Design & Detailing of Steel Shelters

1 By Abir Mallick

Introduction
This presentation is developed as to provide a basic guideline of Oil & Gas Plant Shelters. Shelters.  Its objective is to provide technical knowledge and information for design of Steel Shelters/ Buildings. Buildings.  The information provided is based on common design and construction practices for steel structures. structures.


What Will You Gain From This Presentation?

     

Basic idea of different types of shelters normally encountered in oil & Gas Plants An understanding of different types of structural steel frames used in shelters Different types of loading for which the structure has to be designed Basic idea of analysis of Portal frame Understanding of detailing work of steel Portal frames and other necessary elements of shelters Different types of foundation used for shelters

Different types of Shelters

Almost all Oil & Gas Plants will have Shelters to cater to the need of equipment, personnel or as an enclosure for production, storage. storage.  Shelters can be open/ partially closed or fully closed. Choice closed. of whether to provide closed or open shelter depends upon requirement of equipment, outside environment, personnel and client requirements. Closed shelters are also termed as requirements. Building. Building.  Shelters can be made of Steel Structures or Concrete Structures or even composite structures as well. well.  From operation point of view, Shelters can be categorised into two: two:  Plant Shelters related to direct operation of plant equipment e.g. Compressor House, Substation etc. etc.  Utility buildings like Workshop, Warehouse, Admin Building, Guard house etc. etc.

4

Different Types of Steel Shelters



Open Shelter:
Only roofing, no side cladding.

Partially closed Shelters

Roofing and partially closed side cladding

Different Types of Steel Shelters



Fully closed Shelters/ Buildings

Roofing and full side cladding to provide controlled environment inside the Shelter. Shelter. Normally proper HVAC systems are installed to provide controlled environment. environment. Claddings are also made insulated to keep HVAC system effective. effective.

Different Types of Steel Shelters



Portal frame type shelters

- Because of their clean lines, good overhead clearance and relatively low cost, portal- frame shelters portalhave become very popular and widely used in oil & Gas Plants. Plants. They make up a large percentage of the small to medium size singlesinglestorey industrial buildings in current use


Truss type shelter

when width of the shelter is quite high and at roof level, space for HVAC ducting, Electrical/ Instrumentation equipments installation are not required. Truss required. type sometimes found out to be quite economical if designed properly
7

- This type of structures are used

Portal Frame Shelters



Depending upon the requirements, Portal framed shelters can be varied in shapes, sizes, arrangements etc. etc.
Shelters with mono pitch roof Shelters with duo pitch roof Shelters with multi pitch roof Shelters with flat roof Shelters with Multi bays Shelters with Multi story

Portal frame Shelters

 

Portal framed steel clad structures are the most common types of industrial Buildings. Buildings. Major components of a portal frame building are a series of parallel portal shaped frames as the major framing elements. Each frame is elements. rigid, and resists horizontal wind forces and gravity loads in the plane of the frame by flexural action. action. Longitudinal wind forces that are perpendicular to the frames are resisted by triangulated bracing systems (in braced bays) in the roof and walls which prevent the frames from failing over. over. Depending upon the length of the structure, one or more braced bays can be provided in a shelter. shelter.

Major parts of Portal framed Shelter

  

carry bending, compression, tension and transverse shear forces Longitudinal Tie Beams : carry axial loads

Main frame (column & Rafter): Rafter):

  

 

forces and provide overall stability Horizontal Bracings: Bracings: carry horizontal forces and provide lateral stability Purlin, Horizontal Girts: beam Girts: members carrying roof and wall cladding respectively Crane/ Monorail Supports: carry Supports: vertical, transverse and longitudinal forces due to movement of crane and monorail Cladding : provide proper enclosure to shelter from adverse environmental condition Sag Rods : provide lateral stability to purlins

Vertical Bracings at Braced Bays: Bays: carry longitudinal horizontal

10

Structural elements of a shelter



Portal Framed Shelter with all the major elements

11

Portal frame Structural Elements



Large clear spans of abut 40m 40m can be achieved economically using I sections column and Beam Rafters. Rafters. The columns are generally larger than the rafter because the rafters are haunched near the columns to cater for the peak bending moments at the columns. columns. Length wise building can vary 30m to 100m or 30m 100m more. more. Sometimes expansion joints in building becomes necessary if building length is more to avoid undue temperature stress. stress.

12

Design of Portal Frame Shelters



a) b)

c) d)

Building design nowadays usually carried out by a multimultidiscipline design team. An architect draws up plans for a team. building to meet the clients requirements. The structural requirements. engineer examines various alternative framing arrangements and may carry out preliminary designs to determine which is the most economical. This is termed the economical. conceptual design stage. For a given framing arrangement, stage. the problem in structural design consists of: of: Estimation of loading; loading; Analysis of main frames, trusses or lattice girders, floor systems, bracing and connections to determine axial loads, shears and moments at critical points in all members; members; Design of the elements and connections using design data from step (b); (b); Production of arrangement and detail drawings from the designers sketches. sketches.
13

Structural Framing Scheme

  

Size of the Shelter depends on several aspects like space required for equipment, lay-down area, space for maintenance, requirement for laydifferent utility/ service rooms, control area, crane excess etc. etc. Generally size requirement comes from other disciplines with close cocoordination with structural engineers. engineers. After finalization of size, spacing of frames (position of columns) are decided keeping all the above requirements in mind. Keeping spacing mind. around 7.5m found out to be a good industrial practice. practice. Slope of the roof also depends upon various aspects like roof access, protection against extreme weathers etc. The standard practice is to etc. keep slope around 6 to 15 degree (depending upon the cladding type). type). This cambering also helps the Portal frame to counter deflection against vertical loads. loads. Depending upon length of the building, number of braced bays are chosen. chosen. Up to 50-60m length one braced bay found out to be sufficient. 50-60m sufficient. The positioning of braced bay should be such a way to avoid any undue deflection and stress concentration. concentration.
14

Different types of Loads on Shelters



The loading of a building structure can take on a wide variety of forms. In many forms. cases the exact loading will not fit neatly into a specific category. Yet, loads can category. usually be considered to be: be: 1. Primary Loads Main loads which are normally used for design like
Dead Load Live Load Snow/ Sand Load Wind load Seismic Load Crane load etc. etc.

2. Secondary Loads - Loads are those due to

Temperature load Test load Construction Eccentricities Shrinkage of structural materials Settlement of foundation etc. etc.

15

Dead Load on Shelters



Dead Load: Load:

Dead Loads are those loads which are considered to act permanently; they permanently; are "dead," stationary, and unable to be removed. The dead loads acting on a removed. portalportal-framed industrial building arise from the following items: items:

Self Weight Fireproofing Masonry Walls (Brick and Block Walls) Concrete Walls and Floor Wall Cladding Roof Cladding Finishing Other permanent loads (Equipment and Piping Empty Weight, Cable Tray load, etc) These loads should be estimated as per unit weight of materials used in the construction. construction. Weight of equipment, piping and cables should be furnished by respective disciplines. disciplines.
16

Live Load on Shelters



Live Load: Load:

Live Loads are not permanent and can change in magnitude. They include items magnitude. found within a shelter such as human weight, machinery, or stored materials. materials. Different types of live load normally considered in Shelter are: are:

     

Floor Live Load Roof Live Load Operating Load (Product , Content of Pipe , etc) Maintenance Load Storage Load Other Temporary Loads These loads should be estimated as per human occupancy loads, Operating weight of equipment, piping and cables tray loads which should be furnished by respective disciplines. disciplines.

Following codes are usually used to estimate common dead/ live loads: loads:
1-UBC 1997 Chapter 16 2-IBC 2006 Chapter 16 3-ASCE 7-05 Chapters 3,4 and C3,C4 ,C4 4-BS 6399 Part 1 & 3 Note that civil/structural specification of client is the main reference for calculation of dead/ live load along with above mentioned codes and standards. standards. 17

Snow/ Sand Load on Shelters



Snow/ Sand Load: Load:

Snow load in nature is a live load but because of great importance of this load which is responsible for collapse of roofs of industrial buildings in cold areas, its effect is taken separately. separately. Similarly in desert areas accumulated weight of sand on roof can cause same problem as that due to snow load. load. Snow load on the roof of industrial buildings depends on geometry of roof and location of buildings. All international codes define this load buildings. based on these two parameters. parameters.

Following codes are frequently used to estimate snow loads:

1-ASCE 7-05 Chapters 7 and C7 72-UBC 1997 Chapter 16 3-IBC 2006 Chapter 16 4-BS 6399 Part 3

18

Snow/ Sand Load on Shelters



This sketch shows how Snow load is taken for calculation purpose on gable roofs as per ASCE 7-05. 05. Note that civil/structural specification of client is the main reference for minimum snow load in the location of project as per available meteorological data and local codes. codes. It is also advisable to check the chance of snow accumulation on one side of roof because of wind effect which can result to unbalanced loading on roof. Both roof. ASCE 7 and BS 6399 are addressing this matter. matter.

Ice load in very cold areas is also a concern and should be calculated as per requirements of codes (e.g. ASCE 7-05 Chapters 10 and C10). (e. 10)
19

Crane Load on Shelters



Crane/ Monorail Load: Load: Cranes, including runway beams, brackets, bracing, and connections, shall be designed to support the maximum wheel load of the crane and the vertical impact, lateral, and longitudinal forces induced by the moving crane. Also, the crane. runway beams shall be designed for crane stop forces. The methods for forces. determining these loads vary depending on the type of crane system and support. support.

20

Crane Load on Shelters



Crane loads on industrial Buildings falls in to three categories: Vertical load plus impact (Static + Dynamic Effect):
Vertical Dynamic effect of crane in most of building codes has been defined as an increasing factor to static load of wheels called impact factor. factor. Normally for Electrically operated Cranes (EOT) this factor is taken as 25% 25%. For manually operated monorail this factor is taken as 10%. 10%

1.

21

Crane Load on Shelters

2.

This is due to lateral movement of crane wheels. wheels. The lateral force shall be assumed to act horizontally at the traction surface of a runway beam, in either direction perpendicular to the beam. Normally the beam. force is calculated as 10% of the sum of 10% rated capacity of the crane and the weight of the hoist and trolley. trolley. This is due to movement of crane along the length of building. Longitudinal forces building. shall be assumed to act horizontally at the top of the rails and in each direction parallel to each runway beam. Normally beam. this force is taken as 5% of maximum wheel load excluding impact. impact.

Lateral Force (Surge load): load):

3.

Longitudinal Load (Braking load): load):

 In case of monorail, because of monorail, unidirectional nature of movement, horizontal force will be only along one direction. direction. Typical Crane Girder Section
22

Crane Load on Shelters

At each end of gantry girder crane stop is provided to stop the movement of crane and avoid any damage to the building structure due to impact
23

Wind Load on Shelters




Wind Load:
Wind load generally is the major influence in the design of Industrial structure. structure. As per aerodynamics, wind tunnel test and other experiments, all international codes furnish similar methods to calculate wind load on lowlowrise and rectangular shaped buildings. buildings. All these methods can be summarized as below: below:  Get Basic Wind Speed at site as per meteorological data. data.  Basic Wind Pressure calculated from Wind Basic Speed and type of terrain. terrain.  Calculate Wind Pressure at the required height. Calculate effect height. of Geometry of Structure defined as shape factors. This effect can factors. be pressure or suction. suction.

Wind flow around a low-rise building low-

Instantaneous external pressure distributions on the frame of a low-rise building and simplified code distributions low-

24

Wind Load on Shelters

Following International codes are usually used to estimate common wind loads: loads:
1-UBC 1997 Chapter 16 2-IBC 2006 Chapter 16 3-ASCE 7-05 Chapters 6 and C6 4-BS 6399 Part 2
 Two basic types of forces External Pressure (Cpe)

due to wind

Internal Pressure (Cpi)

25

Wind Load on Shelters



Wind loads are well codified, and are function of local climate condition, building height, building geometry and exposure as determined by the surrounding environment & terrain. upon the direction of wind and severity of magnitude, total building structure is divided into different zones ( A, B, C, D, E etc) and accordingly pressures are found out.

Depending

26

Wind Load on Shelters

Both sketches shows how wind in Transverse direction is taken in roof and wall of Building. Forces Building. due to transverse wind are Transverse pressure force Longitudinal suction force

27

Wind Load on Shelters



Wind in Longitudinal direction

Longitudinal pressure force Transverse suction

Wind Longitudinal drag force

Suction due to Longitudinal wind

28

Seismic Load on Shelters




Seismic/ Earthquake Loads:

The main cause of damage to structures during an earthquake is their response to ground motions which are input at the base. In order to evaluate the behavior of base. the structure under this type of loading condition, the principles of structural dynamics must be applied to determine the stresses and deflections, which are developed in the structure. structure. When considering the analysis of structures for dynamic motions, the term dynamic simply means time-varying. Hence the loading and all aspects of the time-varying. response vary with time. time.

Seismic loads are established by building codes and are based on: on:
Degree of seismic risks The degree of potential damage The possibility of total collapse The feasibility of meeting a given level of protection

29

Seismic Load on Shelters



Seismic loads are generally a function of: of: Geographic and geological location of building The use of the building The nature of the building structural system The dynamic property of the site The weight of the building and the distribution of the weight Following International codes are commonly usually used to estimate seismic loads: loads: 1-UBC 1997 Chapter 16 2-IBC 2006 Chapter 16 3-ASCE 7-05 Chapters 11 to 23 and C11 to C23 There are two commonly used procedures for specifying seismic design forces: forces: Equivalent Static Force Dynamic Analysis

30

Seismic Load on Shelters



In the equivalent static force procedure, the inertial forces are procedure, specified as static forces using empirical formulas. The empirical formulas. formulas do not explicitly account for the "dynamic characteristics" of the particular structure being designed or analyzed. The formulas were, analyzed. however, developed to adequately represent the dynamic behavior of what are called "regular" structures, which have a reasonably uniform distribution of mass and stiffness. For such structures, the equivalent stiffness. static force procedure is most often adequate. adequate. A dynamic analysis can take a number of forms, but should account for the irregularities of the structure by modeling its "dynamic characteristics" including natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping. damping.




Two method commonly used for dynamic analysis: analysis:

Time History Method Response Spectrum Method Unless specified by Client, equivalent static method is normally followed to calculate seismic loading on single storey portal framed shelters.

31

Other Loads for Shelters

 

   

 

There are other types of load also which sometimes required to be calculated while designing the Shelter structures: Blast Load :For ballast and effects of blast overpressure refer to (ASCE Document: Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Document: Facilities). Facilities). Note that the concept of design of buildings against blast in general is to reduce damages and losses as per project specification and ASCE document. document. Soil/Hydrostatic Load Erection Load Test Load Temperature / Thermal Load: Only thermal loads resulted from Load: expansion or contraction of structure should be considered under this load. load. Thermal loads magnitude in structural elements basically depends on the rigidity of structure. To reduce the effect of load, avoid using more than one braced bay in structure and as a good practice of engineering, in every 45-60 m 45consider an expansion joint in the structure.
32

Temperature Load

The best bracing system for structures under severe temperature variation is Chevron (inverted V), K and V bracings. The outcome of using X bracing will be a bracings. severe axial load in the braced bay elements. Braced bays are also kept approx. at the elements. approx. middle of the structure to avoid excessive deflection and tie force at the longitudinal beams. beams.
33

Load combinations
 

  

Load combinations are formed by adding the effects of loads from each of the load sources cited above. above. Codes or industry standards often give specific load combinations which must be satisfied. satisfied. It is not always necessary to consider all the loads at full intensity. Also, intensity. certain loads are not required to be combined at all. all. Fr example : Wind load is not considered acting simultaneously with Seismic load. load. In some cases only a portion of a load must be combined with other loads. loads. When a combination does not include loads at full intensity, it represents a judgment as to the probability of simultaneous occurrence with regard to the time and intensity. intensity. Following International codes are usually used to estimate combinations of different loads: loads: 1-UBC 1997 2-IBC 2006 3-ASCE 7-05 Chapters 3 and C3

 

Dead + Live load, which is usually the load combination that dictates the choice of column and rafter sizes from a strength point of view. view. Dead + Wind load, however, is often the combination that governs from a deflection point of view
34

Load Combination


A typical strength design load combination is given as per UBC 97. 97.

35

Design Methods


 

Analysis and Design of Building is based on three design theories: (1) Elastic design; (2) Plastic design; (3) Limit state design. The aim of structural design is to produce a safe and economical structure that fulfills its required purpose. purpose. Elastic design is the traditional method and is still commonly used. Steel is almost perfectly elastic up to the yield point and elastic theory follows this methodology. Structures are analyzed by elastic theory and sections are sized so that the permissible stresses are not exceed. Plastic theory developed to take account of behaviour past the yield point is based on finding the load that causes the structure to collapse and formation of plastic hinges at different portions of the member. member. Finally, limit state design has been developed to take account of all conditions that can make the structure become unfit for use. The use. design is based on the actual behaviour of materials and structures in use. use.
36

Design Methods


Potential problems to excessive deflection are: are:

Damage in cladding
Objectionable sag in rafter and suspended ceiling etc. etc. Damage to external/ internal masonry walls, mezzanine floor concrete slabs and other architectural finishes. finishes. Excessive deflection of column at crane gantry level may cause damage to the alignment of crane bridge. bridge.

Normally elastic analysis is carried out for building structures followed by limit state design. However, plastic analysis design. may in some cases lead to more economical structures. structures. Sometimes if required, second order analysis (P-Delta analysis) is also done to (Pcater the additional forces induced in the frame due to the axial forces acting eccentrically to the assumed member centroids as the frame deflects under load. load. Two types of checks are done to ensure the stability of structure: structure: Strength check: this takes care the most check: severe load combinations Serviceability check : It is to make sure the structures behave satisfactory and can perform its intended function at service load. It also limit excessive load. deflection of structure and some cases prevent excessive vibration. vibration. Normally Building specification will provide proper deflection limits to be considered for each elements of the structure. structure. 37

Structural Analysis & Design


  

Analysis and Design can be done as per any of the following widely popular software: software:
STAADSTAAD-Pro Sap 2000 GTSTRUDL

38

Analysis of Building

 

Analysis of shelter is done by modeling the structure in 3D space frame with proper support conditions, member releases etc. etc. Above sketch shows one 3D Model of closed Shelter generated in Staadpro
39

Bending Moment Patterns

Loading and BMD for WL (Suction force due to long. wind) long.

Loading and BMD for Transverse Wind

40

Bending Moment Patterns

Typical Output from Staadpro Analysis

Loading and BMD for DL/LL/SL etc.

Loading and BMD for Crane Load

41

Building Detailing
Basic details of different sections/ plans which are normally used in shelters are shown here

Transverse Elevation

Roof Plan bracing Pattern

Longitudinal Elevation

42

Base Plate & Gable Frame




Column Base:
The great majority of portal frames are designed with nominally pinned bases. This bases. is for reasons of economy and simple design. design. Not only are fixed bases more expensive because of the need for thicker and larger base plates and the stiffening that is necessary, but the foundations require to be much larger to resist the base moments. moments. Only in cases of large lateral deflection, or possibly where brick walls are built into the columns, is it necessary to resort to fixed bases. These should be kept as bases. simple as possible

 

Gable Frame: Where buildings are not designed for future lengthwise extension, there is no need for portal frames to be provided at the ends. A more ends. economical alternative is to supply a light I- or channel section rafter spanning across the tops of the gable posts and tied laterally into the rafter bracing system. system. Both the rafter and the corner columns can be much lighter than that of a portal, but more importantly the high cost of the portal eaves and apex haunches can be saved. It is necessary, though, to saved. provide lateral support and this can be done by means of a simple bracing system

43

Steel Connections


down bolts into the concrete foundation should be sufficient to cater for any uplift forces and to provide for any shears applied to the bolts. bolts. The most commonly used anchor bolts are of grade 4.6/ 5.6.  Connection Bolts: The most Bolts: frequently used bolts in steel connections are non preloaded bolts of strength grade 4.6 and 8.8 (high strength) used in 2mm clearance holes. holes. There may be a situation where engineer may encounter large load reversal in the joint (in high seismic zone, supporting vibrating equipment), in those cases high strength friction grip bolts are used to avoid any failure due to fatigue. fatigue.
44

Holding Down Bolts (Anchor Bolts): Bolts): Anchorage of the holdingholding-

Steel Connections


The most important aspect of structural steelwork for buildings is the design of the connections between individual frame components. components. Basically there are three types of connection, each defined by its structural behaviour. behaviour. Simple connection- It transmit negligible connectionbending moment across the joint. The joint. connection is detailed to allow the beam to rotate. The beam behaves as simply rotate. supported beam. beam. Continuous connection- The connection is connectiondesigned to transmit shear force and bending moment across the joint. This joint. connection will have sufficient stiffness to take moment. moment. SemiSemi-continuous connectionconnectionIt is in between the first two connections where it can take some amount of moment along with shear. shear. 45

Eaves & Ridge Connections



The types of eaves and apex haunches shown in Figure are the ones almost universally used because of their relative simplicity and the ease with which the frame can be erected. The erected. critical design condition is usually gravity loading with the rafter-torafter-tocolumn connection having to sustain a high negative moment and the apex connection a smaller positive moment. moment. The moment at the eaves produces a high tensile force in the upper flange of the rafter that is transmitted through the upper tension bolts and the end plate to the inner flange of the column. column. The compressive force in the lower flange of the haunch is transferred in bearing through the end plate onto the column flange and into the web. web. The transfer of moment at the apex is similar, except that here the moment is positive so the forces are reversed. reversed. The haunch and apex regions are vitally important parts of the frame and must be carefully proportioned. proportioned.
46

Connection Details of Portal Frame



Another type of rafter-to-column rafter-toconnection (shown in this Figure) is widely used for portal frames. Here frames. normally the rafter and column have the same section size and are shopshopwelded with their flanges beveled to receive complete penetration groove welds. welds. This is a simple connection and is supplemented by a site-bolted sitesplice some way up the rafter, at a point of reduced bending moment. The moment. location of the splice should be such that the length of the column-rafter columncomponent, as appropriate, is within transport limitations. limitations. The apex joint is also shop-welded. shop-welded. The length of the rafter to the opposite splice should meet transport requirements. requirements. In these type of connections, proper protection need to be observed to avoid drilling holes at the location of weld for connection for ridge/ Eaves beams. beams.
47

Bracing Details of Portal Frame



Bracings: Bracings: These structural system

are used to resist lateral loads. loads. These can be continuous or windwindmoment frames or braced- bay or bracedcombinations of both Braced Bay: These are positioned in Bay: such a way to provide minimal impact in upon planning of the building. building. Braced bay act as vertical trusses which resist the wind loads by cantilever action. action. The bracing member can be arranged in various fashion designed to carry solely tension or alternatively tension & compression. compression. X is the most common form of tension bracing and K is the most common type of compression bracings. bracings.
48

Connections of different elements

Bracing connection for heavy compressive loading

Beam splice connection

Beam to column simple shear connection

49

Connections of different elements

Gable end middle column connection

Sometimes sliding connection is provided to ensure that vertical load from gable rafter should not transfer to mid column.

Crane Gantry bracket connection

50

Detailing of Crane Girder

Side sway due to crane load

Different arrangements to absorb crane surge force

Gantry Girder showing bumper location

Stiffeners to avoid local failure

51

Purlins & Girts

 

Purlins & Girts are immediate supporting members of roof and wall sheeting respectively. respectively. They act principally as beams, but also performs as struts and as compression braces in resisting rafters and columns laterally against torsional buckling. buckling. In some buildings purlins and girts act as axial members to transfer end wall wind loads to the braced bays, while in some small shelters they may even act as the struts of the triangulated roof bracing system. system. Depending upon the load it is carrying, purlins and girts can be hot rolled channel/ I sections or cold rolled Z or C section. section. As Purlins are inclined members, these are designed to withstand bibiaxial forces. forces.
52

Purlins & Girts



Strength is not the only criteria when designing purlins. Purlin spacing must be chosen to suit the type of roof sheeting and ceiling system. Purlin deflection aspect also need to be taken into consideration while deciding the spacing. Purlin spacing can vary from 1.2m to 2.5m.

Fly bracing helps to reduce purlin span and also it helps to provide lateral restraint to compression flange of rafter
53

Sag Rods

  

Sag rods are generally provided to give sufficient lateral restraint and stability to Purlins. Purlins. It is a standard practice to provide sag rods at roof-purlin level when purlin span is high. roofhigh. Sag rods are designed for axial tension force only. only. For duo-pitch roof, at the ridge portion duosometimes plate/ angle (diaphragm plate) is provided to take compression and to provide proper stability to roof sag rod system. system.

54

Architectural Details of Shelters



Cladding: Cladding: Cladding is required to be weather tight, to provide insulation, to have penetration for daylight and access, to be aesthetically pleasing and last the maximum time with a minimum maintenance consistent with the budget. budget. Two types of cladding are broadly used for both roofing and wall sheeting purpose. purpose. Single skin steel sheeting Double skin insulated sandwich steel panels

55

Architectural Details of Shelters

  

Roof/ wall sheeting spanning is the most important data to have before structural detailing work. work. Sheeting can span horizontally as well as vertically. vertically. Accordingly purlin spacing, requirement of girts and their spacing are worked out. out. Generally cladding manufacturer provides data for minimum roof pitch, maximum allowable spanning, support requirements etc. etc. Other details like fixing door, window, gutter, rain water down-comer etc. can downetc. be finalized and details as per respective manufacturers data and catalogues. catalogues. Accordingly finish schedule, doordoorwindow schedule, secondary wall (masonry) detail drawings need to be prepared. prepared.
56

Miscellaneous Structures inside Shelters



 

Maintenance Platforms surrounding Equipment Foundations (e.g. (e. Compressor) Mezzanine floor supporting Equipments (e.g. AHU) (e. Fan supports outside building

57

Miscellaneous Structures inside Shelters

 

HAVC ducts hanging from Roof ties and purlins. purlins. Other equipment supports and access Platforms attached to Shelters Pipes and cable trays supported from Building structure. structure.

58

Shelter Foundation



Foundation Design:
Depending upon the soil property shelter foundations can be
Shallow footings combined, strip etc.) or etc. Piled foundation (isolated,

Different checks performed for foundations are

to be shallow

Piled Foundation (3 & 5 piled Pile caps)

Bearing pressure check Sliding check Overturning check Buoyancy check For pile foundation design, normally individual pile capacities are given by Client/ Soil investigation reports and accordingly rigid pile foundations are designed as per standard codal provisions. provisions.
59

Shelter Foundation

Foundation layout drawing showing isolated footings with tie beams

Plan & Sectional views of isolated footings Plan & Sectional views of combined footings

60

Shelter Foundation

Inside shelter grade slab model and 2D drawing showing position of different equipments, supports, trenches etc. etc.

61

Shelter Foundation

Slab on Grade- Design of grade slab is an important aspect of Building design as the actual Gradeloading for design is unknown. Normally UDL is assumed for design of slab and nominal unknown. reinforcement is provided for crack control as bending moment will not develop due to UDL. UDL. Sometimes, loads due to forklift movement, maintenance work, pipe or other platform supports need to be considered for slab design as those are non-uniform and concentrated in nature. nonnature. Extra precautions need to taken to cater those concentrated loads on slab. Generally local slab. thickening of slab with extra reinforcement surrounding those supports/ areas are done to 62 avoid punching failure. failure.

END

THANK YOU

63