PH424 Electromagnetic Theory I

Basanta K. Nandi
basanta@iitb.ac.in
x7560

vElectromagnetic Theory I
Class: Venue LC101

Exam:

Monday: 09.30 10.25 am

Quiz I: 10 marks

Tuesday: 10.35 11.30 am

Midsem: 30 marks

Thursday: 11.35 12.30 pm

Quiz II: 10 marks

Endsem: 50 marks

Important info:
u No OPD certificate will be entertained on the exam date.
If you are admitted to the hospital, it will be entertained.
u All announcements will be in the class. No personal email will be entertained.

uTutorials will be conducted by Dr. T. Basak

2

vElectromagnetic Theory I
Course Contents:
Electrostatics, Multipole Expansion, Fields in dielectric media
Magnetic properties of matter, Boundary value problems
Wave Equations, Reflection, Refraction, and propagation of
Waves in dispersive media
Postulates of special relativity, Lorentz transformation,
Relativistic kinematics

Reference

Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory by J. Reitz and F.J. Milford

Classical Electrodynamics by J.D. Jackson
Special Relativity by A.P. French
Lectures on Electromagnetism by Ashok Das

VECTOR CALCULUS
RECAP
Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J. Griffiths : Chapter 1

vVector Calculus

r = r r
Where

r= x +y +z

r = x x + y y + z z

P(x,y,z)
z

O
y
x
y
x

The infinitesimal displacement vector:

dl = dx x + dy y + dz z

v Ordinary derivative
u Suppose f is a function of x. Then

df
:
dx

! df $
df = # & dx
" dx %

The slope of the function and it tells how the function f(x) is changing
by changing the x-value by an amount dx.

u Suppose T is a function of x, y, z, i.e. T(x, y, z).

" T %
" T %
" T %
dT = $ ' dx + $ ' dy + $ ' dz
# x &
# z &
# y &

# T & # T & # T &

where T = %
( x + % ( y + % ( z
$ x ' $ y ' $ z '
This is the generalised derivative.
6

dT = T . dl

( )

#& #& #&

= % ( x + % ( y + % ( z
$ x ' $ y ' $ z '
Operator

v The operator

u The operator is a vector operator, not a vector quantity, and is defined as

Cartesian Coordinate System

= x + y + z
x
y z

u The operator operates in three different ways:

1. Operates on a scalar function: T

Gradient

2. Operates on a vector function: . v
Divergence

3. Operates on a vector function: v
Curl

v The Gradient: Interpretation

u We have

dT = T . dl = T dl cos

( )

u Keeping dl fixed, let us vary the angle. dT is maximum when is zero.

u This implies that there is maximum variation of T along the direction of T

u The magnitude T gives the slope (rate of increase) along the maximal direction.

v The Gradient: Level Surface

uLet us take a scalar field

(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

uGradient of the field can be written as

=
x+
y + z = 2x x + 2y y + 2z z = 2 r
x
y
z
uThe gradient of a scalar field is a vector field
and is perpendicular to the Level Surface.

v The Divergence

u The divergence is defines as: . v

v is a vector field and given by v = v x

x + v y y + vz z
vx vy vz
.v =
+
+
x y z
u Interpretation: As the name suggests, the divergence of a vector field/function
measures the spread or divergence of the field/function at a point

10

v =r

v = a z

v=z

v The Curl
u The curl is defines as:

u Interpretation:

v =

vx

vy

vz

It measures how much the vector curls around the point

v = y x + x y

11

vLine Integral:

v. dl
b

v: vector function
dl: infinitesimal displacement vector

aP

v. dl

12

For closed path

vSurface Integral:

v. da

where da = da n

v. da

For closed surface

u A Mobius strip:

n
The surface integral can not be defined.

vVolume Integral:

T d

V
Where T is a scalar function, d is an infinitesimal volume element
13

QUIZ 1: February 10, 2015 (Tuesday) @ 10.35 11.30

14

vThe Fundamental Theorem for Divergences

The fundamental theorem for divergences states that

.v d =
v. da

This is known as Gausss Theorem. Some people call this as Greens Theorem or
Divergence Theorem.
z
(ii)
(v)
(0,0,1)

u Example:
Check the divergence theorem using the function

v = y 2 x + (2xy + z 2 ) y + 2yz z
and the unit cube situated at the origin.

(iii)

(iv)

(0,1,0)

(1,0,0)

x
15

(i)

(0,0,0)

(vi)

vThe Fundamental Theorem for Curls

This states that

(
S

v . da =
v. dl

Convention of Sign

This is known as Stokes Theorem.

u Example: Suppose

v = (2xz + 3y 2 ) y + 2yz 2 z
Check Stokes theorem for the square
surface shown.
z
(iii)
(0,0,1)

<

(ii)

(iv)
(0,0,0)

>

(i)
16

(0,1,0)

vCartesian Coordinates (x, y, z)

r = x x + y y + z z

Limits:

x : to
y : to
z : to

P(x,y,z)
z

O
y
x
y
x

The infinitesimal displacement vector:

dl = dx x + dy y + dz z

Volume element:

d = dx dy dz

17

vSpherical Polar Coordinates (r, , )

Limits:

(r, , )
(x, y, z)

r :0

:0
: 0 2

Relationships:

x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos

18

r = x 2 + y2 + z2
" x 2 + y2 %
'
= tan 1 $$
'
z
#
&
1 " y %
= tan $ '
#x&

vSpherical Polar Coordinates

Relationships:

A = Ar r + A + A

A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z

r = sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z

= cos cos x + cos sin y sin z

x = sin cos r + cos cos sin

y = sin sin r + cos sin + cos

= sin x + cos y

z = cos r sin

!
#
#
##
"

19

!
r $
&
#
& = M #
&
#
&%
"

x $
&
y &
z &%

!
! x $
#
#
&
1
# y & = M #
##
# z &
"
%
"

r $
&

&
&
&%

vSpherical Polar Coordinates

Suppose dl is a line element.

dlr = dr, dl = rd , dl = r sin d

dl = dr r + rd + r sin d
Volume Element: d = dr dl dl

= r 2 dr sin d d

Surface Element: da = dl dl r
= r 2 sin d d r

20

vSpherical Polar Coordinates

Gradient of a Scalar:

T
1 T
1 T
T =
r +
+

r
r
r sin
Divergence of a Vector:

1 2
1
1
.v = 2 ( r vr ) +
v )
(sin v ) +
(
r r
r sin
r sin
Curl of a Vector:

v =

( 1% 1
(
1 %

(vr ) (r v )*
' (sin v ) ( v )* r + '
r sin &

r
) r & sin
)

&
1#

+ % ( r v ) ( vr )(
'
r $ r

21

vSpherical Polar Coordinates

Laplacian:

1 # 2 T &
1
#
T &
1
2T
T = 2 %r
(+ 2
% sin
(+ 2 2
r r $ r ' r sin $
' r sin 2
2

22

vCylindrical Coordinates (, , z)

Relationship:

x = cos
y = sin
z=z

= x 2 + y2
1 " y %
= tan $ '
#x&
z=z

The infinitesimal displacements are:

The infinitesimal line element:

dl = d , dl = d, dlz = dz

dl = d + d + dz z

The infinitesimal volume element:

d = d d dz

23

vCylindrical Coordinates (, , z)

T
1 T T
T =
+
+
z

Gradient of a Scalar:

1
1 v vz
Divergence of a Vector: .v =
v ) +
+
(

z

Curl of a Vector:

Laplacian:

24

% 1 vz v ( % v vz (
v (
1%

v ='

* + '
* + ' ( v )
* z
&
)
& z ) & z )
1 # T & 1 2T 2T
T=
% ( + 2 2 + 2
$ ' z
2

vThe Dirac Delta Function

r
u Let us take v =
r2
u Calculate the divergence of this vector field

. v

1 2
1
1
.v = 2 ( r vr ) +
v )
(sin v ) +
(
r r
r sin
r sin
u Apply the divergence theorem

25

.v d =
v. da

vThe Dirac Delta Function: 1-d

Properties:

#% 0, x 0
(x) = $
%& , x = 0

1.

(x)dx = 1

(x a)dx = 1

2.

f (x) (x) = f (0) (x)

3.

$& 0, x a
(x a) = %
&' , x = a

f (x) (x a) = f (a) (x a)

f (x) (x)dx = f (0)

f (x) (x a)dx = f (a)

Ref: An Introduction to Fourier analysis and generalised functions

M.J. LIGHTHILL
26

vThe Dirac Delta Function: 3-d

(r ) = (x) (y) (z)

3

3
(r )d =

all
space

all
space

(x) (y) (z)dx dy dz = 1

3
f (r ) (r a)d = f (a) (r a)d = f (a)

" r %
3
. $ 2 ' = 4 (r )
#r &
27

,where

r = x x + y y + z z

"1%
r
$ ' = 2
#r&
r

"1%
3
$ ' = 4 (r )
#r&
2

vUnits
u Gaussian Unit

u SI Unit
Coulombs Law:

1 q1q2
F=
r
2
4 0 r

1
0
4

q1q2
F = 2 r
r

Energy Stored in an Electric Field:

0
U=
2

28

E d

1
U=
8

2
E
d

vUnits
u SI Unit

u Gaussian Unit

Biot-Savart Law:

0 I
B=
4

dl r
r2

4
0
c

I
B=
c

dl r
r2

Total Energy Stored in an Electromagnetic Field:

U=

29

1
2

2
(

E
0 +

1 2
B )d
0

1
U=
8

2
2
(E
+
B
)d

vUnits
Maxwells Equation

Lorentz Force Law

Poynting Vector

30

SI

Gaussian

. E =
0

B
E =
t

. B = 0

E
B = 0 J + 0 0
t

F = q( E + v B)

. E = 4

1 B
E =
c t

. B = 0
4 1 E
B =
J+
c
c t

1
S = ( E B)
0

c
S=
( E B)
4

1
F = q( E + v B)
c