Chapter-6

Residues and Poles

Residues and Poles Residues and Poles
The Cauchy-Goursat theorem states that if a function is The Cauchy Goursat theorem states that if a function is
analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed
contour C, then the value of the integral of f(z) along
that simple closed contour C is zero.
But suppose there some points inside the simple closed
contour C where the function is not analytic, how to find
out the integral.
In this chapter, we shall discussed the method of finding
the integral of f(z) along the same closed contour using
the terms called as residue the terms called as residue.
Residues and Poles Residues and Poles
A point at which a function f(z) ceases to be analytic is called
i l i i l i f f( ) a singular point or singularity of f(z).
A singular point z = z
0
of a function f(z) is said to be an g p
0
( )
isolated singular point if there exists a neighborhood of z
0
which contains no other singular point of f(z).
When a point z = z
0
is an isolated singular point of f(z), we can
extend f(z) in a Laurents series about z
0
.
The coefficient of 1/(z-z
0
) in the expansion of f(z) about an
isolated singularity z = z
0
is called the residue of f(z) at z = z
0
.
Residues and Poles Residues and Poles
When a point z = z
0
is an isolated singular point of f(z), we p
0
g p ( ),
can extend f(z) in a Laurents series about z
0
.
Therefore, the residue of the function f at isolated singular
point z
0
is
1
Res ( ) ( ) f z f z dz =

0
z=z
Res ( ) ( )
2
( ) 2 Res ( )
C
f z f z dz
i
f z dz i f z

0
z=z
where is any simple closedcontour lying inside the region
0
C
C
z z R < <

0
0 . z z R < <
Cauchys Residue Theorem Cauchy s Residue Theorem
Let C be a simple closed contour described in the positive
sense. If a function f(z) is analytic inside and on C except for a
finite number of singular points z (k = 1 2 3 n) inside C finite number of singular points z
k
(k = 1, 2, 3, , n) inside C
then
( ) 2 ( )
n
f d f

k
z=z
1
( ) 2 Res ( )
k
C
f z dz i f z
=
=

Using a single Residue g g

If a function is analytic everywhere in the finite complex plane
f fi i b f i l i i i except for a finite number of singular points interior to a
positively oriented simple closed contour C.
Let R
1
denote a positive number (large enough) that C lies Let R
1
denote a positive number (large enough) that C lies
inside the circle |z| = R
1
.
Then, the function f is evidently analytic throughout the domain
R
1
< |z| < , the point at infinity is then said to be an isolated
singular point and in this case, we have
1 1

2
0
1 1
( ) 2 Res
z
C
f z dz i f
z z

=


=

Then
Types of Isolated singular points
Let a point z = z
0
be an isolated singular point of f(z). Then we
can extend f(z) in a Laurents series about z = z can extend f(z) in a Laurent s series about z = z
0
.
If all the terms (b
n
s) in the principal part are zeros, then z
0
is If all the terms (b
n
s) in the principal part are zeros, then z
0
is
called a removable singularity of f(z).
If the principal part contains the finite no of nonzero terms so that
b
m
0 and b
n
= 0 for n > m, then z = z
0
is called a pole of order m.
A pole of order one is called a simple pole A pole of order one is called a simple pole.
If the number of nonzero coefficients b
n
in the principal part are
n
infinite, then z
0
is said to be an essential singular point of f(z).
Residues at poles Residues at poles
An isolated singularity z
0
of a function f(z) is a pole of order m
if and only if f(z) can be written in the form
m
z
z f
) (
) (
) ( =

Where (z) is analytic and nonzero at z
0
.
m
z z ) (
0

Moreover
0
0
Res ( ) ( ) if 1 and
z z
f z z m
=
= =
0
( 1)
0
( )
Res ( ) if 2.
( 1)!
m
z z
z
f z m
m

=
=

Zeros of analytic functions Zeros of analytic functions

Theorem 1: A function f(z) that is analytic at a point z
0
has a zero
of order m there if and only if there is a function g which is analytic of order m there if and only if there is a function g which is analytic
and nonzero at z
0
, such that f(z) = (z-z
0
)
m
g(z).
Theorem 2: Suppose that two functions p and q are analytic at a
point z
0
. Further p(z
0
)0 and q has a zero of order m at z
0
. Then the
quotient p(z)/q(z) has a pole of order m at z
0
.
0
Theorem 3: Let two functions p and q be analytic at a point z
0
. If
p(z ) 0 q(z )=0 and q
/
(z ) 0 then z is a simple pole of the p(z
0
) 0 q(z
0
)=0 and q (z
0
) 0, then z
0
is a simple pole of the
quotient p(z)/q(z) and
0
/
( ) ( )
Res
( ) ( )
p z p z
=
0
/
0
( ) ( )
z z
q z q z
=