Mc lc

CHNG I : DC LIU CHA ALCALOID C NHN ISOQUINOLIN.......2

I Thuc phin.......................................................................................................2
II Hong lin......................................................................................................11
CHNG II DC LIU CHA ALCALOID CHA NHN IDOL.............16
I - Ca khoa mach................................................................................................16
II M tin...........................................................................................................20
III Lac tin.........................................................................................................23
CHNG III DC LIU CHA FLAVONOID.............................................26
I Hoa ho Flos Scophorae.................................................................................26
II Kim ngn hoa Flos Lonicerae........................................................................29
III Actiso............................................................................................................31
CHNG IV DC LIU CHA GLYCOSID TIM........................................33
I ai cng v Glycosid tim.............................................................................33
II L trc o.....................................................................................................38

CHNG I : DC LIU CHA ALCALOID C

NHN ISOQUINOLIN
I Thuc phin
Papaver somnifeeum L.H Thuc phin Papaveraceae
Tn khc: A phin, A ph dung, ct tc, anh tc.
1

1. c im thc vt v phn b
Cy thuc phin l cy tho, sng hng nm cao 0,7-1,5m t phn nhnh, thn mc
thng. l mc cch, l pha di c cung ngn, l pha trn khng cung, mc m
vo thn cy, mp c rng ca, l hnh trng di 6-50cm, rng 3,5-30cm, u trn
nhn, di cung trn hay hi hnh tim, gn l ni r mt di.
Hoa to n c mc u thn hay u cnh c cung di 12-14cm, c 2 l i
mu xanh. Rng sm khi hoa n, trangfcos 4 cnh 5-7cm mu trng hay tm hoc
hng, nhiu nh bao quanh 1 bu c mt ngn gn 15-20 l non dnh lin nhau thnh
hnh cu.
Qu nang hnh cu hoc hnh trng di 4-7cm, ng knh 3-6cm, nh c nm,
cung phnh ra ch ni,chn c mu vng xm, cha nhiu hat nho (mi qu c
25.000-30.000 hat). Hat hi ging hnh thn, di 0,5-1mm. Trn mt c vn hnh
mang, mu xm hay vng nhat hoc xm en.
Ton thn cy c nha m trng lu thnh nu en.
Cy thuc phtin c trng t lu i ngun gc c th vng a Trung Hi.
Cn c vo c im ca hoa, qu, hat v cy ngi ta chia thnh cc th sau:
- Th nhn, hoa tm, qu hnh cu rng, hat en tm trng Trung .
- Th trng, hoa trng, qu hnh trng, hat trng vng trng tai n v Iran.
- Th en, hoa tm, qu hnh cu pha di, m l trn mp u nhu hat
mu xm trng chu u.
- Th lng cng, hoa tm, cung hoa v l ph y lng cng mc bn hoang
dai Nam chu u.
Thuc phin c trng nhiu nc kh hu n i v nhit i, song v cy gy
nghin nn Chnh ph cm trng cy thuc phin t do. Cc nc trng nhiu cy
thuc phin: n , Trung Quc, Nam T, Nga, Myanma, Lo.
2

Nc ta trc y thuc phin trng Sn La, Lai Chu, Lo Cai, Ngh An, Ho
Bnh hin nay nh nc cm trng v qun l cht ch vn ng ng bo trng cc
cy khc thay th.

2. Trng v thu hi
Thuc phin mc tt tai cc vng kh hu mt. Cy chu c kh hu lanh (t
5-100 C) v nng bc. Nhng nhng tun u tin ca s sinh trng thi tit phi
mt v m, sau kh hu nng v kh th cy mi pht trin tt, nc ta cy
ph hp vi kh hu vng ni c cao 800 2000 m. Sau khi phi kh, l Coca
c b thnh tng b, trong vng 3 ngy trc khi a ra th trng hoc lm
nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut cocain.
cc nc c ma ng gi lanh ngi ta thng gieo hat vo ma xun, c
ni gieo hat vo cui ma thu cho tuyt ri xung bo v hatqua ma ng v thu
hoach vo cui thng 7 u thng 8. nc ta thng gieo vo cui thng 10 u
thng 11, thu hoach vo cui thng 3 u thng 4.
Trc y cc nc chu u thng trng loai cy thuc phin cho du p
ly du t hat v chit alcaloid t qu chn. Mc d hm lng alcaloid thp (qu
chn ca cy thuc phin cha qua giai oan chn ging ch c 0,10 0,20%
morphin trong khi nha thuc phin cha 5 15% morphin) nhng v vic
chch qu ly nha i hoi nhiu nhn cng tn km. Cn cc nc chu thng
trng cy thuc phin chnh ly nha. Ngy nay ngi ta thng trng cc loi
thuc phin c ci tao do cc bin php trng trt v lai chn ging c t
l alcaloid cao m hoat cht chnh l morphin v at nhng yu cu v vic thu hi
bng c gii. Theo Mothes, c th tao ra nhng loi thuc phin ch giu mt
alcaloid cn thit no (morphin, codein, thebain ).

Thu hoch: Ty theo mc ch trng ly nha hay ly du v chit xut

alcaloid t qu m c s thu hi khc nhau.
a. Ly nha
Khi qu cn xanh bt u chuyn sang mu vng nhat, phi chnh ly nha vo
lc tri kh ro. Dng c rach c 3 5 rng hnh dng khc nhau ty theo a
phng, ngi ta rach cc vt ngang hay dc hoc nghing, hnh xon c ty theo
tng ni. Vt rach phi su ti cc ng nha m ca vo hoc khi gp ma nc
s theo ch rach vo trong qu lm thi hat. C th rach mt ln hay nhiu ln trn
mt qu. Ngi ta rach nha vo bui sng, bui chiu ly cao ly nha. Hoc rach
nha vo bui tra hay chiu hm trc n sng sm ngy hm sau cao ly nha
kh. Ni chung, sau khi rach trn qu phi 8 12 gi cho nha tip xc vi
khng kh v nh sng lm kh dn. Sau dng dao hoc dng c n gin bng
g hay bng st ly nha qunh en phi nng cho kh. Nha thuc phin c mu
sm khi cng lai; ngi ta ng thnh bnh c kch thc khc nhau (0,3 2 kg)
v bc bng l thuc phin hay bc giy o Ngay nay nhiu ni ngi ta thng
trn nha ca nhiu t ly khc nhau c cht lng u.
Mi qu thuc phin c khong 0,02g nha. Sn lng ty vo kh hu v
nhng yu t nh hng khc, chng giao ng trong khong 5 20 kg nha cho
mi hecta. Nng sut trung bnh ta thng at 10 15kg nha/1ha. Hm lng
morphin trong nha thng l 12%.
b. Ly qu
Thu hoach qu chit alcaloid v ly hat p du. Vic chch nha nh trn
phi lm bng tay tn nhiu nhn cng. T nm 1927 Kabay em trng th tai
Hungari ly qu chn chit xut alcaloid. Phng php ny cng c nng sut
m bo vic khai thc em lai li ch kinh t. C nhiu kin khc nhau v vic
4

thu hoach ti u. C tc gi cho rng hm lng morphin at ti a (0,3 0,4%)

khong 10 ngy trc khi hat chn hon ton, thi tit kh ro th hm lng
alcaloid gn nh khng i, nhng khi tri ma th gim xung ng k. Nhng
ngi ta a thu hoach qu chn khi thn v l kh v hat trong qu c hm lng
du ti a v cng phi sy, ng thi trnh bo qun khi lng ln nguyn
liu nh khi thu hoach cy cn xanh.
Vic thu hi cn dng tay nhng ni trng t, cn nhng ni trng ln thng
dng my gt p. Nng sut at 300 500 kg vo qu v 300 500 kg hat/ha.

3. B phn dng
a. Nha thuc phin ly t qu chn (opium)
Quan st bn ngoi bnh hnh trn hay hnh vung c khi l hnh ch nht, mt
ngoi mu nu en i khi cn xt nhng mnh l hay vo qu thuc phin. Mt ct
mn ln nhn, khi cn mi th mm do lu th cng, gin mi c bit, v ng.
b. Qu (Fructus papaveris)
Qu cha ly nha dng cho cng nghip chit xut alcaloid c km theo oan
cung di 10-12cm.
Qu hi sau khi ly nha (anh tc xc, c tc xc).
Tu theo th m c hnh dang khc nhau t thnh qu nang vo trong c 8-12 vch
phn chia qu thnh cc khng hon chnh mang hat.
Qu thu hi trc khi chn hon ton c mu vng xm nhat trang thi kh qu
khng c mi, v hi ng. Phi loai loai hat trc khi em dng trong ngnh Dc.
c. Ht (Semen Papaveris)

Hnh thn rt nho trn mt c hnh mang mu vng nhat, trng hoc xm, nu, en
tu loai, ni nh c nhiu du v aloron, phi rt nho hat khng c mi v du.
d. L
i khi cng dng ngoi lm thuc xoa bp gim au.

4. Chit xut alcaloid

+ Chit xut morphin t nha thuc phin:
C nhiu phng php ty theo tng tc gi
Theo phng php ca Thiboumery: Chit nha thuc phin bng nc nng.
Rt dch chit vo sa vi nng, calci morphinat tan trong nc vi tha, cn tap
cht th ta xung. Lc, un si dch lc v thm amoni clorid s c morphin base
ta xung. Ra ta bng nc, ri ha tan trong acid HCl s c morphin
hydroclorid, sau cho kt tinh lai nhiu ln s thu c morphin hydroclorid tinh
khit.
Ngoi ra cn nhiu phng php khc. Hin nay ngi ta cn dng cc nha
trao i ion, morphin gn vo nha anion c tnh kim manh (anioit), sau em
ngm tch bng acid long.
+ Chit t qu kh cha chch nha:
Theo phng php Kabay: Ly qu thuc phin kh c oan cung 10 12cm
xay nho. Chit bt dc liu bng nc nng, c dch chit thnh cao c, chit lai
bng cn, ct thu hi dung mi v ta morphin bng amoni sulfat mi trng
kim c benzen. Ly ring ta morphin. C mt s alcaloid khc nh codein,
narcotin v thebain ha tan trong benzen. Tch lp benzen ri ln lt lm kt
ta ly ring codein, narcotin v thebain bng cch tao mui thch hp.

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn lp morphin v cc alcaloid ph bng phng php

trao i ion.

5. Tc dng dc l
Thuc phin c tc dng gim au rt tt nhng dng lu gy nghin nn
xp thuc vo thuc c bng A nghin.
i vi h thn kinh trung ng, thuc phin c tc dng ln vo no v trung
tm gy au. Dng liu nho, lc u gy cm gic kch thch d chu, thoi mi,
sau lm mt cm gic au. Vi liu cao gy ng. C tc dng ln trungtaam h hp
v hnh ty lm cho nhp th thoat u nhanh, nng, sau chm lai. Khi b ng c
c th ngng th. C tc dng lm gim kch thch ho.
i vi b my tiu ha: Liu nho kch thch co bp da dy, c th gy nn,
liu cao c tc dng chng nn, khi ung lm gim nhu ng rut nn dng cha a
chy.
Morphin c tc dng ln thn kinh trung ng nht l vo no, c ch trung tm
au gy ng. Liu thp kch thch h hp, liu cao hn th c ch trung tm ny,
liu cao c th lm lit h hp. Morphin cng c ch trung tm ho nhng km hn
codein.
Codein t c hn morphin, tc dng gim au km nhng tc dung c ch
trung tm ho manh nn c dng lm thuc cha ho tt. Lam dng thuc s b
nghin.
Papaverin kch thch thn kinh ngoai bin, lm gim co tht c trn, c bit i
vi da dy v rut.
Noscapin khng gy ng, co git liu cao nn trong cc thuc phin ngi ta
thng loai bo n i; tuy vy, i khi ngi ta cng kt hp vi morphin lm
7

tng tc dng gim au ng thi ngn cn hin tng lm lit trung tm h hp do

morphin. Ngoi ra, noscapin c dng iu ch cotacnin c tc dng cm mu.

6. Thnh phn ho hc
L ch c vt alcaloid qu t l alcaloid thay i tu theo ni.
Trong qu kh thng c 0,2-0,3% alcaloid ton phn.
qu khi ly nha th hm lng alcaloid cn lai rt t.
Hat khng c alcaloid cha 15% glusid, 20% protid, 40-50% du.
Nha thuc phin: hoat cht l cc alcaloid (20-30%) dang mui (mecyonat
lactat). Hin nay phn lp c 40 alcaloid ngi ta xp thnh nhiu nhm theo
cu tao ho hc. V d: nhm morphinan (alcaloid chnh l: morphin 6,8-20,8%,
codein 0,3-3%, thebain 0,3-1%) v nhm Besizyliso quinonin (Papaverin 0,8-1,5%).
Cn c vo cu tao ha hc ngi ta xp vo nhiu nhm:
Nhm morphinan
Alcaloid chnh l morphin: 6,8 20,8 % (thng iu chnh ti 10% trong bt
thuc phin dc dng).
Codein: 0,3 3%
Thebain: 0,3 1%
Nhm benzylisoquinolin
Papaverin: 0,8 1,5%
Laudanin:
Laudanosin:
8

 Nhm platisoquinolin
Noscapin (= Narcotin): 1,4 12,8%
Narcotolin
Nhm protopin
Protopin (= Fumarin)
Cyptopin (Cryptocavin)
Ngoi alcaloid, trong nha thuc phin cn c:
+ Cc acid hu c: Acid meconic (3 5%), acid lactic (1 2%), acid acetic,
fumaric, vanilic, gn y ngi ta cn thy c acid cetonic (oxalcetic, pyruvic,
cetoglutaric).
Trong cc acid hu c ny c acid meconic cn ch . N cho mu o mu vi
mui st (III), phn ng ny dng nh tnh nha thuc phin.
+ Nc (5-10%) cht v c (5-6%) ng, cht nhy pectin

7. Cng dng v liu dng

a. Qu
Vi qu cha trch nha dng chit xut morphin a phn morphin
c chuyn thnh codein.
- Ch cao ton phn lm thuc thay th cho nha thuc phin.
- Dng lm thuc gim au.
Qu trch nha (anh tc xc): Lm thuc cha ho, t, l, au bng,
gim au. Dng 4-6g trong 24 gi dang thuc sc hay hm.
b. Ht
Lm thc phm cho ngi hoc gia cm (chim), a phn p du n, dng trong
cng nghip sn v dng trong ngnh Dc.
9

Du thuc phin dng ch du iod (lipiodol hoc iodlipol) dng lm thuc cn

quang khi chiu cc xoang trong c th, ch thuc xoa bp, thuc m, b du lm
thc n gia sc.
c. Nha thuc phin
Dng lm thuc gim au, thuc ng, thuc ho, cha a chy.
Nha thng phi hp vi cc v thuc dang cao n hon tn hoc cc dang:
- Bt thuc phin (10% morphin) ung liu 0,05g/ln v 0,2g/24 gi.
- Cao thuc phin (1% morphin) (56 git = 1g) dng 1-3g/24 gi.
- Cn thuc phin (1% morphin) (56 git = 1g) dng 1-3g/24 gi.
Nha thuc phin khng c dng lin tc qu 7 ngy; rt thn trng khi dng
cho ngi gi v tr em.
Dng chit xut alcaloid, phn ln l sn xut nha thuc phin hp php dng
chit xut morphin.
Morphin dng lm thuc gim u, cha co git, m sng ng kinh. Thng dng
di dang morphin hydroclorid tim di da hoc tim bp. Liu ti a 0,02g/ln
v 0,05g/24 gi (1 ng 1ml = 0,01g).
Vic tiu th morphin khng nhiu phn ln ch dn cht nh codein,
codetylin
Codein dng cha ho, dng dang bt, vin, siro codetylin c tc dng tng t
codein.
Papaverin dng lm thuc gim au trong bnh co tht da dy, rut, mt, co tht t
cung khi , e doa sy thai, co tht manh mu. Papaverin dng trn th trng a s
dng phng php tng hp.
d. L
10

i khi dng ngoi lm thuc gim au.

Ch : heroin l ch phm bn tng hp t morphin, l cht ma tu gy nghin rt
manh. Ngi b nghin s suy sp nhanh chng v th xc v tinh thn. Dng liu
khong 0,06g c th gy cht ngi sau khi tim.

II Hong lin
C nhiu loi hong lin chn g nh: Coptis-chinensis Franch.Coptis teeta
Wall. Coptisteetoides C.Y.Cheng.
V cn mt s loi khc na.
H Hong Lin Ranunculaceae.

Hnh 1.1. Hong lin chn g

1. c im thc vt
Hong lin l cy tho sng nhiu nm cao 15-35cm, thn mc thng, pha trn
phn nhnh, c nhiu r nho, l mc le mc t thn r ln, c cung di 6-12cm, phin
l gm 3-5 l cht, mi l cht lai chia thnh nhiu thu mp c rng ca.
Ma xun sinh trc di 10-12cm trn chia thnh 2 hoc nhiu mang 3-8 hoa c 5 l
i mu vng lc, cnh hoa hnh mi mc di bng l i, c nhiu nh di gn bng

11

cnh hoa c nhiu l non vi nhau. Qu ai c cung trong cha 7-8 hat mu xm.
N hoa vo thng 2-4, c qu thng 3-6.

2. Phn b
Hong lin thng mc vng ni c cao 1500 1800m. Hong lin mc
hoang v trng nhiu Trung Quc (c nhiu T Xuyn, H Bc) nc ta
hong lin mc hoang trn dy ni Hong Lin Sn (Sapa c loi Coptis
quinquesecta Wang, Coptis chinensis Franch v Qung Ba - H Giang c
loi Coptis chinensis Franch), trong rng kn thng xanh. V thuc ch yu cn
phi nhp.

3. Trng v thu hi
Hong lin trng bng hat. Ngi ta thng trn hat ln vi ct nho theo t l 1:1
ri em gieo. Khi cy c 5 6 l em trng thnh hng cch nhau 40 cm, cy n cch
cy kia 30 cm. Thng trng vo ma xun.
Thu hoach Hong lin vo ma ng (thng 11-12), ly r c lm dc liu, o
r, ra sach t ct, ct bo r v gc thn, phi hay sy kh. Khi dng ra sach, n
mm, ri thi mong, phi trong rm cho kh dng sng hoc tm ru sao qua
dng.

4. B phn dng
Thn r (Rhizoma Coptidis) l nhng mu cong queo di 3cm tr ln, rng 0,205cm, c nhiu t khc khu v phn nhiu nhnh trng ging hnh chn g nn gi
l hong lin chn g. Mt ngoi mu vng nu mang vt tch ca r ph v ca cung
l. Thn r cng rn, vt b ngang phng, phn g mu vng ti tia rut c l rch,
phn vo v rut mu vng o cng c khi rng, khng mi, v rt ng tn tai lu.
5. Tc dng dc l

12

Tc dng khng khun: Hong lin v 1 trong cc hoat cht ca n l berberin,

c ph khng khun rng trong th nghim. C tc dng c ch manh i vi
Streptococcus

pneumoniae,Neisseria

meningitidis v Staphylococcus

aureus.

Thuc c tc dng c ch manh i vi khun gy l nht l Shigella

dysenteriae v S. flexneri. Thuc c hiu qu hn thuc Sulfa nhng km hn
Streptomicine hoc Chloramphenicol. Thuc khng c tc dng i vi Shigella
sonnei,Pseudomonas aeruginosa v Salmonella paratyphi. Nc sc Hong lin c
hiu qu i vi 1 s vi khun pht trin m khng vi Streptomicine,
Chloramphenicol v Oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Tc dng khng Virus: Th nghim trn phi g chng minh rng Hong lin c
tc dng i vi nhiu loai virus cm khc nhau v virus Newcastle.
Tc dng chng nm: Trong th nghim, nc sc Hong lin c tc dng c
ch nhiu loai nm. Nc sc Hong lin v Berberin tng i c tc dng manh
dit Leptospira.
Tc dng ha p: Chch hoc ung dch chit Berberin cho mo, ch v tho
c gy m v chut khng gy m thy huyt p gim. Liu lng bnh thng,
hiu qu khng ko di, liu lp lai cho kt qu khng cao hn. Hiu qu ny xy
ra d tc dng tr tim nh hng n lng mu tim gy nn bi liu thuc ny.
Huyt p gim dng nh lin h vi vic tng dn mach, cng nh c s gia tng
ng b lch, thn v tay chn.
Tc dng ni tit: Berberin cng c tc dng khng Adrenalin. Th d: ang khi
Berberin lm ha p th phn xa tng ha ca Adrenalin gim rt nhiu nhng phc
hi lai nhanh. Berberin cng dung ha s ri loan ca Adrenalin v cc hp cht
lin h.

13

Tc dng i vi h mt: Berberin c tc dng li mt v c th lm tng vic

tao nn mt cng nh lm gim dnh ca mt. Dng Beberin rt hiu qu i
vi nhng bnh nhn vim mt man tnh.
Tc dng i vi h thn kinh trung ng: Berberine dng liu nho c tc dng
kch thch vo no, trong khi , liu ln lai tng s c ch hoat ng ca vo no.
Tc dng khng vim: Lch s nghin cu cht Granulomas gy ra bi du
cotton trn chut nht cho thy cht Berberin lm gia tng p ng khng vim ca
th. Cht ethanol chit xut ca Hong lin c tc dng khng vim khi cho vo tai
ch, n lm cho cht Granulomas co lai. Hiu qu ny ging nh tc dng ca
thuc Butazolidin.
Ung berberin sulfat hp thu chm, sau 8 gi mi at gi tr hp thu cao nht,
phn b nhanh vo tim, thn , gan, nng trong mu kh duy tr, ung 2g mi ln
cha thy hin tng g. Nhng ung liu ln c th gy gim huyt p, gy hin
tng c ch h hp cp tnh.

6. Thnh phn ho hc
Thn r hong lin cha nhiu alcaloid (5-8%) ch yu l Berberin. Ngoi ra cn
c Worenin, Copticin, Palmatic, Fatrorizin, Magnoflorin.
Ngoi alcaloid trong r hong lin cn c tinh bt, acid hu c nh acid ferulic

7. Cng dng v liu dng

Hong lin c dng iu tr cc bnh:
- L amip v l trc khun ngy dng 3-6g chia lm 3 ln ung trong 7-15
ngy di dang thuc sc (c ti liu ch ni berberin ch cha l trc
khun).
- Cha vim da dy v rut ngy dng 3-4g dang thuc sc hoc cao long.
14

- Cha au mt o (vim kt mac) dng dung dch hong lin nho vo mt

loai 5-30% hoc ra mt bng nc sc hong lin.
- Vim tai gia c m dng dung dch Borat hong lin: hong lin 10g Acid
boric bt 3g thm nc ct un si 1 gi. Lc thm nc ct cho 10ml
em tit khun ri nho vo tai mi ngy 2-3 ln.
Ngoi ra hong lin cn cha st nng nhiu, vt v, mt ng, cha tr, th huyt,
chy mu cam, cha mn nht c m nhim khun. Ngi ta thng phi hp vi
mt s v khc.
Berberin cha l, a chy nhim khun do t cu, lin cu ngy ung 0,2-0,4g
Berberin hydroclorid chia lm 2-3 ln.

CHNG II DC LIU CHA ALCALOID

CHA NHN IDOL
I - Ca khoa mach
Ca kho mach l hach ca nm Claviceps purpurea Tulasne, H nm ca g
Clavicipitaceae sng k sinh trn la mach en.

15

Hnh 2.1. La mach b nhim ca

1. Qu trnh tao thnh hach nm

Hach nm ri xung t vo ma thu khi la mach chn, nm im qua ma ng,
sang ma xun ngoi mt s mc ra nhng vt nho hnh cu c cung nho gi l c
cht mang nhiu th qu hnh chai ng cc ti bo t nh gi ri vo hoa la mach
en, chng xm nhp trn t qu non. Sau khong 10-14 ngy n tit ra cht nhy c
nhiu ng (thng gi l dy mt) cha nhiu chui nh bo t v qua cn trng s
truyn bnh sang nhng hoa khc. Tip sau , nhng si nm bng pht trin nhanh
chng thnh nhng hach nm c lp t bo cng c nui qua cy ch. Khi ng cc
chn, nhng hach cng lai ri xung t v tip tc mt chu k khc.

2. Phn b v trng hi
Ca khoa mach thu hi do mc hoang Lin Bang Nga, Ty Ban Nha, B o
Nha, Hungari, Rumani, Ba Lan.
gii quyt nhu cu sn xut ngi ta cy hach nm ln mi trng nhn tao
thch hp ri ly bo t tim vo nhng bng la mach en.
Cc nc trng nhiu: c, Thy S, o, Tip, Ba Lan
16

 nc ta gp ca khoa mach trn nhng vng cao c trng la mach.

Thu hi khi nm bt u chn. Sy kh 30-45C.
Nng sut thu hoach ph thuc kh hu: trung bnh khong 100-200 kg/ha vi thu
hoach hoang; cn trng at ti 450 kg/ha.

3. B phn dng
Hach nm l 1 khi nho di 2-3 cm, d = 3-4 mm, hai u thun, mnh hi cong,
mt ngoi en tm, c kha dc v i khi nt ngang, cng lu cng kh ngi, v
bun nn v v ng.

4. Thnh phn ha hc
Hm lng alcaloid ph thuc vo ngun gc v sinh thi. i vi loai mc hoang
t l alcaloid khong 0-1%, a s l di 0,2%, loai trng at trn 1 % v ngi ta
tao ra 1 s alcaloid cn thit nht nh.
Chng c chia lm 2 nhm chnh :
a. Nhm clavin-alcaloid l dn cht hydroxy v dehydro ca 6,8-dimethylergolin
nh agroclavin...
Nhm ny khng s dng.
b. Nhm lysergic-alcaloid l dn cht loai amid ca acid lysergic.
Nhm ny c gi tr ln trong iu tr,chia thnh 2 phn nhm:
Cc alcaloid c cu trc thuc loai amid n gin, thng tan trong nc: ergin,
ergobasin.

17

Cc cht c cu tao peptid alcaloid : trong c nhm carboxyl ca acid lysergic

kt hp vi 1 vng tripeptid, thng khng tan trong nc: Ecgotamin, ecgosin,
ergocristin, ergocryptin v ergoconin...
Nhng acid amin trong tripeptid c th l L-prolin, L-leucin, L-phenylamin, Lvalin, -hydroxyalanin, -hydroxyvalin.
Lysergic-alcaloid d bin i v tr C-8 (khi dch chit nc hoc dc liu b
m) chuyn sang dn cht ca acid isolysergic l ng phn khng gian ca acid
lysergic.
Nhng lysergic-alcaloid t tuyn, c tc dng sinh l manh, danh php c tip v
ng in.
Nhng isolysergic-alcaloid hu tuyn, t hoc khng c tc dng sinh l, danh
php c tip v ng inin.
Ngoi alcaloid cn c :
- Cc amin: gm aminoalcol nh cholin, acetylcholin;cc acid amin nh
a.asparatic, glycin, arginin, valin, leucin, tyramin, histamin...
- Nhng cht mu: Cht c mu o clavorubrin, endocrocin..., nhng cht
mu vng ergoflavin, clavoxanthin. Nhng sc t mu vng u c tnh khn
khun.
- Sterol: ergosterol, fungisterin, squalen, stigmasterin.
- Cht bo (khong 30%) l glycerid ca cc acid bo cha no nh a.oleic,
linoleic, ricinoleic.
- Glucid: glucose, trehalose, clavicepsin.
- Nc khong 8 %.
- Cc cht v c khong 3-5.

5. Tc dng v cng dng

a, Tc dng:

18

- Kch thch s co tht ca cc c trn: mach mu, ph qun, trc trng, bng
quang, nht l t cung. Tc dng kch thch ny khng nhng i vi t cung bnh
thng m cn rt manh i vi t cung c thai. Do vy trc y c dng thc
y nhanh nhng v gy co cng c t cung qu ko di nn nhiu khi lai gy
kh. Hin nay, trong sn khoa ch dng cm mu sau khi .
- Co mach manh, do dng cm mu v gim vim, tng huyt p v n nh
nhp tim.
b, Cng dng:
Cm mu khi bng huyt, ho ra mu,nn ra mu, chy mu rut trong bnh thng
hn, i ra mu, chy mu cam, tr chy mu. C tc dng lm tan mu trong bnh
sung huyt phi, sung huyt no C khi dng tr tim trong vim c tim do nhim
khun, vim qung (erysipele).
* Bt: Ngi ln ngy ung 0,50-3g (mi bo ch) chia lm liu nho 0,20-0,50g
ung cch nhau 30 pht cm mu, tr em 0,05-0,10g cho mi tui.
* Cao mm: Ngi ln ung ngy 1-6g dang vin, potio. Tr em 0,05-0,10g cho
mi tui.
* Cao long (30 git = 1g): Ngi ln ngy ung 1-5g pha thnh xir, potio; tr em
0,05-0,10g cho mi tui.
Dch chit ca kho mach tc dng khng n nh v hm lng hoat cht d thay
i nn ngy nay ngi ta thng dng dang alcaloid tinh khit. Trong cc alcaloid th
ergobasin v ergotamin c gi tr ln trong iu tr.
- Ergotamin:
Dng cm mu t cung, c ch giao cm,dng trong bnh Basedow tim p nhanh,
mach nhanh kch pht.
19

Ngi ln ngy ung 0,001-0,006g dang vin hay git, tim di da 1/2 mg hay
tim 1/4 -1/3 mg trong chng au na u (migraine).
- Ergobasin:
Dng cm mu,cha bng huyt. C th dng thc trong trng hp t cung co
bp rt yu khi (khng dng khi t cung co bp bnh thng). Dn cht methyl
ergobasin tactrat (methergin, ergopectin) dng ung hay tim bp 0,2-0,3 mg.

II M tin
C nhiu loai M tin trong c cy M tin Strychnos nux-vomica L.
V mt s loai M tin khc c cha strychnin thuc h M tin Loganiacea

Hnh 2.2. M tin

1. c im thc vt
Cy Strychnos nux-vimica L. l cy g, thn ng cao 5-12m, vo mu nu xm c
l b, cnh non c gai. L mc i hnh trng u nhn, mt trn xanh bng, c 5 gn
hnh cung ni r mt di. Cm hoa ng mc u cnh. Hoa nho, hnh ng, mu
vng nhat, c 5 cnh hoa dnh lin thnh mt ng di 1-1,2cm, 5 nh dnh pha trn
ng trng. Bu hnh trng, nhn. Qu tht hnh cu ng knh 3-5cm, vo nhn bng,
20

khi chn c mu vng cam, cha 1-5 hat hnh a dt, nh chic khuy o, mt mt li,
mt mt lm, c lng mt, mu xm bac ng knh 2-2,5cm. Ma hoa thng 3-4.
Ma qu thng 5-8.
Ngoi cy M tin, nc ta cn mt s loi cy M tin dy leo khc.
2. Phn b, thu hi, ch bin
a. Phn b
Cy m tin Strychonos nux- vomica L. c nhiu n , Sri lanka, Malaysia,
Thi Lan, Bc Australia, nc ta hin nay mi thy mc hoang vng rng ni cc
tnh pha nam
Cc loi m tin khc c phn b hu khp cc tnh vng ni nc ta: Cao
Bng, Lang Sn, Tuyn Quang, Ho Bnh, Bc Giang, Sn La, Ngh An, H Tnh,
Qung Tr... c bit c nhiu cc tnh Ty Nguyn, Ty Ninh, ng Nai, Long An,
Kin Giang. Ring loi Strychnos cathayensis Merr. mi gp tnh Qung Ninh.
b.Thu hi
Ngi ta thng thu hi hat m tin t nhng qu chn gp gi rng xung lm hat
tung ra hoc hat do chim n qu b bo lai hat ngay di gc cy. Hat nht v c ra
sach phi kh.
c. Ch bin
Trong y hc c truyn ch s dng hat m tin c ch bin (gi l m tin
ch). C nhiu cch ch bin:
- Ngm hat m tin trong nc vo gao khong 36 gi cho ti khi mm, ly ra cao
bo vo ngoi v mm, thi mong, sy kh, tm du vng mt m, sao vng m, cho
vo l kn.
21

- Cho hat m tin vo du vng un si cho n khi hat ni ln th vt ngay. Thi

nho, sy kh
- Ngm hat m tin vo nc vo gao mt ngy m, vt ra ra sach cho vo ni
nu vi cam tho trong 3 gi (c 100g hat cho 400ml nc v 20g cam tho). Ly dn
ra bc vo khi cn nng v bo mm, un du vng (300g) cho si, bo nhn vo khi
thy ni ln th vt ra ngay, thi nho 2-3 mm, sy kh cho vo l kn.

3. B phn dng
Hat (Semen Strychni) phi hoc sy kh.
Hat hnh a dt mp hi li ln, ng knh 1,2-2,5cm, dy 4-8mm, mt s hat
hi mo m, khng u, mau xm nhat mt bng do c mt s lng t mt ti gia
mc to ra xung quanh, gia mt mt c mt s l li nho (rn) t rn c mt ng
hi li (sng non). Hat gn nh ch cu tao bi ni nh sng rt cng, cy mm rt
nho nm trong khong gia ni nh, khng mi, v rt ng.

4. Thnh phn ho hc
Hoat cht trong hat m tin Strychnos nux-vomica L. l alcaloid (2-5%) trong
(50%) l strychnin, phn cn lai l brucin cn khong 2-3% l cc alcaloid ph khc
nh -colubrin, -colubrin, vomicin, novacin, pseudo strychinin.
Ngoi alcaloid trong hat cn c cht bo (4-5%), acid igasuric, acid loganic,
stigmasterin, cycloarterol v mt glycosid l loganin c nhiu trong cm qu.
Trong l c khong 2% trong vo thn c trn 8% alcaloid nhng ch yu l brucin.
Hat m tin dng lm thuc phi cha 1,2% strychin (DVN II).

5. Cng dng v liu dng

M tin c dng lm nguyn liu chit xut strychnin.
22

Strychnin dng di dang mui sulfat cha t lit dy thn kinh, suy nhc c
nng, lit dng, lm thuc kch thch hnh tu, trong trng hp gii phu no, gii
c thuc ng barbituric.
Liu dng: ung 0,001g/ln - 0,003g/24h di dang dung dch siro, potio hoc
tim di da 0,001g/ln 0,002g/24h.
M tin cha ch bin thng ch dng ngoi lm thuc xoa bp cha nhc moi
tay chn do thp khp, au dy thn kinh dng dang cn thuc, dng ring hoc phi
hp vi u ph t.
M tin ch bin theo y hc c truyn c dng cha au nhc, sng khp,
tiu ho km, suy nhc thn kinh, bai lit, lit na ngi, ch dai cn.
Liu ung ti a 0,1g/ln 0,3g/24h dng ring hoc phi hp vi nhng v thuc
khc. Tr em di 3 tui khng c dng, t 3 tui tr ln dng 0,005g cho mi tui.
Vin hydan c m tin ch, hy thim, ng gia b dng cha thp khp.

III Lac tin

C nhiu loi lac tin in hnh l cy lac tin Passiflora foetida L.
H lac tin Passifloraceae.
Ngoi ra cn c mt vi cy khc cng gi l lac tin cng dng lm thuc.
Tn khc: hng tin,dy nhn lng, lng n

23

Hnh 2.3. Lac tin

1. c im thc vt v phn b
Passiflora foetida L. l cy mc leo, thn mm, mang nhiu lng tha v mm. L
mc cch, c nhiu lng dnh, phin l c 3 thu, thu gia ln hn hai thu bn, mp
c rng ca nho, tuyn l khng c tuyn mt, c l km nho. Tua cun v hoa mc
k l. Hoa mc ring l, to, u, lng tnh, c tng gm 3 l bc di nhau, chia thnh
si mu tm, 5 nh, i hp, 5 rng, 5 cnh, bu thng, nhn mt , nh non bn
mang 3 vi, nh v nhu t trn mt cung nh, nhu. Qu mng, hnh trng, khi
chn c mu vng nhiu hat c o hat thm n c.
Cy Passiflora foetida L. mc hoang khp ni nc ta, nht l cc tnh Ha
Bnh, Thi Nguyn, Bc Giang, Qung Bnh, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Nam, Nng.
Ngoi ra cn mt s loi khc cng c dng lm thuc ging nh loi
Passflora foetida L.

2. B phn dng ch bin

Qu chn n v lm nc gii kht.

24

Phn trn mt t ca cy (Herba passiflorae) thu hi quanh nm, hi v phi

sy kh, c th nu cao hay pha cn thuc (1/5) vi cn 60

3. Thnh phn ho hc
C 0,09% alcaloid ton phn gm harman, harmin, harmol, harmalol, harmalin.
l v hoa c 1,5-2,1%, r cy c 0,2-0,85% flavonoid trong c saponarin,
saponaretin v vitexin.
Ngoi ra cn dn xut cumarin, saponin, cc acid amin cc cht ng

4. Tc dng v cng dng

Lac tin c dng lm thuc an thn cha mt ng, suy nhc thn kinh, ng
kinh, co git.
Dng dang cao hay siro, thng phi hp cc v thuc nh l vng, tm sen, l
du, long nhn.

25

CHNG III DC LIU CHA FLAVONOID

I Hoa ho Flos Scophorae
Dc liu l n cy hoa ho Scophora jaoonica L., h u Fabaceae.

Hnh 3.1. Cy hoa ho

1. c im thc vt
Cy nh, cao 5-7m, c khi hn. Thn cnh lun c mu lc, nhn. L kp lng
chim l, mc so le, gm 13-17 l cht hnh trng nh nhn, nguyn di 3cm, rng
1,5-2,5cm, mt di hi c lng. Hoa nho, mu vng lc nhat, mc thnh chm u
cnh. Qu u khng m, nhn, tht lai gia cc hat, u c mi nhn di. Hat hi dt,
mu nu vng bng.

2. c im phn b
nc ta ho c trng mt s tnh, nhiu nht Thi Bnh. Hoa ho v rutin
khng ch tho mn nhu cu trong nc m cn c xut khu vi khi lng ln.
Cc nc nh Trung Quc, Triu Tin, Nhaath Bn cng c trng cy Ho lm thuc.
mt s nc Chu u cy Ho ch trng lm cnh.

26

3. Trng v thu hi
+ Trng ho c th bng cch dm cnh hoc gieo hat. Trng bng hat ph bin
hn. Cn chn hat ging ca nhng cy c nhiu cnh, nhiu hoa, hoa n u m
nhn dn gi l "ho np" khc vi "ho t" l cy c t cnh, hoa tha, n khng
u. Gieo hat vo thng 1-2 dng lch . Sau 3-4 nm ho bt u ra hoa v t
hng nm thu hoach.
+ Thu hoach t thng 7-9 dng lch. Hi hoa vo bui sng khi tri kh ro, ngt
cc chm hoa bt u c hoa mi n, tut ly hoa ri phi nng hoc sy ngay.
Dc liu l hoa cha n c gi l "ho m". Dc in Vit nam quy nh hoa
n ln vo khng c qu 10%.
Hoa di 4-8mm, rng 2-3mm phn i chim 2/3 ton b chiu di, i hnh
chung, pha di c cung ngn. Sau khi kh th cnh hoa tr nn vng, v hi
ng. Hoa n ri cng dng ch khng bo i nhng phn loai ring.

4. Thnh phn ho hc
Hoa ho c nhiu thnh phn ch yu l rutin (rutosid). Hm lng trong n hoa c
th at n 28% . Dc in Vit Nam quy nh t nht l 20%. Rutin ln u tin
c phn lp t cy cu l hng Ruta graveolens L. vo nm 1842 nn c tn l
rutin. Rutin cn gp nhiu loi thc vt khc. Phn aglycon ca rutin l quercetin
(=quercetol)

thuc

nhm

flavonol;

phn

ng

rutinose

(=6-O-a-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-b-D-glucopyranose). Chit xut rutin t hoa ho rt d, ch cn chit

bng nc nng ri lanh l c rutin tch ra, hoc chit bng nc kim carbonat ri
acid ho. Tinh ch bng cch ho tan lai trong nc nng hoc cn nng.
Ngoi rutin trong hoa ho cn c betulin l dn cht triterpenoid nhm lupan,
sophoradiol l dn cht ca nhm olean.
27

- L cha 6.6% flavonoid ton phn trong c 4.7% rutin.

- Vo qu cha 10.5% flavonoid ton phn trong c 4,3% l rutin,
sophoricosid, sophorabiosid v mt s flavonoid khc.
- Cc b phn khc nh g, thn, hat u c nhng flavonois khc nhau
c phn lp v bit cu trc ho hc nhng khng c ngha thc t.

5. nh tnh rutin trong n hoa ho (flos Styphnolobii japonoci)

Chit xut:
Cn 0,5g bt n hoa ho ri cho vo mt ng nghim ln. Thm 5ml rthanol 90%.
un cch thu si trong vi pht. Lc nng. Dch lc c tin hnh cc phn ng
sau:
Tin hnh phn ng:
Phn ng Cyanidin (phn ng Shinoda)
Cho vo ng nghim nho 1ml dch chit. Thm mt t bt magnesi kim loai
(khong 10mg). Gio tng git HCl m c (3-5 git). yn mt vi pht, dung
dch s chuyn t mu vng sang mu o.
Phn ng vi kim
Cho vo ng nghim nho 1ml dch chit. Thm vi git dung dch NaOH 10%. S
thy xut hin ta vng. Thm 1ml nc ct, ta s tan v mu vng ca dung dch s
c tng thm.
Gio mt git dch chit ln giy lc. H kh ri ln ming lo amoniac c
m nt, s thy mu vng ca vt dch chit c tng ln.
- Phn ng vi FeCl3
Cho vo ng nghim nho 1ml dch chit. Thm vi git dung dch FeCl 3 5%. S
xut hin ta xanh en.
28

- Phn ng diazo ho
Cho 1ml dch chit vo ng nghim, kim ho bng dung dch kim (dung dch
NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3), thm vi git thuc th diazoni, lc u (c th un nng trn
ni cch thu trong vi pht) xut hin mu o.
Cc phn ng nh tnh c th thc hin trn khay s.

6. Tc dng v cng dng

Rutin c hoat tnh vitamin P, c tc dng lm bn v lm gim tnh thm ca mao
mach, lm tng s bn vng ca hng cu, rutin lm ha thp trng lc c nhn, trng
co tht.
Rutin c dng ch yu phng nga nhng bin c ca bnh x va ng
mach, iu tr cc trng hp suy yu tnh mach, cc trng hp xut huyt nh chy
mu cam, ho ra mu, t cung xut huyt, phn c mu. Rtin cn l thuc cha tr,
chng d ng, thp khp. Ngoi ra cn dng trong cc trng hp tn thng ngoi da
do bc xa, lm vt thng chng lnh so. Rutin rt c, tuy nhin khng c dng
trong tng hp nghn mach v mu c ng cao.
Dng di dang vin 0,02g. C th phi hp vi cc thuc khc nh vitamin C (ta
c sn xut vin rutin C) cholin, khellin, cc alcanoid ca da can, papaverin
Ngi ta cn sn xut loai rutin ho tan trong nc (morpholylethyl rutosid, rutosid
natripropylsulfonat). Nhu cu v rutin trn th gii rt ln ch ring nc Php hng
nm sn xut hn 10 tn rutin m vn cha p ng nhu cu.

II Kim ngn hoa Flos Lonicerae

Dc liu l n hoa c ln mt sood hoa n ca cy kim ngn Lonicera
japonica Thunb. hoc mt s loi khc nh L. dasystyla Rehd., L. cofusa D.C., h
Kim ngn - Caprifoliaceae.
29

Hnh 3.2. Cy kim ngn

1. c im thc vt
Kim ngn l loai dy leo, thn to bng chic a di 9-10m, c nhiu cnh, lc non
mu xanh, khi gi mu o nu. L hnh trng, mc i, phin l rng 1,5-5cm, di 38cm. L cy quanh nm xanh ti, ma rt khng rng do cn c tn l nhn ng.
Hoa mc thnh xim k l. Hoa khi mi n c mu trng, v sau chuyn thnh mu
vng. V trn cy cng mt lc c hoa mi n mu trng lai c hoa n lu mu
vng nh vng nn mi gi l kim ngn (kim l vng; ngn l bac). Qu mng hnh
cu mu en. Cy mc hoang cc min rng ni nh Cao Bng, Ho Bnh, Thanh
Ho, Lo Cai c th trng bng cch dm cnh.

2. Thnh phn ho hc
-

Hoa v l cha flavonoid cht chnh lluteolin-7-rutinosid.

Mt s cht carotenoid.
Acid chlorogenic v cc ng phn ca n.
L c loganin v secologanin.

3. Tc dng v cng dng

Tc dng khng khun trn mt s vi khun thuc chi Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Shigella, Salmonella v mt s virus.
Tc dng ngn s tch t m bng.

30

c dng ch yu trm vim nhim ng h hp tren nh vim amydan,

vim hng, vim thanh qun; vim da, mn nht, sng v, viem rut tha; tr l trc
trng, vim mng kt do siu vi, cm.
Liu dng: 6-15g c th n 30g.
*Ngoi s dng hoa, t cy kim ngn cn s dng thn, cnh v l dng lm
thuc ta c v thuc kim ngn ng hay kim ngn cung.

III Actiso
Folium Cynarae
B phn dng lm thuc l l ca cy actisob Cynara scolymus L., h Cc
Asteraceae.

Hnh 3.3. Cy actiso

1. c im thc vt
Cy tho ln. Vo nm th nht cy c mt vng l, l to di c th hn 1m rng
c th hn 50m, l x su thnh nhiu thu, mu trng nhat mt di v c nhiu
lng nhung, g l ni r. Vo nm th 2 t gia vng l c thn mc ln cao n
1,5m, pha trn c phn cnh. Thn mang l khng cung, nho hn, hi phn thu
hoc gn nguyn. Cm hoa hnh u to c ng knh 6-15cm, c bao bc bi mt
31

bao chung l bc, hnh trng, cc l bc mm gc, nhn nh. hoa nac mang
nhng hoa hnh ng mu l. L bc non dng lm thc phm. Qu ng mu nu sm,
bn trn c mo lng trng ng. Cy actiso thch hp vng kh hu mt, nc ta
hin nay c trng nhiu Lm ng, cy cng c trng Sapa v thy mc rt
kho.

2. Thnh phn ho hc
- Cynarin
- Flavonoid: luteolin, cynarosid, scolymosid, cynarotriosid.
- Cc thnh phn khc: cht nhy, pectin, acid malic, cc sterol, alcol
triterpenic, sapogenin, cht ng.

3. Tc dng v cng dng

Cy actiso c nhn dn Chu u s dng t lu cha cc bnh soi bng
quang, ph thng, cc bnh v gan.
Tc dng tng tit mt cng ang c chng minh.
Nhiu cng trnh lm sng to cc tc dng ca actiso: phc hi t bo gan tng
chc nng chng c ca gan, phng bnh x va ng manh, lm ha cholesterol,
thng tiu.
Hoa ti actiso dng lm thc phm hoc thi thnh lt phi kh sc ung thay tr.
R cng c thi lt phi kh v dng nh hoa.

32

CHNG IV DC LIU CHA GLYCOSID

TIM
I ai cng v Glycosid tim
1. nh ngha
Glycosid tim l nhng glycosid steroid c tc dng c bit ln tim. liu iu tr
c tc dng cng tim, lm chm nhp tim v iu ho nhp tim. Nu qu liu th gy
nn lm chy nc bt, m mt,tiu chy, yu cc c, loan nhp tim, nh tht phn ly,
ngoai tm thu, gim sc co bp ca tim v cui cng lm ngng tim thi k tm thu
trn tim ch v tm trng trn tim ng vt mu nng.
Glycosid tim cn c tn gi l glycosid digitalic v glycosid ca l cy digital
(Digitalis) c dng u tin trn lm sng cha bnh tim.

2. Phn b trong thc vt

Ngi ta tm thy glycosid tim trong cc h thc vt: Apocynaceae,
Asclrpiadaceae, Moraceae, Rananculaceae
Glycosid tim c trong mi b phn ca cy: l, hoa, vo thn, r, thn r, d, nha
m.

3. Cu trc ho hc
Glycosid tim cng nh cc glycosid khc, cu trc ho hc gm hai phn: Aglycon
v phn ng.
a. Phn aglycon
Phn aglycon gm 2 phn: mt nhn hydrocarbon (nhn steran) v mt mach
nhnh l vng lacton.
33

Nhn

hydrocarbon:

nhn

steran

hay

10,13-dimethyl

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthren. nh vo nhn ny c cc nhm chc c oxy.

Trc khi xt cc nhm chc gn vo nhn steran cn nhc lai rng: i vi cng
thc chiu trn mt phng ngi ta quy c nu dy ni hng v pha trc trang
giy l hng k hiu bng nt gach lin (-) cn hng v sau l hng th k hiu
bng mt nt gach gin oan (---).
C-3 c nhm OH, hu ht cc cht c trong cy u t hng , tr mt vi
trng hp v d carpogenin, carpogenol, epidigitoxigenin th hng .

C-4 ca hu ht cc glycosid tim c tc dng u c nhm OH hng . Mt vi

cht khng c nhm OH ny v d neriantin trong l trc o.
S oxy ho cn c th xy ra thm cc v tr 1, 5, 11, 12, 16, 19. Mc oxy ho
C-19 c th l CH2OH, CHO, COOH. Cht G.Strophanthidin c n 6 OH trong
phn aglycon (Strophanthus). Nhm OH c th b acyl ho v d oleandrigenin (cy
trc o). C trng hp cc nhm OH gn nhau tng tc vi nhau tao nhm
chc epoxy, v d adynerin. Nhm OH C-11 c th tc dng vi COOH C-19
tao thnh vng lacton.

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Xt v s ni cc vng ca khung hydrocarbon: phn ln u c 2 vng A v B cis,

B v c trans, C v D cis v d digitoxigenin c biu din theo cng thc trong mt
phng v cng thc lp th di y:

Digitoxigenin
Mt s t th A v B c ni vng trans cn cc vng tip theo khng thay i. V d
uzarigenin l aglycon ca uzarin c trong Uzara mt dc liu thuc chi
Gomphocarpus, h Asclepiadaceae c Nam Phi.

Uzarigenin
Vng lacton: Phn aglycon ca glycosid tim ngoi khung hydrocarbonat ni trn
th c bit cn c mt vng lacton ni vo v tr C-17 ca khung. Vong lacton ny coi
l manh nhnh. Hu ht cc cht c tc dng sinh hc u c vng lacton hng .
C hai loai vng lacton: Mt vng lacton c 4 carbon c mt ni i v tr -.
Nhng aglycon no c vng lacton ny th c 23 carbon v c xp vo nhm
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cardenolid. Loai th hai c vng lacton c 5 carbon vo c 2 ni i. (vng -pyron

hay coumalin), nhng aglycon no c vng lacton ny th c 24 carbon v c xp
vo nhm bufadienolid. Cc glycosid tim thng gp loai cardenolid, mt s t
thuc loai bufadienolid v d scillaren A c trong cy hnh bin (Urginea maritima
L.), hellebrin c trong cy Helleborus niger L.

Cardenolid

Bufadienolid

b. Phn ng
Phn ng ni vo OH C-3 ca aglycon. Hin nay bit khong 40 loai
ng khc nhau. Ngoi nhng loai ng thng thng nh D-glucose, L-rhamnose,
D-xylose, D-frucose c gp trong nhng nhm glycoisd khc, cn lai l nhng ng
gp trong glycosid tim. Trong nhng ng ny, ng ch l nhng ng 2,6desoxy. Di y l v d v ng 2,6-desoxy thng gp:

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Nhng ng ny c nhng c tnh sau: d b thu phn, cho phn ng mu vi

thuc th Keller-Kiliani, thuc th xanhthydrol.
Mach ng c th l monosaccharid hoc oligosaccharid. Gitoxincellobiosid
trong digital ta c mach ng vi 5 n v ng n:
Gitoxincellobiosid = Gitoxigenin + (digitoxose)3 + (glucose)2
Ngi ta nhn thy rng cc glucose bao gi cng pha cui mach (xa glycon).

4. Lin quan gia cu trc v tc dng

Phn quyt nh tc dng ln tim l phn aglycon bao gm nhn steroid v vng
lacton cha bo ho, c hai cng quan trng.
Nu gi lai vng lacton thay nhn setroid bng nhn benzene, naphtalen th mt
tc dng.
Nu vn gi nguyn nhn steroid m thay i vng lacton nh: bo ho dy ni
i, m vong lacton, thay vng lacton bng vng lactam th mt tc dng hoc gim i
rt nhiu.
S hp thu qua da dy, t trng, rut non ph thuc vo s lng nhm OH ca
phn aglycon hay ni cch khc l ph thuc vo tnh i du ca n. Digitoxin d hp
thu qua ng tiu ho v ti hp th qua thn v gan v ch c mt nhm OH th do
trong phn aglycon, rt kh hp th qua ng tiu ho nn phi tim tnh manh.
Ouabain thi tr nhanh.
Nhm OH v tr 14 rt quan trng, khng c nhm ny th tc dng gim i rt
nhiu.
Cch ni vng cng nh hng. C/D ni vng cis c tc dng quyt nh ln tim.
A/B trans gim tc dng gp 10 ln so vi dn cht cis tng ng.
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Nhm OH C-3 hng th gim tc dng i nhiu. Qua qu trnh chuyn ho

trong c th, OH v tr C-3 b epime ho sang OH thi ra ngoi.
Vng lacton hng cng gim tc dng.
Phn ng c nh hng n tc dng nhng t, ch yu l nh hng n ho
tan.

II L trc o
Folium Oleandri
Dc liu l l ca cy Trc o- Nerium indicum Miler L., h Trc o
Apocynaceae. Loi Nerium odorum Soland. cng c dng

Hnh 5.1. Cy trc o

1. c im thc vt
Cy nh, mc thnh bi, cao 5-6m. Cnh mnh, c ba canh mu xm tro. L mc
vng 3, hnh mc hp, di 7-10cm, rng 1-3cm, gc thun c phin men theo cung,
u nhn, mt trn xanh sm bng, mt di nhat, gn bn c rt nhiu np song song
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i xng xt nhau v rt u, cung l ngn. Cm hoa mc ngn thnh xim, hoa mu

hng, trng hay vng; di 5 rng c ng ngn hnh chung; trng nhiu cnh rng; nh
5, bu c hai l non ring bit cha nhiu non. Qu gm hai ai mc ng, hat c
mo lng mu hung.
Ton cy c nha m trng rt c.

2. Thu hi
Hi nhng l gi ( hi nhng l di trn 10cm) , thu hi vo thng 4 hoc thng 1011. Hi v lm kh ngay nhit khng qu 500C.

3. Thnh phn ho hc
+ L Trc o cha nhiu glycosid tim vi hm lng 0,5% m thnh phn chnh
l oleandrin (cn gi l oleandrosid, neriolin, folinerin). Oleandrin khi thu phn cho
ng oleandrose v aglycon l oleandrigenin. Hm lng oleandrin trong l kh l
0,08% - 0,15% (Theo D. A. Muraviva hm lng ny khng c di 0,2%). Theo
Dc in Vit Nam I 1g oleandrin phi cha 3600- 4500 n v mo.
+ Cc glycosid khc gm neriin c tc dng tr tim yu; deacetyloleandrin c hoat
tnh sinh vt l 6000 n v ch trong 1 gam; neriantin vi hm lng cao nhng hoat
tnh sinh vt thp (khng c nhm OH C14); adynerin vi hm lng thp v khng
c tc dng trn tim (do OH C14 b kho lai).

4. Tc dng v cng dng

+ Hoat cht chnh oleandrin (neriolin, oleandrosid, folinerin) ca l Trc o hp
th tt khi ung v khc vi Digitalis l t tch lu, c tc dng kch thch tim v li
niu r rt. Oleandrin lm chm nhp tim, ko di thi k tm trng. Tnh cht ny
c bit c li i vi bnh nhn b hp van hai l v ko di thi k tm trng gip
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cho mu c thi gi xung tm tht tri qua l van hai l b hp khin cho lng
mu phng vo ai tun hon trong mi chu chuyn tim ln hn, nng cao c lu
lng v hiu sut ca tim. c im ny quan trng i vi hon cnh Vit Nam ni
m bnh hp van hai l l nguyn nhn ca nhiu trng hp suy tim.
+ Neriifolin tc dng yu hn nhiu. Cc flavonol glycosid c tc dng i vi
thm thnh mach v li tiu. Trn lm sng cornerin c tc dng i vi cc ri loan
v tim, c bit l ci thin chc nng c tim. Vo v hoa c tc dng tr tim ging
nh l. Vo c mt glycosid c, rosaginin.
+ Trc o c hoat tnh c ch sinh trng i vi cc dng t bo ung th ngi,
vi liu tc dng ED50 x dch t 0,008 n 2,13 mg/ ml, tu thuc vo dng t bo.
Cao cn Trc o (l, thn, r) c tc dng khng siu vi khun trong th nghim xc
nh nng ti thiu c ch s pht trin ca siu vi khun v tc dng chng ung
th trong th nghim xc nh nng thp nht dit t bo mt tng pht trin nhanh
ly t thn kh c nui cy v gy nhim vi siu vi khun herpes tyb 1.
+ Cng dng: l Trc o c dng lm nguyn liu chit xut oleandrin, l thuc
ung c ch nh iu tr suy tim, h l van hai l, nhp tim nhanh kch pht, cc
bnh tim c ph v gim niu v dng lun phin vi thuc Digitalis. Liu dng hng
ngy: mi ln ung 1 vin 0,1mg, ngy 3 ln.
+ Tc dng ln tim rt nhanh: ch sau vi gi, c trng hp ch sau 15-20 pht
bnh nhn bt kh th, nh th bnh nhn rt phn khi tin tng thuc.
+ Neriolin c loai ra khoi c th nhanh nn vic i thuc khng phi ch thuc
thi ra ht m c th thay ngy hm sau.
+ Ngoi ra cn c tc dng thng tiu, gim hin tng ph.
Dng dng:
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Dung dch 1/5000 oleandrin.

Dang vin c 0,0001-0,0002g oleandrin; liu dng: 0,0002g/ln x 2 ln/ngy.
Dang cao long l; liu dng: mt ln 0,1g 24 gi 0,5g.
Bt l; liu dng: mt ln 0,05g 24 gi 0,5g.

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