Frequency Response

LECT-1, 2
Response in Frequency domain
High frequency analysis of different topologies

Gain Roll-off -Example

Pole Identification
A(s)= A
M
F
H(
s)

; A
M
= Low frequency gain

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2 1
2 1
1 1
1 1
) (
p p
z z
H
s s
s s
s F
e e
e e
Determining the 3-db Frequency
Pole Identification
in S
p
C R
1
1
= e
L D
p
C R
1
2
= e
( )( )
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
p p
D m
in
out
R g
V
V
e e e e + +
=
Intrinsic Capacitances
Intrinsic capacitances
Capacitance Identification
Open Circuit Time Constants for
determination of F
h

Dominant Pole Approximation

Accurate for systems with dominant pole

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2 1
2 1
1 1
1 1
) (
p p
z z
H
s s
s s
s F
e e
e e
CS Amplifier
Method 1-OCTC
Timeconstant 1:
Timeconstant 2:
) 0 || ( R R C L db

Time constant 3
Circuit with Floating Capacitor
Millers Theorem
Applicable when the impedance appear in parallel with the main signal
v
F
A
Z
Z

=
1
1
v
F
A
Z
Z
/ 1 1
2

=
CS Amplifier
Exact Analysis-Method 3

CS High frequency response
OCTC Method
1.

2
.
C
gs
R
s

3.





Miller
Approximation
Exact Analysis

C
db
R
D
C
gd
=R
D
Calculation of Zeros by intuition
Significance of RHS ,LHS zero
Order of network
Gain x Bandwidth =1 ;If Gain increases ,Bandwidth reduces
Input Impedance
) /( 1 || ; gs x in C Z Z =
Significance of Cgd

Transit Frequency(short circuit current gain)
GS
m
T
C
g
f = t 2
Transit frequency, f
T
, is defined as the frequency where the current gain from
input to output drops to 1.
Accurate Analysis

GS
m
T
C
g
f = t 2
ation Undersatur WLC C ox GS > = ) 3 / 2 ( ;
Frequency response
LECT-3
Source follower HF Response
C
L
is the total capacitance seen at the output node to ground






Neglecting Body effect and effects of r
o
By dominant pole approximation ,
Input impedance
C
GD
ignored initially

Input Impedance



At low frequencies ,

Satisfies Miller Approximation ???
At high frequencies

Negative
resistance
Output Impedance
At low frequencies


At high frequencies

Equivalent output impedance
Frequency response
LECT- 4
Common gate

Input impedance
Common gate analysis including effect of channel length modulation using
OCTC method
Cascode Stages
CS( Input impedance ) +CG(Speed supressing the miller effect)

Cascode Stages

Cascode stage with current source
Output Impedance
Differential Amplifier response
CM response with gm mismatch


s C r Zss p || ) / 1 ( 03 =
Presence of Zero in CMRR ; CMRR reduces
Differential Amplifier response

Frequency response
LECT-5
Differential Amplifier response
Differential Amplifier response

Differential Pair with active current mirror

) ) || /(( 1 1 L P N p C ro ro w =
E mP p C g w / 2 =
Presence of Zero by intution
Capacitive Coupling vs. Direct Coupling
Capacitive coupling, also known as AC coupling, passes AC signals from Y to X
while blocking DC contents.
Capacitive coupling technique allows independent bias conditions between stages
Capacitive Coupling

Direct Coupling

Typical Frequency Response
Lower Corner Upper Corner
Below W
h
,intrisic capacitors can be treated as open circuited
Below W
L
, the coupling and bypass capacitors cannot be treated as short
At midband frequencies ,coupling and bypass capacitors can be considered as short & intrinsic capacitors as
open