ME/CEE 2342:

Fluid Mechanics Section 4 Control Volume Analysis [Chapters 5 & 6 in the text book]
Paul S. Krueger Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Southern Methodist University Dallas, TX 75275 pkrueger@lyle.smu.edu (214) 768-1296 Office: 301G Embrey
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4-1

 Mass and Energy Equations (Ch. 5) System and Control Volume (CV) Concepts
Sometimes we are only interested in the global behavior in a specific region of the flow. We have two approaches to analyze large chunks of flow: 1) Control Mass: Look at a fixed quantity of matter (a closed system) 2) Control Volume: Look at a specific region in space. A control volume (CV) is a region we specify. It can move, change shape, or remain fixed depending on what we need. Because CVs focus on what we want, they are usually more convenient for analyzing fluid flows.
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4-2

 Conservation of Mass for a CV

Consider flow through a diverging channel and select a fixed region in the channel as a CV:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4-3

Then, conservation of mass says that mass is not created or destroyed. Physically

Rate of change of MCV

Rate at which mass enters

Rate at which mass leaves

Mathematically we write this as

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4-4

To find the rate at which mass leaves the CV, consider flow across a small region of the outlet:

Then the total mass crossing (2) during t is

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4-5

Similarly,

Putting it all together:

This works for pipes with inlets and outlets. A more general form is to combine the inlet and outlet integrals into an integral over the entire control volume surface (CS):
) dA = 0 dV + (u n t CV CS
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4-6

Notes: The CS integral is an area integral (2D) over the surface of the control volume is the outward unit normal to the CS n

= speed normal to the CS. We use only the u n

normal component because we are only interested in what actually crosses the CS.

>0 u n <0 u n =0 u n

Outflow Inflow no flow crosses the CS (e.g., pipe walls)

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4-7

So far we have been considering only fixed CVs. But if the surface of the CV is allowed to move, we have
) dA = 0 dV + (Vr n t CV CS

where
Vr u u CS

Is the velocity relative to the CS (uCS is the control surface velocity specified by you!)

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4-8

 Reynolds Transport Theorem ( 4-6 in the textbook)

Note that we can write our expression for conservation of mass more generally as
dM sys ) dA = dV + (Vr n t CV dt CS

where Msys is the mass of the system coincident with the CV at a given instant. Since a system is a fixed quantity of matter, dMsys/dt = 0 and the above result reduces to our previous expression for conservation of mass. However, for any per-unit-mass quantity b that convects with the fluid, it is also true that dBsys ) dA = b dV + b(Vr n t CV dt CS where Bsys is the amount of b in the system coincident with the CV at each instant.
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4-9

dBsys ) dA = b dV + b(Vr n t CV dt CS

is called Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) and it relates changes in system properties to changes in the CV. For example,

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 10

Conservation of Mass Examples:

1) Isolated Inlets and Outlets

Find U3
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 11

Notes on selecting a CV: Edges are placed where info is known or desired. Edges are perpendicular to u (if possible) at inlets and outlets. Now apply conservation of mass (COM):

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 12

Thus,

Rearranging,

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 13

Notice that for a general steady flow we have

& = m & m
in out

where

& = Vn dA and m

Vn = u n

If the flow density is constant across each inlet and outlet (though not necessarily the same at each inlet/outlet) we have

For steady, incompressible flow

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 14

2) Flow through a garage

Find V (same for both windows). Assume incompressible, steady flow

P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 15

COM:

Outlets:

Inlet:

Combine:
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 16

3) Non-Uniform Channel Flow

Find V. Assume incompressible, steady flow

P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 17

COM: Inlet: Outlet:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 18

4) Jet Engine

Find the rate of fuel flow into the engine.

P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 19

Chose a CV moving with the engine:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 20

In this frame of reference, the flow is steady and we write COM as:

& as but now we compute m

Thus,

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 21

Substituting into COM gives

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 22

 First Law of Thermodynamics for a CV (Energy Equation)

For a system (fixed quantity of matter), the First Law of Thermodynamics states

where

We can transform this into an expression for CVs using RTT. In this class, however, we will consider only a special type of CV when dealing with the energy equation
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 23

Special Case: Steady, incompressible flow through a

stream tube (which is a CV with one inlet and one outlet)

Under these conditions the 1st Law says:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 24

Types of energy:

So, we can write

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 25

Work:

where

Recall,

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 26

On the walls:

At the inlet and outlet:

Putting everything together:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 27

To simplify things, lets assume p, e, and are constant across the inlet and exit (but may be different at the inlet and exit). Then we can write our previous result as

where

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 28

 is called the kinetic energy correction factor and accounts for non-uniformity of the flow: = 1 for uniform flow > 1 otherwise Lets rewrite the current result into a form more convenient for future calculations:

By experiment/experience (2nd Law of Thermodynamics) we know that

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 29

To simplify the notation, lets define

This gives the final form:

2 2 p Vave p Vave + 2g + z + h p hT hL + 2g + z = in s out s

which holds for steady, incompressible flow through a streamtube.

P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 30

Notes: The units of all terms in this expression are length (m, ft).

Is called the total head and represents the height of a static fluid particle with potential energy per unit mass 2 equal to p + Vave 2 + gz

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 31

 The Energy and Hydraulic Grade lines

Energy Grade Line (EGL):

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL):

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 32

 Pump and Turbine Efficiencies

By convention, hL accounts for losses due to flow through the tube/pipe, not losses experienced in pumps or turbines. Instead, pump/turbine losses are accounted for through pump/turbine efficiencies. Schematically we have

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 33

Mathematically, the useful work output (input) by a pump (turbine) is related to the flow as follows

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 34

Energy Equation Examples:

1) Ducted Fan

COM:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 35

Energy equation:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 36

2) Fireboat Pump

What horsepower motor is required to drive the pump?

P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 37

Begin by drawing and labeling the streamtube:

Energy Equation:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 38

Substitute known values:

But:

We can find Q from

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 39

3) River Flow
Determine the head loss due to the drag on the rocks in the river

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 40

Energy equation:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 41

4) Jet Pump

What is the head loss between (1) and (3) due to mixing?
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 42

For the streamtube we have selected, the energy equation becomes

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 43

Now we need to compute 1:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 44

Note:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 45

 Bernoullis Equation: Special Case of Streamtube Results

Consider a tube bounded by streamlines:

Note: Flow does not cross streamlines (it is tangent to the streamlines) so this streamtube has only one inlet and one outlet as before.
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 46

For steady incompressible flow with no shafts crossing the streamtube, the energy equation gives:

Now assume that viscous effects are negligible along the streamtube. This means that

This is often satisfied if the streamtube is not near any walls not within a pipe

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 47

Finally, let A 0 so that the streamtube reduces to a streamline. In this limit

Thus, we arrive at Bernoullis Equation:

p2 V22 p1 V12 + + z2 = + + z1 s 2g s 2g

or,
1 1 2 p2 + V2 + s z 2 = p1 + V12 + s z1 2 2 1 p + V 2 + s z = constant 2

or,

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 48

The assumptions used to arrive at Bernoullis equation are

2 Note that p + V 2 + s z will, in general, be a different constant on different streamlines (SLs). That is, we cannot apply Bernoullis equation across streamlines in general (see 5-4 in the textbook). In a special case, however, the difference in the constant across streamlines is easy to determine

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 49

Consider uniform flow with straight, horizontal streamlines:

In this flow, a fluid particle moves at a constant speed horizontally. Thus, a force balance for the particle is exactly the same as in hydrostatics:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 50

Alternatively, applying Bernoullis equation on two streamlines we have

Using the force balance result we have

2 p + V 2 + s z is the same constant on all streamlines That is, for straight, horizontal streamlines

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 51

Bernoullis Equation Examples:

1) Pitot Tube (Velocity Measurement)

We want to use Bernoullis equation to relate V to p1 and p2. To use Bernoullis equation, first draw and label the streamline you will be using with Bernoullis equation.
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 52

Bernoullis equation applied to our chosen SL gives

From our previous results we know

Combine:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 53

Definitions:

Static Pressure: Dynamic Pressure: Total Pressure: Stagnation Point:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 54

Example: Pitot-Static Probe

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 55

Pitot Tube Example: Boeing B-52

Static Port

Pitot Tube
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 56

Pitot Tube Example: Coast Guard HU-25 FalconJet

Static Port

Pitot Tube
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 57

2) Free Jet

Find the jet velocity at (2). Lets apply Bernoullis equation:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 58

What is p2? Consider a close-up view of the nozzle:

The streamlines are straight and horizontal, so the pressure variation across the streamlines is hydrostatic. But, the fluid is in free fall here with nothing to support its weight, so the pressure change across streamlines should be zero! Thus, the pressure inside the jet equals the pressure outside the jet:

p jet = patm

Free-Jet Condition

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 59

Using the free-jet condition we have

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 60

3) Venturi Tube (Flow Rate Meter)

Begin with Bernoullis equation between (1) and (2):

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 61

But V1 and V2 are related through COM:

Substituting into Bernoullis equation:

Or, in terms of volume flow rate Q:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 62

Note:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 63

Words of caution: If you cant draw a streamline between two points, you (probably) cant use Bernoullis equation.

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 64

 Newtons 2nd Law for a CV (N2 or Momentum Equation)

For a particle, Newtons 2nd Law is

particle

= ma

For a system of particles, we write dPsys Fsys = dt where Psys is the total momentum of the system. We can use RTT to transform this into an equation for a CV, or just write down by inspection:
Net force on the CV

Net rate at which momentum leaves the CV

ME/CEE 2342

Rate of change of momentum in the CV

4 - 65

P. S. Krueger

Mathematically we have

CV

) dA = udV + u(Vr n t CV CS

where Vr is the velocity relative to the CS as defined earlier. Note that u is momentum per unit volume. Forces on a CV:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 66

Surface Forces: Normal (Fn):

Shear (Fs):

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 67

Body Forces: Weight

External: Supports crossing CV surface, etc. Putting it all together:

CV

dA gz dV + Fs + Fext = pn
CS CV

Just remember, there are four forces you need to account for: Pressure External Weight Shear (mostly seen in pipe flow and boundary layers)
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 68

N2 Examples:
1) Force on a Tank

Assume incompressible and steady flow. What reaction force from the ground is necessary to hold the tank in place?
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 69

Step 1: Draw CV & FBD

Forces:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 70

Step 2: Use available tools to find unknowns

Bernoullis Equation: Find unknown velocities in frictionless flow (assuming steady and incompressible) Conservation of Mass: Find unknown velocity or area (recall that COM relates velocities and areas for steady, incompressible flow) In this case we use Bernoullis equation to obtain:

Step 3: Determine

CV

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 71

Step 4: N2 (Momentum Equation)

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 72

Now substitute the results from step 3:

Equate components:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 73

Key lessons from this problem: When the exterior of the CV is exposed to patm, you only need to use gage pressure when evaluating forces We were able to reduce N2 to

where

For steady flow with uniform flow at the inlets and outlets we can generalize this to

F
P. S. Krueger

CV

& V )out (m & V )in = (m

ME/CEE 2342 4 - 74

For non-uniform flow we have to be more careful. Returning to N2 and imposing the steady flow assumption we have

If the flow is parallel (i.e., all in the same direction at a given inlet/outlet) then

F
P. S. Krueger

CV

& Vave )out ( m & Vave )in = ( m

ME/CEE 2342 4 - 75

Here we have used the following definitions:

For V = Vn,

1 V = dA A Vave

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 76

Notes: is called the momentum-flux correction factor. = 1 for uniform flow > 1 otherwise (Vave)in and (Vave)out are not necessarily equal even if |(Vave)in| = |(Vave)out|.

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 77

2) Force on a Bent Pipe

Assume incompressible and steady flow. Find the forces Fx and Fy required to hold the elbow in place.
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 78

Step 1: Draw CV & FBD

Forces:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 79

Step 2: Unknown Velocity Use COM

Step 3: Forces (look at x-y plane only)

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 80

Step 4: N2 (Momentum Equation)

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 81

Equating Components:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 82

3) Jet Pump ( 1)

Assume incompressible and steady flow. Find the pressure difference between (1) and (3) ignoring shear on the walls. Does shear increase or decrease the pressure difference?
P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 83

Step 1: Draw CV & FBD

Forces:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 84

Step 2: [Unnecessary: no unknowns] Step 3: Forces (x-component only)

Step 4: N2 (x-component only)

By COM: Because the inlet and outlet areas are the same we also have

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 85

Thus Finding :

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 86

Putting it all together: Ignoring shear:

With shear:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 87

 Newtons 2nd Law for a Moving, Non-deforming CV

Using a moving, non-deforming CV is most appropriate when the region of interest in moving at a constant velocity. In this case, uCS is the same over the entire CV:

If the flow appears steady in the moving CV, then N2 reduces to

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 88

Also, COM gives

Combining COM and N2 we have

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 89

Using the same analysis and assumptions used previously we obtain

F
In this case

CV

& Vr ,ave )out ( m & Vr ,ave )in = ( m

and for Vr perpendicular to the CS,

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 90

Example: Jet Thrust (Moving CV)

Find the thrust force of the engine on the airplane (FT).

P. S. Krueger ME/CEE 2342 4 - 91

Step 1: Draw CV & FBD

Forces:

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 92

Step 2: [Unnecessary: no unknowns] Step 3: Forces (x-component only) Step 4: N2 (x-component only)

P. S. Krueger

ME/CEE 2342

4 - 93