3.

.
:
Newton
,

.
3.1.

,
(3 ) , ,
.


.

, x, y, z t.
(steady) ,
, .

, (unsteady).
, ,

.
.
.
:
C=

1
!

"

T
o

y dt

,
.

. ,
.
.


.

 . ,

.
, .
H



.
,

. .
,
.

.
,
.

.

.

.

, ,
.
, ,
,

.
,
,

r .
3.1.1. .

. , ,
, ,

 .
.

, , , , ,
.
,

.
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

,
t
t .
3.1.2. .
,
. ,
, :
,
.
,
, .
s, C

s t :

!C =

!C
!C
! s + !t
!s
!t

s
:

!s =

dC !C !s !C
!C !C
=
+
=C
+
dt !s dt !t
!s !t

!C

!t
!C
, C

!s
.

()
.

!C

!t

C ,
.
,
:

!n =

C 2 !Cn
+
rs
!t

rs
Cn r

.
3.2.

.
, ,
,
.

.
,
, .

1 2,
C1 C2

1C11

2C22 :
1C11 = 2C22
:

m! =

"

!C! dA = const

C
dA.
3.3.

Bernoulli

. ,

Newton
.
H

ewton.
s
. 3.1.
2 Newton.
:
)

)

, ,
.

. 3.1

() (),
() ()
.
. pA
: (P+p) (A+A).
z = const
, .
(+)- =
.
p+kp 0 1,
s : (p + p)A
, s :

pA ( p + p)( A + A) + ( p + p)A = Ap (1 )pA

,
p.
s
s:

gAs cos
:

!A! p ! " gA! s cos#

 , :
!A! p ! " gA! z = " A! s

dC
dt

dC
:
dt

dCs
!C !C
= Cs s + s
ds
!s
!t

!Cs 1 dp
dC
dz
+
+ Cs s + g = 0
!t ! ds
ds
ds

= 0 :
t

1 dp
dC
dz
+ Cs s + g = 0
! ds
ds
ds
Euler
, s,

=const.
Bernoulli.

p Cs2
+
+ gz = const = K
! 2
,
:

p/

Cs2/2

gz

z




.

 Bernoulli :




..

.

1 2 :

p1 C12
p C2
+
+ gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz2
! 2
! 2
3.4.

,
,
.

,
, .
m,
,

,

!Q = !E + !W

Q .

,
, , ...


.

.
W

 . 3.2

. 3.2
1 p1, , , C1
z1 2 p2, C2 z2.
Q W.

.
m 1 t
. :
1
! m(e1 + C12 + gz1 )
2

:
1
E + ! m(e1 + C12 + gz1 )
2

 .
:
1
E + ! m(e2 + C22 + gz2 )
2

:
1
1
1
E + ! m(e2 + C22 + gz2 ) ![E + ! m(e1 + C12 + gz1 )] = ! m[(e2 ! e1 ) + (C22 ! C12 ) + g(z2 ! z1 )]
2
2
2

Q ( )
W ( ..
) .
p1 ,
(p1A1) s1
t.

p2A2s2. , :
1
!Q = ! m[(e2 " e1 ) + (C22 " C12 ) + g(z2 " z1 )]+ dW + p2 A2! s2 " p1 A1! s1
2

q=

!Q
1
!W p2 p1
= (e2 ! e1 ) + (C22 ! C12 ) + g(z ! z1 ) +
+ !
!m
2
! m "2 "1

q=(

p2 1 2
p 1
+ C2 + gz2 ) ! ( 1 + C12 + gz1 ) + (e2 ! e1 ) + W
!2 2
!1 2

q W .

.
)

)

.
)
,
.
)

1 2 .


. ,
, ,
.

.
:

C=

!C " A / S A !

()
,
:
MKE =

1
!C 2C dA /
2

!C dA

C / 2 ,
.

, ,
:

C
R ! r 17
=(
)
Cmax
R
R r ,
r=0, C= Cmax.

:
2

MKE = 1.058C / 2

6%.
, :
2

MKE = ! (C / 2)

.

 ,

.
3.4.1. .

, q = 0 W = 0.
,

.
:

p2 1 2
p 1
+ C2 + gz2 ) ! ( 1 + C12 + gz1 ) = 0
! 2
! 2

Bernoulli.
, ,
.

.

q , .
,

:

e2 ! e1 ! q
,
hf = (e2 e1 q ) / g
:

p1 C12
p C2
+
+ z1 ! h f = 2 + 2 + z2
! g 2g
! g 2g
C1 C2 1 2. o
, C1=C2 o
z1=z2
p1-p2 = ghf,

1 2
. ghf ,
.

 ,

.
3.5.

Bernoulli

H Bernoulli
,

. ,

,


Bernoulli.
3.5.1. .
H . 3.3
h .

.
,



.

. 3.3 h
,
.
,

.

. 3.4 d

, . 3.4
d/2
. .
vena-contracta
.
Bernoulli.
Bernoulli:

p1 C12
p C2
+
+ z1 = a + 2 + 0
!g 2
!g 2
1 , C1=0
:

p1 = pa + g (h z1 )

C22 = 2gh ! C2 = 2gh

Torricelli.


m! !" = # 2gh

$d2
4

 ,
.

:
)
,
cv
)
venacontracta cc.
cd = cv.cc
.

m! = cd m! !"
d<<h. d h

Torricelli
.
d/h :
cv = 0,97 : 0,99
, cv .
cc 0,61-0,66
.. ,
vena-contracta.

.
. 3.5:
)
, bell-mouth shape,

)


.

. 3.5

. 3.6:
Bernoulli, (1) (2) :

p1 C12
p2
C22
+
+ z1 =
+ z2 +
! g 2g
!g
2g

C2 = 2g(h1 ! h2 )

. 3.6

2.

(2),

3.5.2. PITOT.
,
,

, .
(stagnation point).

. 3.7
C .
C .

.

.

. 3.7
,
.
Bernoulli:
1
p + !C 2 + g! z = const
2

z
:
1
p + !C 2 = po
2

, po,
o 0
12 !C 2 .
p
,
:
C = 2( po ! p) / !

. 3.8 Pitot
H Pitot.
(1) p ( )
.
po.
(1)
. (2),
Pitot, d
D
.

Pitot-static.

. 3.9 Pitot-static

 , ,
. ,


Pitot. :
C = cs 2!p / !

cs ,
,
Pitot-Static.
Pitot-Static 1%.
p
C,

2

(C ) (C) .
3.5.3. VENTURI.
Venturi x
. , -
20 - 6
. 3.10.

. 3.10 Venturi

 , Bernoulli (1) (2)

:

p1
Q2
p2
Q2
+
+
z
=
+
+ z2
1
! g 2gA12
! g 2gA22
Q :

Q!"#$ = [

[( p1 % p2 ) / ! g + (z1 % z2 )]2g 12
]
1
1
( 2 % 2)
A2 A1

(1) (2),
:

h = (

p1
p
+ z1 ) ( 1 + z2 )
g
g

Q = A1 [

1
2gh
]2
1
A
[( 1 ) 2 1] 2
A2

h

:

Q = c d Q
: cd = 0,98.
d 2 0,5 0,25.
d1
, 2,

.
1 2 ,
4 ,
.
1 2
2, ,
Ventouri , cd
.

 , ,

.

, 6 8.
Ventouri
,
.

10D
. ,

.

3.5.4. .
, Ventouri,
.
Bernoulli
.
. 3.11 .

. 3.11

 .
. :

C22 p1 p2 C12
C2
=
!
+
= "h + 1
2g ! g ! g 2g
2g
h .


Bernoulli

cv =

C2
C2!"#$

cc, :

c c = Ac / Ao
c Vena-contracta 0
..
(m3/s) Q = C1A = C2Ac :
1

cd Ao (2g!h) 2
Q=
1
[1" cd2 (Ao / A1 )2 ] 2

cd = cv cc.
, :
1

Q = cAo (2gh) 2 /[1 ( Ao / A1 ) 2 ] 2

c
.

,
. .. British standard 1042 ISO.
3.6.

Euler Bernoulli
.
.
n

. 3.12.

. 3.12 K
n, Newton
.
n.
,
r r+r .
, s, C.
:

m = .r
:

W = gm = gr
n :

( p + p)A pA + W cos = pA + gAr . cos = p + gAz

n, :
C "C
(! p + " g! z)! A = "!!! r# n = "!!! r( + n )
r "t

r 0, :
!p
!z
C 2 !Cn
+ !g = !( +
)
!r
!r
r
!t

 , r = , ,
r

= 0,
t

p + gz = const ,
.

, , .
3.7.

Newton,

.
,
.
m Cx x,
Cxm.
.
.

.

, ,
.
,
, .

. 3.13

m
. x
:

% C !m
x

!"#$

t :

! A"B"#"$"Cx! m = ! %&#$Cx! m ' ! %&&"%"Cx! m + !#$$"#"Cx! m

, x t
:

! #"$"%"&"Cx! m ' ! #$%&Cx! m = !&%%"&"Cx! m ' ! #$$"#"Cx! m

Cx ,
t :

(Cx !! m)"##$"$ % (Cx !! m)&''$&$

:

m
= ( m )
) = m
t
t

! x2 ! Cx1 )
Fx = m(C
.
,
Newton, Fx.
, y

! y2 ! Cy1 )
Fy = m(C
z:

! z2 ! Cz1 )
Fz = m(C

 ,
:
m

m! = !1 A1C1 = !2 ! 2C2
1 C1 2
C2
,
,
,
C.
, :

Fx =

! mCx =

"CCx ! A

C. ,

:

Fx =

A2

!2C2Cx2 dA2 "

A1

!1C1Cx1 dA1

Fy =

A2

!2C2Cy2 dA2 "

A1

!1C1Cy1 dA1

Fz =

A2

!2C2Cz2 dA2 "

A1

!1C1Cz1 dA1

:
)

1 2

.
)
.
.
)

,
.
)
F


,
.

,
.


.



.


. n
,


.
: ! C(C ! d A)
C
n. ! (C ! d A)
C
.

! (C ! d A)
C,
.
3.7.1. .
,


.
3.7.1.1
. 3.14
. C,
.
z .

. 3.14
, ,
p.

, ,
z . :
:

Fx =

!CCx dA

y:

Fy =

!CCy dA

:
Cx = 0
y,
, :

! (y22 B)C22 (C22 ! n22 ) = ( ! y22 B)(" C22 )( C22 )

!"

(22)

!C22C22 dA

:
,
, :

! (x1B)C1 (C1 ! n1 ) = ( ! x1B)( C1 )(" C1 cos" )

C1 ! n = "C1 cos!

! " !C1C1 cos" dA

(1)

y :

! " !C1C1 sin " dA

(1)

C1y = C1 sin !
:

 , :
x y .
:
x,
y
y,
:

! (y21B)C21 (C21 ! n21 ) = ( ! y21B)( C21 )( C21 )

(21)

!C21C21 dA

Fx = ! " !C12 cos" dA

(1)

Fy = ! " !C12 sin " dA !

(1)

"

(22)

!C222 dA +

"

(21)

!C212 dA

Fy
,
.
x
,
.
Fx
.
..
.
, Cx ,
Cy,
,
C, W
W = C ! C!

3.7.1.2
,
,
.
.

. 3.15
,
1.
3.15.
,
.

:

(x)

-C1C1A1

(y)

(x)

(y)

(x)

2C2C2cosA2 = 2QC2cos

(x)

2C2C2sinA2
(y)

!F = pdA = p(dA)n
To
.

 .

.

!F = ! pdA = ! p(dA)n


.
.
()

Fpx = p1A1,

Fpy = 0

(B)

Fpx = 0,

Fpy = 0

()

Fpx = -p2A2cos

Fpx = -p2A2sin

() Fpx = 0,

Fpy = 0

:
Fx = p1A1 p2A2cos + F
Fy = -p2A2sin + Fy
F .

, :
p1A1-p2A2cos+Fx = -QC1 + QC2cos = Q(C2 cos-C1)

F = Q(C2cos-C1) +p2A2cos p1A1

Fy = (QC2 + p2A2) sin

Q m3/sec.
, : p1,p2

.
F F
.

 ,
.

F.

3.7.1.3

. 3.16
, ,


.
:
:

-C12A1

C222

p1A1

-p2A2

F,
:
p1 A1 ! p2 A2 + Fx = ! (C22 A2 ! C12 A1 ) = !Q(C2 ! C1 )

Q :

Fx = !Q(C2 ! C1 ) + p2 A2 ! p1 A1
:

!Fx = p1 A1 ! p2 A2 ! !Q((C2 ! C1 )
jet.

C1 u2
.
1 = 2 p1 = p2
:

Fx = !!Q(C2 ! C1 )
C2>C1 .

. 3.17
. 3.17 .

, C2,
.
F,
:

Fx = !( " !C22 dA)

A

,
.