6.

Navier-Stokes .
, ,
,
.
,
, .

.
,
, ,

.
,

, ,
.

.
6.1

.
:

, .

Navier-Stokes
:
(6.1)

!C ! "C = #"p + " 2C

L U
(6.1) :
C '.!'C ' = "!'(#p)'+

1
!'2 C '
Re

(6.2)

C ,
.

C' =

C
!1
U

L, , xi ' =

xi

L

.
x '

(6.2) , ,
,
,
.

!UL
,

, Re. T
Re,
.
, Reynolds, Re =

6.1.1 Re.
Re ,
.
:
Reynolds
.
(6.2) :
0 = !"'(#p)'+

1
"'2 C '
Re

,
. ,
:

!p = ! 2C

(6.3)

(creeping motion) .
, Cx
.


, .
Re ,
(laminar flow).
6.1.2 Re

. (6.2) :

C ! "C ' = #"$(%p)$

(6.4)

!C ! "C = #"p

(6.5)

Euler .

.
Navier-Stokes, (6.1),
Euler (6.5), ,
, Euler
. Euler
Reynolds
Navier-Stokes. ,

. ,

, (non-slip condition),
.
, ,
,
,
, . ,
.
, , ,

Re ,
, , .
,
, (boundary layer).
, , Re,
,
.



. Re,
( )
.
6.2

.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
6.2.1 .
Hagen
Poiseuille .

z
.
.
,
.


z
.

.
z
!Ci
=0
!z

.

,

, .

. z ,
!p
<0
!z

.
.

r= R

C=0

6.1 .
r, , C,
,
r+r, C+C.

. 6.1
,
p.
.
,
:

! =

!C
!r

, ,
.

(6.6)

Fi = 2! r." .dx

(6.7)

Fp = dpr 2

(6.8)

, ,
. ,
(6.7) (6.8) :

r dp
2 dx

(6.9)

(6.6) , :

dC r dp
=
dr 2 dx

(6.10)

dC
r dp
=
dr 2 dx

(6.11)

, (6.9) ,
:

C=

r 2 dp
+k
4 dx

(6.12)

k,
,

r=R, C=0

k =!

R 2 dp
.
4 dx

k, (6.12) :

C(r) = !

1 dp 2 2
(R ! r )
4 dx

(6.13)

dp/dx, ,
.

, r=0. r,
, (6.13).
,
dr (6.2),
C(r).

. 6.2 dr
Q, :

!Q = C!! = C2" r! r
C (6.13)
, :

Q=

1 dp
R 4 dp
( )(R 2 r 2 )2r .dr =
( )
4 dx
8 dx

(6.14)

, 1 2
l , :

! R4
Q=
( p2 ! p2 )
8l

(6.15)

U=

Q
dp R 4
dp R 2
= ( )
/ R 2 = ( )( )
A
dx 8
dx 8

(6.16)

6.2.2 .

,


, .
6.3 .

.

. 6.3
, ,
Cx, .
Cy .
Navier-Stokes :

!Cx
!Cx
!Cx
1 !p !2Cx !2Cx
+ Cx
+ Cy
="
+ (
+
)
!t
!x
!y
! !x ! !x 2 !y 2

(6.17)

!p
!2 C
= 2x = "G
!x
!y
:

y=,

Cx=0,

y=0,

!Cx
=0
!y

(6.18)

 dp/dx , y.
, (6.18)
:

!Cx
G
= " y + k1
!y

Cx = !

G 2
y + k1 y + k2
2

k1 k2 .
:

Cx =

G 2 2
(! ! y )
2

(6.19)

.
, :

m! =

"

"
!"

!C x y =

"

"
!"

G 2 2
(" ! y )dy = 2G !" 3 / 3 = m!
2

(6.20)

6.2.3

V . ,

.
t
, ,
,

!C

Cy
!x
.

. 6.4

 . 6.4
.
Navier-Stokes , :

!Cx
!C
!C
1 !p !2Cx !2Cx
+ Cx x + Cy x = "
+ (
+
)
!t
!x
!y
! !x ! !x 2 !y 2

(6.21)

, :
0=!

"p
"2 C
+ 2x
"x
"x

(6.22)

y=0, Cx = 0

y=, Cx = V

(6.22) :

Cx =

.
Gy 2
+ k1 y + k2
2

:
k2 = 0 : k1 =

V
!
!G
!
2

Cx =

G 2
Vy
(y ! ! y) +
2
!

(6.24)

dp
G=
dx
(6.24)
, V.
(6.24) y

!Cx
=0.
!y

!Cx G
G
V
= y"
!+ =0
!y
2
!
V=0, y=/2
V>0,

y=

V
>
G 2

V<0,

y=

<

, .
, Q, :
!

Q=

!
!

G )# y 3 y 2! & Vy 2 ,
G 3 V!
C dy =
! +
+% "
. ="
(+
2 *$ 3
2 ' 2! -!
12
2

(6.25)

V G. ,
, , .
Couette.
6.2.4
, . 6.5,
1 2 .

.6.5

 .

.
z,
.
Navier-Stokes :
r-:

!C"2
dp
!
=!
r
dr

(6.26)

-:

!2C! 1 !C! C!
+
" 2 )=0
!r 2 r !r
r

(6.27)

:
r=a1,

C=11

r=2,

C=22

(6.27)
C (6.26)
.



.
(6.27) :
C! = Ar +

B
r

(6.28)

A=

2 22 1 12
22 12

B=

(1 2 ) 12 22
22 12

 1, ,
1, :

" C
4"#12# 22 (#2 $ #1 )
!1 = ! .2"#1#1 = [r ( $ )]r=# 2"#1#1 =
" r
# 22 $ #12

(6.29)

2=-1.
(7.19)
. 1 1 2
1 2, :

1 ( 22 12 )
4 12 22 ( 2 1 )

(6.30)

2, , :

=!

"1 (! 22 ! !12 )
4"!1 ! 2#1

(6.31)

:
1 1 .
6.2.5
(creeping motion)
Reynolds
. Stokes
.

. 6.6
,
C! .
r

, ,
, =0.
. 6.6.
.
. C! = 0
:

!
=0.
!!
:
r=

C=0

Cr=0

r , :

C! ! C" sin !

Cr ! C" cos!
Navier-Stokes
:
r:

!Cr C" !Cr C"2

+
" ]=
!r
r !"
r
2
!p
! C 2 !Cr 2Cr 1 !2Cr cos" !Cr 2 !Cu
" + [ 2r +
" 2 + 2
+ 2
"
]
!r
!r
r !r
r
r !" 2
r !" r 2 !"

![Cr

(6.32)

:
!Cu Cr C" C" !C"
1 !p
+
+
]="
+
!r
r
r !"
r !"
!2C 2 !C"
C
1 !2C" cos" !C" 2 !Cr
[ 2" +
" 2 "2 + 2
+ 2
+
]
!r
r !r r sin " r !" 2
r
!" r 2 !"

![Cr

(6.32)

, Stokes,

.
(7.22) ,
, ,
Cr, C, p.
,
:

!Cr !Cr 1 !C! C! cot !

+
+
+
=0
!r
r
r !r
r

(6.33)

:
Cr = C! cos! [1"

3" " 3
+
]
2r 2r 3

3" " 3
C! = !C" sin ! [1!
+
]
4r 4r 3

p ! p" = !

3 C"!
cos"
2 r2

(6.34)

(6.34)

(6.34)

p! .
x,
,
.
:
dFi = ! (

"C!
)r=" sin ! dA
"r

(6.35)

dFp = !( p ! po )r=! cos" dA

(6.35)

(7.24) :
dD = dFi + dFp = (

3C!
)dA
2!

,
C! :
D=6 C!

(6.36)

.
(drag coefficient) :

cD =

D
6#
=
2
2
1 !C 4"
Re
!
2

(6.37)

 Re :

Re =

!C! 2"

(6.38)

(6.36)
.
. 6.6
.

. 6.36
m
.

4
W! = ! ! g " a 3
3

(6.39)

>
.
, ,

4
W! = "! g " a 3
3

(6.40)

!=

F
m

(6.41)

F .
t + ! t

Ct+!t = Ct + " ! ! t

(6.42)

D 6.36.

(6.43)

F = WA + W! + D

4
Ft = g( ! ! ! " ! # ) "# 3 " 6"#Ct
3

(6.44)

4
g( ! ! ! " ! # ) "# 3 = 6"#Cterm
3

Cterm = g( ! ! ! " ! # )

2 2
"
9

(6.45)

,
:

= g( ! ! ! " ! # )

2
"2
9Cterm

(6.46)

, , Re
,
Stokes.

.
, ,

. , ,
.