12.

12.1.

C0 .

12.2.

C0 , .
Newton

.

12.1 ,
C0.

.

. 12.1

,
d :

d F n = pd A (12.1)

.
, s,
 d,
:

d F s = dAs (12.2)

s s.

(12.1) (12.2) , :

F = (dFn + dFs ) = sdA (12.3)

5.7,

:

F!" = " pdA (12.4)

!

(12.4)
.

, 5.7.

C0 :

)
)
.

F
F. ,
,
F.

,
C0 D (drag)
C0
L (lift).

12.2.1. .

L
cL C0, :

1
L = cL A( !C!2 ) (12.5)
2

.

2.2.2 .

.

,
.
, .
(11.5) :

1
L = cL A[ ! (C0 ! C" )2 ] (12.6)
2

C ,
C0.

12.2.2 .

D C0
:

!
D = cD A C02 (12.7)
2

cD . cD
cf

(form drag coefficient)
C0
. H D
C0
d, p , :

D = f (C0 , d, p, ) (12.8)

, :

D C0 d
cD = = f( ) (12.9)
1
!C02
2

cD
Reynolds.

c D = f (Re) (12.10)

cD.
12.3.

,
l, b, ,
C0
, .

,
. ,
.

12.3.1 .

, 12.2, ,
y D
.

12.2

b l
D = [ dxdy ]
(12.11)
o o

cD :

D
cD = (12.12)
1
!C!2 bl
2

cD cf.
(12.11) ,
, . ,
:
 b l
D = 2 dydx (12.11)
o o

cf (9.58), (9.59)
:

1,328
cf = 1
(12.12)
Re 2

, ,
cf
Reynolds. 12.3 cf Re
:

C!l
Re =
!

l/e e
.

. 12.3 Re.

12.3.2 .

12.4
C0.

.
.
.12.4

,
.

.


.

,
.

C0, , D
.

cD
. :

1
D = cD !C!2 A
2

,
.

cD b l,
b/l. , b/l ,
cD . ,
 b/l1,

cD
.

12.1 cD b/l:

b/l cD
1 1,10
2 1,15
4 1,19
10 1,29
18 1,40
1,90

12.1

, (wake)

.

12.3.3 .

12.5 ,
C0.
.

. 12.5
.

,

. 5.4
.
.


F.
L D
:

!
L = cL AC!2 (12.13)
2

!
D = cD AC!2 (12.13)
2

. cL cD
12.5.

. 12.6

0 cL ,
, cD
. , cL
14 .
 16 cL , cD .

, .

,
.

.
.

12.4.

, 5.7.4.4
. 5.18
x,
y.

. 5.18

.
,

F!" = " !
pdA = 0

. 5
.


x.
 y
.

. 12.7
Re.

, ,

,

.

12.7
Reynolds :

C0 D
Re =
!

.
90 , ,

.

Reynolds , 5, 12.7,

.
,
. D
. 12.8
cD Reynolds.

. 12.8

Re<5 cD .
Re cD . 5<Re<40

, 12.7,
.
. Reynolds L
,
. cD
. 40<Re<150 ,

.
,

.

Von-Karman 12.9.
,
C0,
h/l 0,28.
. 12.9

"
P = !C! (12.14)
2

! " 1, 7C# D (12.15)

f ,
Von Karman, :

fD
St = (12.16)
U

Strouhal (St)
Reynolds. Reynolds
300 Reynolds ReCR1 Von Karman


.
Strouhal 0,19
Reynolds.

cD
Re 5000
.
. 12.10 , ,

Re<ReCR1, ReCR12x105
(subcritical)
.
:

95 < < 105

Re ReCR1 23 x 105

(.12.7e)


,
.


.
,
cD . ,
Reynolds :

ReCR1 < Re < ReCR 2

cD
140 150.

, Reynolds

ReCR21,53x106

cD

Re=ReCR1.

Reynolds .
Von Karman
,
, Re<300,
.
3D
Von-Karman. Strouhal
Reynolds
0,190,20.

12.9
, .
,
.
. p
p .
cD
.

, Reynolds
=90 , cD
Re. cD : cD =0,6.

12.5.

cD Reynolds.

. , Stokes,
Reynolds,

Re<1.

, cD Re<1
:

24
cD =
Re

Reynolds D .
Reynolds 20,
 ,
.

12.11
Taneda Reynolds.

. 12.11
 12.11, Reynolds Re=17,9
.

12.11, Re=26,8.
.
.

. 12.11
 Reynolds 35 ,
. 12.11c, Re=37,7

.

.
(wake tip)
.

Reynolds
. d,e,f
Reynolds Re=73,6 .12.10d Re=118
.12.10e Re=133 . 12.10f.

Reynolds :

= 180 42,5[ln(Re/ 20)]0,483 (12.17)

Re.
Re140
.

Reynolds 130 < Re < 400,

,
(shedding) .

.

.

. f

f Re.
Reynolds 130 400
10% Re=270.

Re 400 3,5x10,55,
.12.12,
.

.
.
 f
Strouhal Reynolds.

. 12.12
Re

400 < Re < 1300

. Re > 6000

f.

Strouhal 0,2 Re=1000 2

Re=6000. Re, Strouhal
0,180,20 Reynolds.
,
:

s = 78 + 275 Re 0,37 (12.18)

s .
2x105 4x105
Reynolds cD 0,5 0,07.

Reynolds
.


cD.
12.6.

cD :

. 12.13

)

)
.

cD
.
cD
.
, ,
.

12.13 L t
C0.
cD t/L.
 12.2
 t/L
cD .
cD , .
t/L
.

t/L 0,27
.

cD
Reynolds Re = 105 12.2:

Re 105
cD, 12.3 :

,
0,35

.

12.3
12.7. .

12.3.3
C0 D
L
C0. L cL
:

L
cL = (12.19)
1 !C 2 A
2 o

D
cD = (12.19)
1 !C 2 A
2 o

cL
cD. .

.12.14

12.14 .

.

. ,
cL cD
.
.12.15

12.15 ,
pa,
Rb Rt .


. , ,
Bernoulli
.
R

:

!p !C02
= (12.20)
!r R

.
H 12.20 R.
, pa
C .
12.20
bn b1
pb1
b1 :
 Rb1
pb1 pa = c 2 ln (12.21)
Rbn

tn t1
pt1
t1

Rtn
pa pt1 = c 2 ln (12.22)
Rt1

Rb1 Rtn
pb1 pt1 = c 2 ln( ) (12.23)
Rt1 Rbn

F
Rb ,
.

R S
F = A( pb1 pt1 ) = c 2 b1 1 + A (12.24)
Rt1 Rbn

S=Rtn-Rbn (12.25)

R.
Rtn
Rbn pa ,
Bernoulli, .


.

Rb1

Rt1

F
Rbn.

S
F = A( pb1 pt1 ) = c 2 1 + A (12.26)
Rbn
 F
,

F = pdA (12.4)

.
.
. 12.16

Free Flow 9 Degrees angle of attack

2
1.5 Cp = P-P /(1/2*density* V )
in f

Pressure Side
1 Suction Side

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

x/L %
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100

. 12.16
90

12.17 cL cD
NACA 2412.
cL
1,35 =20.
L
c l .
. 12.16
NACA 2412 .

.12.17
 cL
.
,
.12.17


cL. ,

cL.

cL C0.

,

.