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تحریکات اورعلامہ اقبال
تحریکات اورعلامہ اقبال
299
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) (Hypothesis
-
)(1
:
)(2
:
)(3
:
)(4
) ()(5
) ()(6
)( :
1
1999 259
)( :
2
1985
60
:
3
1984
5
) ( : 66
4
1989
5
:
625
)( :
6
85
) (1
:
)(2
:
)(3
) (Will Durant :
" The oldest known religion of India, which the invading Aryans
found amongst the Nagas, and which still survives in the ethnic
nooks and crannies of the great Peninsula, was apparently an
animistic and totemic worship of multitudunous spirits, dwelling in
stones and animals, in trees and streams, in mountains and stars,
snakes and serpents, were divinties-idol sand ideals of virile
reproductive powers and the sacred "Bodhi" tree at Budha's time
was a vertige of the mystic but wholesome reverence for the
quite majesty of trees. Naga, the dragon-god, Hanuman, the
monkey-god, Nandi, the divine-bull and the Yakshas or tree-gods
.passed down into the religion of Historic India
Since some of these spirits were good and some evil, only great
skill in magic could keep the body from being possessed or
tortured, in sickness or mania, by one or the more of the
.innumerable demons that filled the air
Hence the medley of incantations in the Atharva-Veda or the
"Book of Knowledge" of magic one must recite, spells to obtain
children, to avoid abortion, to prolong life, to ward off evil, to
)sleep, to destroy or harras the enemies."(4
:
) (
)(5
:
)(6
:
"
)(7
:
)(8
)(9
)(
)(10
:
" His conception of religion was purely ethical. He cared everything
about conduct, nothing about ritual or worship, metaphysics or
theology.When a Brahman proposed to purify himself of his sins
by bathing at Gaya, Budha said to him: "Have thy bath here, even
here. O'Brahman! Be kind to all beings.If thou killest not life, if
thou takest not what is not given to thee, secure in self denial.
What wouldst thou gain by going to Gaya? Any water is Gaya to
)thee.''(11
)(12
)(13
:
)(14
:
'' It is not logic that we need, says Shankara, it is insight, the
faculty (akin to art) of grasping at once the essential out of
irrelevant, the eternal out of the temporal, the whole out of the
part: this is the first pre-requisite to philosophy. The second is
willingness to observe, inquire and think for understanding's sake,
not for the sake of invention, wealth or power; it is withdrawal of
the spirit from all the excitement, bias and fruits of action. Thirdly,
the philosopher must acquire self-restraint, patience and
tranquility; he must learn to live above physical temptation or
material concerns. Finally, these must burn deep in his soul, the
desire for maksha, for liberation from ignorance, for an end to all
consciousness of a separate self, for a blessful absorption in the
Brahman, of complete understanding and infinite unity. In a word,
the student needs not the logic of reason so much as cleansing
and deepening discipline of the soul. This perhaps, has been the
)secret of all profound education.''(15
:
)(16
:
:
)(17
:
)(18
)
(
1857
:
! ")(19
) (Luthern
:
)(20
1857
:
)(21
)(22
)(23
1857
1857
:
)(24
) (
)(25
:
"
:
")(26
)
(27
:
)(28
:
)(29
:
)(30
( 530
)
) (31
)(32
)(33
( 402
)
)(34
)(35
O
( 257
)
)(36
1905
)(37
( 258
)
)(38
1892
1894 )(39
) ( : 1965
1
58
:
2
1989 54 53
) ( :
3
1985 146
Will Durant: The Story of Civilization. (Vol: I) Our
.4
Oriental Heritage, Simon and Schuster, New
.York, 1954, P.402
: 71, 72
5
.G.T Garret.; Legacy of India, Oxford, 1938,p.97
.6
) ( : 148
7
: 150
8
: 148
9
) ( : 77
10
.Wil l Durant: op cit, p.431
.11
),Radha Krishnan: The Vedanta, London .(Dr
.12
.p.36 ,1928
) ( : 151
13
) ( :
14
1980 203
.Will Durant: op cit., p. 547
.15
( ) : 158
16
1939
17
) ( :
26
( ) : 177
18
( ) : 1989
19
107
)( : 282
21
1982
22
( ) :
15
: 26
23
: 77
24
25
:
1963
97
) (
26
:
1993 451
27
) ( :
1985 9
: 9
28
) ( : 1987
29
12 11
: 13
30
) ( : 1988 16
31
) ( : 1981
32
94
: 21 20
33
) ( : 19
34
(
35
: )
35
)( :
36
1986 109
1948
37
:
10
1983
38
:
106
)( : 70 69
39
:
)(1
)(2
:
" Embracing change and present, modernism encompasses the
works of thinkers who rebelled against nineteenth century
academic and historicist traditions, believing the traditional forms
of art, architecture, literature, religion, faith, social organization
and daily life were becoming outdated; they confronted the new
economic, social and political conditions of an emerging fully
)industrialized world."(3
:
) (Symbolism
)(5
)William
(Everdell )Richard
(Dedekind 1872 ) (Boltzmann
1874 )(Statistical Thermodynamics
)(Clement Greenberg :
" What can be safely called modernism, emerged in the middle of
the last century and rather locally, in France, with Boudelaire in
literature and Manet in painting, and perhaps with Flaubert in
)prose fiction."(6
) (Modernism" "avant-grade
) (Status-Co
)Sigmund
(Freud ) (Ernst Mach
)
( Positivism
) (Carl Jung
) (Darwin
) (Einstein 1913
) (Neils Bohr Quantized Atom
) (Edmund Hussrel ) (Ideas )Ezra
(Pound
)(Charles Dickens
) (Leo Tolstoy
) (Futurism
) (Bergson )
(Nietzshe
)(Dadaism
) (Surrealism
) (Holism
)(7
) (8
)(9
)
(Ashely Dukes :
)(10
Tradition and
Individual Talent )(
)(11
)(12
)(13
) (14
) (15
)(16
) (17
)(18
Sychronicity
Sychronicity
)(19
) (Taine
) (1) (2) (Race)
(Milieu) (3 )(Moment
:
)(20
)(21
) (22
:
:
: :
:
:
: ) (23
) (William Shakespeare)(1616-1564
Stratford-upon-Avon
1582
1599
1613
The Comedy of Errors Henry the
VII Richard IIIKing Jhon The Taming of the Shrew
Richard III The Merchant of Venice
A Midsummer Nigths Dream Romeo and Juliet
Henry IV Henry V Julius Ceasar Twelfth Night
Hamlet King Lear
Macbeth Antony and Cleopatra Othello
Pericles The Tempest Henry VIII The Winter's Tale
Sonnet 150
)(24
) (William James) (1910-1842
) (Voluntarism )(Pragmatism )Radical
(Empiricism
) (Idea
Sensations
) (25
) (Sigmund Freud)(1932-1852
Freudian Slips
Talking Cure
)(26
) (Carl Jung)(1916-1875
) (Archetype
) (Collective Conscious )The
(Complex ) (Synchronicity
)(27
) (James Jyoce)(1941-1882
Ulysses
) (Dubliners
) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young
( Man
Ulysses
1914 1921
1922
1923
) (28
) (29
)
(30
) (Ezra Pound)(1972-1885
A Lume Spento 1908
Collected Poems
1958
1912 " "Poetry
) (Sparse
Des Imagistes 1914
1914
" "The Egoist Little Review
A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man Ulysses
1909 Exultations
10-1909
Spirit of Romance 1910
1911 Age Orage
Ripostes Lustra 1912
1916 1918 Pavannes
and Divisions
" "Cathay 1915
1916 1917
Homage to Sextus
Propertius 1919 Quia Pauper
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
)(33
1921 1924
Le Testament
The Waste Land
The Dial
1927
28-1927 Exile 1930
The Cantos 1915
The Draft of xxx Cantos
1934
Make it New
1938 Guide to Kulchure
1930
1918
)(C.H. Douglas
ABC OF Economics Social Credit ? What is Money for
Benito Missolini
Canto
1945
Prison Cantos
1958
1958
1960
Cantos
Cantos
Cantos
)(34
) (Federico Garcia Lorca)(1936-1898
1936
)
(35
) (Henri Bergson)(1941-1859
The
Sons of Berek Berek Son
)Lycee
( Condorcet
1878 1881
Ecole Normale Superieure
)(William James
) (Herbert Spencer
An Essay on
the Immediate Data of Conciousness, Time and Free Will
1889
) (Fechner
Lycee Henri IV 1891
) (Marcel Proust
)Psychophysiological
( Parallelism
1896 " "Matter and Memory
)(Aphasia
1897 Ecole Normale
Superieure
1900 College of France
1907 Creative Evolution
) (Becoming
1900
" "Laugter: An Essay on the Meaning of Comic 1903
)(36
)Alfred North
(Whitehead
) (Rabindranath Tagore)(1941-1861
) (Dabendranath Tagore
)
(Bridal Mysticism
1913 ) (Gitanjali
)(Yeats
1919
350
)(Visva-Bharati
)(Santiniketan
1922 )
1998 (Satyajit Ray )Amartya
( Sen
1890
1891
) (Sonar Tari
1894 (Chitrangada) 1892
1912
) (Gora
1905 1919
) (Rudyard Kipling)(1936-1865
" "Kim
) (Edward Burne Jones) (Edward Poynter
) (Alfred Baldwin
) (Stanley Baldwin
)(
1888 ""Baa Baa, Black Sheep
1899 " "Stalky & Co
1882
1886 "Departmental
"Ditties "Plain Tales from the
Hills" 1888 1889
"Three Soldiers""The Phantom
"Rickshaw ""Wee Willie Winkie
" "The Man Who Would be King "Baa Baa,
"Black Sheep 1889
1892
" "Barrak Room Ballads
1892 ) (Lord Tenyson
Wolcott) (Balestier
1982 " "The Naulakha
) (Vermont
)
(Foreigners
1890 ""The Light That Failed
1897 " "Captains Courageous
1901
" "Kim 1897 "The Jungle
"Book
1902
1906
""Puck of Pook's Hill 1910
""Rewards and Fairies
1907
) (Cecil Rhodes
) (T.S.Eliot
1926 1909 1904 1898 1893 1891 1932
"Life's Handicap" "Many Inventions""The Day's
"Work" "Traffics and Discoveries
" "Actions and Reactions" "Debits and Credits "Limits and
"Renewals
" "The Phantom Rickshaw
1924 " "The Wish House
1915 " "Mary Postgate
1880 " "The Man Was
1902 " "Just so Stories
" "The Jungle Book" "Puck of Pooks's Hills "
"Rewards and Fairies
1899 " "From Sea to Sea
1936
)
(John W. Campbell
1939
""If 1895
1910 "Rewards and
"Fairies
) (Dr. Leander Starr Jameson
1895
" The White Man's Burden" 1899
" "McClure
)(38
Modern
Modernist
( 93
)
93-92-91
)
(
( - 148
)
!
( - 130
)
) (39
( - 133
)
!
( -136
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( -203
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( 109-108
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( -158
)
)(41
)(42
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( -122
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(- 40
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( -56
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( -267
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( -267
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( -401
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( -140
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( -292
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o
( -296
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o
( -451
)
( -224
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:
" The Spirit of man in its forward movement is restrained by forces
which seem to be working in opposite directions. This is only
another way of saying that life moves with the weight of its own
past on its back and that in view of social change, the value and
function of the forces of conservation can not be lost sight of. It is
with this organic insight into the essential teaching of the Quran
that modern rationalism ought to apporach our existing
institutions. No people can afford to reject their past entirely; for
)it is their past that made their personal identity." (53
)(54
)(55
)(56
( -420
)
)(57
29 1929
)(58
)(59
) (60
)(61
( -393
)
( -396
)
( -436
)
( -496
)
( -398
)
( -400
)
( -443
)
( -403
)
( -445
)
( -393
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) ( 407
( -444
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( -451
)
( -408
)
) (62
)(63
)
(64
)(65
) (66
)
(67
) (68
)(69
)Reconstruction of
(Religious Thought in Islam
) (70
) (1 )(2) (3 )(4
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( -534
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o
(- 641
)
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(71
:
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( -621
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( -435-434
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( -583
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( -661
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( -395
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( -394
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( -749
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) (
( -654
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:
( -648
)
:
) (77
- :
1 2002 1256
Wikipeadia, free encydlopedia: Internet
-2
Ibid
-3
Ibid
-4
Ibid
-5
Ibid
-6
Ibid
-7
:
8 812-811
- -2119
9;Professor Mumtaz Ahmed: Literary Criticism -10
Ch. Ghulam Rasool & Sons, Lahore, 1989, P.611
Ibid: P. 611 -11
)( )(:
12 2005 -204
: -205
13 1994 - 253
14 :
)( ) (:
15 205
)(
16
1984 -120
)(
171989 -8-7
: -9-8
18 1997 -134-133
19)( : :
: -137-136
20 ) ( :
21 1977 -190
: -191
22 :
23 1964 -105-103
) -1(:
24 2003 -356-354
( : 185-184
25: ) -8
1990
41)( :
38
-105
42
-10
43
-128
44 :
-11
45 -138
45
: -142
47
: -134
48
: -132
49 -13
50
51)(
1977 -370
: -371
52,Iqbal: Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam -53
P.166-167
:
54 -81
: -184
55 -165
56 :
) ( :
57 -104
58 )( :
1986 -104-103
: 105-104
59
: -12
60
: -86
61 -77
62 :
: -77
63: -139-138
64: -61
65 )(: -169
66 : -11
67 : -604-603
68)( :
:
69
1993
-601
70 )( :
2005 -465
: -426
71)( :
722000 -146
73:
1986 -247
74 1986 -341
: : -271-268
75 1975
76 -152
.Dr. Anne-marie Schimmel: Gabriel's Wing, E.J -77
.Brill; Leiden; 1963, P.295
:
)
(HippolyteTaine) (Comte ) (Emile Zola )
(Darwin ) (Naturalism
) (J. A. Cuddon :
" In literature naturalism developed out of realism. The main
influences that went to forming a different point of view were
Darwin's biological theories, Comte's application of scientific ideas
to the study of society, and Taine's application of deterministic
)theories to literature." (1
Nature
) (2
)(3
) (Naturalism
) (4
) (5
) (Causes
) (6
) (7
)(8
)(9
)(10
Realism
) (Epistemology Realism
""Real " "Res
Real
Realism
Realism
1832
1875
)(11
) (Goncourt Brothers )Edmund
(Jules ) (Alphonse Daudet
Germinie
Lacerteux 1865
Therese Raquin 1868
Rougon Macquart 1871 1893
Germinal
1885
) (Maupassant )J.K.
(Huysmans ) (George Moore )George
(Gissing
)(G.M. Conrad
) (17
) (1902-1840
) (Aix
"Therese
"Raquin
)Rougon-
(Macquart
"
"Le Assomoir
"Le
"Reve
""Lourdes, Rome, Paris
Dreyfus
Jaccuse
1899
)(18
) (William Wordsworth)(1850-1770
Lyrical Ballads Ballads
Tintern Abbey
1799
1800 Lyrical Ballads
The Prelude 1842
)(19
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)(20
1832
1875
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) 8: 1874(
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1897 1905
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) (27
)(28
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)(29
) (30
) (31
) (Animism
Empathy
)(32
:
o
o
( -53-52
)
( -61
)
( -58
)
( 85:
)
) (33
( -121
)
( -111
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( 398
)
)(34
( -596-595
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)(
( -393
)
( -377
)
,J.A. Cuddon: Literary Terms and Literary Theory -1
.Penguin Books,London,1992, P-537
2 :
2002 1298
;Mumtaz Ahmed: Literary Criticism (Professor) -3
.Ch. Ghulam Rasool & Sons, Lahore, 1989, P- 581
- : 1298
4 ) 8 (:
5 2003 332
)1(:
6 2003 411
.Professor Mumtaz Ahmed: OP.Cit.p.581 -7
- 1298
8.J.A. Cuddon: Op. Cit; P-537 -9
,(8 ( :232
10)( , )( :
11:
2005 143
.J.A. Cuddon: Op. Cit., P-538 -12
.Prof. Mumtaz Ahmed: op. cit: P-580 -13
)( )(: 144
14-
198-197
34:
:
)(1
) (2
Imitation
Imitation
) (3
Imitaion
) (4
Imitation
Counterfiet
) (5
Mimic Mimicry
)(6
) (model )(7
Imitation
)(8
Originality
Originality
Imitation
)(9
Imitation
)(10
1830
1850 1880
) (11
)(12
)(13
) (1842-1783 )Marie Henry
(Beyle ) (Stendhal
) (Grenoble
1811
) (Salon
" "La Charteuse de Parme
1822 Racine of
"Shakespear" " "Vie de Rossini
"Armance"1827
1830
" "Le Rouge et le Noir
Julien Sorel
Le Charteuse de Parme
)(14
) (Belinsky
1849
1849
1849
)(15
) (Gustave Flaubert)(1880-1821
) (Roven
1846
Crosset
1854
1864 )Mile Louise
(Colet
1849
1850
) (Madame Bovary
) (Salammbo
"La Education
"Sentimentale
"La
"Tentation de Saint Antoine 1877
" "Trios Contes "Bouvard et
"Pecuchet
)(16
) (Honore De Balzac)(1850-1799
1820 1822
Oeuvres de Jeunesse
) (Britany
) (Fougeres
Les Chovans
Physiologie of Marraige
"La Comedie
"Humaine
)(17
:
( -108/92
)
) (18
) (19
) ( -70
( -71
)
( -99
)
( -124
)
) ( -100
) ( -427
10 1931
1907 1914
1914
) (20
) ( -271
1923 1924
) (21
) ( -396
)(22
:
)(23
1929
) (24
)(25
1929 1929
) (26
( -55
)
( -149
)
( -165
)
)(27
)
(28
( -87
)
( -100
)
( -421
)
( -428
)
( -407
)
( -74
)
( -74
)
( -103
)
( -264
)
( -263
)
( -100
)
!
( -349
)
( -153
)
(-165
)
( -356
)
:
)(29
) (Positvism )
(Pragmatism
)
) (
(
( -374
)
o
( -372
)
!
( -357-356
)
:
:
:
)(30
:
)(31
) 1912(
( -224
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1914-1913
1914
) (32
) (33
:
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(34
( -420
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) (35
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( -302
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( -457
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) (38
)(39
) (40
( -132
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( -81
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) ( -143
) (41
) (42
)(43
) (44
) (45
) (46
) (47
) (48
) (49
o
)
(50
( -111
)
( -128
)
)(51
) ( 52
) (53
) (54
15 1916
)(55
)(56
( -373
)
( -278
)
( -364
)
Push
Pull
)(57
) (58
( -557
)
:
)(59
)(60
)(61
( -458
)
)(: -85
24
: -86
25 -90
26)(i :
)(ii )(: -240
1981 -151981
27 -5
28)(:
-84
29:
30
:
) (
1986
-233
: -233
31)(: -64
32)( :: :
33:
2004169-155
149
34)( :
-89-88
35 :
: 90-89-
36
37
:
1968 - 721
:
38 695-693
: 720-696
39)( :
40
1972 -61
: -73
41
: -73
42: -721 727
43 :
44 1977
-141
: -717
45: -715
46: -719
47)( : 1977
48 -136
: -137
49-
5051
: -720
: ::
: 1983
-37
:
52 :
-196-195
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53)(
231-230
: :
54
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55:
:
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: -203
56: -40
57
: -323
58) ()():()(:
59 -67
: -145
60: -80
61
)(1
:
" It applies to a vision of the condition and existence of man, his
place and function in the world and his
)relationship, or lack of one with God." (2
:
)(3
) (1831-1770
)(4
)(5
)(Kierkegaard ) (Carl Marx )(Feurbach
) (Schelling
) (Hegel
) (Ortega Y. Gasset
)(6
)(7
)
(8
Marts
Sam Sepulture
)(9
)(10
Phenomenology of Mind
:
)
(11
) (Acute
:
)
(
)(12
:
" Thus the passion of man is the reverse of that a Christ, for man
loses himself as man in order that God may be born. But the idea
of God is contradictory and we lose ourselves in vain. Man is a
)useless passion". (13
)(14
1
2
)(15
) (1650-1596 )
)-1813
(1662-1623) (1804-1724) (1831-1770
(1855) (1900-1844) (1965-1878 )(1969-1883
) (1976-1889 ) (1973-1889 )
(1986-1908) (1960-1913 ) (1931
) (Soren Kierkegaard
Fear and
)Trembling (1843 ) Sickness onto Death (1848
)(16
)(17
) (Neitzsche ) (Dionys
) (Appolo
)(18
) (Martin Heidgger Desein
)(19
)(Existence
) (Carl Jaspers
) (Dasien
) (Gabriel Marcel
)Existence et existentialisme (1925
) (Existentialism
" "I am What I am
)
(20
) (Jean Cayrol
)(Lue Estang
The Metamorphosis The Trial
Notes from Underground
Crime and Punishment
) (Husserl
( -53
)
!
( -226
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( -460
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:( )
1 :
-78 2005
J.A.Cuddon: The Penguin Dictionary of Literary -2
;Terms and Literary Theory; Penguin Books
.London; 1999; P.294
New Encyclopedia Britannica: Volume VIII, P.78 -3
,W. Barrel: What is Existentialism?, Grove Press -4
.New York, 1964; P.46
.Ibid. P.46 -5
J. Ortega Y-Gasset: Towards a Philosophy of -6
History, Translated by H.Weyl, The World
Publishing Company, New York; 1941, P.216-17
Walter Kaufman (Ed): Existentialism; From -7
,Dostoevsky to Sartre: Meridien Books
.New York;1961: P.11
J.P.Sartre: Existentialism and Religious Belief, P.Mairet -8
.Methuen, London, 1965; P.25
Everyman's Encyclopedia; Vol. V: J.M.Dent and -9
.Sons, London 1958; P.57-58
1989
10 :
-342
J.P.Sartre: Being and Nothingness. English -11
,Translation by Hazel E.Barnez Philosophical Library
.New York, 1956; P. 709
George Novack: Introduction to -12
,Existentialism/Marxism, Marjorie Grene
.Chicago, 1959, P.5
.J.P.Sartre: Op. cit. P.784 -13
:( ))(
14-79
.Wikipedia, the free encylopedia from internet .15
.Ibid: Internet -16
17 :
1987 -98-197
.Wikipedia: Op.cit -18
.Ibid: Internet -19
.Ibid: Internet -20
.Ibid: Internet -21
) ( :
22
2003 302
.Wikidpedia: Op. cit -23
) -( 428
24
25
:
1986 -140
: -141
26
: -128
27
: -120
28
: -187 ,136
29
: -132
30
: -121
31
: -123
32: -138
33
34 )(:
-24
:
35 : 1988 -315
36
:
Socialism
)(1
)(2
)(3
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:
)(4
)(5
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)( )(7
:
)(8
)(9
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) (11
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( 15
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)(16
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) (1910-1828
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)
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) (Alexei Maximovich Pyeshkov
1883
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1905
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1906
)(21
) (22
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) (23 Bawdy Face
Twenty Six Men and a Girl
)(24
) (Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
)(1821-1881
)(Belinsky
1849
1849
1849
) (Idiot
)(25
)(1893-1930) (Vladimir Mayakovsky
1917
15
)(26
" "The Muslim Community: A Sociological Study
)
(
"The Develpment of
"Metaphysics in Persia
17 1914
:
)(27
Touch":
"of Hegelianism in Lisanul Asr Akbar "New Era": :
18 1917
:
:
:
1905 1908
1934
35-1934
)(28
)(29
)(30
) (31
)(32
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1951 :
)(33
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!
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)
(46
:
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to be a Hinduism for Islam, the acceptance of Social Democracy in
some suitable form is not a revolution but a return to the original
purity of
)Islam." (47
)(48
) (49
23 1923
)(50
)(51
)(52
( 662
)
:
)(53
:
1936
)(54
) (1936 1922 1935
)(55
)(56
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3 :
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5 1994
367
: 568
6-
: 568
7
) ( - )(
8
2005 65-66
)(:
9 1970
21
: 50-49
10)(:
11
1985136
;Frederick Engels: Selected Works; Moscow; 1969 -12
.P-31
)(: 30
13
:78
14 (:
15 )-8
2003309
Cuddon, J.A: The Penguin Dictionary of Lietrary -16
,Terms and Literary Theory, Penguin Books
.London; 1999; P-837
: 1975
1794
:89
18)(: 140-139
19 )-1(:165
20
:458
21 : 96-95
22
:96
23
:101-100
24 :242
25
:488
26 )(
27:
1992323-320
:
28
90-1989 181
:
29-
194380
:87
30
:
31
43-37
32
1979282
:
33 1977
43 34 32 31 30 29 27 26 23 22 13
:44
34
:48
35
:76
36 : 1989
37158
:
38
" "All India Weekly
100
:92
39:265
40 198660
41:
:61
42
:63
43
:74
44: 1968
45139-137
:
46
1952
)107
96 (
Iqbal: Letters of Iqbal to Jinnah, Muhammad -47
Ashraf, Lahore; 1963: P-19
48 )(:
1981247
: )(
49 1965 99-98
)(:
50 19867-6
:
51 269-268
:278
52
53 :
197789
:92
54 :
55
56
:59
56 : 198525
57 :
58
1988102-100
:
59 1984
1956 528-527
:
The word Symbol comes from the Greek "Symbolon" which "
means contract, token, insignia and a means of
identification." (1)
:
The use of word to suggest or to intimate, rather than to convey "
specific meaning, in an essential
characteristic of poetry." (2)
:
A word, phrase image or the like, having a complex of associated "
meaning and perceived as having inherent value, separable from
that which is symbolized, as being part of that which as
symbolized and as performing that which is normal function of
standing for or representing that which is symbolized, usually
conceived as deriving its meaning chiefly from the structure in
which it appears and generally, distinguished from a sign."(3)
( The Dictionary of Literary Terms)
:
The word symbol derives from the Greek verb symballien, mark, "
emblem, token or sign...... A literary symbol combines an image
with a concept (words themselves are a kind of symbol) it may be
public or private, universal or local."(4)
" Symbolism" ( Charles Chadwick)
:
)(8
:
)(9
:
)(Conventional Symbols
)(Accidental Symbols
)(Universal Symbols
:
)(10
)(11
)(12
:
)(13
:
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)(15
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)(16
:
)(17
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( Imagism
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)(22
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) (
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)(35
)(1821-1867) (Charles Pierr Boudelaire
) (Lyon
1839
Les Fleurs du Mal
Cathleen ni Haulihan
Unicorn
)(37
) (Henric Ibsen)(1906-1828
1897
)(38
) (T.S.Eliot)(1965-1888
Wasteland,1922
1936
) (Chorus
)(39
:
)(40
:
)(41
:
)(42
98 112
:
:
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)(43
( 313
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( 146
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( 320
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)(48
!
( 475-474
)
( 345
)
( -110
)
(79
)
.The New Encyclopedia of Britannica: London .1
.15th Edition, Vol 17, 1973-74, P.900
The Encyclopedia of Americana, Grolier .2
.Incorporated, Danbury, Vol.26, 1972, P. 166
16 :
)( :
1987 144
17)( :
1989 118
:
18
34-23 321
.J.A Cuddon: op.cit. P.413 .19
)( ) (:
20
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21 ) -1( :
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:118-117
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27:
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31 1978 -58
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41 7
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45
204
: :
46
1995 9 35 85
: 1977 405
47,Dr. Anne-marie Schimmel, : Gabriel's Wings -48
.E.T.Brill, Leiden, 1963, P.295
) (
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1913
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1920
1922
1923
1932
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148 140 191 200 239 246
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57
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28
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36
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1972
14 15
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46
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76
!
!
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(353
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:
( 365
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( 371
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( 396
)
Strained Paradox
( 349
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(345
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( 347
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( 354
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16
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Paradise
Lost
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( 98
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(99
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31 93
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199 ( 198
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32
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!
213( 212
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318( 319
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1989 9
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2
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8
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210
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438
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1977
35 36
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