Sh hk h@ITRC

Shahkooh@ITRC.ac.ir
i

400 Optical Fibres, Cables and Systems

15 ITU-T 2009
pdf www.itu.int
6300
56 900 15
1000 10 .

25



2





1000 7 .
1000 10
5 .
2


:
- .
.





.

DWDM
-
- 40Gb/s .

900x40Gb/s=36 Tb/s

:
.

1700 Tb/s .

) (.

) (Line of Sight
.
: :
: Charles Kao
: 20dB/Km
.
Corning glass
:
4



1980

80

80

90

2000

850

1310

1550

1310 1550

GaAs

InGaAsP

SMF

DSF

OH NZDSF

)(dB/Km

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2

100
Modal
Dispersion

2.5 Gb/s

4 Gb/s

10 Gb/s

40 Gb/s

10

40

100

TDM

TDM

TDM

WDM

)(>160

) : (Wavelength . .
. .

) (.
6

.
.7

. . .
LAN .

.) (Connector .
(C
) (Splice ) t
) (S li
. ) (Detector .9

10

11

12

13

14

15

dBm

16

 dBm

17

dB dBm

18

19

coating
n2

cladding

n1

core

n2

cladding

- ) (SiO2 .
d1

- .

coating
n1

n1

n2

n2
d

20

10

d2

Refractive
index profile

d1

21

22

11


. - .

n2

.
n1>n2

23

.

.



.

24

12

Cladding .

a
. .

25

)Numerical Aperture (NA

NA .
: :
2

n
NA = sin( a ) = n1 sin = n1 cos c = n1 1 2 = n12 n22
n1

.-
.
:
. . NA .

26

13



.



.
V . a
.

a.NA

=V

a n12 n22

=V

27

n12 n22
=
2n12
:

n1 n2
n1

an1 2
28

14

=V

29

R
Pr

Pt

A : is recommended as 0.275dB/km from ITU-T (splicing and redundancy to be considered).

Example
Ps=5dBm, Pr= -17dBm, L=80 Km
Ps=5dBm, Pr= -28dBm, L=120 Km
30

15

31

Dispersion

32

16

 Dispersion

Dispersion bit . bit bit.

bit . : Dispersion .
33

Dispersion
)Modal Dispersion (MM
)Chromatic Dispersion (MM-SM
)Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) (SM

34

17

Modal Dispersion
) (Multimode .
Dispersion .

Intermodal

Modal Dispersion ) (Step Index .

Modal Dispersion ) (Graded Index )(Single mode
.

35

Modal Dispersion
Modal Dispersion . .
Modal Dispersion
p

--

) (a
) (c .

36

18

 Modal Dispersion

37

Material Dispersion

38

19