÁÙgRiV ®ªs[µy ©yÛÍÁ[ee gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ßÔáA ª«sV©«sV ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦¬s xqsVLRigS
ª«sV¿³RÁ xmsBAÛÍÁ[ee gSª«s¬s LRi»R½©«s DFyG ¾»½[lLi[ @hRixqshji ¼d½LRi´R¶ ©yÛÍÁ[ee gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[µ³R¶ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÊÁÌÁ xqsWLS gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÆØßÔá ¿ylLi[ ee
gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÅÁLi²R¶ ª«sVLi²R¶ÌÁ ª«sLRi˳ÏÁLi²y NRPLji NRPLji LRiÛÆÁ[ µ³ylLi[ ee }qsC »R½Vµ³R¶V©¯[ gSª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[ »R½Vµ³R¶V ˳ت«s¬s LRi¾»½[ ¾»½[lLi[ ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ LRiryÛÍÁ[ee
x¤¦Ü[Lji ZNP[¾»½[ gSª«s¬s }qs \®ªsV ÀÁ¼½ ©«s Aª«s¬s ©y©«sNRPV NTPA −ds¿ylLi[ee r¡C r¡C xqsµy xqs¿RÁV ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ry¿y ryÀdÁ ©yCee \|¤¦¦¦
Õ³dÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ÇØB ©«s ÇØ{qs LRi¿RÁ©y ÑÁ¬s LRi¿yCee LRiLigki LRiLigki ˳ؼd½ NRPLji NRPLji ÑÁ©«s{qs ª«sWBA ÑÁ¬s DFyC ee NRPLji NRPLji ®ªs[\ÛÆÁ NUP»y
AxmsßØ ÑÁª«s ¼½xqs µk¶ ª«s²T¶ACee ÇÜ[ ¼½xqsV ˳Ø\®ªs r¡C NRPLRi{qs x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ©«s NRPLRißØ ÇØCee r¡ Fy¼½ryx¤¦¦¦§ ry¥¦¦¦
Fy¼½ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ©y©«sNRP LRix¤¦¦¦ßáV LRiÇØC ee27ee
ª«sVVLiµy xqsLi»][ÅÁV xqsLRiª«sVV xms»R½V lLi&WÖdÁ µ³j¶A©«s NUP NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¼½ ee ÐÁLi´y NSÌÁV NRPVALki NSBA ÇÁÙgRi¼½ ²R¶Li²y
xmsLRi¼d½¼½ee AC xmsLi´k¶ xqsgRiÌÁ ÇÁª«sW¼d½ ª«sV¬s ÒÁ\¾»½ ÇÁgRiV ÒÁ»R½Vee A®µ¶[xqsV ¼½\|qs A®µ¶[xqsVee Aµj¶ @¬dsÌÁV @©yµj¶ @©yx¤¦¦¦¼½ ÇÁÙgRiV
ÇÁÙgRiV GN][ ®ªs[xqsV ee 28ee
˳ÏÁVgRi¼½ gjiA©«sV µR¶BA ˳ÏÁLi²yLRißÓá xmnsVÉÓÁ xmnsVÉÓÁ ªyÇÁz¤¦¦¦ ©yµR¶ee Azms ©y´R¶V ©y´k¶ xqs˳ÏÁ ÇØ NUP Ljiµ³j¶ zqsµ³j¶ @ª«sLS ryµR¶ee
xqsLiÇÜ[gRiV −sÇÜ[gRiV µR¶VB NSLRi ¿RÁÍت«sz¤¦¦¦ ÛÍÁ[ÛÆÁ[ Aª«sz¤¦¦¦ ˳ØgRiee A®µ¶[xqsV ¼½\|qs A®µ¶[xqsVee Aµj¶ @¬dsÌÁV @©yµj¶ @©yx¤¦¦¦¼½ ÇÁÙgRiV
ÇÁÙgRiV GN][ ®ªs[xqsV ee29ee
GNS ª«sWC ÇÁÙgRi¼½ −sAC ¼½¬s ¿Á[ÛÍÁ[ xmsLRiªyßáVee BNRPV xqsLiryLki BNRPV ˳ÏÁLi²yLki BNRPV ÍØG µk¶ËØßáVee ÑÁª«s ¼½xqsV ˳Ø\®ªs
¼½\®ªs ¿RÁÍØ\®ªs ÑÁª«s x¤¦Ü[\®ªs xmnsQoLRiª«sWßáVee Jx¤¦¦¦§ ®ªs[\ÛÆÁ J©y ©«sµR¶Lji ©«s A\®ªs ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§»y Gx¤¦¦¦§ −s²yßáVee A®µ¶[xqsV ¼½\|qs A®µ¶[xqsVee Aµj¶
@¬dsÌÁV @©yµj¶ @©yx¤¦¦¦¼½ ÇÁÙgRiV ÇÁÙgRiV GN][ ®ªs[xqsV ee30ee
AxqsßáV ÍÜ[B ÍÜ[B ˳ÏÁLi²yLRi ee ÇÜ[ NTP¿³RÁV FyBA xqsV GNS ªyLRiee NRPLji NRPLji ®ªs[\ÛÆÁ zqsLRiÇÁßᥦ¦¦LRiVee ©y©«sNRP xqs¿Á[ NUP ryÀdÁ
NSLRiee A®µ¶[xqsV ¼½\|qs A®µ¶[xqsVee Aµj¶ @¬dsÌÁV @©yµj¶ @©yx¤¦¦¦¼½ ÇÁÙgRiV ÇÁÙgRiV GN][ ®ªs[xqsV ee31ee
5
BNRP µR¶W ÒÁË³Ý ÌÁÅÁ x¤¦Ü[z¤¦¦¦ ÌÁÅÁ x¤¦Ü[ª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÌÁÅÁ −dsxqsee ÌÁÅÁV ÌÁÅÁV lgi[²y AÐdÁ@z¤¦¦¦ GNRPV ©yª«sVV ÇÁgRiµk¶xqsee G»R½V LSz¤¦¦¦
xms¼½ xmsª«s²U¶A ¿RÁ²U¶H x¤¦Ü[B BNUPxqsee xqsVßÓá gRiÍØ ANSxqs NUP NUPÉØ AC Lkixqsee ©y©«sNRP ©«sµR¶Lki FyCH NRPW²U¶ NRPW\®²¶ hkixqs ee32ee
AÅÁßÓá ÇÜ[LRiV ¿RÁV\|ms ©«sx¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[LRiVee ÇÜ[LRiV ©«s ª«sVLigRißÓá ®µ¶[ßÓá ©«s ÇÜ[LRiVee ÇÜ[LRiV ©«s ÒÁª«sßÓá ª«sVLRißÓá ©«s ÇÜ[LRiVee ÇÜ[LRiV ©«s LSÑÁ
ª«sWÖÁ ª«sV¬s r¡LRiVee ÇÜ[LRiV ©«s xqsVLRi¼d½ gjiA¬s −ds¿yLji ee ÇÜ[LRiV ©«s ÇÁÙgRi¼d½ ¿³RÁV\ÛÉÁ xqsLiryLRiVee ÑÁxqsV x¤¦¦¦´j¶ ÇÜ[LRiV NRPLji ®ªs[\ÛÆÁ r¡Bee
©y©«sNRP D»R½ª«sVV ¬ds¿RÁV ©«s N][B ee33ee
LS¼d½ LRiV¼d½ ´j¶¼d½ ªyLRi ee xmsª«sßá FyßÔá @gRi¬ds Fy»yÌÁee ¼½xqsV −sÀÁ µ³R¶LRi¼d½ ´yzms LRiÐdÁ µ³R¶LRiª«sV ryÌÁ ee ¼½xqsV −sÀÁ ÒÁ@
ÇÁÙgRi¼½ ZNP[ LRiLigRiee ¼½©«s ZNP[ ©yª«sV @®©s[NRP @©«sLi»R½ee NRPLRi−dsV NRPLRi−dsV x¤¦Ü[B −ds¿yLRiVee xqs¿y Azms xqs¿y µR¶LRiËØLRiVee ¼½\®´¶ r¡x¤¦¦¦¬s
xmsLi¿RÁ xmsLRiªyßáV ee ©«sµR¶Lki NRPLRi−sV xms\®ªs ¬dsryßáVee NRP¿RÁ xmsNSC J\®´¶ FyBee ©y©«sNRP gRiBA ÇØ\|ms ÇØB ee34ee
µ³R¶LRiª«sV ÅÁLi²R¶ NS Gx¤¦Ü[ µ³R¶LRiª«sVVee gjiA©«s ÅÁLi²R¶ NS AÅÁx¤¦¦¦§ NRPLRiª«sVVee ZNP[¾»½[ xmsª«sßá FyßÔá \®ªsxqsLi»R½LRi ZNP[¾»½[ NS©«s ª«sV}¤¦¦¦xqs ee
ZNP[¾»½[ ÊÁLRi®ªs[V xmnsW²R¶¼½ xmnsV²U¶@z¤¦¦¦ LRiWxms LRiLigRi ZNP[ ®ªs[xqsee ZNP[¼d½A NRPLRiª«sV ˳ÏÁW−dsV ®ªs[VLRi ZNP[¾»½[ ZNP[¾»½[ µ³R¶W Dxms®µ¶[xqsee ZNP[¾»½[ BLiµR¶ ¿RÁLiµR¶
xqsWLRi ZNP[¾»½[ ZNP[¾»½[ ª«sVLi²R¶ÌÁ ®µ¶[xqsee ZNP[¾»½[ zqsµ³R¶ ÊÁVµ³R¶ ©y´R¶ ZNP[¾»½[ ZNP[¾»½[ ®µ¶[−ds ®ªs[xqsee ZNP[¾»½[ ®µ¶[ª«s µy©«sª«s ª«sVV¬s ZNP[¾»½[ ZNP[¾»½[ LRi»R½©«s xqsª«sVVLiµR¶ee
ZNP[¼d½A ÆØßÔá ZNP[¼d½A ËØßÔá ZNP[¾»½[ Fy»R½ ©«sLjiLiµR¶ ee ZNP[¼d½A xqsVLRi¼d½ }qsª«sNRP ZNP[¾»½[ ©y©«sNRP @Li»R½V ©«s @Li»R½V ee35ee
gjiA©«s ÅÁLi²R¶ ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ gjiA©«sV xmsLRi¿RÁLi²R¶V ee ¼½\®´¶ ©yµR¶ ÕÁ©¯[µR¶ N][²R¶ @©«sLiµR¶Vee xqsLRiª«sV ÅÁLi²R¶ NUP ËØßÔá LRiWxmsoee ¼½\®´¶
xmnsW²R¶¼½ xmnsV²T¶H ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§»R½V @©«sWxmsoee »y NUPA gRiÍØ NRP´k¶A ©y ÇØz¤¦¦¦ ee ÛÇÁ[ N][ NRP\|¤¦¦¦ zms\¿³Á xms¿³RÁV»yBee ¼½\®´¶ xmnsV²U¶H xqsVLRi¼½ ª«sV¼½
ª«sV¬s ÊÁVµ³j¶ee ¼½\®´¶ xmnsV²U¶H xqsVLS zqsµ³y NUP xqsVµ³j¶ ee36ee
NRPLRiª«sV ÅÁLi²R¶ NUP ËØßÔá ÇÜ[LRiVee ¼½\®´¶ x¤¦Ü[LRiV ©«s N][C x¤¦Ü[LRiVee ¼½\®´¶ ÇÜ[µ³R¶ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÊÁÌÁ xqsWLRiee ¼½©«s ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ LSª«sVV LRiz¤¦¦¦A
˳ÏÁLRixmspLRiee ¼½\®´¶ {qs»][ {qs»y ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ª«sW ª«sWz¤¦¦¦ee »y ZNP[ LRiWxms ©«s NRP´R¶®©s[ ÇØz¤¦¦¦ee ©y Jz¤¦¦¦ ª«sVLRiz¤¦¦¦ ©«s hSlgi[ ÇØz¤¦¦¦ee ÑÁ©«s \ZNP
LSª«sVV ª«s\|qs ª«sV©«s ª«sWz¤¦¦¦ee ¼½\®´¶ ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ ª«sxqsz¤¦¦¦ ZNP[ ÍÜ[@ee NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ @©«sLiµR¶V xqs¿y ª«sV¬s r¡Bee xqs¿RÁ ÅÁLi²R¶ ª«s\|qs ¬sLRiLiNSLRiVee
NRPLji NRPLji ®ªs[\ÛÆÁ ©«sµR¶Lji ¬s¥¦¦¦ÌÁee ¼½\®´¶ ÅÁLi²R¶ ª«sVLi²R¶ÌÁ ª«sLRi˳ÏÁLi²R¶ee ÛÇÁ[ N][ NRP\®´¶ »R½ @Li»R½ ©«s @Li»R½ ee ¼½\®´¶ ÍÜ[@ ÍÜ[@ ANSLRiee ÑÁª«s
ÑÁª«s x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ¼½\®ªs ¼½ª«s NSLRiee ®ªs[\ÛÆÁ −sgRi\|qs NRPLji −ds¿yLRiVee ©y©«sNRP NRP´R¶©y NRPLRi²y ryLRiV ee37ee
ÇÁ»R½V Fy¥¦¦¦LS µ³k¶LRiÇÁÙ xqsV¬sALRiVee @x¤¦¦¦LRißÓá ª«sV¼½ ®ªs[µR¶V x¤¦¦¦´k¶ALRiVee ˳ÏÁD ÅÁÍØ @gRi¬s »R½xms »yDee ˳ط²y ˳ØD
@Liú−sV»R½V ¼½»R½V ²³yÖÁee xmnsV²U¶H xqsÊÁµR¶V xqsÀdÁ ÈÁNRPryÌÁee ÑÁ©«s NRPD ©«sµR¶Lji NRPLRiª«sVV ¼½©«s NSLRi ee ©y©«sNRP ©«sµR¶Lki ©«sµR¶Lji ¬s¥¦¦¦ÌÁ ee38ee

xqsÍÜ[NRPVee
mx sª«sßáV gRiVLRiW FyßÔá zms»y ª«sW»y µ³R¶LRi¼½ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦»R½Vee µj¶ª«sxqsV LS¼½ µR¶VB µyC µyBA ÛÆÁ[Û\ ÍÁ
xqsgRiÌÁ ÇÁgRi»R½Vee ¿RÁLigjiACA ÊÁVLjiACA ªy\¿Á µ³R¶LRiª«sVV x¤¦¦¦µR¶WLjiee NRPLRi−dsV AF¡ AxmsßÔá ZNP[ ®©s[®\ ²¶ ZNP[
µR¶WLjiee ÑÁ¬ds ©yª«sVV µ³j¶ABA gRiG ª«sVxqsNRP¼½ xmnsWÖÁee ©y©«sNRP ¾»½[ ª«sVVÅÁ DÇÁÛÍÁ[ ZNP[¼d½ ¿³RÁVÉÔÁ ©yÖÁee1ee

cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
6
ÇØxmso ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ
1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee
ee ÇØxmso ee
ú{qs ª«sVVÅÁªyNRP Fy¼½ry{¤¦¦¦ 10
¿³RÁ\|ms ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶ ee

¿RÁNRPäQû ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s @LRiV ÊÁLRi©«s Çؼ½ @LRiV Fy¼½ ©«sz¤¦¦¦©«s ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ee


LRiWxms LRiLigRi @LRiV lLi[ÅÁ Û˳Á[ÅÁ N][E NRPz¤¦¦¦ ©«s xqsNRP»R½ NTPx¤¦¦¦ ee
@¿RÁÌÁ ª«sVWLRi¼½ @©«s˳ÏÁD úxmsNSxqs @−sV»][ÑÁ NRPz¤¦¦¦\ÛÇÁ ee
N][ÉÓÁ BLiúµR¶ BLiúµyßá ryx¤¦¦¦§ ry¥¦¦¦ßÓá gRißÓá\ÛÇÁ ee
ú¼½Ë³ÏÁª«sßá ª«sV{¤¦¦¦xms xqsVLRi ©«sLRi @xqsVLRi ®©s[»R½ ®©s[»R½ ÊÁ©«s ú¼½ßá NRPx¤¦¦¦»R½ ee
»R½ª«s xqsLRiÊÁ ©yª«sV NRP\®´¶ NRPª«s©«s NRPLRiª«sV ©yª«sV ÊÁLRi©«s»R½ xqsVª«sV¼½ ee 1 ee

˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi úxms¸R¶W»R½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶

©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li @NSÛÍÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li úNTPFyÛÍÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @LRiW}ms ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @©«sW}ms ee 1e2e


©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @Û˳Á[ÛÆÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ÛÍÁ[ÛÆÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @NSG ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ÇØG ee 2 e3e
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @gRiLiÛÇÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @˳ÏÁLiÛÇÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @©y®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @hS®ªs[V e3e 4 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @NRPLRiª«sVLi ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @µ³R¶LRiª«sVLi ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @©yª«sVLi ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @µ³yª«sVLi e4e 5 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ÒÁ¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @Õ³dÁ¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ËØ}¤¦¦¦ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @²³y}¤¦¦¦ e5e 6 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @¬dsÛÍÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @©y®µ¶[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @¿³Á[®µ¶[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @gS®µ³¶[ e6e 7 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @gRiLiÛÇÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @˳ÏÁLiÛÇÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li DµylLi[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @FylLi[ e7e 8 ee

©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li xqsV G\ZNP ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @®©s[\ZNP ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @˳ÏÁW¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ÇÁÚ}ms e8e 9 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sNRPLRi®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬s˳ÏÁLRi®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬s®µ¶[}qs ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sÛ˳Á[}qs e9e 10 ee

©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬s©y®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sNS®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sµ³y¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sxmnsW¾»½[ e10e 11 ee


©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sµ³R¶W¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @˳ÏÁW¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ÍÜ[ZNP[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @r¡ZNP[ e11e 12 ee

©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬s»y}ms ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @´y}ms ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¼½ª«sW®©s[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ¬sµ³y®©s[ e12e 13 ee


©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @gS}¤¦¦¦ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ËØ}¤¦¦¦ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¼½ÊÁLRilgi[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @xqsLRilgi[ e13e 14 ee
7
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li úxms˳Ü[lgi[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li xqsVÇÜ[lgi[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @LRiLilgi[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @˳ÏÁLilgi[ e14e 15 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @gRiLi®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½xqs»R½V LRiLi®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ÇÁÍØxqslLi[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ¬sLSxqslLi[ e15e 16 ee

©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @Çؾ»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @Fy¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ª«sVÇÁÛËÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½xqs»R½V @ÇÁÛËÁ[ e16e 17 ee


@®µ¶[xqsLi @®µ¶[}qs ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @Û˳Á[}qs ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sµ³y®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sËØ®ªs[V e17e 18 ee

©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ NSÛÍÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ µj¶AÛÍÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ LRiW}ms ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁW}ms e18e 19 ee
©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ÆØ}ms ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ´y}ms ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ NSÛÍÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ FyÛÍÁ[ e19e 20 ee

©«sª«sVxqs»R½xqs»R½V ®µ¶[\®ªs ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @Û˳Á[\®ªs ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ÇÁ©«s®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li xqsVÊÁ©«s®ªs[V e20e 21 ee


©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ gRiD®©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁD®©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ LRiLilgi[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁLilgi[ e21e 22 ee
©«s®ªsW NSÌÁ NSÛÍÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½xqs»R½V µj¶AÛÍÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ÊÁLRi®©s[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @ª«sVLRi®©s[ e22e 23 ee

©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ÇÁLSLRiLi ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li úNTP»yLRiLi ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ µ³R¶Li®µ³¶[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqs»R½ @ÊÁLi®µ³¶[ e23e24ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sryZNP[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ú¬sËØZNP[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li LRi{¤¦¦¦®ªs[V ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li NRPLki®ªs[V e24e 25 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li @©«sLi¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ª«sVx¤¦¦¦Li¾»½[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½xqs»R½V LSlgi[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li xqsV¥¦¦¦lgi[ e25e 26 ee
©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ r¡ÅÁLi ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ F¡ÅÁLi ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ NRPLRi»y ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y e26e 27 ee
©«s®ªsW ÇÜ[gRi ÇÜ[lgi[ ee ©«s®ªsW ˳Ü[gRi ˳Ü[lgi[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ µj¶AÛÍÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ FyÛÍÁ[ e27e28ee

¿y¿RÁLki ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶


@LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @©«sWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @ÇÁÚ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @˳ÏÁW \|¤¦¦¦Li e1e 29 ee
@ÛÍÁ[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @©yª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Liee @NSª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Lie2e30ee
@®µ³¶[ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @Û˳Á[ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @ÒÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Õ³dÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e3e 31ee
ú¼½ª«sW©«s \|¤¦¦¦Liee ¬sµ³y©«s \|¤¦¦¦Liee ú¼½ÊÁLRigRi \|¤¦¦¦Liee @xqsLRigRi \|¤¦¦¦Lie4e32e
@¬dsÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @©yµj¶ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @ÛÇÁ[ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @Çصj¶ \|¤¦¦¦Lie5e33ee
@ÇÁ©«sª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Liee @ÊÁLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ee @˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Liee@˳ÏÁLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦Lie6e34ee
@gRiLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @˳ÏÁLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Liee@LRi&VWLRi&V \|¤¦¦¦Li ee@LRi&VLiLRi&V \|¤¦¦¦Lie7e 35ee
@−dsVNRP \|¤¦¦¦Liee LRi{mnsNRP \|¤¦¦¦Liee @µ³R¶Liµ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @ÊÁLiµ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦Lie8e36ee
ú¬sÊÁWLRi&V \|¤¦¦¦Liee @xqsWLRi&V \|¤¦¦¦Liee @NSÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @ÇØÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Lie9e37ee
@ÍØx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Liee@ÇØx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Liee@©«sLi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Lieeª«sVx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Lie10e38ee
@ÖdÁNRP \|¤¦¦¦Lieeú¬sú{qsNRP \|¤¦¦¦Liee ú¬sÌÁLi˳ÏÁ \|¤¦¦¦Liee@xqsLi˳ÏÁ \|¤¦¦¦Lie11e 39ee
@gRiLiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Liee@ÇÁLiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Liee @˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @¿³RÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e12e40 ee
@ÍÜ[NRP \|¤¦¦¦Liee@r¡NRP \|¤¦¦¦Liee@NRPLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Liee@˳ÏÁLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Lie13e41e
@ÒÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @Õ³dÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @ËØx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Liee @gSx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Lie14e42ee
@ª«sW©«s \|¤¦¦¦Liee¬sµ³y©«s \|¤¦¦¦Liee@®©s[NRP \|¤¦¦¦LieezmnsLji GNRP \|¤¦¦¦Lie15e43 e
8
˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi úxms¸R¶W»R½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶

©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ª«sW®©s[ ee xqsª«sVxqs¼d½ ¬sµ³y®©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW ®µ¶[ª«s ®µ¶[®ªs[ ee @Û˳Á[ÐdÁ @Û˳Á[®ªs[ e1e 44 ee
©«s®ªsW NSÌÁ NSÛÍÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ FyÛÍÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ gRiDâßá[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁDâßá[ e2e 45 ee
@©«sLigki @©y®´¶[ ee ú¬sxqsLigki úxmsª«sW®´¶[ ee ©«s®ªsW ˳ة«s ˳خ©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW ª«sW©«s ª«sW®©s[ e3e 46 ee
©«s®ªsW ¿RÁLiúµR¶ ¿RÁLiú®µ¶[ ee ©«s®ªsW ˳ة«s ˳خ©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW gki»R½ gki¾»½[ ee ©«s®ªsW »y©«s »y®©s[ e4e 47 ee

©«s®ªsW ú¬s»R½ò ú¬s¾»½[ò ee ©«s®ªsW ©yµR¶ ©y®µ¶[ ee ©«s®ªsW Fy©«s Fy®©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW ËصR¶ ËØ®µ¶[ e5e 48 ee
@©«sLigki @©y®ªs[V ee xqsª«sVxqs¼d½ xqsLRiW}ms ee úxms˳ÏÁLigki úxmsª«sW®´¶[ ee xqsª«sVxqs¼d½ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e6e 49 ee
NRPÌÁLiNRPLi ÕÁ©y ®©s[NRPÌÁLiNUP xqsLRiW}ms ee ©«s®ªsW LSÇÁ LSÛÇÁ[xqs*LRiLi xmsLRiª«sV LRiW}ms e7e 50 ee
©«s®ªsW ÇÜ[gRi ÇÜ[lgi[xqs*LRiLi xmsLRiª«sV zqs®µ³ôð¶[ ee ©«s®ªsW LSÇÁ LSÛÇÁ[xqs*LRiLi xmsLRiª«sV úÕÁ®µ³¶[ e8e 51 ee
©«s®ªsW xqsxqsú»R½Fyâßá[ ee ©«s®ªsW @xqsú»R½ª«sWâßá[ ee ©«s®ªsW xmsLRiª«sV gjiA»y ee ©«s®ªsW ÍÜ[NRP ª«sW»y e9e 52 ee
@Û˳Á[ÐdÁ @˳ÏÁLRi−dsV @˳Ü[gki @˳ÏÁVgRi¾»½[ ee ©«s®ªsW ÇÜ[gRi ÇÜ[lgi[xqs*LRiLi xmsLRiª«sV ÇÁÙgRi¾»½[ e10e 53 ee
©«s®ªsW ¬s»R½ò ©yLSBâßá[ úNRPWLRi NRPLRi®ªs[V ee ©«s®ªsW ú}ms»R½ @ú}ms»R½ ®µ¶[®ªs[ xqsVµ³R¶LRi®ªs[V e11e 54 ee

©«s®ªsW L][gRi x¤¦¦¦LRi»y ©«s®ªsW LSgRi LRiW}ms ee ©«s®ªsW ryx¤¦¦¦ ryx¤¦¦¦Li ©«s®ªsW ˳ÏÁWxms ˳ÏÁW}ms e12e 55 ee
©«s®ªsW µy©«s µy®©s[ ©«s®ªsW ª«sW©«s ª«sW®©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW L][gRi L][lgi[ ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li xqs©y®©s[ e13e 56 ee
©«s®ªsW ª«sVLiú»R½ ª«sVLiú»R½Li ee ©«s®ªsW ÇÁLiú»R½ ÇÁLiú»R½Li ee ©«s®ªsW BxqsÈÁ BxqsÛÉÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW »R½Liú»R½ »R½Liú»R½Li e14e 57 ee
xqsµy xqs¿RÁèµy©«sLiµR¶ xqsLRiÊÁLi úxmsßØ{qs ee @©«sW}ms @LRiW}ms xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ ¬sªy{qs e15e 58 ee
xqsµy zqsµ³R¶µy ÊÁVµ³R¶µy úÕÁµ³R¶ NRPLRi»y ee @µ³][ DLRiµ³R¶ @LRiµ³R¶Li @xmnsVLi JxmnsV x¤¦¦¦LRi»y e16e 59 ee
xmsLRiLi xmsLRiª«sV xmsLRi®ªs[Vxqs*LRiLi úF¡¿³RÁFyÌÁLi ee xqsµy xqsLRiÊÁµy zqsµ³ôðR¶ µy»y µj¶AÌÁLi e17e 60 ee
@¿³Á[µk¶ @Û˳Á[µk¶ @©yª«sVLi @NSª«sVLi ee xqsª«sVxqs»][ xmsLSÒÁ xqsª«sVxqs»R½xqs»R½V µ³yª«sVLi e18e 61 ee

¾»½[LS ÇÜ[LRiV ee ¿y¿RÁLki ¿³RÁLiµR¶


ÇÁÛÍÁ[ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ´R¶ÛÍÁ[ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Õ³dÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Û˳Á[ \|¤¦¦¦Li e1e62ee
úxms˳ÏÁW \|¤¦¦¦Li e @ÇÁÚ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @®µ¶[xqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Û˳Á[xqs \|¤¦¦¦Li e2e63 ee

˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi úxms¸R¶W»R½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶

@gS®µ³¶[ @ËØ®µ³¶[ ee @©«sLiµk¶ xqsLRiW}ms ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ª«sW®©s[ ee xqsª«sVxqs¼d½ ¬sµ³y®©s[ e1e 64ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li ú¬s©y®´¶[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li úxmsª«sW®´¶[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li @gRiLiÛÇÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li @˳ÏÁLiÛÇÁ[ e2e 65 ee
©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li @NSÛÍÁ[ ee ©«sª«sVxqs»R½*Li @FyÛÍÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ®µ¶[}qs ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ Û˳Á[}qs e3e 66 ee
©«s®ªsW LSÇÁ LSÛÇÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW ryÇÁ ryÛÇÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW aSx¤¦¦¦ aS}¤¦¦¦ ee ©«s®ªsW ª«sWx¤¦¦¦ ª«sW}¤¦¦¦ e4e 67 e
9
©«s®ªsW gki»R½ gki¾»½[ ee ©«s®ªsW ú{ms»R½ ú{ms¾»½[ ee ©«s®ªsW L][ÅÁ L][ÛÆÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW r¡ÅÁ r¡ÛÆÁ[ e5e 68 ee
©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ L][lgi[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ˳Ü[lgi[ ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ÒÁ»R½Li ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ Õ³dÁ»R½Li e6e 69 ee
©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ gjiA©«sLiee ©«s®ªsW xmsLRiª«sV »y©«sLi ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ª«sVLiú»R½Li ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ ÇÁLiú»R½Li e7e 70 ee
©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ úµj¶xqs=Li ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ úNTPxqs=Li ee ©«s®ªsW xqsLRiÊÁ LRiLilgi[ ee ú¼½Ë³ÏÁLigki @©«sLilgi[ e8e 71 ee

©«s®ªsW ÒÁª«s ÒÁª«sLi ee ©«s®ªsW ÕdÁÇÁ ÕdÁÛÇÁ[ ee @ÐÁÛÇêÁ[ @Õ³ÁÛÇêÁ[ ee xqsª«sVxqs»R½Li úxmszqsÛÇêÁ[ e9e72 ee
úNTPFyÌÁLi xqsLRiW}ms NRPVNRPLRiª«sVLi úxmsßØ{qs ee xqsµy xqsLRiÊÁµy Ljiµ³j¶ zqsµ³R¶Li ¬sªy{qs e10e 73 ee

¿RÁLRixmsÈÁ ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶

@Liú−sV»R½ò NRPLRi®ªs[Ve @LiúÕÁ»R½ µ³R¶LRi®ªs[Ve @ÅÁÌýÁ ÇÜ[lgi[e @¿RÁÌýÁ ˳Ü[lgi[e74ee


@¿RÁÌýÁ LSÛÇÁ[ e @ÈÁÌýÁ ryÛÇÁ[ e @ÅÁÌýÁ µ³R¶LRiª«sVLi e @ÌÁÅåÁ NRPLRiª«sVLie75ee
xqsLRiÊÁLi µy»ye xqsLRiÊÁLi gjiA»y e xqsLRiÊÁLi ˳خ©s[ e xqsLRiÊÁLi ª«sW®©s[ e76ee
xqsLRiÊÁLi úFyßáLie xqsLRiÊÁLi ú»yßáLi e xqsLRiÊÁLi ˳ÏÁVgRi»y e xqsLRiÊÁLi ÇÁÙgRi»y e77ee
xqsLRiÊÁLi ®µ¶[ª«sLi e xqsLRiÊÁLi Û˳Á[ª«sLi e xqsLRiÊÁLi NSÛÍÁ[ e xqsLRiÊÁLi FyÛÍÁ[ e78ee

LRiWAÌÁ ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶

Aµj¶ LRiWxms @©yµj¶ ª«sVWLRi¼½ @ÇÜ[¬s xmsoLRiÅÁ @FyLRi ee xqsLRiÊÁ ª«sW©«s ú¼½ª«sW©«s ®µ¶[ª«s @Û˳Á[ª«s Aµj¶ DµyLRi ee
xqsLRiÊÁ FyÌÁNRP xqsLRiÊÁ xmnsWÌÁNRP xqsLRiÊÁ N][ xmso¬s NSÌÁ ee ÇÁ»R½òQû »R½»R½òQû ÕÁLSÇÁ{¤¦¦¦ @ª«sµ³R¶W»R½ LRiWxms LRiryÌÁ e1e 79 ee
©yª«sV hSª«sV ©«s Çؼ½ ÇØNRPLRi LRiWxms LRiLigRi ©«s lLi[ÅÁ ee Aµj¶ xmsoLRiÅÁ DµyLRi ª«sVWLRi¼½ @ÇÜ[¬s Aµj¶ @}qsÅÁ ee
®µ¶[xqs KLRi ©«s Û˳Á[xqs ÇØNRPLRi LRiWxms lLi[ÅÁ ©«s LSgRi ee ÇÁ»R½òQû »R½»R½òQû µj¶ry −sry x¤¦¦¦§B \|mnsÖÁJ @©«sVLSgRi e2e 80 ee
©yª«sV NSª«sV ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s }msÅÁ»R½ µ³yª«sV x¤¦¦¦¨Li ©«sz¤¦¦¦ ÇØz¤¦¦¦ ee xqsLRiÊÁ ª«sW©«s xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ª«sW©«s xqs\®µ¶ª«s ª«sW©«s»R½ »yz¤¦¦¦ ee
GNRP ª«sVWLRi¼½ @®©s[NRP µR¶LRixqs©«s NUP©«s LRiWxms @®©s[NRP ee ÛÆÁ[ÌÁ ÛÆÁ[ÌÁ @ÛÆÁ[ÌÁ ÛÆÁ[ÌÁ©«s @Li»R½ N][ zmnsLji GNRP e3e 81 ee

®µ¶[ª«s Û˳Á[ª«s ©«s ÇØ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÑÁLix¤¦¦¦ ÛËÁ[µR¶ @DLRi NRP¾»½[ÊÁ ee LRiWxms LRiLigRi ©«s Çؼ½ Fy¼½ xqsV ÇØ©«sC NTPLix¤¦¦¦ ÛÇÁ[ÊÁ ee
»y»R½ ª«sW»R½ ©«s ÇØ»R½ ÇØNRPLRi ÇÁ©«sª«sV ª«sVLRi©«s ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s ee ¿RÁNRPäQû ÊÁNRPäQû zmns\lLi ¿RÁ»R½LRi ¿RÁNRPä ª«sW©«s{¤¦¦¦ xmsoLRi¼d½©«s e4e 82 ee
ÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁDµR¶x¤¦¦¦ ZNP[ ÕÁ\ÛÆÁ ÇÁgRi ÇØxms{¤¦¦¦ ÑÁLix¤¦¦¦ ÇØxms ee Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s @©yµj¶ ª«sVWLRi¼½ ´yzmsD xqs\ÛËÁ ÑÁLix¤¦¦¦ ´yzms ee
xmsLRiª«sV LRiWxms xmso¬ds»R½ ª«sVWLRi¼½ xmspLRi©«s xmsoLRiÅÁ @FyLRi ee xqsLRiÊÁ ÕÁxqs* LRiÀÁJ xqsV¸R¶VLi˳ÏÁª«s gRi²R¶©«s ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ©«s¥¦¦¦LRi e5e 83
ee

NSÌÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s NRPÍØ xqsLiÇÁÙgRi¼½ @NSÌÁ xmsoLRiÅÁ @®µ¶[xqs ee µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³yª«sV xqsV ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV LRiz¤¦¦¦»R½ @˳ÏÁW»R½ @ÌÁÅÁ @Û˳Á[xqs ee
@LigRi LSgRi ©«s LRiLigRi ÇØNRPz¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ©«s ©yª«sV ee gRiLRiÊÁ gRiLiÇÁ©«s µR¶VxqsÈÁ ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ©«s ª«sVVNRP¼½ µyBNRP NSª«sV e6e 84 ee
10
Axms LRiWxms @−dsVNRP @©«s Dxqs»R½¼½ GNRP xmsoLRiÅÁ @ª«sµ³R¶W»R½ ee gRiLRiÊÁ gRiLiÇÁ©«s xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ©«s Aµj¶ LRiWxms @xqsW»R½ ee
@LigRi {¤¦¦¦©«s @˳ÏÁLigRi @©y»R½ª«sV GNRP xmsoLRiÅÁ @FyLRi ee xqsLRiÊÁ ÍØBNRP xqsLRiÊÁ xmnsWBNRP xqsLRiÊÁ N][ úxms¼½FyLRi e7e 85 ee

xqsLRiÊÁ gRiLi»y xqsLRiÊÁ x¤¦¦¦Li»y xqsLRiÊÁ ¾»½[ @©«sÛ˳Á[ÅÁ ee xqsLRiÊÁ ryxqsú»R½ ©«s ÇØ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÑÁLix¤¦¦¦ LRiWxms LRiLigRiV @LRiV lLi[ÅÁ ee
xmsLRiª«sV ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLSßá ÇØNRPz¤¦¦¦ ®©s[»R½ ˳ØÅÁ»R½ ¬s»R½ò ee N][ÉÓÁ zqsLiú−sV»R½ xmsoLS©«s ryxqsú»R½ ©«s Aª«sC ª«sx¤¦¦¦§ ÀÁ»R½ò e8e 86 ee

ª«sVµ³R¶V˳ØLRi ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶

gRiV©«s gRi©«s DµyLRi ee ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ª«sW @FyLRi ee Axqs©«s @˳ÏÁLigRi ee Dxmsª«sW @©«sLigRi e1e 87 ee
@©«s˳ÏÁD úxmsNSxqs ee ¬sxqsµj¶©«s @©yxqs ee AÇØ©«s ËØx¤¦¦¦§ ee ry¥¦¦¦©«s ryx¤¦¦¦§ e2e 88 ee
LSÇØ©«s LSÇÁ ee ˳ةy©«s ˳ة«s ee ®µ¶[ªy©«s ®µ¶[ª«s ee Dxmsª«sW ª«sV¥¦¦¦©«s e3e 89 ee
BLiúµy©«s BLiúµR¶ ee ËØÍØ©«s ËØÌÁ ee LRiLiNS©«s LRiLiNRP ee NSÍØ©«s NSÌÁ e4e 90 ee
@©«s˳ÏÁW»R½ @LigRi ee AË³Ø @˳ÏÁLigRi ee gRi¼½ −sV¼½ @FyLRi ee gRiV©«s gRi©«s DµyLRi e5e 91 ee
ª«sVV¬s gRi©«s úxms©yª«sV ee ¬sLRi\Û˳Á ¬sNSª«sV ee @¼½ µR¶V¼½ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ ee −sV¼½ gRi¼½ @ÅÁLi²R¶e6e 92ee
AÖÁxqsù NRPLRiª«sV ee Aúµj¶xqsù µ³R¶LRiª«sVee xqsLRiËØ Ë³ÏÁLRißز³R¶ùee @©«s²R¶Li²R¶ Ëز³R¶ù e7e 93ee

¿y¿RÁLki ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶


gRiVÕÁLi®µ¶[ ee ª«sVVNRPLi®µ¶[ ee DµylLi[ ee @FylLi[ e1e 94 ee
x¤¦¦¦Lki@Li ee NRPLki@Li ee ú¬s©y®ªs[V ee @NS®ªs[V e2ee95ee

˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi úxms¸R¶W»R½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶


¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû NRPLRi»y ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû x¤¦¦¦LRi»y ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû µy®©s[ ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû ÇØ®©s[ e1e 96 ee
¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû ª«sLRi¼d½ ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû ˳ÏÁLRi¼d½ ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû FyÛÍÁ[ ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû NSÛÍÁ[ e2e 97 ee
¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû Fy}qs ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû ªy}qs ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû ª«sW©«s\¹¸¶V ee ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû µy©«s\¹¸¶V e3e98 ee

¿y¿RÁLki ¿³RÁLiµR¶ee
©«s xqs¾»^½Qò û ee ©«s −sV¾»^½Qò û ee ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sVLi ee ©«s Õ³Á¾»^½Qò û e1e 99 ee
©«s NRPLRiª«sVLi ee ©«s NSG ee @ÇÁ©«sª«sVLi ee @ÇØG e2e 100 ee
©«s ÀÁ¾»^½Qò û ee ©«s −sV¾»^½Qò û ee xmslLi[ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xms−s¾»^½Qò û e3e 101 ee
úzms´k¶\|qs ee @µk¶\|qs ee @úµj¶\|qs ee @úNTP\|qs e4e 102 ee

˳ÏÁgRiª«s¼d½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶ NRP´R¶¾»½[


NTP AÀ³ÁÇêÁ ®µ¶[\|qs ee NTP AÕ³ÁÇêÁ Û˳Á[\|qs ee NTP AgRiLiÇÁ NRPLRi\®ªsV ee NTP A˳ÏÁLiÇÁ ˳ÏÁLRi\®ªsV e1e103ee
NTP AÕ³ÁÇÁ ÍÜ[\ZNP ee NTP Aµj¶»R½ r¡\ZNP ee NTP @ª«sµ³R¶W»R½ ÊÁLRi\®©s ee NTP ÕÁ˳ÏÁW»R½ NRPLRi\®©s e2e 104 ee
11
NTP LSÇÁLi úxmsË³Ø \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP µ³R¶LRiª«sVLi µ³R¶VÇØ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP Ar¡NRP ÊÁLRi\®©s ee NTP xqsLRiËØ @˳ÏÁLRi\®©s e3e 105 ee
NTP ÇÁgRi»R½Li úNTP¼d½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP ¿³RÁú»R½Li ¿³RÁú¼d½ \|¤¦¦¦Li eeNTP úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVLi xqsLRiW\|ms ee NTP @©«s˳ÏÁD @©«sW\|ms e4e 106 ee
NTP Aµj¶ @®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP Azms @Û˳Á[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP ÀÁ»R½òQûLi ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦\®©s ee NTP G\ZNP @µ³k¶\®©s e5e 107 ee
NTP L][ÒÁ LRiÇØ\ZNP ee LRi{¤¦¦¦\®ªsV Lji¥¦¦¦\ZNP ee NTP FyNRP ÕÁHÊÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP \lgiÊÁVÌÁ \lgiÊÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e6e 108 ee
NTP @xmnsª«soÌÁ gRiV©yx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Liee NTP aS¥¦¦¦©«s aSx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Li eeNTP NSLRi©«s NRPV¬sLiµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li eeNTP L][ÒÁ µj¶x¤¦¦¦LiµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦Lie7e109ee

NTP LSÇÁNRP LRi{¤¦¦¦ª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li eeNTP NRPLRiª«sVLi NRPLkiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li eeNTP xqsLRiÊÁLi NRPÖdÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li eeNTP xqsLRiÊÁLi µR¶ÖdÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e8e 110 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ª«sW¬s\¹¸¶V ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû µy¬s\¹¸¶V ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû gRiD\®©s ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ˳ÏÁD\®©s e9e 111 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ®µ¶[\|qs ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû Û˳Á[\|qs ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû LS\ÛÇÁ ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ry\ÛÇÁ e10e 112 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû µk¶\®©s ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ÖdÁ\®©s ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ÇØx¤¦Ü[ ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ˳Øx¤¦Ü[ e11e 113 ee

NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ®µ¶[\|qs ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû Û˳Á[\|qs ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû NS\ÛÍÁ ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû Fy\ÛÍÁ e12e 114 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû x¤¦¦¦Li»y ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû gRiLi»y ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû Û˳Á[ÐdÁ ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû }msÐdÁ e13e 115 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû NS\ÛÇÁ ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû LS\ÛÇÁ ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû r¡\ÛÆÁ ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû F¡\ÛÆÁ e14e 116 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ú»y\âßá ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû úFy\âßá ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ®µ¶[\|qs ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû Û˳Á[\|qs e15e 117 ee

NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ª«sW¬s\¹¸¶VLi ee xqs\®µ¶ª«sLi úxmsµ³y¬s\¹¸¶VLi ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ÇØzms\¹¸¶V ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ´yzms\¹¸¶V e16e118ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ˳Ø\®©s ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ª«sW\®©s ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû BLi\®µ¶Qû ee NTP xqsLRiÊÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁLi\®µ¶Qû e17e 119 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁLi NRPÖdÁ\®ªsV ee NTP xmsLRiª«sVLi xmns{¤¦¦¦\®ªsV ee NTP ANRPÌÁ @ÍØ\®ªsV ee NTP ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ NRPÍØ\®ªsV e18e 120 ee
NTP x¤¦¦¦§xqs©«sÌÁ ª«sÇÁÚ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee »R½ª«sWª«sVVÌÁ LRiVÇÁÚ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee x¤¦¦¦®ªs[VxqsVÌÁ xqsÍØ\®ªsVLi ee xqsÖdÁÅÁ»R½ ª«sVVµy\®ªsVLi e19e 121 ee
gRi¬dsª«sVVÌÁ bPNRPxqs\¾»½ ee gRiLkiÊÁVÌÁ xmsLRixqs\¾»½ ee ÕÁÌÁLiµR¶VÌÁ ª«sVNS\®©sLi ee ÇÁ−dsV©«sVÌÁ ÇÁª«sW\®©sLi e20e 122 ee

»R½−dsVÇÁÙÌÁ »R½ª«sW\®ªsVLi ee LRiVÇÁÚ@ÌÁ ¬sµ³y\®©sLi ee x¤¦¦¦LkixmnsQoÌÁ @ÒÁ\®ªsVLi ee LRiÇØBNRP ¸R¶VNUP\®©sLi e21e 123 ee
@®©s[NRPVÌÁ »R½LRiLigRi \|¤¦¦¦Liee @Û˳Á[µR¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li @˳ÏÁLigRi \|¤¦¦¦Liee@ÒÁÇÁÙÌÁ ¬sªyÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦LieegRi¬dsª«sVVÌÁ ÐÁLSÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e22e124 e
¬sLRiVNRP»R½ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ú¼½ª«sVVNRP¼½ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee úxms˳ÏÁVgRi¼½ úxmsË³Ø \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsVÇÁÙgRi¼½ xqsVµ³y \|¤¦¦¦Li e23e 125 ee
xqs\®µ¶ª«sLi xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Û˳Á[µk¶ @©«sWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li eexqsª«sVxqs»][ xmsLSÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li eexqsµy xqsLRiÊÁ ryÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e24e126 ee
xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ xqsÍت«sV \|¤¦¦¦Liee xqs\®µ¶ª«sÌÁ @NSª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Liee ú¬sËص³R¶ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Liee@gSµ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li @©«sWxms \|¤¦¦¦Lie25e127 ee

J@Li Aµj¶ LRiW}ms ee @©yµj¶ xqsLRiW}ms ee @©«sLigki @©y®ªs[V ee ú¼½Ë³ÏÁLigki ú¼½NS®ªs[V e26e 128 ee
ú¼½ÊÁLRigRiLi ú¼½ËØ®µ³¶[ ee @gRiLiÛÇÁ[ @gS®µ³¶[ ee xqsV˳ÏÁLi xqsLRiÊÁ ˳Ølgi[ ee xqsVxqsLRiËØ @©«sVLSlgi[ e27e 129 ee
ú¼½Ë³ÏÁVgRi»R½ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Liee @À³ÁÇêÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li @¿³RÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Liee NTP ©«sLRiNRPLi úxmsßØxqs |\ ¤¦¦¦Liee úzms´k¶DÌÁ úxmsªyxqs \|¤¦¦¦Lie28e130 ee
¬sLRiVNRP¼½ úxmsË³Ø \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqs\®µ¶ª«sLi xqsµy \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÕÁ˳ÏÁVgRi¼½ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee úxmsÇÁÙgRi¼½ @©«sWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li e29e 131 ee
¬sLRiVNRP¼½ xqsµy \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÕÁ˳ÏÁVgRi¼½ úxmsË³Ø \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @©«sDNRP¼½ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee úxmsÇÁÙgRi¼½ @©«sWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li e30e 132 ee
12
¿y¿RÁLki ¿³RÁLiµR¶
@˳ÏÁLigRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @©«sLigRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @ÛÍÁ[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e1e 133 ee
@˳ÏÁLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @NRPLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @©yµj¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÇÁÙgSµj¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li e2e 134 ee
@\ÛÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @\ÛËÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @µ³R¶W»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e3e 135 ee
@©yxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee Dµyxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @µ³R¶Liµ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @ÊÁLiµ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li e4e 136 ee
@˳ÏÁgRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÕÁLRiNRP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @©yxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee úxmsNSxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li e5e 137 ee
¬sÀÁLi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsV¬sLi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @ÖÁÅåÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @µj¶ÅåÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e6e 138 ee
@ÛÍÁ[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @²³yx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @gSx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦Li e7e 139 ee
@xqsLi˳ÏÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @gRiLi˳ÏÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @¬dsÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @©yµj¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li e8e 140 ee
@¬s»R½ò \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsV¬s»R½ò \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @ÇØ»R½ |\ ¤¦¦¦Li ee @ÇصR¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li e9e 141 ee

¿RÁLRixmsÈÁ ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶


xqsLRiÊÁLi x¤¦¦¦Li»y ee xqsLRiÊÁLi gRiLi»y ee xqsLRiÊÁLi ÐÁA»yee xqsLRiÊÁLi gjiA»y e1e 142 ee
xqsLRiÊÁLi x¤¦¦¦LRi»y ee xqsLRiÊÁLi NRPLRi»y ee xqsLRiÊÁLi úFyßáLi ee xqsLRiÊÁLi ú»yßáLi e2e 143 ee
xqsLRiÊÁLi NRPLRiª«sVLi ee xqsLRiÊÁLi µ³R¶LRiª«sVLi ee xqsLRiÊÁLi ÇÁÙgRi»y ee xqsLRiÊÁLi ª«sVVNRP»y e3e 144 ee

LRiryª«sÌÁ ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶


©«s®ªsW ©«sLRiNRP ©y}qs ee xqs\®µ¶ª«sLi úxmsNS}qs ee @©«sLigRiLi xqsLRiW}ms ee @˳ÏÁLigRiLi ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e1e 145 ee
úxmsª«sW´R¶Li úxmsª«sW®´¶[ ee xqsµy xqsLRiÊÁ ry®´¶[ ee @gSµ³R¶ xqsLRiW}ms ee ú¬sËص³R¶ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e2e 146 ee
@©«sLigki @©y®ªs[V ee ú¼½Ë³ÏÁLigki ú¼½NS®ªs[V ee ú¬s˳ÏÁLigki xqsLRiW}ms ee xqsLRiÊÁLigki @©«sW}ms e3e 147 ee
©«s F¡\¾»½Qû ©«s xmso¾»^½Qò û ee ©«s xqs¾»^½Qò û ©«s −sV\¾»½Qû ee ©«s »y\¾»½ ©«s ª«sW\¾»½ ee ©«s ÇØ\¾»½ ©«s Fy\¾»½ e4e 148 ee
ú¬sryNRPLi xqsLkiNRP \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @−sV»][ @−dsVNRP |\ ¤¦¦¦Li ee xqs\®µ¶ª«sLi úxmsË³Ø \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @\ÛÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li @ÇØ \|¤¦¦¦Li e5e 149 ee

˳ÏÁgRiª«s¼d½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶


NTP ÇØx¤¦¦¦LRi ÇÁx¤¦¦¦¨LRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP ¥¦¦¦ÇÁLRi @ÇÁÚLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
x¤¦¦¦®ªs[VxqsVÌÁ xqsÍت«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ NRPÍت«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li e1e 150 ee
NTP ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ µj¶ª«sWgRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP x¤¦¦¦§xqs©«sÌÁ ¿RÁLSgRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
NTP NSª«sVÌÁ NRPLkiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP LSÇÁNRP LRi{¤¦¦¦ª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li e2e 151 ee
NTP L][ÒÁ µj¶z¤¦¦¦LiµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP LSÇÁNRP LRiz¤¦¦¦LiµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
NRPLkiª«sVVÌÁ NRPª«sWÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP x¤¦¦¦§xqs©«sÌÁ ÇÁª«sWÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e3e 152 ee
gRi¬dsª«sVVÌÁ ÐÁLSÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee gRiLkiÊÁVÌÁ ¬sªyÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
x¤¦¦¦LkixmnsQoÌÁ bPNRPLi©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee z¤¦¦¦LSxqsVÌÁ zmnsNRPLi©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li e4e 153 ee
NRPÌÁLiNRPLi úxmsßØxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ ¬sªyxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
@gRiLiÇÁÙÌÁ gRi¬dsª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li ee LRiÇØBNRP LRi{¤¦¦¦ª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li e5e 154 ee
xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ ÇÁÙËØLi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ NTPLSLi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
13
NTP ©«sLRiNRPLi úxmsßØxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÊÁz¤¦¦¦xqs»R½VÌÁ ¬sªyxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li e6e 155 ee
NTP xqsLRiÊÁVÌÁ gRiª«sLi©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee x¤¦¦¦®ªs[VxqsVÌÁ LRiª«sLi©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
»R½ª«sWª«sVVÌÁ »R½−dsVÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ @ÒÁÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e7e 156 ee
xmsLRiLi xmsLRiª«sV Cxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ @µk¶xqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
@®µ¶[xqsVÌÁ @ÛÍÁ[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee x¤¦¦¦®ªs[VxqsVÌÁ @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e8e 157 ee
ÇÁ−dsV©«sVÌÁ ÇÁª«sW \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @−dsVNRPVÌÁ Bª«sW |\ ¤¦¦¦Li ee
NRPLkiª«sVVÌÁ NRPª«sWÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP ÇÁÙLRi@¼½ ÇÁª«sWÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e9e 158 ee
NTP @¿RÁÌÁLi úxmsNSxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP @−sV»][ xqsVËØxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
NTP @ÇÁÊÁ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP @−sV»][ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e10e 159 ee
NTP @−sV»][ xmsry \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP A»R½ª«sV úxmsË³Ø \|¤¦¦¦Li ee
NTP @¿RÁÌÁLi @©«sLigRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NTP @−sV»][ @˳ÏÁLigRi \|¤¦¦¦Li e11e 160 ee

ª«sVµ³R¶Vµ³yLRi ¿RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶


ª«sVV¬s ª«sV¬s úxms©yª«sV ee gRiV¬s gRi©«s ª«sVVµyª«sV ee @Lji ÊÁLRi @gRiLiÇÁ ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ©«sLRi úxms˳ÏÁLiÇÁ e1e 161 ee
@©«s gRi©«s úxms©yª«sV ee ª«sVV¬s ª«sV¬s xqsÍت«sV ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ©«sLRi @ÅÁLi²R¶ ee ÊÁLRi ©«sLRi @ª«sVLi²R¶ e2e 162 ee
@©«s˳ÏÁª«s @©yxqs ee ª«sVV¬s ª«sV¬s úxmsNSxqs ee gRiV¬s gRiV©«s úxms©yª«sV ee ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ ª«sVVµyª«sV e3e 163 ee
@©«sÀ³ÁÇêÁ @LigRi ee Axqs©«s @˳ÏÁLigRi ee Dxmsª«sW @FyLRi ee gRi¼½ −sV¼½ DµyLRi e4e 164 ee
ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ @ª«sVLi²R¶ ee µj¶xqs −sxqs @˳ÏÁLi²R¶ ee ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ ee µj¶xqs −sxqs ÕÁ@Li»R½ e5e 165 ee
@©«s˳ÏÁª«s @©yxqs ee úµ³j¶»R½ µ³R¶LRi µ³R¶VLSxqs ee AÇØ©«s ËØx¤¦¦¦§ ee G\ZNP xqsµyx¤¦¦¦§ e6e 166 ee
J@LiNSLRi Aµj¶ ee NRP´R¶¬ds @©yµj¶ ee ÅÁÌÁ ÅÁLi²R¶ ÐÁAÌÁ ee gRiVLRiÊÁLRi @NSÌÁ e7e 167 ee
xmnsVLji xmnsVLji úxms©yª«sV ee ÀÁ»R½ ¿RÁLRi©«s ©yª«sV ee @©«sÀ³ÁÇêÁ gS»R½ ee AÑÁÇÁ ©«s ËØ»R½ e8e 168 ee
@©«sLRi&VLiLRi&V gS»R½ ee @©«sLRiLiÇÁ ËØ»R½ ee @©«sÈÁVÈÁ ˳ÏÁLi²yLRi ee @©«shRiÈÁ @FyLRi e9e 169 ee
A²U¶hRi µ³R¶LRiª«sV ee @¼½²³U¶hRi NRPLRiª«sV ee @ßáúÊÁßá @©«sLi»R½ ee µy»y ª«sVx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ e10e 170 ee

x¤¦¦¦Lji ËÜ[ÌÁ ª«sV©y ¿³RÁLiµR¶ ee »R½* úxmsryµj¶


NRPLRiVßØÌÁ¸R¶V \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Lji xmnsWÌÁ¸R¶V \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÅÁÌÁ ÅÁLi²R¶©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ª«sVLi²R¶©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li e1e 171 ee
ÇÁgRi¾»½[xqs*LRi \|¤¦¦¦Li e xmsLRi®ªs[Vxqs*LRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NRPÖÁ NSLRißá \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsLRiÊÁ DËØLRißá \|¤¦¦¦Li e2e 172 ee
úµ³j¶»R½ ZNP[ úµ³R¶ßá \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÇÁgRi ZNP[ úNRPßá \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ª«sV©«s ª«sW¬s¸R¶V \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÇÁgRi Çجs¸R¶V \|¤¦¦¦Li e3e 173 ee
xqsLRiÊÁLi ˳ÏÁLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsLRiÊÁLi NRPLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li eexqsLRiÊÁ Fyzqs¸R¶V \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsLRiÊÁ ©yzqs¸R¶V \|¤¦¦¦Li e4e 174 ee
NRPLRiVßØNRPLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÕÁxqs*Li˳ÏÁLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsLRiÛËÁ[xqs*LRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÇÁgRi¾»½[xqs*LRi \|¤¦¦¦Li e5e 175ee
úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVLi²R¶xqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÅÁÌÁ ÅÁLi²R¶xqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xmsLRi ¾»½[ xmsLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NRPLRiVßØNRPLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li e6e 176 ee
@ÇÁFy ÇÁxms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @´R¶Fy ´R¶xms \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @úNTP»y úNTP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Liú−sV»y ú−sV»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e7e 177 ee
@ú−sV»y ú−sV»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NRPLRißØ úNTP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee@úNTP»y úNTP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee µ³R¶LRißÔá úµ³j¶»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e8e 178 ee
@ú−sV¾»½[xqs*LRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xmsLRi®ªs[Vxqs*LRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @úNTP»y úNTP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @ú−sV»y ú−sV»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e9e 179 ee
@ÇÁËØ úNTP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @ú−sV»y @ú−sV»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ©«sLRi ©yBNRP \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÅÁÌÁ xmnsWBNRP \|¤¦¦¦Li e10e 180 ee
14
ÕÁxqs*Li˳ÏÁLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NRPLRiVßØÌÁ¸R¶V \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ú¬sxms ©yBNRP \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsLRiÊÁ FyBNRP \|¤¦¦¦Li e11e 181 ee
˳ÏÁª«s ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee @Lji gRiLiÇÁ©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee Ljixmso »yxms©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÇÁxmso ÇØxms©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li e12e 182 ee
@NRPÌÁLiúNTP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsLRiËØ úNTP»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li ee NRPLRi»y NRPLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li ee x¤¦¦¦LRi»y x¤¦¦¦Lji \|¤¦¦¦Li e13e 183 ee
xmsLRiª«sW»R½ª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li ee xqsLRiËØ»R½ª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li ee A»R½ª«sV ÊÁxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li ee ÇÁxqs ZNP[ ÇÁxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li e14e 184 ee

˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi úxms¸R¶W»R½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶

©«s®ªsW xqsWLRiÇÁ xqsWLRiÛÇÁ[ ©«s®ªsW ¿RÁLiúµR¶ ¿RÁLiú®µ¶[ ee ©«s®ªsW LSÇÁ LSÛÇÁ[ ©«s®ªsW BLiúµR¶ BLiú®µ¶[ ee
©«s®ªsW @Liµ³R¶NSlLi[ ©«s®ªsW ¾»½[ÇÁ ¾»½[ÛÇÁ[ ee ©«s®ªsW úÕÁLiµR¶ úÕÁLi®µ¶[ ©«s®ªsW ÕdÁÇÁ ÕdÁÛÇÁ[ e1e 185 ee
©«s®ªsW LSÇÁxqsLi »yª«sVxqsLi ryLi»R½ LRiW}ms ee ©«s®ªsW xmsLRiª«sV »R½»R½òLi @»R½»R½òLi xqsLRiW}ms ee
©«s®ªsW ÇÜ[gRi ÇÜ[lgi[ ©«s®ªsW gjiA©«s gjiA®©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW ª«sVLiú»R½ ª«sVLiú¾»½[ ©«s®ªsW µ³j¶A©«s µ³j¶A®©s[ e2e 186 ee
©«s®ªsW ÇÁÙµ³R¶ ÇÁÙ®µ³¶[ ©«s®ªsW gjiA©«s gjiA®©s[ ee ©«s®ªsW ˳Ü[ÇÁ ˳Ü[ÛÇÁ[ ©«s®ªsW Fy©«s Fy®©s[ ee
©«s®ªsW NRPÌÁx¤¦¦¦ NRPLRi»y ©«s®ªsW ryLi»R½ LRiW}ms ee ©«s®ªsW BLiúµR¶ BLiú®µ¶[ @©yµR¶Li ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e3e 187 ee
NRPÌÁLiNSLRi LRiW}ms @ÌÁLiNSLRi @ÌÁLiZNP[ ee ©«s®ªsW Axqs A}qs ©«s®ªsW ËØLiNRP ÊÁLiZNP[ ee
@˳ÏÁLigki xqsLRiW}ms @©«sLigki @©y®ªs[V ee ú¼½Ë³ÏÁLigki ú¼½NSÛÍÁ[ @©«sLigki @NS®ªs[V e4e 188 ee

GNRP @¿³RÁLki ¿³RÁLiµR¶


@\ÛÇÁ ee @\ÛÍÁ ee @\Û˳Áee @\ÛËÁ e1e 189 ee
@˳ÏÁW ee @ÇÁÚ ee @©yxqs ee @NSxqs e2e 190 ee
@gRiLiÇÁ ee @˳ÏÁLiÇÁ ee @ÌÁÅåÁ ee @˳ÏÁÅåÁ e3e 191 ee
@NSÌÁ ee µj¶AÌÁ ee @ÛÍÁ[ÅÁ ee @Û˳Á[ÅÁ e4e 192 ee
@©yª«sV ee @NSª«sV ee @gSx¤¦¦¦ ee @²³yx¤¦¦¦ e5e 193 ee
@©y®´¶[ ee úxmsª«sW®´¶[ ee @ÇÜ[¬ds ee @®ªsW¬ds e6e 194 ee
©«s LSlgi[ ee ©«s LRiLilgi[ ee ©«s LRiW}ms ee ©«s lLi[ÛÆÁ[ e7e 195 ee
@NRPLRiª«sVLi ee @˳ÏÁLRiª«sVLi ee @gRiLiÛÇÁ[ ee @ÛÍÁ[ÛÆÁ[ e8e 196 ee
˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi úxms¸R¶W»R½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶
©«sª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ úxmsßØ®ªs[V xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ úxmsßØ}qs ee @gRiLiÇÁÙÌÁ @©y®ªs[V xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ ¬sªy}qs ee
ú¬sNSª«sVLi ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ xqsLRiW}ms ee NRPVNRPLRiª«sVLi úxmsßØ{qs xqsVµ³R¶LRiª«sVLi ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e1e 197 ee

xqsµy xqsÀÁèµy©«sLiµR¶ xqs»R½òQûLi úxmsßØ{qs ee NRPLkiª«sVVÌÁ NRPV¬sLiµy xqsª«sVxqs»R½VÌÁ ¬sªy{qs ee


@ÇØBÊÁ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ gRiÇØBÊÁ gRi¬ds®ªs[V ee x¤¦¦¦Lki@Li NRPLki@Li NRPLkiª«sVVÌÁ LRi{¤¦¦¦®ªs[V e2e 198 ee

¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû ª«sLRi¼d½ ¿RÁ»R½òQû ¿RÁNRPäQû ˳ÏÁVgRi¾»½[ ee xqsV¸R¶VLi˳ÏÁª«s xqsV˳ÏÁLi xqsLRiÊÁµy xqsLRiÊÁ ÇÁÙgRi¾»½[ ee
µR¶VNSÌÁLi úxmsßØ{qs µj¶AÌÁLi xqsLRiW}ms ee xqsµy @LigRixqsLilgi[ @˳ÏÁLigRiLi ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e3e 199 ee
ccccccccccccccccccc
15
1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee
Fy¼½aS{¤¦¦¦ 10 ee
»R½* úxmsryµj¶ xqsª«s¹¸¶[Vù

úryª«sgRi xqsVµ³ôðR¶ xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦ zqsµ³y©«s ZNP[ ®µ¶[ÐÁ zmnsLjiJ xmnsVLRi ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁ¼d½ ZNP[ ee
xqsWLRi xqsVLSLRiµR¶©«s xqsVµ³ôðR¶ xqsVµ³yµj¶NRP xqsLi»R½ xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦ @®©s[NRP ª«sV¼d½ ZNP[ ee
rylLi[ {¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[xqs N][ ®µ¶[ÐÁ LRiz¤¦¦¦J ª«sV»R½ N][E ©«s ®µ¶[ÐdÁ@»R½ úFy©«sxms¼d½ ZNP[ ee
ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s NUP ˳ØB úNTPFy x¤¦¦¦¨ ¾»½[ GNRP LRi¼d½ ÕÁ©«sV GNRP LRi¼d½ ZNP[ ee1ee
ª«sW¾»½[ ª«sV»R½LigRi ÇÁlLi[ ÇÁLRi xqsLigRi @©«sWxms D»R½LigRi xqsVLRiLigRi xqsªylLi[ ee
N][ÈÁ »R½VLRiLigRi NRPVLRiLigRi }qs NRPWµR¶»R½ xmsD©«s ZNP[ gRiD©«s N][ ÇØ»R½ ¬sªylLi[ ee
˳ØLki ˳ÏÁVÇØ©«s ZNP[ ˳ÏÁWxms ˳ÏÁÖdÁ ÕÁµ³j¶ ¬sAª«s»R½ {qsxqs ©«s ÇØ»R½ ÕÁ¿ylLi[ ee
G¾»½[ ˳ÏÁG »R½V NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁG ˳ÏÁWxms¼½ @Li»R½ N_ ©yLilgi[ {¤¦¦¦ FyLiB xmsµ³ylLi[ ee2ee
ÒÁ»R½ zmns\lLi xqs˳ÏÁ ®µ¶[xqs µj¶ry©«s N][ ËØÇÁ»R½ ²³][ÌÁ ú−sVµR¶LigRi ©«sgSlLi[ ee
gRiVLiÇÁ»R½ gRiW²R¶ gRiÇØ©«s ZNP[ xqsVLiµR¶LRi z¤¦¦¦Lixqs»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li x¤¦¦¦¸R¶VLSÇÁ x¤¦¦¦ÇØlLi[ ee
˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s ZNP[ ˳ÏÁWxms»R½ NRPD©«s gRi\®©s ©«s{¤¦¦¦Li ÇØ»R½ ÕÁ¿ylLi[ ee
ú{qs xms¼½ ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s ˳ÏÁ#ÛÇÁ[ ÕÁ©«sV @Li»R½ NRPD @Li»R½ ZNP[ µ³yª«sV zqsµ³ylLi[ ee3ee
¼d½LRi´R¶ ©y©«s µR¶BA µR¶ª«sV µy©«s xqsV xqsLiÇÁª«sV ®©s[ª«sV @®©s[NRP ÕÁ}qs\ÛÆÁ ee
ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s NRP¾»½[ÊÁ NRPVLS©«s ÇÁ−dsV©«s ÇÁª«sW©«s xqsËØ©«s ZNP[ }ms\ÛÆÁ ee
xmsD©«s @¥¦¦¦LRi ÇÁ¼d½ ÇÁ»R½ µ³yLRi xqs\ÛËÁ xqsV ÕÁ¿yLRi x¤¦¦¦ÇØLRi NRP ®µ¶[\ÛÆÁ ee
ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s ˳ÏÁ# ÛÇÁ[ ÕÁ©«sV ˳ÏÁWxms¼½ GNRP LRi¼d½ ÕÁ©«sV GNRP ©«s ÛÍÁ[\ÛÆÁ ee4ee
xqsVµ³ôðR¶ zqsFyx¤¦¦¦ µR¶VLRiLi»R½ µR¶VËØx¤¦¦¦ xqsV ryÑÁ xqs©yx¤¦¦¦ µR¶VLRiÇØ©«s µR¶\ÛÍÁLilgi[ ee
˳ØLki gRiVª«sW©«s ˳ÏÁ# lLi[ ª«sV©«s \®ªsVLi NRPLRi xmsLRiÊÁ»R½ xmsLiÅÁ x¤¦¦¦ÛÍÁ[ ©«s x¤¦¦¦\ÛÍÁLilgi[ ee
»][Lji @Lki©«s ª«sVL][Lji ª«sVªyxqs©«s ª«sW¾»½[ ª«sV»R½LigRi¬s ª«sW©«s ª«sV\ÛÍÁLilgi[ ee
ú{qs xms¼½ ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s úNTPFy ÕÁ©«sV ¼½Agji ÇÁ¥¦¦¦©«s ¬sµy©«s ¿RÁ\ÛÍÁLilgi[ ee5ee
ÕdÁLRi @FyLRi ÊÁ®²¶[ ÊÁLjiALRi @ÕÁ¿yLRiz¤¦¦¦ ryLRi NUP µ³yLRi ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁ¸R¶Wù ee
»][LRi»R½ ®µ¶[xqs ª«sVÖÁLiµR¶ ª«sVªyxqs©«s ª«sW¾»½[ gRiÇØ©«s ZNP[ ª«sW©«s ª«sVÌÁ¸R¶Wù ee
gS®²>¶[ gRi²>y©«s N][ »][²R¶©«s¥¦¦¦LRi xqsV ËØ»R½©«s {¤¦¦¦Li ¿RÁNRP ¿yLRi ÌÁª«s¸R¶Wù ee
ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ú{qs xqs˳ÏÁ N][ zqsLRi©yBNRP ÇØ¿RÁNRP @®©s[NRP xqsV GNRP µj¶ª«s¸R¶Wù ee6ee
µy©«sª«s ®µ¶[ª«s xmns¬sLiµR¶ ¬sry¿RÁLRi ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s ÇÁ\|msLilgi[ ee
ÒÁª«s ÑÁ¾»½[ ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV ´R¶ÌÁ \®ªsV xmsÌÁ {¤¦¦¦ xmsÌÁ \®ªsV xqs˳ÏÁ ´yxms ´R¶\|msLilgi[ ee
xmsoLi©«s úxms»yxms©«s Ëز³R¶ \ÛÇÁ»R½ µ³R¶V©«s Fyxms©«s ZNP[ ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ xmsoLiÇÁ ÅÁ\|msLilgi[ ee
ryµ³R¶ xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦ úxmsxqsLi©«s zmns\lLi ÇÁgRi xqsú»R½ xqs\Û˳Á @ª«sÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁ\|msLilgi[ ee7ee
ª«sW©«sª«s BLiúµR¶ gRiÑÁLiúµR¶ ©«sLSµ³R¶xms ÇÝ©«s ú¼½ÍÜ[NRP N][ LSÇÁ NRP\lLiLilgi[ ee
N][ÈÁ Bxqs©y©«s gRiÇصj¶NRP µy©«s @®©s[NRP xqsV@LiÊÁLRi ryÇÁ ÊÁ\lLiLilgi[ ee
16
úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV ª«sV}¤¦¦¦xqsLRi ÕÁxqs©«s xqsÀdÁxms¼½ @Li»R½ xmns}qs ÇÁª«sV Fnyxqs xms\lLiLilgi[ ee
ÛÇÁ[ ©«sLRi ú{qs xms¼½ ZNP[ úxmsxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li xmsgRi ¾»½[ ©«sLRi }mnsLRi ©«s ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ µ³R¶\lLiLilgi[ ee8ee
NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁ¹¸¶W ÇÜ[ µ][E ÍÜ[¿RÁ©«s ª«sVWLiµR¶ \ZNP \ÛËÁhji LRiz¤¦¦¦J ÊÁNRP µ³j¶A©«s ÌÁgSBJ ee
©>y»R½ zmnsLjiJ ÖdÁG ry»R½ xqsª«sVVúµR¶¬s ÍÜ[NRP gRi¹¸¶W xmsLRiÍÜ[NRP gRiªyBJ ee
ËØxqs NUPJ ÕÁÐÁA©«s r¡ \ÛËÁhRi \ZNP H}qs {¤¦¦¦ H}qs xqsV \ÛËÁxqs ÕÁ»yBJ ee
ry¿RÁV NRPx¤¦Ü[Li xqsV©«s ÛÍÁ[x¤¦¦¦§ xqs\Û˳Á ÑÁ©«s ú}msª«sV NUPJ ¼½©«s {¤¦¦¦ úxms˳ÏÁ FyBJ ee9ee
NSx¤¦¦¦¨ \ÛÍÁ Fyx¤¦¦¦©«s xmspÇÁ µ³R¶LRi¹¸¶W zqsLRi NSx¤¦¦¦¨ \ÛÍÁ ÖÁLigRi gRilLi[ ÌÁÈÁNSBJ ee
NSx¤¦¦¦¨ ÌÁÐÁJ x¤¦¦¦Lji @ªyÀdÁ µj¶ry ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ NSx¤¦¦¦¨ xms¿³yx¤¦¦¦ N][ {qsxqsV ¬sªyBJ ee
N][E ÊÁV»y©«s N][ xmspÇÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ xmsxqsV N][E ú−sV»y©«s N][ xmspÇÁ©«s µ³yBJ ee
NRPWLRi úNTPA DLRiLji&VJ xqs˳ÏÁ {¤¦¦¦ ÇÁgRi ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s N][ Û˳Á[µR¶V ©«s FyBJ ee10ee

ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc

1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee


Fy¼½aS{¤¦¦¦ 10 ee
»R½* úxmsryµj¶ ee xqs*¹¸¶[Vù ee
µk¶¬s©«s NUP úxms¼½FyÌÁ NRP\lLi ¬s»R½ xqsLi»R½ DËØLRi gRi¬dsª«sV©«s gS\lLi ee
xms¿³RÁèé xmsxqsW ©«sgRi ©ygRi ©«sLSµ³R¶xms xqsLRiÊÁ xqs\®ªsV xqs˳ÏÁ N][ úxms¼½Fy\lLi ee
F¡ÅÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV ´R¶ÌÁ \®ªsV xmsÌÁ \®ªsV NRPÌÁ ZNP[ ©«s{¤¦¦¦Li NRPLRiª«sV ÕÁ¿y\lLi ee
µk¶©«s µR¶BAÌÁ µR¶BA ¬sµ³j¶ µ][ÅÁ©«s ®µ¶[ÅÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ xmsLRi ®µ¶[»R½ ©«s ¥¦¦¦\lLi ee1ee

µyx¤¦¦¦»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ µR¶VÅÁ µ][ÅÁ©«s N_ µR¶ÌÁ µR¶VÇêÁ©«s ZNP[ xmsÌÁ \®ªsV µR¶ÌÁ ²y\lLi ee
ÅÁLi²R¶ @ÅÁLi²R¶ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ xms¥¦¦¦LRi©«s xmspLRi©«s ú}msª«sV NUP ú{ms»R½ xqsLi˳Ø\lLi ee
FyLRi ©«s FyB xqs\ZNP xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ @Û˳Á[µR¶ D¿y\lLi ee
L][ÒÁ {¤¦¦¦ LSÇÁ ÕÁÍÜ[NRP»R½ LSÇÁNRP L][ÅÁ LRiW¥¦¦¦©«s NUP L][ÒÁ ©«s ÉØ\lLi ee2ee

NUPÈÁ xms»R½LigRi NRPVLRiLigRi ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRiª«sV ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s ÊÁ©yG ee


®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s ÅÁ}ms @x¤¦¦¦Li®ªs[Vª«s ©«s Û˳Á[ª«s ÌÁÐÁJ ú˳ÏÁª«sV zqsJ ˳ÏÁLRiª«sWG ee
ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s NRP¾»½[ÊÁ NRPVLS©«s x¤¦¦¦}qsÊÁ ´R¶ZNP[ NRPLRi ¥¦¦¦´R¶ ©«s AG ee
xmspLRi©«s ú}msª«sV úxms˳ØD ÕÁ©y xms¼½ zqsD NTP©«s ú{qs xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ FyG ee3ee

Aµj¶ @©«sLi»R½ @gSµ³R¶ @\®µ¶Q*ÅÁ xqsV ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s @\Û˳Á \|¤¦¦¦ ee
@Li¼½ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s @©y»R½ª«sV Axms @µygRi @µ][ÅÁ @À³ÁµôR¶û @\¿³Á \|¤¦¦¦ ee
ÍÜ[gRi©«s ZNP[ NRPLRi»y x¤¦¦¦LRi»y ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV ´R¶ÌÁ \®ªsV ˳ÏÁLRi»y úxms˳ÏÁ \®ªs \|¤¦¦¦ ee
µk¶©«s µR¶BAÌÁ µR¶BA NRPLRi ú{qsxms¼½ xqsVLiµR¶LRi ú{qs xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ G \|¤¦¦¦ ee4ee
17
NSª«sV ©«s úN][µ³R¶ ©«s ÍÜ[ËϳÁ ©«s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ ©«s L][gRi ©«s r¡gRi ©«s ˳Ü[gRi ©«s \Û˳Á \|¤¦¦¦ ee
®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s xqs®©s[x¤¦¦¦ xqs˳Ü[ »R½©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ ÕÁLRiNRP»R½ @lgi[x¤¦¦¦ @\¿³Á \|¤¦¦¦ ee
ÇØ©«s N][ ®µ¶[»R½ @ÇØ©«s N][ ®µ¶[»R½ ÇÁ−dsV©«s N][ ®µ¶[»R½ ÇÁª«sW©«s N][ \®µ¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ee
NS}¤¦¦¦ N][ ²][ÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ »R½Vª«sVLki xqsVµ³R¶ xqsVLiµR¶LRi ú{qs xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ \ÛÍÁ\|¤¦¦¦ ee5e
L][gRi©«s ¾»½[ @LRi r¡gRi©«s ¾»½[ ÇÁÌÁ ÇÜ[gRi©«s ¾»½[ ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ ˳ØLi¼½ ÊÁ¿y\®ªs ee
xqs»R½òQû @®©s[NRP ¿RÁÍت«s»R½ xmnsWª«s »R½E »R½©«s GNRP ©«s ÍØgRi©«s Fy\®ªs ee
LSÅÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ @xms©¯[ NRPLRi \®µ¶ NRPLRi Fyxms xqsLiÊÁWx¤¦¦¦ ©«s Û˳Á[ÈÁ©«s Fy\®ªs ee
KLRi NUP ËØ»R½ NRP¥¦¦¦ NRPx¤¦¦¦ »][ r¢ xqsV }msÈÁ {¤¦¦¦ ZNP[ xmsÈÁ ÕdÁ¿RÁ ÊÁ¿y\®ªs ee6ee

ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi xqsV µy©«sª«s ®µ¶[ª«s @Û˳Á[ª«s »R½V\®ªsV xqs˳ÏÁ {¤¦¦¦ NRPLRi µ³j¶A\®ªs ee
˳ÏÁW−sV @NSxqs xms»yÌÁ LRiry»R½ÌÁ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi xqs\Û˳Á zqsLRi ¬sA\®ªs ee
FyB xqs\ZNP ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyLRi úxms˳Øx¤¦¦¦¨ N][ ®©s[»R½ {¤¦¦¦ ®©s[»R½x¤¦¦¦ ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÊÁ»y\®ªs ee
ÆÜ[ÇÁ ´R¶ZNP[ xqs˳ÏÁ {¤¦¦¦ ÅÁVÒÁAxqsVLRi ¥¦¦¦LRi xmslLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lji ¥¦¦¦´R¶ ©«s A\®ªs ee7ee

©yLRiµR¶ }qs ¿RÁ»R½VLS©«s©«s }qs LRiVª«sV©yLjiÅÁ }qs xqs˳ÏÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li −sVÖÁ gSBJ ee
ÛËÁ[µR¶ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ ©«s Û˳Á[µR¶ ÌÁÐÁJ xqs˳ÏÁ ¥¦¦¦LRi xmslLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lji ¥¦¦¦´R¶ ©«s ABJ ee
FyB xqs\ZNP ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyLRi Dª«sWxms¼½ zqsµ³ôðR¶ xqs©y´R¶ xqs©«sLi»R½©«s µ³j¶ABJ ee
µ³j¶A©«s µ³R¶L][ ¼½x¤¦¦¦ N][ ª«sV©«s \®ªsVLi ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ N][ @−sV»][ÑÁ xqs\Û˳Á ÇÁgRiV ¿³yBJ ee8ee

ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s NRP¾»½[ÊÁ NRPVLS©«s @Û˳Á[µR¶ ú¬sFy©«s xqs\Û˳Á xms¿RÁ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ee


Û˳Á[µR¶ ©«s FyB xqsNTPJ @©«sÛ˳Á[µR¶ N][ ÛÆÁ[µR¶»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ @©«s¿³Á[µR¶ xmsoNSlLi[ ee
LSgRi ©«s LRiWxms ©«s lLi[ÅÁ ©«s LRiLigRi ©«s ryNRP ©«s r¡gRi ©«s xqsLigji ¼½¥¦¦¦lLi[ ee
Aµj¶ @©yµj¶ @gSµ³R¶ @Û˳Á[ÅÁ @\®µ¶Q*ÅÁ ÇÁzmsJ ¼½©«s {¤¦¦¦ NRPVÌÁ »ylLi[ ee9ee

¼d½LRi´R¶ N][ÈÁ NUPG Bxqs©y©«s µk¶G ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ µy©«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ úÊÁ»R½ µ³ylLi[ ee
®µ¶[xqs zmnsLjiJ NRPLRi Û˳Á[xqs »R½F¡ µ³R¶©«s ZNP[xqs µ³R¶lLi[ ©«s −sVÛÍÁ[ x¤¦¦¦Lji zmsAlLi[ ee
Axqs©«s N][ÈÁ NRPlLi[ @xqsÉØLigRi µ³R¶lLi[ ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ ¬sAxqs NRPlLi[ ª«sVVÅÁ NSlLi[ ee
µk¶©«s µR¶BAÌÁ @NSÌÁ ˳ÏÁ# ÛÇÁ[ ÕÁ©«sV @Li»R½ N][ @Li»R½ ZNP[ µ³yª«sV zqsµ³ylLi[ ee 10 ee
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
18

1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee


Fy¼½aS{¤¦¦¦ 10 ee
»R½*úxmsryµj¶ ee ¿_xmsC
úxmsß᪯[ Aµj¶ GNRPLiNSLS e ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ ª«sV{¤¦¦¦@ÌÁ NUPJ xmsryLS e
Aµj¶ xmsoLRiÅÁ @ÕÁgRi»R½ @ÕÁ©y{qs e ÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁ»R½òQû µR¶xqs ÇÜ[»R½ úxmsNS{qs e1e
x¤¦¦¦xqs¼½ NUPÈÁ ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿RÁ xqsª«sW©y e LSª«s LRiLiNRP ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ BNRP xqsLRi ÇØ©y e
@\®µ¶Q* @ÌÁÅÁ xmsoLRiÅÁ @ÕÁgS−dsV e xqs˳ÏÁ xmnsVÈÁ xmnsVÈÁ ZNP[ @Li»R½LRiÇØ−dsV e2e
@ÌÁÅÁ LRiWxms @\¿³Á @©«s Û˳Á[ÆØ e LSgRi LRiLigRi ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiWxms ©«s lLi[ÆØ e
ÊÁLRi©«s ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s xqs˳ÏÁx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¾»½[ ¬sALS e Aµj¶ xmsoLRiÅÁ @\®µ¶Q* @ÕÁNSLS e3e

ÊÁLRi©«s ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ ©«s Fy»y e xqs»R½òQû −sV»R½òQû ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ »y»R½ ©«s ª«sW»y e
xqs˳ÏÁ ¾»½[ µR¶WLji xqs˳ÏÁ©«s ¾»½[ ®©s[LS e ÇÁÖÁ ´R¶ÖÁ ª«sV{¤¦¦¦@ÖÁ ÇØz¤¦¦¦ ÊÁ}qsLS e4e
@©«sx¤¦¦¦µR¶ LRiWxms @©yx¤¦¦¦µR¶ Ëجds e ¿RÁLRi©«s xqsLRi¬s ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÊÁxqs»R½ ˳ÏÁªy¬ds e
úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW ÕÁxqs©«sV @Li»R½V ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyBJ e ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ ª«sVVÅÁ ¿yLRi ÊÁ»yBJ e5e
N][ÉÓÁ BLiúµR¶ DxmsBLiúµR¶ ÊÁ©yG e úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW LRiVúµR¶ DFyB ÅÁFyG e
ÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁ»R½òQû µR¶xqs ÛÆÁ[ÌÁV LRi¿yBJ e ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§Lji Axms {¤¦¦¦ ÕdÁ¿RÁ −sVÍØBJ e6e

µy©«sª«s ®µ¶[ª«s xmns¬sLiµR¶ @FyLS e gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé LRi¿Á[ xqsV˳ÏÁ ¿yLS e


˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s NRP¥¦¦¦¬ds e xmnsVÈÁ xmnsVÈÁ ZNP[ xmsÈÁ xmsÈÁ NUP Çجds e7e

»y»R½ ª«sW»R½ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ ©«s Fy»y e GNRP LRiLigRi NSx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©«sz¤¦¦¦ LS»y e
xqsLRiÊÁ ÇÜ[¼½ ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿RÁ xqsª«sW©y e xqs˳ÏÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRiÊÁ h_LRi xmsz¤¦¦¦¿y©y e8e
NSÌÁ LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ @©«s NSÌÁ xqsLRiWFy e @ÌÁÅÁ xmsoLRiÅÁ @ÕÁgRi»R½ @−sµ³R¶W»y e
Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ©«s ÊÁLRi©y e @ÕÁgRi»R½ ®µ¶[ª«s @\¿³Á @©«s˳ÏÁLRiª«sW e9e

xqs˳ÏÁ N][ NSÌÁ xqs˳ÏÁ©«s N][ NRPLRi»y e L][gRi r¡gRi µ][ÅÁ©«s N][ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y e
GNRP ÀÁ»R½ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ BNRP À³Á©«s µ³j¶ABJ e NSÌÁ Fnyxqs ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿RÁ ©«s ABJ e10e
cccccccccccccccccccccccccc
19
@©«sLiµR¶V ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ
LSª«sVNRPÖdÁ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 3 @©«sLiµR¶V
1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ee
@©«sLiµR¶V ˳ÏÁBA ®ªs[VLki ª«sWG xqs¼½gRiVLRiW \®ªsV FyBAee xqs¼½gRiVLRiV »R½ FyBA xqsx¤¦¦¦ÇÁ }qs¼d½ ª«sV¬s ª«sÒÁA
ªyµ³yCAee LSgRi LRi»R½©«s xmsLRiªyLRi xmsLkiA xqsÊÁµR¶ gSª«sßá ACAee xqsÊÁµ][ »R½ gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lki ZNP[LS ª«sV¬s ÑÁ¬ds ª«sryBAee
NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV @©«sLiµR¶V x¤¦Ü[A xqs¼½gRiVLRiW \®ªsV FyBA ee1ee
G ª«sV©«s ®ªs[VLjiA »R½W xqsµy LRix¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji ©yÛÍÁ[ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ©yÖÁ LRix¤¦¦¦§ »R½W ª«sVLi©«s ®ªs[VlLi[ µR¶WÅÁ xqsÕ³Á −sryLRißØee
@LigkiNSLRiV Jx¤¦¦¦§ NRPlLi[ ¾»½[LS NSLRiÇÁ xqsÕ³Á xqsªyLRißØee xqs˳ÏÁ©y gRiÍØ xqsª«sVLRi´R¶V xqsVA−dsV r¡ NTPD ª«sV©«sx¤¦¦¦§ −srylLi[ee
NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ª«sVLi©«s ®ªs[VlLi[ xqsµy LRix¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji ©yÛÍÁ[ ee2ee
ry¿Á[ ryz¤¦¦¦ËØ NTPA ©y{¤¦¦¦ xmnsVLji ¾»½[\lLiee xmnsVLji »R½ ¾»½[\lLi xqs˳ÏÁV NTP¿³RÁV \|¤¦¦¦ ÑÁxqsV ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ xqsV Fyª«sGee xqsµy zqsxmns¼½
xqsÍØx¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[Lki ©yª«sVV ª«sV¬s ª«sryª«sGee ©yª«sVV ÑÁ©«s \ZNP ª«sV¬s ª«szqsA ªyÛÇÁ[ xqsÊÁµR¶ xmnsV®©s[lLi[ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqs¿Á[ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ
NTPA ©y{¤¦¦¦ xmnsVLji ¾»½[\lLi ee3ee
ry¿y ©yª«sVV ®ªs[VLS Aµ³yL][ee ry¿RÁV ©yª«sVV @µ³yLRiV ®ªs[VLS ÑÁ¬s ˳ÏÁVÆØ xqsÕ³Á gRiªyCAee NRPLji ryLi¼½ xqsVÅÁ
ª«sV¬s AB ª«szqsA ÑÁ¬s B¿³y xqsÕ³Á xmsoÇØCAee xqsµy NRPVLRiËØßáV NUP»y gRiVLRiW −sÈÁx¤¦¦¦§ ÑÁxqs µk¶A Gz¤¦¦¦ ª«s²T¶ACAee
NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLi»R½x¤¦¦¦§ xqsÊÁµj¶ µ³R¶LRix¤¦¦¦§ zmsAL][ee ry¿y ©yª«sVV ®ªs[VLS Aµ³yL][ ee4ee
ªyÛÇÁ[ xmsLi¿RÁ xqsÊÁµR¶ ¼½»R½V xmnsVLji xqs˳Ø\lgiee xmnsVLji xqs˳Ø\lgi xqsÊÁµR¶ ªyÛÇÁ[ NRPÍØ ÑÁ»R½V xmnsVLji µ³yLkiAee xmsLi¿RÁ µR¶W»R½
»R½Vµ³R¶V ª«szqs NUP¾»½[ NSÌÁV NRPLiÈÁNRPV ª«sWLjiAee µ³R¶VLji NRPLRi−sV FyBA »R½Vµ³R¶V ÑÁ©«s NRPD zqs ©y−sV x¤¦¦¦Lji \ZNP ÍØlgi[ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRP
»R½x¤¦¦¦ xqsVÅÁV x¤¦Ü[A ¼½»R½V xmnsVLji @©«sx¤¦¦¦µR¶ ªyÛÇÁ[ ee5ee
ryÀdÁ ÖÁ\®ªs ÕÁ©«sV ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ¬sª«sWßÔáee ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ¬sª«sWßÔá ÖÁ\®ªs ËØLRi&Vx¤¦¦¦§ NTPA NRPlLi[ ®ªs[¿yLkiAee »R½Vµ³R¶V ËØLRi&VV xqsª«sVLRi´R¶
N][B ©y{¤¦¦¦ úNTPFy NRPLji ÊÁ©«sªyLkiAee Gxqs ©«sD x¤¦Ü[LRiV ´yD ©y{¤¦¦¦ xqsÊÁµj¶ ÍØgji xqsªyLkiAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRP ÖÁ\®ªs
ËØLRi&Vx¤¦¦¦§ NTPA NRPlLi[ ®ªs[¿yLkiA ee6ee
A©«sLiµR¶V A©«sLiµR¶V xqs˳ÏÁV N][ NRP\|¤¦¦¦ A©«sLiµR¶V gRiVLRiW ¾»½[ ÇØßÓáAee ÇØßÓáA A©«sLiµR¶V xqsµy gRiVLRi ¾»½[ úNTPFy NRPlLi[
zmsALjiAee NRPLji NTPLRiFy NTPÌÁ−sÅÁ NRPÛÉÁ[ gjiA©«s @LiÇÁ©«sV ryLjiAee @LiµR¶LRix¤¦¦¦§ ÑÁ©«s NS ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦§ »R½VÉØ ¼½©«s NS xqsÊÁµR¶V xqs\¿Á
xqsªyLjiAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRP Gx¤¦¦¦§ @©«sLiµR¶V |\ ¤¦¦¦ A©«sLiµR¶V gRiVLRi ¾»½[ ÇØßÓáA ee7ee
ËØËØ ÑÁxqsV »R½W ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ r¡C ÇÁ©«sV Fy\®ªsee Fy\®ªs »R½ r¡ ÇÁ©«sV ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ ÑÁxqs ©¯[ x¤¦Ü[Lji NTPA NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ ®ªs[¿yLjiAee BNTP
˳ÏÁLRiª«sV ˳ÏÁWÛÍÁ[ zmnsLRiz¤¦¦¦ µR¶x¤¦¦¦ µj¶zqs BNTP ©y−sV ÍØgji xqsªyLjiAee gRiVLRixmsLRiryµk¶ ª«sV©«sV ˳ÏÁBA ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁV ÑÁ©y ˳ØßØ
˳ت«sGee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ÑÁxqsV ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ zmsAlLi[ r¡C ÇÁ©«sV Fyª«sG ee8ee
Aª«sx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLi»R½ zmsALjix¤¦Ü[ @NRP´R¶ NUP NRPLRix¤¦¦¦ NRP¥¦¦¦ßÔáee NRPLRix¤¦¦¦ NRP¥¦¦¦ßÔá @NRP´R¶ ZNP[Lki NTP»R½V µR¶VA\lLi FyCHee »R½©«sV
ª«sV©«sV µ³R¶©«sV xqs˳ÏÁV xqsDzms gRiVLRi NRPD x¤¦¦¦§NRP−sV ª«sVLi¬sH FyCHee x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ª«sVLi¬sx¤¦¦¦§ gRiVLRiW ZNP[LS gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ xqsÀdÁ
ËØßÔáee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLi»R½x¤¦¦¦§ NRP´j¶x¤¦¦¦§ @NRP´R¶ NRP¥¦¦¦ßÔá ee9ee
G ª«sV©«s ¿RÁLi¿RÁÍØ ¿RÁ»R½VLSC NTP\®©s ©«s FyBAee ¿RÁ»R½VLSC ©«s FyBA NTP\®©s »R½W xqsVßÓá ª«sVLi©«s ®ªs[VLjiAee Gx¤¦¦¦
ª«sWBA ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ßÔá ÑÁ¬s G»R½V ˳ÏÁLRi−sV ˳ÏÁVÍØBAee ª«sWBA »R½ ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ßÔá ¼½\®©s NUP¼d½ ÑÁ¬s hRigRiDÖdÁ FyCAee NRPVLRiËØßáV
NUP»y ¼½\|qs −sÈÁx¤¦¦¦§ ÑÁ¬s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦§ −dsVhS ÍØBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ª«sV©«s ¿RÁLi¿RÁÌÁ ¿RÁ»R½VLSC NTP\®©s ©«s FyBA ee10ee
G ª«sV©«s zmsALjiA »R½W xqsµy xqs¿RÁV xqsª«sWÛÍÁ[ee Gx¤¦¦¦§ NRPVÈÁLiÊÁV »R½W ÑÁ ®µ¶[ÅÁµy ¿RÁ\ÛÍÁ ©y{¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[\lLi ©yÛÍÁ[ee ry´j¶
20
¾»½[\lLi ¿RÁ\ÛÍÁ ©y{¤¦¦¦ ¼½xqsV ©yÖÁ NTPD ÀÁ»R½V ÍØCHee Hry NRPLiª«sVV ª«sVWÛÍÁ[ ©«s NUP\¿Á ÑÁ»R½V @Li¼½ xms¿³][»yCHee
xqs¼½gRiVLRiW NS Dxms®µ¶[xqsV xqsVßÓá »R½W x¤¦Ü[\®ªs ¾»½[\lLi ©yÛÍÁ[ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ª«sV©«s zmsAlLi[ »R½W xqsµy xqs¿RÁV xqsª«sWÛÍÁ[ ee11ee
@gRiª«sV @g][¿RÁLS ¾»½[LS @Li»R½V ©«s FyBAee @Li»][ ©«s FyBA NTP\®©s ¾»½[LS AxmsßØ Axmso »R½W ÇØßá}¤¦¦¦ee ÒÁ@
ÇÁLi»R½ xqsÕ³Á ÛÆÁ[ÌÁV ¾»½[LS NTPA N][ AÐÁ ª«sÆØßáGee AÅÁz¤¦¦¦ »R½ ®ªs[ÅÁz¤¦¦¦ xqs˳ÏÁV »R½W\|¤¦¦¦ ÑÁ¬s ÇÁgRi»R½V DFyBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦
©y©«sNRPV »R½W xqsµy @gRiLiª«sVV \|¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[LS @Li»R½V ©«s FyBA ee12ee
xqsVLji ©«sLRi ª«sVV¬s ÇÁ©«s @Liú−sV»R½V ÆÜ[ÇÁ®µ¶[ xqsV @Liú−sV»R½V gRiVLRi ¾»½[ FyBAee FyBA @Liú−sV»R½V gRiVLji úNTPFy NUP¬ds
xqs¿y ª«sV¬s ª«sryBAee ÒÁ@ ÇÁLi»R½ xqsÕ³Á »R½Vµ³R¶V DFyG BNTP ®ªs[ÐÁ xmsLRixqsßÓá ABAee ÌÁÊÁV ÍÜ[˳ÏÁV @x¤¦¦¦LiNSLRiV ¿RÁWNS
xqs¼½gRiVLRiW ˳ÏÁÍØ Ë³ØBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ÑÁxqs ©¯[ Azms »R½VhS ¼½¬s @Liú−sV»R½V gRiVLRi ¾»½[ FyBA ee13ee
˳ÏÁgRi»y NUP ¿yÌÁ ¬sLSÖdÁee ¿yÍØ ¬sLSÖdÁ ˳ÏÁgRi»yx¤¦¦¦ ZNP[Lki ÕÁÅÁª«sV ª«sWLRigji ¿RÁÌÁßØee ÌÁÊÁV ÍÜ[˳ÏÁV @x¤¦¦¦LiNSLRiV »R½ÑÁ
ú¼½xqs©y ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§»R½V ©y{¤¦¦¦ ËÜ[ÌÁßØee ÅÁLi¬s@x¤¦¦¦§ ¼½ÐdÁ ªyÌÁx¤¦¦¦§ ¬sNUP G»R½V ª«sWLRigji ÇØßØee gRiVLRi xmsLRiryµk¶ ÑÁ¬ds Axmso
»R½ÑÁA x¤¦¦¦Lji ªyxqs©y xqsª«sWßÔáee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ¿yÌÁ ˳ÏÁgRi»y ÇÁÙgRix¤¦¦¦§ ÇÁÙgRiV ¬sLSÖdÁ ee14ee
ÑÁD »R½W ¿RÁÍØBz¤¦¦¦ ¼½ª«s ¿RÁÌÁx¤¦¦¦ xqsVA−dsV x¤¦Ü[LRiV NTPA ÇØßØ gRiVßá ¾»½[lLi[ee ÑÁª«s »R½W ¿RÁÍØBz¤¦¦¦ ¼½\®ªs ¿RÁÌÁx¤¦¦¦
ÑÁ©y ª«sWLRigji Fyª«s}¤¦¦¦ee NRPLji NTPLRiFy ÑÁ©«s ©y−sV ÍØBz¤¦¦¦ zqs x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji xqsµy µ³j¶Aª«s}¤¦¦¦ee ÑÁxqs ©¯[ NRP´y xqsVßØBz¤¦¦¦
AxmsßÔá zqs gRiVLRi µR¶VA\lLi xqsVÅÁV Fyª«s}¤¦¦¦ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqs¿Á[ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ÑÁD ˳Ø\®ªs ¼½\®ªs ¿RÁÍت«s}¤¦¦¦ ee15ee
Gx¤¦¦¦§ r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ xqsÊÁµR¶V xqsV¥¦¦¦ªyee xqsÊÁµ][ xqsV¥¦¦¦ªy xqsµy r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ xqs¼½gRiVLRiW xqsVßØBAee Gx¤¦¦¦§ ¼½©«s \ZNP
ª«sVLi¬s ª«szqsA ÑÁ©«s µ³R¶VLRix¤¦¦¦§ ÖÁÐÁA ABAee BNTP zmnsLRiz¤¦¦¦ xmnsV®©s[lLi[ NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ gRiÍØ gRiÖdÁ NTP\®©s ©«s FyBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV
xqsÊÁµR¶V r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ xqs¼½gRiVLRiW xqsVßØBA ee16ee
xms−s»R½V x¤¦Ü[G }qs ÇÁ©y ÑÁ¬ds x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶ABAee x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶ABA xms−s»R½V x¤¦Ü[G gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ ÑÁ¬ds µ³j¶ABAee xms−s»R½V
ª«sW»y zms»y NRPVÈÁLiÊÁ xqsz¤¦¦¦»R½ zqsD xms−s»R½V xqsLigRi¼½ xqsËØCAee NRPx¤¦¦¦®µ¶[ xms−s»R½V xqsVß᮵¶[ xms−s»R½V }qs xms−s»R½V ÑÁ¬ds
ª«sVLi¬s ª«sryBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV }qs xms−s»R½V ÑÁ¬ds gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶ABA ee17ee
NRPLRi−dsV xqsx¤¦¦¦ÇÁÙ ©«s Exms\ÛÇÁ −sßáV xqsx¤¦¦¦\ÛÇÁ xqsx¤¦¦¦ry ©«s ÇØBee ©«sx¤¦¦¦ ÇØB xqsx¤¦¦¦ry NTP\¾»½ xqsLiÇÁ−sV LRi}¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiª«sV
NRPª«sWGee xqsx¤¦¦¦\|qs ÒÁD ª«sVÖdÁßáV \|¤¦¦¦ NTP»R½V xqsLiÇÁ−sV µ³][»y ÇØGee ª«sVLi©«sV µ³][ª«sx¤¦¦¦§ xqsÊÁµj¶ ÍØgRix¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji zqsD
LRix¤¦¦¦x¤¦¦¦§ ÀÁ»R½V ÍØBee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV gRiVLRi xmsLRiryµk¶ xqsx¤¦¦¦ÇÁÙ Dxms\ÛÇÁ Bx¤¦¦¦ xqsx¤¦¦¦ry Bª«s ÇØB ee18ee
ÒÁ@x¤¦¦¦§ \®ªsVÛÍÁ[ ËØx¤¦¦¦LRix¤¦¦¦§ ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁee ËØx¤¦¦¦LRix¤¦¦¦§ ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁ ÒÁ@x¤¦¦¦§ »R½ ®\ ªsVÛÍÁ[ ¼½¬ds ÇÁ©«sª«sVV ÇÁÚH ¥¦¦¦LjiAee
Gx¤¦¦¦ ¼½xqs©y ª«s²y L][gRiV ÌÁgS ª«sVLRißáV ª«sV©«sx¤¦¦¦§ −sryLjiAee ®ªs[µy ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ©yª«sVV D»R½ª«sVV r¡ xqsVßáz¤¦¦¦ ©y{¤¦¦¦ zmnsLRiz¤¦¦¦
ÑÁD ÛËÁ[»yÖÁAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ÑÁ©«s xqs¿RÁV »R½ÑÁA NRPW®²¶[ ÍØlgi[ ¼½¬ds ÇÁ©«sª«sVV ÇÁÚH ¥¦¦¦LjiA ee19ee
ÒÁ@x¤¦¦¦§ ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁ ËØx¤¦¦¦LRix¤¦¦¦§ ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁee ËØx¤¦¦¦LRix¤¦¦¦§ »R½ ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁ ÒÁ@x¤¦¦¦§ ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁ xqs¼½gRiVLRi ¾»½[ NRPLRißÔá
NRPª«sWßÔáee NRPW²R¶ NUP r¡B xmsx¤¦¦¦§\¿Á ©y{¤¦¦¦ ª«sV©«sry xqsÀÁ xqsª«sWßÔáee ÇÁ©«sª«sVV LRi»R½©«sV ÑÁ¬ds ÅÁÉÓÁA ˳ÏÁ# ÛÍÁ[ }qs ª«sßáÇØlLi[ee
NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ÑÁ©«s ª«sVLi©«sV ¬sLRiª«sVÌÁV xqsµy LRix¤¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦ gRiVLRi ©yÛÍÁ[ ee20ee
ÛÇÁ[ N][ zqsÅÁV gRiVLRiW }qs¼d½ xqs©«sª«sVVÅÁV x¤¦Ü[\®ªsee x¤¦Ü[\®ªs »R½ xqs©«sª«sVVÅÁV zqsÅÁV N][C ÒÁ@x¤¦¦¦§ LRi\|¤¦¦¦ gRiVLRi ©yÛÍÁ[ee
gRiVLRi ZNP[ ¿RÁLRi©«s z¤¦¦¦LRi\®µ¶ µ³j¶AG @Li»R½LRi A»R½\®ªsV xqsª«sWÛÍÁ[ee Axmso ¿³RÁ²T¶ xqsµy LRi\|¤¦¦¦ xmsLRi\âßá gRiVLRi ÕÁ©«sV @ª«sLRiV ©«s ÇØ\âßá
N][Gee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLi»R½x¤¦¦¦§ r¡ zqsÅÁV xqs©«sª«sVVÅÁV x¤¦Ü[G ee21ee
ÛÇÁ[ N][ gRiVLRi ¾»½[ ®ªs[ª«sVVÅÁV x¤¦Ü[\®ªs ÕÁ©«sV xqs¼½gRiVLRi ª«sVVNRP¼½ ©«s Fy\®ªsee Fy\®ªs ª«sVVNRP¼½ ©«s x¤¦Ü[LRi\®´¶ N][C xmso¿³RÁx¤¦¦¦§
ÕÁÛËÁ[NUPA ÇØGee @®©s[NRP ÇÁÚ¬ds ˳ÏÁLRi−sV A\®ªs −sßáV xqs¼½gRiVLRi ª«sVVNRP¼½ ©«s FyGee zmnsLji ª«sVVNRP¼½ FyG ÍØgji ¿RÁLRißÔá xqs¼½gRiVLRiW
xqsÊÁµR¶V xqsVßØGee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV −ds¿yLji ®µ¶[ÅÁx¤¦¦¦§ −sßáV xqs¼½gRiVLRi ª«sVVNRP¼½ ©«s FyG ee22ee
21
Aª«sx¤¦¦¦§ zqsÅÁ xqs¼½gRiVLRiW ZNP[ zmsALjix¤¦Ü[ gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ xqsÀdÁ ËØßÔáee ËØßÔá »R½ gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ gRiVLRiW ZNP[Lki ËØßÔáA zqsLji
ËØßÔáee ÑÁ©«s NRPD ©«sµR¶Lji NRPLRiª«sVV x¤¦Ü[\®ªs z¤¦¦¦LRi\®µ¶ ¼½©y xqsª«sWßÔáee {msª«sx¤¦¦¦§ @Liú−sV»R½V xqsµy LRix¤¦¦¦x¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji LRiLigji
ÇÁzmsx¤¦¦¦§ ryLjigRiFyßÔáee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqsµy gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ Gx¤¦¦¦ xqsÀdÁ ËØßÔá ee23ee
xqs¼½gRiVLRiW ÕÁ©y x¤¦Ü[LRi NRPÀdÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ËØßÔáee ËØßÔá »R½ NRPÀdÁ xqs¼½gRiVLRiW ËØLRi&Vx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦Ü[LRi NRPÀdÁ ËØßÔáee NRPx¤¦¦¦®µ¶[ NRP¿Á[
xqsVß᮵¶[ NRP¿Á[ NRPÀdÁLi AÐÁ ª«sÆØßÔáee x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji ¬s»R½ NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ LRixqs©y NRPz¤¦¦¦A NRP¿³RÁW ©«s ÇØßÔáee ÀÁ»R½V ÑÁ©«s NS z¤¦¦¦Lji ÌÁBA
ª«sWBA ËÜ[ÌÁ¬s xmsG LRiªyßÔáee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqs¼½gRiVLRiW ËØLRi&Vx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦Ü[LRi NRPÀdÁ ËØßÔá ee24ee
gRiVLRi NS xqsÊÁµR¶V LRi»R½Li©«sV \|¤¦¦¦ {¤¦¦¦lLi[ ÑÁ»R½V ÇÁ²yDee xqsÊÁµR¶V LRi»R½©«sV ÑÁ»R½V ª«sVLi©«sV ÍØgS Gx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦Ü[A
xqsª«sWDee xqsÊÁµR¶ }qs¼d½ ª«sV©«sV −sVÖÁA xqs\¿Á ÍØBA ˳ØDee A}ms {¤¦¦¦LS LRi»R½©«sV A}ms ÑÁxqs©¯[ ®µ¶[B ÊÁVLRi&WBee NRP\|¤¦¦¦
©y©«sNRPV xqsÊÁµR¶V LRi»R½©«sV \|¤¦¦¦ {¤¦¦¦LS ÑÁ»R½V ÇÁ²yD ee25ee
zqsª«s xqsNRP¼½ Azms DFyB\ZNP NRPLRi»y A}ms x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ª«sLRi»yGee x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ª«sLRi»yG Azms ®ªs[\ÛÆÁ gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ NTP\|qs
ÊÁVLRi&WGee »][®²¶[ ÊÁLiµ³R¶©«s x¤¦Ü[\®ªs ª«sVVNRP»R½V xqsÊÁµR¶V ª«sVLi¬s ª«sryGee gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ ÑÁxqs©¯[ Azms NRPlLi[ xqsV x¤¦Ü[\®ªs GNRPxqs zqsD
ÖÁª«s ÍØGee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV Azms NRPLRi»y A}ms x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ÊÁVLRi&WG ee26ee
zqsú−sV¼½ ryxqsú»R½ xmsoLi©«s Fyxms ÕdÁ¿yLRi®µ¶[ »R½\¾»½ ryLRi ©«s ÇØßÔáee »R½\¾»½ ryLRi ©«s ÇØßÔá gRiVLRiW ËØLRi&Vx¤¦¦¦§ »R½\¾»½ ryLRi
©«s ÇØßÔáee ¼½{¤¦¦¦ gRiVßÔá xqsLiryLRiV ú˳ÏÁ−sV xqsV»y xqsV¼½A \lLißÓá −s¥¦¦¦ßÔáee gRiVLRi NTPLRiFy ¾»½[ }qs ÇÁ©«s ÇØlgi[ ÑÁ©y x¤¦¦¦Lji ª«sV¬s
ª«szqsA ËÜ[ÌÁz¤¦¦¦ @Liú−sV»R½ ËØßÔáee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV r¡ »R½»R½V FyG ÑÁxqs ©¯[ @©«sµj¶©«sV x¤¦¦¦Lji ÖÁª«s ÍØ\lgi ÇØgRi»R½ \lLißÓá
−s¥¦¦¦ßÔá ee27ee
ª«sW»y ZNP[ DµR¶LRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ úzms»R½FyÌÁ NRPlLi[ r¡ NTPD ª«sV©«sx¤¦¦¦§ −sryLkiHee ª«sV©«sx¤¦¦¦§ NTPD −sryLkiH Gª«s²R¶V µy»y ÑÁ
@gRi¬s ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ A¥¦¦¦LRiV xmsx¤¦¦¦§¿yª«sGee Jxqs©¯[ NTPx¤¦¦¦§ F¡z¤¦¦¦ ©«s xqsNUP ÑÁxqs©«sD AxmsßÔá ÖÁª«s Íت«sGee AxmsßÔá ÖÁª«s A}ms
ÍØG gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ xqsµy xqsª«sWÖdÁHee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV Gª«s²R¶V µy»y r¡ NTPD ª«sV©«sx¤¦¦¦§ −sryLkiH ee28ee
\ÛÇÁ{qs @gRi¬s DµR¶LRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ \¾»½{qs ËØx¤¦¦¦Lji ª«sWBAee ª«sWBA @gRi¬s xqsÕ³Á BN][ ÛÇÁ[{¤¦¦¦ NRPLRi\¾»½ ÛÆÁ[ÌÁV LRi¿yBAee ÇØ
¼½xqsV ˳ØßØ »y ÇÁLi−sVA xmsLRiªyLji ˳ÏÁÍØ Ë³ØBAee ÖÁª«s ¿³RÁV²R¶NUP ÌÁgki ú¼½xqs©y ª«sWBA @ª«sVLRiV ª«sLRi»yBAee Gx¤¦¦¦
ª«sWBA ÑÁ»R½V x¤¦¦¦Lji −sxqs\lLi ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦§ Dxms\ÛÇÁ ˳ØD µR¶WÇØ ÍØBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV gRiVLRi xmsLRiryµk¶ ÑÁ©y ÖÁª«s ÍØgki ¼½¬ds
−s¿Á[ ª«sWBA FyBA ee29ee
x¤¦¦¦Lji Azms @ª«sVVÌÁNRPV \|¤¦¦¦ ª«sVVÖÁ ©«s FyBA ÇØBee ª«sVVÖÁ ©«s FyBA ÇØB NTP\|qs −sÈÁx¤¦¦¦§ LRi}¤¦¦¦ ÍÜ[NRP
−sÌÁÍØBee Hry xqs¼½gRiVLRiV ÛÇÁ[ −sV\ÛÍÁ ¼½xqs©¯[ zqsLRiV xqsD{msH −s¿RÁx¤¦¦¦§ Axmso ÇØBee ÑÁxqsµy ÒÁD ¼½xqsV −sVÖÁ LRi\|¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lji
ª«s\|qs ª«sV¬s ABee x¤¦¦¦Lji Azms @ª«sVVÌÁNRPV \|¤¦¦¦ ˳ØgRi ¼½©y ZNP[ ©y©«sNS ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji xms\ÛÍÁ FyB ee30ee
x¤¦¦¦Lji LSzqs ®ªs[VLki ª«sV©«sV ª«sßáÇØLSee x¤¦¦¦Lji LSzqs ®ªs[VLki ª«sV©«sV ª«sßáÇØLS xqs¼½gRiVLRi ¾»½[ LSzqs ÇØßÔáee x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji
¬s»R½ ÇÁzmsx¤¦¦¦§ ÒÁ@x¤¦¦¦§ ÍØ¥¦¦¦ ÅÁÉÓÁx¤¦¦¦§ µj¶¥¦¦¦²U¶ee Gx¤¦¦¦§ µ³R¶©«sV ¼½©y −sVÖÁA ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji A}ms ˳ØßØee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV
x¤¦¦¦Lji LSzqs ®ªs[VLki ª«sV©«sV x¤¦Ü[A ª«sßáÇØLS ee31ee
G LRixqs©y »R½W @©«sLRizqs LSÀÁ LRi{¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[Lki zmsAxqs ©«s ÇØBee zmsAxqs ©«s ÇØB x¤¦Ü[LRi»R½V NTP\¾»½ ÑÁ¿RÁLRiV x¤¦¦¦Lji LRixqsV
xms\ÛÍÁ ©«s FyBee x¤¦¦¦Lji LRixqsV FyB xms\ÛÍÁ {msH x¤¦¦¦Lji LRixqsV ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§²T¶ ©«s ú¼½xqs©y ÍØ\lgi ABee Gx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji LRixqsV NRPLRi−dsV
FyCH xqs¼½gRiVLRiV −sV\ÛÍÁ ÑÁxqsV ABee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV x¤¦Ü[Lji @©«sLRixqs xqsÕ³Á −dsxqslLi[ ÇØ x¤¦¦¦Lji ª«s\|qs ª«sV¬s AB ee32ee
G xqsLkiLS ®ªs[VLjiA x¤¦¦¦Lji »R½Vª«sV ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[¼½ LRiÐdÁ »y »R½W ÇÁgRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ABAee x¤¦¦¦Lji ÇÜ[¼½ LRiÐdÁ »R½Vµ³R¶V −sÀÁ »y
»R½W ÇÁgRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ABAee x¤¦¦¦Lji A}ms ª«sW»y A}ms zms»y ÑÁ¬s ÒÁD DFyB ÇÁgRi»R½V µj¶ÆØBAee gRiVLRi xmsLRiryµk¶ ÊÁVLji&VA
»y ¿RÁÌÁ»R½V x¤¦Ü[A ¿RÁÌÁ»R½V ©«sµR¶Lki ABAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV úzqsxqsÉÓÁ NS ª«sVWÌÁV LRiÀÁA ÇÜ[¼½ LSÐdÁ »y »R½W ÇÁgRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦
22
ABA ee33ee
ª«sV¬s ¿yD ˳ÏÁBA úxms˳ÏÁ AgRiª«sVV xqsVßÓáAee x¤¦¦¦Lji ª«sVLigRiÌÁV gSD xqsÐdÁ úgjix¤¦¦¦§ ª«sVLiµR¶LRiV ÊÁßÓáAee x¤¦¦¦Lji gSD
ª«sVLigRiÌÁV ¬s»R½ xqsÐdÁG r¡gRiV µR¶WÅÁV ©«s −sAxmsGee gRiVLRi ¿RÁLRi©«s ÍØlgi[ µj¶©«s xqs˳Ølgi[ AxmsßØ zmsLRiV ÇØxmsGee @©«sx¤¦¦¦»R½
ËØßÔá gRiVLRi xqsÊÁµj¶ ÇØßÔá x¤¦¦¦Lji ©yª«sVV x¤¦¦¦Lji LRixqsV ˳Ü[g][ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV úxms˳ÏÁV Azms −sVÖÁA NRPLRißá NSLRißá ÇÜ[g][ ee34ee
G xqsLkiLS ®ªs[VLjiA BxqsV ÇÁgRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ AB\ZNP NTPA »R½Vµ³R¶V NRPLRiª«sV NRPª«sWBAee NTP NRPLRiª«sV NRPª«sWBA »R½Vµ³R¶V xqsLkiLS ÇØ
»R½W ÇÁgRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ABAee ÑÁ¬s x¤¦¦¦Lji ¾»½[LS LRi¿RÁ©«sV LRiÀÁA r¡ x¤¦¦¦Lji ª«sV¬s ©«s ª«sryBAee gRiVLRixmsLRiryµk¶ x¤¦¦¦Lji ª«sVLi¬s
ª«szqsA xmspLRiÕÁ ÖÁÐÁA FyBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV Gx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLkiLRiV xmsLRiªyßáV x¤¦Ü[A ÑÁ¬s xqs¼½gRiVLRi zqsD ÀÁ»R½V ÍØBA ee35ee
G ®©s[ú»R½x¤¦¦¦§ ®ªs[VLjix¤¦Ü[ x¤¦¦¦Lji »R½Vª«sV ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[¼½ µ³R¶Lki x¤¦¦¦Lji ÕÁ©«sV @ª«sLRiV ©«s ®µ¶[ÅÁx¤¦¦¦§ N][Cee x¤¦¦¦Lji ÕÁ©«sV @ª«sLRiV
©«s ®µ¶[ÅÁx¤¦¦¦§ N][C ©«sµR¶Lki x¤¦¦¦Lji ¬s¥¦¦¦ÖÁAee Gx¤¦¦¦§ −sxqsV xqsLiryLRiV »R½Vª«sV ®µ¶[ÅÁ®µ¶[ Gx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji NS LRiWxmso \|¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lji
LRiWxmso ©«sµR¶Lki ABAee gRiVLRi xmsLRiryµk¶ ÊÁVLji&VA ÇØ ®ªs[ÆØ x¤¦¦¦Lji BNRPV \|¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lji ÕÁ©«sV @ª«sLRiV ©«s N][Cee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV
Gz¤¦¦¦ ®©s[ú»R½ @Liµ³R¶ }qs xqs¼½gRiVLji −sVÖÁH µj¶ÊÁ úµj¶xqsÉÓÁ x¤¦Ü[C ee36ee
G úxqsª«sßáx¤¦¦¦§ ®ªs[VLjix¤¦Ü[ ry\¿Á xqsV©«s\âßá ©¯[ xmshSGee ry\¿Á xqsV©«s\âßá ©¯[ xmshSG xqsLkiLji ÍØG xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ xqs¼½
ËØßÔáee ÑÁ»R½V xqsVßÔá ª«sV©«sV »R½©«sV x¤¦¦¦LjiA x¤¦Ü[A LRixqs©y LRizqs xqsª«sWßÔáee xqs¿RÁV @ÌÁÅÁ −s²yßÔá »yNUP gRi¼½ NRP{¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÇØGee
NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV @Liú−sV»R½ ©yª«sVV xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ xms−sú»R½ x¤¦Ü[ª«sx¤¦¦¦§ ry\¿Á xqsV©«s\âßá ©¯[ xmshSG ee37ee
x¤¦¦¦Lji ÒÁD gRiVFny @LiµR¶Lji LRiÐÁ\ZNP ªyÇØ xmsª«sßáV ª«sÇØBAee ª«sÇØBA ªyÇØ xmsDßá ©«sD µR¶VAlLi[ xmsLRigRiÈÁV NUPG
µR¶xqsªy gRiVxms»R½V LRiÆØBAee gRiVLRiµR¶VA\lLi ÍØB ˳ت«s¬ds BNRP©y µR¶xqsªy µR¶VALRiV µj¶ÆØBAee »R½x¤¦¦¦ @®©s[NRP LRiWxms ©yD ©«sª«s
¬sµ³j¶ ¼½xqs µy @Li»R½V ©«s ÇØC FyBAee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV x¤¦¦¦Lji zmsA\lLi ÒÁD gRiVFny @LiµR¶Lji LRiÐÁ\ZNP ªyÇØ xmsª«sßáV
ª«sÇØBA ee38ee
Gx¤¦¦¦§ ry¿y r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ ry\¿Á xmnsVLji gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ee gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ »R½ r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ xmnsVLji ry\¿Á ÑÁ\®´¶ xqsµy xqs¿RÁV µ³j¶Aª«s}¤¦¦¦ee
xqs¿][ µ³j¶Aª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÇØ »R½Vµ³R¶V ˳ت«sz¤¦¦¦ gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ ÑÁ©y ÊÁVLRi&Wª«s}¤¦¦¦ee Gx¤¦¦¦§ xqs¿RÁV xqs˳ÏÁ©y NS ÅÁxqsª«sVV \|¤¦¦¦ ÑÁxqsV
ÊÁÅÁ}qs r¡ ÇÁ©«sV Fyª«s}¤¦¦¦ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqs¿RÁV r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ xqs\¿Á xmnsVLji gSª«s}¤¦¦¦ ee39ee
@©«sµR¶V xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ ª«s²R¶Ë³Øgkix¤¦Ü[ xqsgRiÌÁ ª«sV©¯[LRi´R¶ xmsplLi[ee FyLRiúÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVV úxms˳ÏÁV FyBA D»R½lLi[ xqsgRiÌÁ −sxqsWlLi[ee
µR¶WÅÁ L][gRi xqsLi»yxms D»R½lLi[ xqsVßÔá xqsÀdÁ ËØßÔáee xqsLi»R½ ryÇÁ©«s ˳ÏÁG xqsLRi}qs xmsplLi[ gRiVLRi ¾»½[ ÇØßÔáee xqsVßá¾»½[ xmso¬ds»R½
NRPx¤¦¦¦¾»½[ xms−s»R½V xqs¼½gRiVLRiV LRiz¤¦¦¦A ˳ÏÁLRixmsplLi[ee ÕÁ©«sª«sLi¼½ ©y©«sNRPV gRiVLRi ¿RÁLRißá ÍØlgi[ ªyÛÇÁ[ @©«sx¤¦¦¦µR¶ »R½WlLi[ ee40ee1ee
cccccccccccccccccccccccccc
23

LRix¤¦¦¦LSzqs
r¡ µR¶LRiV
LSgRiV Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 1 1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee
r¡ µR¶LRiV ¾»½[LS ZNP[¥¦¦¦ r¡ xmnsVLRiV ZNP[¥¦¦¦ ÑÁ»R½V ÊÁz¤¦¦¦ xqsLRiÊÁ xqsª«sWÛÍÁ[ ee ªyÛÇÁ[ ¾»½[lLi[ ©yµR¶ @®©s[NRP @xqsLiÆØ ZNP[¾»½[
¾»½[lLi[ ªyª«sßᥦ¦¦lLi[ ee ZNP[¾»½[ ¾»½[lLi[ LSgRi xmsLki zqsD NRP{¤¦¦¦@z¤¦¦¦ ZNP[¾»½[ ¾»½[lLi[ gSª«sßᥦ¦¦lLi[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ xmsª«sßáV FyßÔá
\ÛËÁxqsLi»R½LRiV gS\®ªs LSÇØ µ³R¶LRiª«sVV µR¶VAlLi[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ ÀÁ»R½V gRiVxms»R½V ÖÁÐÁ ÇØßá¬s ÖÁÐÁ ÖÁÐÁ µ³R¶LRiª«sVV ÕdÁ¿ylLi[ ee
gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ CxqsLRiV úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW ®µ¶[−ds r¡x¤¦¦¦¬s ¾»½[lLi[ xqsµy xqsªylLi[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ BLiúµR¶ BLiúµyxqsßÓá \ÛËÁlhi[
®µ¶[ª«s¼½A µR¶Lji ©yÛÍÁ[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ zqsµ³R¶ xqsª«sWµ³k¶ @LiµR¶Lji gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ ryµ³R¶ ÕdÁ¿ylLi[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ ÇÁ¼d½
xqs¼d½ xqsLi»][ÐdÁ gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ −dsLRi NRPLSlLi[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ xmsLi²T¶»R½ xms²R¶¬s LRiÐdÁxqsVLRi ÇÁÙgRiV ÇÁÙgRiV ®ªs[µy ©yÛÍÁ[ ee
gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ßÔáA ª«sV©«sV ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦¬s xqsVLRigRiV ª«sV¿³RÁV xmsBAÛÍÁ[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ LRi»R½©«s DFyG ¾»½[lLi[
@hRixqshji ¼d½LRi´R¶ ©yÛÍÁ[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ ÇÜ[µ³R¶ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ÊÁÌÁ xqsWLS gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ ÆØßÔá ¿ylLi[ ee gSª«s¬s »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ ÅÁLi²R¶
ª«sVLi²R¶ÌÁ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVLi²y NRPLji NRPLji LRiÛÆÁ[ ¾»½[lLi[ µ³ylLi[ ee }qsC »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ gSª«s¬s ÇÜ[ »R½Vµ³R¶V ˳ت«s¬s LRi¾»½[ ¾»½[lLi[ ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ LRiryÛÍÁ[
ee x¤¦Ü[Lji ZNP[¾»½[ »R½Vµ³R¶©¯[ gSª«s¬s }qs \®ªsV ÀÁ¼½ ©«s Aª«s¬s ©y©«sNRPV NTPA ÕdÁ¿ylLi[ ee r¡C r¡C xqsµy xqs¿RÁV ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV
ry¿y ryÀdÁ ©yC ee \|¤¦¦¦ Õ³dÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ÇØB ©«s ÇØ{qs LRi¿RÁ©y ÑÁ¬s LRi¿yC ee LRiLigki LRiLigki ˳ؼd½ NRPLji NRPLji ÑÁ©«s{qs ª«sWBA
ÑÁ¬s DFyC ee NRPLji NRPLji ®µ¶[\ÛÆÁ NUP»y AxmsßØ ÑÁD ¼½xqsµk¶ ª«s²T¶AC ee ÇÜ[ ¼½xqsV ˳Ø\®ªs r¡C NRPLRi{qs zmnsLji x¤¦¦¦§NRPª«sVV ©«s
NRPLRißØ ÇØC ee r¡ Fy¼½ryx¤¦¦¦§ ry¥¦¦¦ xms¼½ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ©y©«sNRP LRix¤¦¦¦ßáV LRiÇØC ee 1ee
Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 1 ee
xqsVßÓá ª«s²y A\ÛÆÁ xqs˳ÏÁV N][B ee ZNP[ª«s²R¶V ª«s²y ²U¶hS x¤¦Ü[B ee NUPª«sV¼½ FyB ©«s NRPz¤¦¦¦A ÇØB ee NRPx¤¦¦¦\âßá ªyÛÍÁ[
¾»½[lLi[ LRi}¤¦¦¦ xqsª«sWB ee1ee ª«s®²¶[ ®ªs[VlLi[ ryz¤¦¦¦ËØ gRiz¤¦¦¦LRi gRiLiÕ³dÁLS gRiVßÔá gRi{¤¦¦¦LS ee N][B ©«s ÇØ\âßá ¾»½[LS ZNP[»y ZNP[ª«s²R¶V ÀdÁLS
ee1ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee xqsÕ³Á xqsVLRi¼d½ −sVÖÁ xqsVLRi¼½ NRPª«sWC ee xqs˳ÏÁ NUPª«sV¼½ −sVÖÁ NUPª«sV¼½ FyC ee gjiA¬ds µ³j¶A¬ds gRiVLRi
gRiVLRi¥¦¦¦C ee NRPx¤¦¦¦ßáV ©«s ÇØC ¾»½[Lki ¼½ÌÁV ª«s²T¶AC ee2ee xqsÕ³Á xqs»R½ xqsÕ³Á »R½xms xqsÕ³Á ¿RÁLigjiACA ee zqsµ³y xmsoLRiÆØ
NUPA ª«s²T¶ACA ee »R½Vµ³R¶V −sßáV zqsµ³k¶ NTP\®©s ©«s FyCA ee NRPLRi−sV −sV\ÛÍÁ ©y{¤¦¦¦ hSNTP LRi¥¦¦¦CA ee3ee AÅÁßá ªyÍØ NTPA
®ªs[¿yLS ee zqsxmns¼d½ ˳ÏÁ# lLi[ ¾»½[lLi[ ˳ÏÁLi²yLS ee ÑÁxqsV »R½W ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ ¼½\|qs NTPA ¿yLS ee ©y©«sNRP xqs¿RÁV xqsªyLRißᥦ¦¦LS ee4ee2ee
Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 1 ee
AÆØ ÒÁªy −sxqs\lLi ª«sVLji ÇØD ee AÅÁßÓá @DÆØ ry¿y ©yD ee ry¿Á[ ©yª«sV NUP ÍØ\lgi ˳ÏÁWÅÁ ee D»R½V
˳ÏÁW\ÛÆÁ ÆØB ¿RÁÖdÁ@z¤¦¦¦ µR¶WÅÁ ee1ee r¡ NTPD ª«sxqs\lLi ®ªs[VLki ª«sWB ee ry¿y ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ry\¿Á ©yB ee1ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee ry¿Á[
©yª«sV NUP ¼½ÌÁV ª«s²T¶AC ee AÐÁ ´R¶ZNP[ NUPª«sV¼½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyC ee ÛÇÁ[ xqsÕ³Á −sVÖÁ \ZNP AÅÁßá Fyz¤¦¦¦ ee ª«s²y ©«s x¤¦Ü[\®ªs xmnsWÉÓÁ
©«s ÇØB ee2ee ©y Jx¤¦¦¦§ ª«sV\lLi ©«s x¤¦Ü[\®ªs r¡gRiV ee ®µ¶[µy LRi\|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ¿RÁW\ZNP ˳Ü[gRiV ee gRiVßáV Gx¤¦Ü[ x¤¦Ü[LRiV ©y{¤¦¦¦ N][B
ee ©y N][ x¤¦Ü[A ©y N][ x¤¦Ü[B ee3ee ÛÇÁ[ª«s²R¶V Azms ¾»½[ª«s²R¶ ¾»½[Lki µy¼½ ee ÑÁ¬s µj¶©«sV NRPLji \ZNP NUP¼d½ LS¼½ ee ÅÁxqsª«sVV
−sryLRiz¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ NRPª«sVÇؼ½ ee ©y©«sNRP ©y\®ªs ËØLRi&VV xqs©y¼½ ee4ee3ee
LSgRiV gRiWÇÁLki ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 4 ee
x¤¦¦¦Lji ZNP[ ÇÁ©«s xqs¼½gRiVLRi xqs»R½ xmsoLRiÆØ ÕÁ©«sD NRPLRiD gRiVLRi Fyzqs ee x¤¦¦¦ª«sV NUPlLi[ NTPLRiª«sV xqs¼½gRiVLRi xqsLRißØC NRPLji
24
µR¶BA ©yª«sVV xmsLRigSzqs ee1ee ®ªs[VlLi[ −dsV»R½ gRiVLRi®µ¶[ª«s ®ªsW NRPD LSª«sV ©yª«sVV xmsLRigSzqs ee gRiVLRiª«sV¼½ ©yª«sVV ®ªs[VLS
úFy©«s xqsÆØC x¤¦¦¦Lji NUPLRi¼½ x¤¦¦¦ª«sVLki LRix¤¦¦¦LSzqs ee1ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ÇÁ©«s ZNP[ ª«s²R¶ ˳ØgRi ª«s®²¶[lLi[ ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji xqsLRiµ³y
x¤¦¦¦Lji zmsAxqs ee x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji ©yª«sVV −sV\ÛÍÁ ú¼½xms»yxqsz¤¦¦¦ −sVÖÁ xqsLigRi¼½ gRiVßá xmsLRigSzqs ee2ee ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦LjiLRixqsV
©yª«sVV ©«s FyBA ¾»½[ ˳ØgRi{¤¦¦¦ßá ÇÁª«sV Fyzqs ee ÇÜ[ xqs¼½gRiVLRi xqsLRißÓá xqsLigRi¼½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ AG úµ³j¶gRiV ÒÁ®ªs[ úµ³j¶gRiV ÒÁªyzqs ee3ee
ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦LjiÇÁ©«s xqs¼½gRiVLRi xqsLigRi¼½ FyC ¼½©«s µ³R¶VLji ª«sVxqs»R½NTP ÖÁÐÁA ÖÁÆØzqs ee µ³R¶©«sV µ³R¶Li©«sV xqs»R½xqsLigRi¼½ ÑÁ»R½V x¤¦¦¦LjiLRixqsV
FyBA −sVÖÁ ÇÁ©«s ©y©«sNRP ©yª«sVV xmsLRigSzqs ee4ee4ee
LSgRiV gRiWÇÁLki ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 5 ee
NS}¤¦¦¦ lLi[ ª«sV©«s ÀÁ»R½ª«sz¤¦¦¦ DµR¶ª«sVV ÇØ Ax¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji ÒÁD xmsLjiA ee \|qsÌÁ xms´R¶LRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ÇÁLi»R½ DFyG »y NS
LjiÇÁNRPV A\lgi NRPLji µ³R¶LjiA ee1ee ®ªs[VlLi[ ª«sWµ³R¶D ÒÁ xqs»R½xqsLigRi¼½ −sVÛÍÁ[ xqsV »R½LjiA ee gRiVLRi xmsLRiryµj¶ xmsLRiª«sVxmsµR¶V FyBA
xqsWZNP[ NSxqsÈÁ x¤¦¦¦LjiA ee1ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee ÇÁ©«s¬s zms»y ÍÜ[NRP xqsV»R½ ÊÁ¬s»y N][B ©«s NTPxqs NUP µ³R¶LjiA ee zqsLji zqsLji LjiÇÁNRPV
xqsLiËØ}¤¦¦¦ hSNRPVLRiV NS}¤¦¦¦ ª«sV©«s ˳ÏÁD NRPLjiA ee2ee E®²¶[ E²T¶ A\®ªs \|qs N][ry ¼½xqsV Fy\¿³Á ÊÁ¿RÁlLi[ ¿³RÁLjiA ee ¼½©«s NRPª«sßáV
ÅÁÍØ\®ªs NRPª«sßáV ¿RÁVgS\®ªs ª«sV©«s ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ zqsª«sVLRi©«sV NRPLjiA ee3ee xqsÕ³Á ¬sµ³y©«s µR¶xqs @xqsÈÁ zqsµ³y©«s hSNRPVLRi NRPLRi »R½ÌÁ µ³R¶LjiA ee
ÇÁ©«s ©y©«sNRP ÊÁÖÁ ÊÁÖÁ xqsµR¶ ÊÁÖÁ ÇØCH ¾»½[LS @Li»R½V ©«s FyLSª«sLjiA ee4ee5ee
LSgRiV Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 4
r¡ xmsoLRiÅÁV
1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee
r¡ xmsoLRiÅÁV ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«sV x¤¦¦¦Lji xmsoLRiÅÁV ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«sV x¤¦¦¦Lji @gRiª«sW @gRiª«sV @FyLS ee xqsÕ³Á µ³j¶Aª«sz¤¦¦¦ xqsÕ³Á
µ³j¶Aª«sz¤¦¦¦ »R½Vµ³R¶V ÒÁ x¤¦¦¦Lji xqs¿Á[ zqsLRiÇÁßᥦ¦¦LS ee xqsÕ³Á ÒÁ@ »R½Vª«sWlLi[ ÒÁ »R½WLi ÒÁA NS µy»yLS ee x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶Aª«sx¤¦¦¦§
xqsLi»R½x¤¦¦¦§ ÒÁ xqsÕ³Á µR¶WÅÁ −sryLRißᥦ¦¦LS ee x¤¦¦¦Lji A}ms hSNRPVLRiV x¤¦¦¦Lji A}ms }qsª«sNRPV ÒÁ NTPA ©y©«sNRP ÇÁLi»R½ −s¿yLS ee1ee
»R½WLi xmnsVÈÁ xmnsVÈÁ @Li»R½Lji xqsLRiÊÁ ¬sLRiLi»R½Lji ÒÁ x¤¦¦¦Lji GN][ xmsoLRiÅÁV xqsª«sWßØ ee BNTP µy¾»½[ BNTP Û˳Á[ÆØLki ÒÁ xqsÕ³Á ¾»½[lLi[
¿][ÇÁ −s²yßØ ee »R½WLi A}ms µy»y A}ms ˳ÏÁVgRi»y ÒÁ x¤¦¦¦D »R½Vµ³R¶V ÕÁ©«sV @ª«sLRiV ©«s ÇØßØ ee »R½WLi FyLRiúÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVV
ÛËÁ[@Li»R½V ÛËÁ[@Li»R½V ÒÁ ¾»½[lLi[ NTPA gRiVßá AÐÁ ª«sÆØßØ ee ÇÜ[ }qsª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[ }qsª«sz¤¦¦¦ »R½Vµ³R¶V ÒÁ ÇÁ©«sV ©y©«sNRPV ¼½©«s
NRPVLRiËØßØ ee2ee x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶Aª«sz¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶Aª«sz¤¦¦¦ »R½Vµ³R¶V ÒÁ }qs ÇÁ©«s ÇÁÙgRi ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ xqsVÅÁªy{qs ee }qs ª«sVVNRP»R½V }qs
ª«sVVNRP»R½V ˳ÏÁG ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶ABA ÒÁ ¼½©«s »R½WÉÔÁ ÇÁª«sV NUP Fny{qs ee ÑÁ©«s ¬sLRi˳ÏÁD ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji ¬sLRi˳ÏÁD µ³j¶ABA ÒÁ
¼½©«s NS ˳ÏÁD xqs˳ÏÁV gRiªy{qs ee ÑÁ©«s }qs−sA ÑÁ©«s }qs−sA ®ªs[VLS x¤¦¦¦Lji ÒÁ ¾»½[ x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji LRiWzms xqsª«sW{qsee }qs µ³R¶Li©«sV }qs
µ³R¶Li©«sV ÑÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji µ³j¶ABA ÒÁ ÇÁ©«sV ©y©«sNRPV ¼½©«s ÊÁÖÁ ÇØ{qs ee3ee ¾»½[Lki ˳ÏÁgRi¼½ ¾»½[Lki ˳ÏÁgRi¼½ ˳ÏÁLi²yLRi ÒÁ ˳ÏÁ# lLi[ ÕÁ@Li»R½
ÛËÁ[@Li»y ee ¾»½[lLi[ ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ ¾»½[lLi[ ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ xqsÍØx¤¦¦¦¬s »R½Vµ³R¶V ÒÁ x¤¦¦¦Lji @¬sNRP @®©s[NRP @©«sLi»y ee ¾»½[Lki @¬sNRP ¾»½[Lki @¬sNRP NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦
x¤¦¦¦Lji xmspÇØ ÒÁ »R½xmso »yxmsz¤¦¦¦ ÇÁxmsz¤¦¦¦ ÛËÁ[@Li»y ee ¾»½[lLi[ @®©s[NRP ¾»½[lLi[ @®©s[NRP xms²R¶z¤¦¦¦ ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ zqsú−sV¼½ ryxqs»R½ ÒÁ NRPLji
NTPLjiA ÅÁÈÁV NRPLRiª«sV NRPLRiLi»y ee }qs ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ }qs ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ ˳ÏÁ# ÛÍÁ[ ÇÁ©«s ©y©«sNRP ÒÁ ÇÜ[ ˳ت«sz¤¦¦¦ ®ªs[VlLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lji ˳ÏÁgRiª«sLi»y ee4ee
»R½WLi Aµj¶ xmsoLRiÅÁV @xmsLRiLixmsLRiV NRPLRi»y ÒÁ »R½Vµ³R¶V ÛÇÁ[ª«s²R¶V @ª«sLRiV ©«s N][C ee »R½WLi ÇÁÙgRiV ÇÁÙgRiV GN][ xqsµy xqsµy
»R½WLi GN][ ÒÁ »R½WLi ¬sx¤¦¦¦¿RÁÌÁV NRPLRi»y r¡C ee »R½Vµ³R¶V A}ms ˳Ø\®ªs r¡C ª«sLRi\¾»½ ÒÁ »R½WLi A}ms NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ xqsV x¤¦Ü[C ee
»R½Vµ³R¶V A}ms úzqsxqsÉÓÁ xqs˳ÏÁ DFyC ÒÁ »R½Vµ³R¶V A}ms zqsLRiÑÁ xqs˳ÏÁ g][C ee ÇÁ©«s ©y©«sNRPV gRiVßá gS\®ªs NRPLRi¾»½[ ZNP[ ÒÁ ÇÜ[
xqs˳ÏÁ# \|qs NS ÇØßãÜ[C ee5ee1ee
25
Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 4 ee
»R½WLi NRPLRi»y xqsÀÁALRi \®ªsV²y ryLiC ee ÇÜ[ »R½D ˳Ø\®ªs r¡C ´k¶{qs ÇÜ[ »R½WLi ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ r¡C x¤¦¦¦D FyC ee1ee
LRi¥¦¦¦D ee xqs˳ÏÁ ¾»½[Lki »R½WLi xqs˳ÏÁ¬ds µ³j¶ABA ee ÑÁxqs ©¯[ úNTPFy NRPLRiz¤¦¦¦ ¼½¬s ©yª«sV LRi»R½©«sV FyBA ee gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ Íص³y
ª«sV©«sª«sVVÐÁ gRiªyBA ee »R½Vµ³R¶V Azms −s¿³][²T¶A Azms −sVÍØBA ee1ee »R½WLi µR¶LkiAD xqs˳ÏÁ »R½VLRi&V{¤¦¦¦ ª«sWz¤¦¦¦ ee »R½VLRi&V
ÕÁ©«sV µR¶WÇØ N][C ©yz¤¦¦¦ ee ÒÁ@ ÇÁLi»R½ xqsÕ³Á ¾»½[LS ÛÆÁ[ÌÁV ee −sÇÜ[gji −sVÖÁ −s¿³RÁV²T¶A xqsLiÇÜ[gki ®ªs[VÌÁV ee2ee ÑÁxqs ©¯[
»R½W ÇØßØBz¤¦¦¦ r¡C ÇÁ©«sV ÇØ\âßá ee x¤¦¦¦LRigRiVßÓá xqsµR¶ {¤¦¦¦ AÐÁ ª«sÆØ\âßá ee ÑÁ¬s x¤¦¦¦Lji }qs−sA ¼½¬s xqsVÅÁV FyBA ee
xqsx¤¦¦¦ÛÇÁ[ {¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lji©y−sV xqsª«sWBA ee3ee »R½W A}ms NRPLRi»y ¾»½[LS NUPA xqs˳ÏÁV x¤¦Ü[B ee »R½Vµ³R¶V ÕÁ©«sV µR¶WÇØ @ª«sLRiV ©«s
N][B ee »R½W NRPLji NRPLji ®ªs[ÅÁz¤¦¦¦ ÇØßáz¤¦¦¦ r¡B ee ÇÁ©«s ©y©«sNRP gRiVLRiª«sVVÐÁ xmsLRigRiÈÁV x¤¦Ü[B ee 4ee 2ee
Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 1 ee
¼½»R½V xqsLRiª«sLRi\®²¶ ˳ÏÁCÛÍÁ[ ¬sªyry FyßÔá Fyª«sNRPV ¼½©«sz¤¦¦¦ NUPA ee xmsLiNRPÇÁÙ ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ xmsgRiV ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ¿y\ÛÍÁ x¤¦¦¦ª«sV
®µ¶[ÆØ »R½x¤¦¦¦ ²R¶WÕdÁ@ÛÍÁ[ ee1ee ª«sV©«s GNRPV ©«s ¿Á[»R½zqs ª«sVW²R¶ ª«sV©y ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ÕÁxqsLRi»R½ ¾»½[lLi[ gRiVßá gRiÖÁA ee1ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee
©y x¤¦¦¦D ÇÁ¼d½ xqs¼d½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ xms²T¶A ª«sVWLRiÅÁ ª«sVVgRiµ³y ÇÁ©«sª«sVV ˳ÏÁBA ee úxmsß᪫s¼½ ©y©«sNRP ¼½©«s NUP xqsLRißØ ÑÁ©«s »R½W
©y{¤¦¦¦ −sxqsLjiA ee2ee3ee
Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 5 ee
˳ÏÁC xmsLSxms¼½ ª«sW©«sVÅÁ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦§LkiA ee g][ÕÁLiµR¶ −sVÌÁßá NUP Bx¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[Lki ÊÁLkiA ee @ª«sLji NSÇÁ ¾»½[\lLi NTP\¾»½ ©«s
NSª«sV ee −sVÌÁV ryµ³R¶ xqsLigRi¼½ ˳ÏÁÇÁÙ ZNP[ª«sÌÁ ©yª«sV ee1ee xqsLRiLiÇØ−sV ÍØgRiV ˳ÏÁª«sÇÁÌÁ »R½LRi©«s \ZNP ee ÇÁ©«sª«sVV úÕÁ´y ÇØ»R½
LRiLigji ª«sWBA \ZNP ee1ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee ÇÁxmso »R½xmso xqsLiÇÁª«sVV µ³R¶LRiª«sVV ©«s NRPª«sWBA ee }qsªy ryµ³R¶ ©«s ÇجsA x¤¦¦¦Lji LSBA ee
NRPx¤¦¦¦§ ©y©«sNRP x¤¦¦¦ª«sV ¬ds¿RÁ NRPLRiLiª«sW ee xqsLRißÓá xmslLi[ NUP LSÅÁD xqsLRiª«sW ee 2ee4ee
Fy: 10 NRPÕÁ¹¸¶WËØ¿RÁ ÛËÁ[©«s¼d½ ee ¿_xmsC ee
x¤¦¦¦ª«sVLki NRPL][ ¥¦¦¦´R¶ \®µ¶ LRi¿³yèé ee xmspLRi©«s x¤¦Ü[B ÀÁ»R½ NUP B¿³yèé ee »R½ª«s ¿RÁLRi©«s©«s ª«sV©«s LRi\|¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦ª«sWLS ee
@xms©y ÇØ©«s NRPL][ úxms¼½FyLS ee1ee x¤¦¦¦ª«sVlLi[ µR¶VxqsÈÁ xqs\Û˳Á »R½Vª«sV xmnsWª«sx¤¦¦¦§ ee Axmso ¥¦¦¦´R¶ \®µ¶ ®ªsWz¤¦¦¦ ÊÁ¿yª«sx¤¦¦¦§ ee
xqsVÐdÁ ÊÁ\|qs ®ªsWL][ xmsLjiªyLS ee }qsª«sNRP zqsÅåÁ xqs\Û˳Á NRPLRi»yLS ee2ee ®ªsW LRi¿³yèé ¬sÇÁ NRPLRi \®µ¶ NRPLji\¹¸¶V ee xqs˳ÏÁ \ÛËÁLRi©«s N][
AÇÁ xqsLixmnsVLji\¹¸¶V ee xmspLRi©«s x¤¦Ü[B x¤¦¦¦ª«sWLki Ary ee »][LRi ˳ÏÁÇÁ©«s NUP LRi\|¤¦¦¦ zmsAry ee3ee »R½Vª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ¿³y²T¶ N][C @ª«sLRi
©«s µ³j¶¸R¶WELi ee ÇÜ[ ÊÁLRi ¿RÁx¤¦Ü[Li xqsV »R½Vª«sV ¾»½[ FyELi ee }qsª«sNRP zqsÅåÁ x¤¦¦¦ª«sWlLi[ »yLki@z¤¦¦¦ ee ¿RÁV¬s ¿RÁV¬s xqsú»R½
x¤¦¦¦ª«sWlLi[ ª«sWLki@z¤¦¦¦ ee4ee Axms ¥¦¦¦´R¶ \®µ¶ ª«sVV\lLi&V DÊÁLji\¹¸¶V ee ª«sVLRi©«s NSÌÁ NS ú»yxqs ¬sª«sLji\¹¸¶V ee x¤¦¦¦¨ÇÜ[ xqsµy
x¤¦¦¦ª«sWlLi[ xms¿³yèé ee ú{qs @zqsµ³R¶VÇÁ ÇÁÚ NRPLji¸R¶Vx¤¦¦¦§ LRi¿³yèé ee5eeLSÐÁ ÛÍÁ[x¤¦¦¦§ ª«sVVz¤¦¦¦ LSÅÁ©«s¥¦¦¦lLi[ ee ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ xqsLi»R½
xqs¥¦¦¦B zms¸R¶WlLi[ ee µk¶©«s ÊÁLiµ³R¶V µR¶VxqsÈÁ©«s ZNP[ x¤¦¦¦Li»y ee »R½Vª«sVx¤¦Ü[ xmsoLki ¿RÁ»R½VLRi µR¶xqs NRPLi»y ee6ee NSÌÁ FyB
úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW ÊÁxmso µ³R¶LS ee NSÌÁ FyB zqsª«sÇÁÚ @ª«s»R½LS ee NSÌÁ FyB NRPLRi ÕÁxqs©«sV úxmsNSry ee xqsNRPÌÁ NSÌÁ NS NUPA
»R½ª«sWry ee7ee ÇÁª«s©«s NSÌÁ ÇÜ[gki zqsª«s NUPJ ee ÛËÁ[µR¶LSÇÁ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW ÇÁÚ ´k¶J ee ÇÁª«s©«s NSÌÁ xqs˳ÏÁ ÍÜ[NRP xqsªyLS ee
©«sª«sVxqsNSLRi \|¤¦¦¦ »yz¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦ª«sWLS ee8ee ÇÁª«s©«s NSÌÁ xqs˳ÏÁ ÇÁgRi»R½ ÊÁ©y¹¸¶W ee ®µ¶[ª«s \®µ¶»R½ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé©«s DxmsÇع¸¶W ee Aµj¶
@Li¼½ G\ZNP @ª«s»yLS ee r¡C gRiVLRiW xqsª«sVLji&V¸R¶Vx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦ª«sWLS ee9ee ©«sª«sVxqsNSLRi ¼½xqs {¤¦¦¦ N][ x¤¦¦¦ª«sWLki ee xqsNRPÌÁ
úxmsÇØ ÑÁ©«s Axms xqsªyLki ee zqsª«sNRP©«s N][ zqsª«sgRiV©«s xqsVÅÁ µk¶J ee xqs»R½òQû©«s N][ xmsÌÁ ®ªsW ÊÁµ³R¶ NUPJee 10ee xmnsVÈÁ xmnsVÈÁ ZNP[
@Li»R½LRi NUP ÇØ©«s»R½ ee ˳ÏÁ# ÛÍÁ[ ÊÁVlLi[ NUP {msLRi xms¿³y©«s»R½ ee ÀdÁÉÔÁ ¾»½[ NRPVLi¿RÁLRi @xqs´R¶WÍØ ee xqs˳ÏÁ xmsLRi úNTPFy úµj¶xqsÉÓÁ NRPLRi
xmnsQpÍØ ee11ee xqsLi»R½©«s µR¶VÅÁ FyG ¾»½[ µR¶VÐdÁ ee xqsVÅÁ FyG ryµ³R¶V©«s ZNP[ xqsVÐdÁ ee GNRP GNRP NUP {msLRi xms¿³y\®©sLi ee xmnsVÈÁ
xmnsVÈÁ ZNP[ xmsÈÁ xmsÈÁ NUP ÇØ\®©sLi ee12ee ÇÁÊÁ DµR¶NRPLRiÅÁ NRPLS NRPLRi»yLS ee úxmsÇØ µ³R¶LRi»R½ »R½ÊÁ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ @FyLS ee ÇÁÊÁ ANRPLRiÅÁ
26
NRPLRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ NRPÊÁx¤¦¦¦¨Li ee »R½Vª«sV \®ªsV −sVÌÁ»R½ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ µ³R¶LRi xqs˳ÏÁx¤¦¦¦¨Li ee 13ee ÛÇÁ[¾»½[ ÊÁµR¶©«s úzqsxqsÉÓÁ xqs˳ÏÁ µ³y\lLi ee Axmso
Axms¬ds ÊÁWLRi&V D¿y\lLi ee »R½Vª«sV xqs˳ÏÁ{¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ ¬sLSÌÁª«sV ee ÇØ©«s»R½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ Û˳Á[µR¶ @LRi AÌÁª«sV ee14ee ¬sLRiLiNSLRi
ú¬sÕÁNSLRi ¬sLRiÌÁLi˳ÏÁ ee Aµj¶ @¬dsÌÁ @©yµj¶ @xqsLiÕ³Á ee »yNS ª«sVW²>R¶ D¿yLRi»R½ Û˳Á[µy ee ÇØN][ Û˳Á[ª«s ©«s Fyª«s»R½ ÛËÁ[µy
ee15ee »yN][ NRPLji Fyx¤¦¦¦©«s @©«sVª«sW©«s»R½ ee ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sVW²>R¶ NRP¿³RÁV Û˳Á[µR¶ ©«s ÇØ©«s»R½ ee ª«sV¥¦¦¦®µ¶[ª«s N][ NRPx¤¦¦¦»R½ xqsµy zqsª«s ee
¬sLRiLiNSLRi NS ÀdÁ©«s»R½ ©«sz¤¦¦¦ Õ³Áª«s ee16ee Axmso Axms¬ds ÊÁVµ³j¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ÛÇÁ[¼d½ ee ÊÁLRi©«s»R½ Õ³ÁLi©«s Õ³ÁLi©«s »R½Vz¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[¼d½ ee »R½Vª«sVLS
ÌÁÆØ ©«s ÇØB xmsryLS ee NTPx¤¦¦¦ ÕÁµ³j¶ xqsÇØ úxms´R¶ª«sV xqsLiryLS ee 17ee G\ZNP LRiWxms @©«sWxms xqsLRiWFy ee LRiLiNRP ˳ÏÁ¹¸¶W
LSª«s NRP{¤¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁWFy ee @Li²R¶ÇÁ ÛÇÁ[LRiÇÁ }qs»R½ÇÁ NUP¬ds ee D»R½Ë³ÏÁVÇÁ Æجs ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§LRi LRiÀÁ µk¶¬ds ee18ee NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmnsQpÌÁ LSÇØ
\|¤¦¦¦* \ÛËÁhS ee NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li zqsª«sVÉÓÁ Õ³Á¹¸¶W xqsLiNRPLRi B\ZNPhS ee xqsgRiLki úzqsxqsÉÓÁ µj¶ÆØB @¿RÁLi˳ÏÁª«s ee Aµj¶ ÇÁÙgSµj¶ xqsLRiWxms
xqsV¸R¶VLi˳ÏÁª«s ee19ee @ÊÁ LRi¿³yèé ®ªs[VLki »R½Vª«sV NRPL][ ee zqsÅåÁ DËØLji @zqsÅåÁ xqsLixmnsVL][ ee µR¶VaRPÈÁ ÑÁ¾»½[ DhRiª«s»R½
D»R½Fy»y ee xqsNRPÌÁ ª«sVÛÍÁ[¿³RÁ NRPL][ LRißá xmnsW»y ee 20ee ÛÇÁ[ @zqsµ³R¶VÇÁ »R½ª«s xqsLRi¬ds xmslLi[ ee ¼½©«sZNP[ µR¶VaRPÈÁ µR¶VÐÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦*
ª«sVlLi[ ee xmsoLRiÅÁ ÇÁª«s©«s xmsgRi xmslLi[ ¼½¥¦¦¦lLi[ ee ¼½©«sZNP[ »R½Vª«sV xqsLiNRPÈÁ xqs˳ÏÁ ÉØlLi[ ee21ee ÇÜ[ NRPÖÁ N][ BNRP ËØLRi µ³j¶H \|¤¦¦¦
ee »yZNP[ NSÌÁ ¬sNRPÉÓÁ ©«sz¤¦¦¦ H\|¤¦¦¦ ee LRi¿³yèé x¤¦Ü[B »yz¤¦¦¦ xqs˳ÏÁ NSÍØ ee µR¶VxqsÈÁ @LjixqsÈÁ ÈÁlLi[Li »R½»R½NSÍØ ee22ee úNTPFy
úµj¶xqsÉÓÁ »R½©«s ÇØz¤¦¦¦ ¬sx¤¦¦¦Ljix¤¦Ü[ ee »yZNP[ »yxms »R½©«sNRP ®ªsW x¤¦¦¦Ljix¤¦Ü[ ee àÓáµ³ôðj¶ zqsµ³ôðj¶ xmnsVLRi ®ªsW xqs˳ÏÁ x¤¦Ü[C ee µR¶VaRPÈÁ
¿³yx¤¦¦¦ \¿³ÁQ* xqs\ZNP ©«s N][C ee23ee GNRP ËØLRi ÑÁ©«s »R½V\®ªsV xqsLi˳ØLS ee NSÌÁ Fnyxqs ¾»½[ »yz¤¦¦¦ DËØLS ee ÑÁ©«s ©«sLRi ©yª«sV
¼½¥¦¦¦L][ NRP¥¦¦¦ ee µyLjiµR¶ µR¶VxqsÈÁ µ][ÅÁ ¾»½[ LRi¥¦¦¦ ee24ee ÅÁ²R¶gRi ZNP[»R½ \®ªsV xqsLRißá ¼½¥¦¦¦Lki ee Axms ¥¦¦¦´R¶ \®µ¶ ÛÍÁ[x¤¦¦¦§
DËØLki ee xqsLRiÊÁ h_LRi ®ªsW x¤¦Ü[x¤¦¦¦§ xqs¥¦¦¦C ee µR¶VxqsÈÁ µ][ÅÁ ¾»½[ ÛÍÁ[x¤¦¦¦§ ÊÁ¿yC ee25ee
\|qs#*¸R¶W ee
FyLiB gRi}¤¦¦¦ ÇÁÊÁ ¾»½[ »R½Vª«sVlLi[ »R½ÊÁ ¾»½[ N][E ALiÅÁ »R½lLi[ ©«s{¤¦¦¦Li A©¯[ù ee LSª«sV LRi{¤¦¦¦ª«sV xmsoLS©«s NRPVLS©«s @®©s[NRP
NRP\|¤¦¦¦Li ª«sV»R½ GNRP ©«s ª«sW©¯[ù ee zqsLiú−sV»R½ ryxqsú»R½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ xqs\Û˳Á ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ Û˳Á[µR¶ NRP\|¤¦¦¦Li x¤¦¦¦ª«sV GNRP ©«s ÇØ©¯[ùee ú{qs @zqsFy©«s
úNTPFy »R½Vª«sVLki NRPLji \®ªsV ©«s NRPx¤¦Ü[ù xqs˳ÏÁ »][z¤¦¦¦ ÊÁÆØ©¯[ù ee
µ][x¤¦¦¦LS ee
xqsgRiÌÁ µR¶VALRi NRPD ¿³y²T¶\ZNP gRiz¤¦¦¦J »R½V¥¦¦¦L][ µR¶VALRi ee
ËØLiz¤¦¦¦ gRi}¤¦¦¦ NUP ÍØÇÁ @xqs g][ÕÁLiµR¶ µyxqs »R½V¥¦¦¦LRi ee
LSª«sVNRPÖdÁ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 3 @©«sLiµR¶V
1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee
@©«sLiµR¶V ˳ÏÁBA ®ªs[VLki ª«sWG xqs¼½gRiVLRiW \®ªsV FyBA ee xqs¼½gRiVLRiV »R½ FyBA xqsx¤¦¦¦ÇÁ }qs¼d½ ª«sV¬s ª«sÒÁA
ªyµ³yCA ee LSgRi LRi»R½©«s xmsLRiªyLRi xmsLkiA xqsÊÁµR¶ gSª«sßá ACA ee xqsÊÁµ][ »R½ gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lki ZNP[LS ª«sV¬s ÑÁ¬ds
ª«sryBA ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV @©«sLiµR¶V x¤¦Ü[A xqs¼½gRiVLRiW \®ªsV FyBA ee 1ee G ª«sV©«s ®ªs[VLjiA »R½W xqsµy LRix¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji
©yÛÍÁ[ ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ©yÖÁ LRix¤¦¦¦§ »R½W ª«sVLi©«s ®ªs[VlLi[ µR¶WÅÁ xqsÕ³Á −sryLRißØ ee @LigkiNSLRiV Jx¤¦¦¦§ NRPlLi[ ¾»½[LS NSLRiÇÁ xqsÕ³Á
xqsªyLRißØ ee xqs˳ÏÁ©y gRiÍØ xqsª«sVLRi´R¶V xqsVA−dsV r¡ NTPD ª«sV©«sx¤¦¦¦§ −srylLi[ ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV ª«sVLi©«s ®ªs[VlLi[ xqsµy LRix¤¦¦¦§
x¤¦¦¦Lji ©yÛÍÁ[ ee2ee ry¿Á[ ryz¤¦¦¦ËØ NTPA ©y{¤¦¦¦ xmnsVLji ¾»½[\lLi ee xmnsVLji »R½ ¾»½[\lLi xqs˳ÏÁV NTP¿³RÁV \|¤¦¦¦ ÑÁxqsV ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦ xqsV Fyª«sG ee
xqsµy zqsxmns¼½ xqsÍØx¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[Lki ©yª«sVV ª«sV¬s ª«sryª«sG ee ©yª«sVV ÑÁ©«s \ZNP ª«sV¬s ª«szqsA ªyÛÇÁ[ xqsÊÁµR¶ xmnsV®©s[lLi[ ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV
xqs¿Á[ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ NTPA ©y{¤¦¦¦ xmnsVLji ¾»½[\lLi ee3ee ry¿y ©yª«sVV ®ªs[VLS Aµ³yL][ ee ry¿RÁV ©yª«sVV @µ³yLRiV ®ªs[VLS ÑÁ¬s ˳ÏÁVÆØ
xqsÕ³Á gRiªyCA ee NRPLji ryLi¼½ xqsVÅÁ ª«sV¬s AB ª«szqsA ÑÁ¬s B¿³y xqsÕ³Á xmsoÇØCA ee xqsµy NRPVLRiËØßáV NUP»y gRiVLRiW
−sÈÁx¤¦¦¦§ ÑÁxqs µk¶A Gz¤¦¦¦ ª«s²T¶ACA ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLi»R½x¤¦¦¦§ xqsÊÁµj¶ µ³R¶LRix¤¦¦¦§ zmsAL][ ee ry¿y ©yª«sVV
27
®ªs[VLS Aµ³yL][ ee4ee ªyÛÇÁ[ xmsLi¿RÁ xqsÊÁµR¶ ¼½»R½V xmnsVLji xqs˳Ø\lgi ee xmnsVLji xqs˳Ø\lgi xqsÊÁµR¶ ªyÛÇÁ[ NRPÍØ ÑÁ»R½V xmnsVLji µ³yLkiA ee
xmsLi¿RÁ µR¶W»R½V »R½Vµ³R¶V ª«szqs NUP¾»½[ NSÌÁV NRPLiÈÁNRPV ª«sWLjiA ee µ³R¶VLji NRPLRi−sV FyBA »R½Vµ³R¶V ÑÁ©«s NRPD zqs ©y−sV x¤¦¦¦Lji \ZNP
ÍØlgi[ ee NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ©y©«sNRPV »R½x¤¦¦¦ xqsVÅÁV x¤¦Ü[A ¼½»R½V xmnsVLji @©«sx¤¦¦¦µR¶ ªyÛÇÁ[ ee5ee @©«sµR¶V xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ ª«s²R¶Ë³Øgkix¤¦Ü[ xqsgRiÌÁ
ª«sV©¯[LRi´R¶ xmsplLi[ ee FyLRiúÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVV úxms˳ÏÁV FyBA D»R½lLi[ xqsgRiÌÁ −sxqsWlLi[ ee µR¶WÅÁ L][gRi xqsLi»yxms D»R½lLi[ xqsVßÔá xqsÀdÁ
ËØßÔá ee xqsLi»R½ ryÇÁ©«s ˳ÏÁG xqsLRi}qs xmsplLi[ gRiVLRi ¾»½[ ÇØßÔá ee xqsVßá¾»½[ xmso¬ds»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¾»½[ xms−s»R½V xqs¼½gRiVLRiV LRiz¤¦¦¦A
˳ÏÁLRixmsplLi[ ee ÕÁ©«sª«sLi¼½ ©y©«sNRPV gRiVLRi ¿RÁLRi©«s ÍØlgi[ ªyÛÇÁ[ @©«sx¤¦¦¦µR¶ »R½WlLi[ ee40ee1ee
ª«sVVLiµyª«sßÔá ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 5 ee
´yÌÁ −sÀÁ ¼½Li¬s ª«sxqs»R½W xmsCJ xqs»R½V xqsLi»][ÅÁV −ds¿yL][ ee @Liú−sV»R½ ©yª«sVV hSNRPVLRi NS xmsBJ ÑÁxqsNS
xqs˳ÏÁxqsV @µ³yL][ ee ÛÇÁ[ N][ ÆØ\®ªs ÛÇÁ[ N][ ˳ÏÁVLi\¿Á ¼½xqs NS x¤¦Ü[B Dµ³yL][ ee Gx¤¦¦¦ ª«sxqs»R½V »R½ÒÁ ©«sx¤¦¦¦ ÇØC ¬s»R½ ¬s»R½
LRiÅÁV DLjiµ³yL][ ee »R½ª«sV xqsLiryLRiV ¿RÁLRi©«s ÌÁgji »R½LkiH xqs˳ÏÁV ©y©«sNRP úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV xmsryL][ ee1ee
xqsÍÜ[NRP ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 5 ee
¾»½[LS NUP»y ÇØ»][ ©y{¤¦¦¦ \®ªsV©¯[ ÇÜ[gRiV NUP»][C ee \®ªsV ¬sLRigRiVßÓáAlLi[ N][ gRiVßáV ©y{¤¦¦¦ A}ms »R½LRixqsV xmsBJC
ee »R½LRixqsV zmsA −sVx¤¦¦¦LSª«sV¼½ x¤¦Ü[C xqs¼½gRiVLRiV xqsÇÁßáV −sVÖÁA ee ©y©«sNRP ©yª«sVV −sV\ÛÍÁ »yLi ÒÁªyLi »R½©«sV ª«sV©«sV
´k¶\®ªs x¤¦¦¦LjiA ee1ee
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ
LSgRiV gRiD²U¶ µk¶xmsNUP ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 1
1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶ ee
\ÛÇÁ xmnsVLji NUPLRi¼½ AÐdÁH NRPLRi¾»½[ NS x¤¦Ü[B ÕdÁ¿yL][ee ¼½»R½V xmnsVLji gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØ zqsª«sLjix¤¦¦¦§ zqsLRiÇÁßᥦ¦¦L][
ee1ee »R½Vª«sV gSª«sx¤¦¦¦§ ®ªs[VlLi[ ¬sLRi˳ÏÁD NS r¡z¤¦¦¦ÍØee x¤¦¦¦D ªyLki ÑÁ»R½V r¡z¤¦¦¦\ÛÍÁ xqsµy xqsVÅÁV x¤¦Ü[Bee 1ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee ¬s»R½
¬s»R½ ÒÁ@®²¶[ xqsª«sWÖdÁ@¬s ®µ¶[\ÛÆÁgS ®µ¶[ª«sßᥦ¦¦LRiVee ¾»½[lLi[ µy\®©s NUPª«sV¼½ ©y xms\®ªs ¼½xqsV µy¾»½[ NRPª«sßáV xqsVª«sWLRiV ee2ee xqsLiÊÁ¼½
ry¥¦¦¦ ÖÁÐÁA −sVÖÁ NRPLji Fyª«sx¤¦¦¦§ ¾»½[ÌÁVee ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦§ xqsÇÁßá @{qsxqs²U¶A ÑÁD x¤¦Ü[\®ªs ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ zqsD ®ªs[VÌÁV ee3ee xmnsVLji xmnsVLji
Gx¤¦Ü[ Fyx¤¦¦¦§¿y xqsµR¶®²¶[ ¬s»R½ xmsª«sLi¬s ee xqsµR¶ßᥦ¦¦LS zqsª«sVLkiH ©y©«sNRP }qs µj¶x¤¦¦¦ Aª«sLi¬s ee4ee1ee

LSgRiV Ary ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 1 ee


À³Á@ xmnsVLRi À³Á@ gRiVLRi À³Á@ Dxms®µ¶[xqs ee gRiVLRiV gRiVLRiV GN][ ®ªs[xqs @®©s[NRP ee 1 ee ËØËØ \ÛÇÁ xmnsVLji NRPLRi¾»½[ NUPLRi¼½ x¤¦Ü[B
ee r¡ xmnsVLRiV LSÅÁV ª«s²yC »][B ee 1 ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee −sxqsVG ¿RÁzqsA xmnsV²U¶A xmsx¤¦¦¦LS ´j¶¼d½ ªyLki ª«sWx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦Ü[A ee
xqsWLRiÇÁÙ GN][ LRiV¼½ @®©s[NRP ee ©y©«sNRP NRPLRi¾»½[ ZNP[ ZNP[¾»½[ ®ªs[xqs ee 2 ee 2 ee

LSgRiV µ³R¶©yxqsLki ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 1 ee


gRigRi©«s \®ªsV ´yÌÁV LRi−s ¿RÁLiµR¶V µk¶xmsNRP ÊÁ®©s[ »yLjiNS ª«sVLi²R¶ÌÁ ÇÁ©«sNRP ®ªsW¼d½ ee µ³R¶Wxmso ª«sVÌÁA©«sÍÜ[ xmsª«sßáV
¿RÁª«sL][ NRPlLi[ xqsgRiÌÁ ÊÁ©«sLSB xmnsQpÌÁLi»R½ ÇÜ[¼d½ ee 1 ee \ZNP{qs ALRi¼d½ x¤¦Ü[B ee ˳ÏÁª«sÅÁLi²R¶©y ¾»½[Lki ALRi¼d½ ee @©«sx¤¦¦¦»y xqsÊÁµR¶
ªyÇÁLi»R½ Û˳Á[Lki ee 1 ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee xqsx¤¦¦¦xqs »R½ª«s \®©s©«s ©«s©«s \®©s©«s x¤¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦ »][z¤¦¦¦ NRPD xqsx¤¦¦¦xqs ª«sVWLRi¼½ ©«s©y GNRP »][{¤¦¦¦ ee
28
xqsx¤¦¦¦xqs xmsµR¶ ÕÁª«sVÌÁ ©«s©«s GNRP xmsµR¶ gRiLiµ³R¶ ÕÁ©«sV xqsx¤¦¦¦xqs »R½ª«s gRiLiµ³R¶ Bª«s ¿RÁÌÁ»R½ ®ªsW{¤¦¦¦ ee 2 ee xqs˳ÏÁ ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[¼½ ÇÜ[¼½
\|¤¦¦¦ r¡B ee ¼½xqs\®µ¶ ¿y©«sßÓá xqs˳ÏÁ ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ¿y©«sßáV x¤¦Ü[B ee gRiVLRi ryÐdÁ ÇÜ[¼½ xmsLRigRiÈÁV x¤¦Ü[B ee ÇÜ[ ¼½xqsV ˳Ø\®ªs xqsV
ALRi¼d½ x¤¦Ü[B ee 3 ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ¿RÁLRißá NRPª«sÌÁ ª«sVNRPLRiLiµR¶ ÍÜ[Õ³Á»R½ ª«sV©¯[ @©«sµj¶©¯[ ®ªsWz¤¦¦¦ A{¤¦¦¦ zmsAry ee úNTPFy ÇÁÌÁV ®µ¶[z¤¦¦¦
©y©«sNRP ryLjiLigRi NRPD x¤¦Ü[B Çؾ»½[ ¾»½[\lLi ©yB ªyry ee 4 ee 3ee

LSgRiV gRiD²U¶ xmspLRiÕdÁ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 4 ee


NS−sV NRPL][µ³j¶ ©«sgRiLRiV ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ ˳ÏÁLjiA −sVÖÁ ryµ³R¶W ÅÁLi²R¶ÌÁ ÅÁLi²y }¤¦¦¦ ee xmspLRiÕÁ ÖÁÅÁ»R½ ÖÁÛÆÁ[ gRiVLRiV FyBA
ª«sV¬s x¤¦¦¦Lji ÖÁª«s ª«sVLi²R¶ÌÁ ª«sVLi²y }¤¦¦¦ ee 1 ee NRPLji ryµ³R¶W @LiÇÁÙÖdÁ xmso©«sV ª«s²y }¤¦¦¦ ee NRPLji ²R¶Li²R¶D»R½ xmso©«sV ª«s²y }¤¦¦¦
ee 1 ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee ryNRP»R½ x¤¦¦¦Lji LRixqs ryµR¶V ©«s ÇØßÓáA ¼½©«s @Li»R½Lji x¤¦¦¦D\®ªsV NRPLi²y }¤¦¦¦ ee ÑÁD ÑÁD ¿RÁÌÁz¤¦¦¦ ¿RÁV\Û˳Á
µR¶VÅÁV Fyª«sz¤¦¦¦ ÇÁª«sVNSÌÁV xqsx¤¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦ zqsLji ²R¶Li²y }¤¦¦¦ ee 2 ee x¤¦¦¦Lji ÇÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Lji x¤¦¦¦Lji ©y−sV xqsª«sWâßá[ µR¶VÅÁV ÇÁ©«sª«sV
ª«sVLRißá ˳ÏÁª«s ÅÁLi²y }¤¦¦¦ ee @ÕÁ©y{qs xmsoLRiÅÁV FyBA xmsLRi®ªs[VxqsLRiV ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ r¡Ë³ÏÁ ÅÁLi²R¶ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVLi²y }¤¦¦¦ ee 3 ee x¤¦¦¦ª«sV
gRiLkiÊÁ ª«sVxqsNUP©«s úxms˳ÏÁ ¾»½[lLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lji LSÅÁV LSÅÁV ª«s²R¶ ª«s²y }¤¦¦¦ ee ÇÁ©«s ©y©«sNRP ©yª«sVV @µ³yLRiV ÛÉÁ[NRP \|¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lji©y®ªs[V {¤¦¦¦
xqsVÅÁV ª«sVLi²y }¤¦¦¦ ee4ee4 ee
LSgRiV gRiD²U¶ xmspLRiÕdÁ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÍØ 5 ee
NRPLRiD ÛËÁ[©«sLi¼d½ xqsVßáx¤¦¦¦§ ®ªs[VlLi[ −dsV»y xqsLi»R½ ÈÁx¤¦¦¦ÌÁ NUP ÛËÁ[ÍØ ee C¥¦¦¦ ÆØÉÓÁ ¿RÁÌÁx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji ÍØ¥¦¦¦ A\lgi
ÊÁxqs©«sV xqsV}¤¦¦¦ÍØ ee 1 ee @Dµ³R¶V xmnsV\ÛÉÁ µj¶©«sxqsV \lLißØ lLi[ ee ª«sV©«s gRiVLRi −sVÖÁ NSÇÁ xqsªylLi[ ee 1 ee LRi¥¦¦¦D ee Bx¤¦¦¦§
xqsLiryLRiV ÕÁNSLRiV xqsLi}qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ »R½LjiJ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV gjiA¬ds ee ÑÁxqsz¤¦¦¦ ÇÁgSB {msA\®ªs Bx¤¦¦¦§ LRixqsV @NRP´R¶ NRP´y ¼½¬s Çجds ee
2 ee ÇØNRPD AG r¡C ÕÁ¥¦¦¦LRi&Vx¤¦¦¦§ x¤¦¦¦Lji gRiVLRi ¾»½[ ª«sV©«sz¤¦¦¦ ÊÁ}qsLS ee ¬sÇÁ xmnsVLji ª«sVx¤¦¦¦ÌÁV Fyª«sx¤¦¦¦§ xqsVÅÁ xqsx¤¦¦¦ÛÇÁ[
ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§Lji ©«s x¤¦Ü[Bg][ }mnsLS ee 3 ee @Li»R½LRiÇØ−dsV xmsoLRiÅÁ ÕÁµ³y¾»½[ xqsLRiµ³y ª«sV©«s NUP xmsplLi[ ee ©y©«sNRP µyxqsV B\|¤¦¦¦ xqsVÅÁV
ª«sW\lgi ®ªsWNRPD NRPLji xqsLi»R½©«s NUP µ³R¶WlLi[ ee 4 ee 5 ee

cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
29
@LRiµyxqs
1JLiNSLRi ú{qs ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ÒÁ NUP xmns»R½z¤¦¦¦ ee
ú{qs ˳ÏÁg_¼d½ ÒÁ xqs¥¦¦¦B ee ªyLRi ú{qs ˳ÏÁg_¼d½ ÒÁ NUP ee
Fy»R½aS{¤¦¦¦ 10 ee
úzms´R¶ª«sV ˳ÏÁg_¼d½ zqsª«sVLji \ZNP gRiVLRi ©y©«sNRP ÌÁCLi µ³j¶AB ee zmnsLRi @LigRiµR¶ gRiVLRi ¾»½[ @ª«sVLRiµyxqsV LSª«sVµy\|qs x¤¦Ü[CLi
xqs¥¦¦¦Be @LRiÇÁ©«s x¤¦¦¦Ljig][ÕÁLiµR¶ ©¯[ zqsª«sVL][Li ú{qs x¤¦¦¦LjiLSB ee ú{qs x¤¦¦¦LjiúNTPaRP©«s µ³j¶ACH ÑÁxqs ²T¶lhi[ xqsÕ³Á µR¶VÅÁ ÇØB ee
¾»½[gRi ÊÁ¥¦¦¦µR¶LRi zqsª«sVLjiH xmnsVLRi ©«sD¬sµ³j¶ A\®ªs µ³yB ee xqs˳ÏÁ ´yCLi x¤¦Ü[B xqs¥¦¦¦B ee µR¶xqs®ªs[Li Fy»R½aSx¤¦¦¦ ú{qs gRiVLRiW
g][ÕÁLiµR¶ zqsLixmnsV ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ÒÁ xqs˳ÏÁ ´yLiC x¤¦Ü[B xqs¥¦¦¦B ee µR¶ryLi Fy»R½aS{¤¦¦¦ALi ÒÁ µk¶ ÇÜ[»R½ ú{qs gRiVLRiW úgRiLi´R¶
ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ÒÁ ®µ¶[ FyhRi µk¶µyLRi µy µ³j¶A©«s µ³R¶LRi ZNP[ ËÜ[ÍÜ[ ÒÁ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee
xmsLiÇØLi zmsALjiALi, ¿_¥¦¦¦Li ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁÇصj¶ALi, ¿yÖd>ÁALi ª«sVVNRP¼½ALi, x¤¦¦¦hkiALi, ÇÁ{msALi, »R½{msALi, ÑÁ©>yLi
©yª«sV ÇÁzmsA, ª«sLi²R¶ ¿³RÁNTPA, ®µ¶[gRi ¿RÁÍØC, ¾»½[gRi ªy{¤¦¦¦, ®µ¶[ÅÁ ZNP[ @ßá²T¶hîRi NUP»y, ¼½©>y zmsALjiALi, xqsÀÁALjiALi µk¶
NRPª«sWC µy µ³j¶A©«s µ³R¶LRi ZNP[, ÆØÌÁry ÒÁ ËÜ[ÍÜ[ ÒÁ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee
ÑÁ©>yLi zqsLixmnsWLi zqsLixmnsVßÔáALi ®©s[ µ³R¶LRiª«sV }¤¦¦¦»R½ {qsxqs µj¶¾»½[, ÊÁLiµR¶ ÊÁLiµR¶ NRPÉØG, ÆÜ[xmsLkiALi ÌÁV¥¦¦¦CALi,
¿RÁLRiÅÁ²U¶ALi ¾»½[ ¿RÁ®²>¶[, ALjiALi ©yÌÁ ÀÁLSG gRiG, gRiVLRiµR¶VALjiALi µk¶ }qsªy ÌÁC NRPVLRiËجdsALi NUP¼d½ALi, µ³R¶LRiª«sV
©«s{¤¦¦¦Li ¥¦¦¦LjiA, zqsÐdåÁ ZNP[ryLi xqsVAryLi ©yÌÁ ¬s˳Ø{¤¦¦¦, ¼½©>yLi µk¶ NRPª«sWC µy µ³j¶A©«s µ³R¶LRi ZNP[ , ÆØÌÁry ÒÁ , ËÜ[ÍÜ[
ÒÁ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee
xmsLiÇØLi »R½ÅÁ»yLi, xqsLRiÊÁ»R½ò gRiVLRiµR¶VALjiALi µy µ³j¶A©«s µ³R¶LRi ZNP[ ËÜ[ÍÜ[ ÒÁ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee
úzms´R¶®ªs[V xqsLRiÊÁ»R½ò ÆØÌÁry ÒÁ NUP @LRiµyxqs \|¤¦¦¦ ÒÁ, xqsLRiÊÁ»R½ò ÆØÌÁry ÒÁ N][ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW
ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ÀÁ»R½ò A®ªs[, ÀÁ»R½ò Aª«s©«s NS xqsµR¶NS xqsLRiÊÁ xqsVÅÁ x¤¦Ü[®ªs[ ee ÇÁ¥¦¦¦Li ÇÁ¥¦¦¦Li ÆØÌÁry ÒÁ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ, »R½¥¦¦¦Li
»R½¥¦¦¦Li LRiÀ³ÁèéA LjiAB»R½, ®µ¶[gRi ¾»½[gRi xmns»R½x¤¦¦¦, ÕÁLRiµR¶ NUP \|msÇÁ, xmsLi´R¶ NUP ÒÁ»R½, ú{qs ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ÒÁ xqs¥¦¦¦B, ÆØÌÁ}qs ÒÁ ZNP[ ËÜ[ÌÁ
ËØÛÍÁ[, ËÜ[ÍÜ[ ÒÁ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee
zqsÆåØLi ©«sWLi zqsÐdåÁ µy©«s, ZNP[xqs µy©«s, LRiz¤¦¦¦»R½ µy©«s, ÕÁÛËÁ[NRP µy©«s, −sryx¤¦¦¦ µy©«s, ˳ÏÁL][ry µy©«s, µy©yLi
zqsLRi µy©«s ©yª«sV µy©«s, ú{qs @Liú−sV»R½xqsLRi ÒÁ ®µ¶[ BaRP©y©«s, ¿_LiNUPALi, LRi&VLi®²¶[, ÊÁVLilgi[, ÇÁÙg][ ÇÁÙgRi @ÈÁÌýÁ, µ³R¶LRiª«sV NS
\ÛÇÁNSLRi, ËÜ[ÍÜ[ ÒÁ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee
zqsÆåØLi µy ª«sV©«s ¬dsªyLi, ª«sV»R½ò DÀdÁè, ª«sV»R½ò µy LSÆØ @NSÌÁ xmsoLRiÅÁ ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee }¤¦¦¦ @NSÌÁ xmsoLRiÅÁ,
Axmsâßá[ xmsLi´R¶ ®µ¶[ xqsµy xqs¥¦¦¦C µy»yLRi ÒÁJ ee ú{qs ©«s©«sNSßØ ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁ ¾»½[ x¤¦Ü[LRi gRiVLRiµR¶VALjiALi gRiVLRiµ³yª«sWLi ®µ¶[,
ÑÁ©>yLi »][Li xmsLi´R¶ ©«sWLi −s¿³][²T¶A gjiA \|¤¦¦¦, ÅÁVÛÍ>Á[ µR¶LRiaRP©«s µk¶µyLRi ¾»½[ }qsªy xqsLi˳ØÌÁ µy µy©«s ÆØÌÁry ÒÁ ©«sWLi
ÊÁÅÁa][ ee }¤¦¦¦ ¬sª«sWßÓáA ®µ¶[ ª«sWßá, ¬s»yßÓáA ®µ¶[ »yßá, ¬sJÉÓÁALi µk¶ JÈÁ, xqs¿Á[ zms»y, ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ee Axms ÒÁ ®µ¶[
x¤¦¦¦ÇÁÚLRi (cccc ) @LRiµyxqs \|¤¦¦¦ ÒÁ ee @ÅÁLRi ªyµ³y xmnsWÉØ Ë³ÏÁVÌýÁ ¿RÁVNRPä ª«sWxmns NRPLRi¬ds ee xqsLRiÊÁ»R½ò ®µ¶[ NSLRiÇÁ LSxqs
NRPLRi®©s[ ee }qsC zmsAlLi[ ®ªs[VÌÁ, ÑÁ©>yLi −sVÖÁALi ¾»½[LS ©yª«sV ÀÁ»R½ò A®ªs[ ee ©y©«sNRP ©yª«sV ¿RÁ²>R¶µk¶ NRPÍØ, ¾»½[lLi[ ˳Øâßá[ xqsLRiÊÁ»R½ò
µy ˳ÏÁÍØ ee
ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ÒÁ NS ÆØÌÁry , ªyz¤¦¦¦gRiVLRiW ÒÁ NUP xmns»R½z¤¦¦¦ ee
©¯[ÈÁ cc (ccc) ÑÁxqs NSª«sV ZNP[ ÖÁ¹¸¶[V xqsLigRi»R½ ÇÁÙ²U¶ \|¤¦¦¦, ÇÜ[ ËØßÔá xms²³>U¶ \|¤¦¦¦, DxqsNS ª«sLRißá©«s NRPlLi[Li ee
00000((((((((((((((cccccccccc))))))))))))))00000

You might also like