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Fundamentals of Water Supply PDF
Fundamentals of Water Supply PDF
Properties of Water:
Surface Tension It is ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself together. Water has an extremely
high surface tension.
Capillarity The ability of water to climb upon a surface against the pull of gravity.
Pure Water Water that is colorless and odorless and not found in nature as purified water ( a product
of water purification)
Natural Water readily found in nature, as impounded from precipitation, contains impurities
(physical, chemical, bacteriological or radiological)
Fundamentals of Water Supply
Fresh Water water having a salt concentration below 0.01% (lakes, rivers, groundwater and other
bodies of water that have a through flow of water from rainfall.
Salt water Water, typical of oceans and seas, that contains at least 3% salt (30 parts salt per 1000
parts water)
Purified Water Water which undergoes treatment, physical, biological or chemical means to improve
water quality. Purification is an artificial means of obtaining chemically pure water. Water that has had
pollutants removed or rendered harmless.
Contaminated Water Water with any materials or substance that affects the quality of water and
affects the health of an individual.
Polluted Water Water with the presence of any foreign substance ( organic, inorganic, radiological,
biological) which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute health hazard and impair the potability
of water. Water that contains one or more impurities that make the water unsuitable for a desired use.
Hard water - Water with the presence of elements such as calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe),
and aluminum (Al) which causes hardness. This is characterized by the difficulty of producing lather
from detergents and the presence of scale deposits in pipes and heaters or boilers.
Soft water Water without the presence of Calcium and Magnesium. This is characterized by easiness
of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in boilers, heaters and pipes.
Grey Water Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs.
Black Water Water plus human waste that is flushed out of toilets and urinals.
Storm Water Rain, surface-runoff. (rainwater drained from roof gutters and downspouts.
Water Sources:
Groundwater That portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to form
underground deposits called aquifers (water-bearing soil formations).
Surface Runoff include river, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs.
Water wells water that flows into wells is called groundwater. This water comes from rain that is
absorbed into the ground and is slowly filtered through the different layers of the ground and into the
ground-water reservoir known as aquifers. The top of this zone is known as the water table, the level
at which water stands in a well that is not being pumped.
Wells Are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn using manual or mechanical means
such as draw bucket, pump, etc.
- It is a hole which has been dug, bored, driven or drilled beneath the ground for the purpose
of extracting groundwater.
Two Zone:
1. Unsaturated Zone which is immediately beneath the ground surface and contains both water
and air in the voids and pores.
2. Saturated Zone where voids are all filled with water. Water in the saturated zone is referred
to as groundwater.
Water Table is the boundary between the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone.
Hydraulic Pressure or Artesian Pressure will cause the groundwater in a well to rise above the
confining layer or even above the ground surface.
Note: the first step in considering the use of wells as the sources of water supply is to calculate the
total capacity of the existing wells and compare this capacity to the demand for water based on the
population to be served.
Types of Wells based on Aquifer Tapped:
a. Shallow Well (<20m) Generally, a well is considered shallow if it is less than 20 m deep.
b. Deep Wells (>20m) Deep wells, which are over 20m deep, tap the deeper unconfined
aquifer. This aquifer is not confined by an overlying impermeable layer and is characterized by
the presence of a water table.
c. Artesian Wells are much like the deep wells except that the water extracted is from a
confined aquifer.
Types of Wells based on design and Construction methods:
a. Dug wells These can be constructed with hand tools and power tools. It can be dug to a
depth of about 15 meters (50ft) deep with a diameter usually ranging from 1 m to 1.5m and
can have the greatest diameter that a space may allow.
b. Driven Wells These are the simplest and usually the least expensive. Driven wells are like
dug wells, in the sense that they tap the shallow portion of the unconfined aquifers. A steel
drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section and driven into the earth. The drive
point is usually is 1 to 2 (32mm to 51mm) in diameter. The point may be driven into the
ground to a depth of up to 15m (50 ft).
c. Bored wells These are dug with hand or power augers, usually into soft cohesive or noncaving formations that contain enough clay to support the boreholes and are usually less
than 30m (100ft) deep. They are used when the earth to be bored is boulder free and will
not cave in. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well is lined with metal, vitrified
tile or concrete.
d. Drilled wells These require more elaborate equipment of several types, depending on the
geology of the site. They measure up to 300 m(984 ft)
Percussion or Cable Tool Method involves the raising and dropping of a heavy drill bit and
stem. Having thus pulverized, the earth being drilled in mixed with water to form slurry, which
is periodically removed. As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered (except when drilling
through rock).
This method is used to construct wells by repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy string of
drilling tools into the borehole. The drill bit breaks or crushes consolidated rock into smaller
fragments, whereas the bit primarily loosens the material when drilling in unconsolidated
formations.
Rotary Drilling Methods(either hydraulic or pneumatic) utilize cutting bit at the lower end of
the drill pipe; a drilling fluid(or pressurized air) is constantly pumped to the cutting bit to aid in
the removal of particles of earth, which are then brought to the surface. After the drill pipe is
withdrawn, a casing is lowered into position.
Direct Rotary Drilling Methods It was developed to increase drilling speeds and reach
greater depths in most formations.
Reverse Circulation Rotary Drilling differs from the direct rotary in that the drilling fluid
circulates in the opposite direction. The suction end of the centrifugal pump, rather than the
discharge end, is connected through the swivel to the Kelly and drill pipe.
Fundamentals of Water Supply
Air Rotary Method air, with a small volume of water and surfactant (foam), serves as the fluid
and excavation is accomplished exactly as is done in the conventional direct rotary method. Air
Drilling is used principally in semi-consolidated and consolidated formations.
Down-the-hole Pneumatic hammer It combines the features of percussion effect with the
rotary drilling, using compressed air to drive a rotating pneumatic hammer at the end of the
string of tools. Another type of drilling method that uses air as its fluid in which the percussion
mechanism-commonly called the hammer assembly- is located directly behind the hammer bit.
It is basically a pneumatic jack hammer that is operated at the end of the drill pipe that rapidly
strikes the rock while the drill pipe is slowly rotated.
Jar test a test to determine the best chemical in combination of the chemicals the amount needed to
accomplish a desired objective in water, sewage I industrial waste treatment.
Water Demand:
Water Demands are influenced by the following factors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Water Service Levels are classified in the Philippines under three types:
1. Level I (Point Source) - this level provides a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet,
but without a distribution system. This is generally adaptable for rural areas where affordability
is low and the houses in the intended service area are not crowded. A level I facility normally
serves an average of 15 households within a radius of 250 meters.
2. Level II (Communal Faucet System or Stand posts) This type of system is composed of a
source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and communal faucets. Usually, one faucet
serves four to six households (4-6 households) within a radius of 25 m. It is generally suited for
rural and urban fringe areas where houses are clustered in sufficient density to justify a simple
piped system.
3. Level III (Waterworks system or Individual House Connections) This system includes a
source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and areas where the population can afford
individual connections. The house has service connection from the system. It is generally suited
for densely populated urban areas.
Design Population is the targeted number of people that the project will serve.
Water Consumptions served by small water utilities are commonly classified into domestic
use, commercial use, institutional use or industrial use.
Fundamentals of Water Supply
Unit Consumptions for domestic water demand is expressed in per capita consumption per
day. The commonly used unit is liters per capita per day (lpcd).
Rate of Consumption:
Level I at least 20 lpcd
Level II 50 lpcd to 60 lpcd (each public faucet should serve 4-6 household)
Level III 80 -100 lpcd
Hydrologic Cycle or water cycle is a conceptual model published on the internet that describes the
storage and movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth.
Sun It drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas.
Forms of Precipitation:
1. Drizzle sometimes called mists, consists of tiny liquid water droplets, usually with diameter
between 0.1mm and 0.50mm, with such slow settling rates that they occasionally appear to
float.
2. Rain consists of liquid water drops mostly larger than 0.50mm in diameter.
3. Glaze ice coating, generally clear and smooth but usually containing some air pockets, formed
on exposed surfaces by the freezing of super cooled water deposited by rain or drizzle.
4. Rime a white, opaque, granular deposit of ice composed essentially of ice granules more or
less separated by trapped air and formed by rapid freezing of super-cooled water drops
impinging on exposed objects.
Fundamentals of Water Supply
5. Snow Composed of white or translucent ice crystals often mixed with simple crystal and often
agglomerated into snowflakes.
6. Hail precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice.
7. Sleet generally transparent, globular, solid grains of ice formed by the freezing of raindrops or
refreshing of largely melted ice crystals falling through a layer of subfreezing air near the
earths surface.
8. Ice pellets composed of transparent or translucent ice. They may be spherical, irregular or
sometimes conical and are usually less than 5mm in diameter.
9. Small Hail composed of generally translucent particles consisting of snow pellets encased in a
thin layer of ice.
Hydrology the earth science that deals with the occurrence and movement of water upon and
beneath the land areas of the earth.
Precipitation includes all moisture that reaches the earth in any one of these forms: rain, drizzle,
dew, sleet, snow, hail, and frost.
Rainfall intensity It is the rate of occurrence expressed in inches per hour rainfall.
Drought it is the years continuously below average precipitation
Sublimation the process whereby a solid is transformed directly to the vapor state and vice versa.
Condensation the process by which vapor changes to the liquid or solid state.
Aquifer It is the formation which contain and transmit ground water; water-bearing stratum.
Artesian Aquifer where an aquifer is found between impermeable above and below it, both the
aquifer and the water it contains are said to be confined.
Springs The results of ground water overflow upon the earths surface for any cause.
Interception precipitation caught by leaves or falling rain that evaporates directly to the atmosphere
without reaching the earth depends on wind velocity, evaporation rate, type and density of vegetal
cover.
Aqueduct a conduit, closed or open, designed to convey water from a source to a point, usually a
reservoir, where the distribution systems begins.
Aqueduct includes:
1. Canals open or closed conduits where hydraulic grade line is on surface of water.
2. Flumes a canal supported on or above the surface of earth.
3. Pipelines water flowing under pressure in closed conduits usually circular.
4. Siphons true if above hydraulic grade line merely depression siphon when in or
near hydraulic grade line.
5. Tunnel usually an underground canal but can also be under pressure.
Infiltration Gallery - It is a shallow well that constructed along the rivers, lakes or ponds.
Impounding Reservoir basin constructed in the valley of a stream to store water during excess
stream flow and to supply water when the flow of the stream is sufficient to meet the demand of
water.
Gallery a horizontal or approximately horizontal tunnel or open ditch through water-bearing material
in a direction approximately normal to direction of flow of the underground water, the tunnel type of
gallery is sometimes called a horizontal well.
Capillary fringe smaller soil pores which contain water that is lifted by capillary action from the zone
of saturation.
Fundamentals of Water Supply
Perched Water table Where an impervious stratum within the zone of aeration interrupts
percolation and causes ground water to accumulate in a limited area above the stratum.
Aquatic Life - Means all organisms living in freshwater, brackish and marine environment.
Contamination - means the production of substances not found in the natural composition of water
that make the water less desirable or unfit desirable or unfit for intended use.
Discharge - includes, but is not limited to, the act of spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting,
emptying, releasing or dumping of any material into a water body or onto land from which it might
flow or drain into said water.
Drinking water- means water intended for human consumption or for use in food preparation.
Dumping - means any unauthorized or illegal disposal into any body of water or land of wastes or toxic
or hazardous material: Provided, That it does not mean a release of effluent coming from commercial,
industrial, and domestic sources which are within the effluent standards.
Effluent - means discharge from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or
wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic, commercial and
recreational facilities.
Effluent standard - means any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or concentrations
or any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person
or point source is allowed to discharge into a body of water or land.
Freshwater - means water containing less than 500 ppm dissolved common salt, sodium chloride, such
as that in groundwater, rivers, ponds and lakes.
Groundwater - means subsurface water that occurs beneath a water table in soils and rocks, or in
geological formations.
Non-point source - means any source of pollution not identifiable as point source to include, but not
be limited to, runoff from irrigation or rainwater, which picks up pollutants from farms and urban
areas.
Point source - means any identifiable source of pollution with specific point of discharge into a
particular water body.
Pollutant- shall refer to any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or
indirectly alters the quality.
Septage - means the sludge produced on individual onsite wastewater disposal systems, principally
septic tanks and cesspools.
Sewage - means water-borne human or animal wastes, excluding oil or oil wastes, removed from
residences, building, institutions, industrial and commercial establishments together with such
groundwater, surface water and storm water as maybe present including such waste from vessels,
offshore structures, other receptacles intended to receive or retain waste or other places or the
combination thereof.
Sewerage - includes, but is not limited to, any system or network of pipelines, ditches, channels, or
conduits including pumping stations, lift stations and force mains, service connections including other
constructions, devices, and appliances appurtenant thereto, which include the collection, transport,
pumping and treatment of sewage to a point of disposal.
Sludge - means any solid, semi-solid or liquid waste or residue generated from a wastewater treatment
plant, water supply treatment plant, or water control pollution facility, or any other such waste having
similar characteristics and effects.
Surface water - means all water, which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff.
Fundamentals of Water Supply
Treatment - means any method, technique, or process designed to alter the physical, chemical or
biological and radiological character or composition of any waste or wastewater to reduce or prevent
pollution.
Toxic amount - means the lowest amount of concentration of toxic pollutants, which may cause
chronic or long-term acute or lethal conditions or effects to the aquatic life, or health of persons or
which may adversely affect designated water uses.
Waste - means any material either solid, liquid, semisolid, contained gas or other forms resulting
industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural operations, or from community and household activities
that is devoid of usage and discarded.
Wastewater - means waste in liquid state containing pollutants.
Water Pollution - means any alteration of the physical, chemical, biological, or radiological properties
of a water body resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.