7.

7.1.

, Reynolds (Re),
, .
, , .

.
Euler.
, ,
.
,
, :

! !Ci
(
)
!xi !x j
.

, .

,

.

, 2 , ,
.
,
, ,
Prandtl.

5
.
7.2.

, ,
,
. . 7.1,
.
C, , y,
Co y.

. 7.1

x, y,
C, 99% Co.

.
, ,
.
99%
99 999 99,9%, ...
,
y,
.
,
,
C0. H

m = C0!


m! =

"
!

C(y)dy

m.
.

 . 7.1. ,
C0, ,
.

(displacement thickness) *, :

!* =

"
!

(1!

C
)dy
C!

(7.1)

Co
,
Co, .

.
y ,
(Cy) C

!
!

!CCdy

,

C0Co.

.

. C
:

"
!

! (C! ! C )Cdy

.
,
,

!" Co2 =

"
!

! (C0 ! C(y))C(y)dy

!=

C
C
(1! )dy
C!
C!

"
!

(8.2)

, , :
H=

!*
"

(8.3)

Reynolds.
7.3.

,

.
L,
. ,
,
.

.
, ,
.

.
, ( . 7.2) y
.

. 7.2

 , .
, , Co,
, :

C! = f (x)
:

p! = f (x)
Co po, .

Euler .
,
=.

. , L
Cx. y,
Cy.
x, ,
y, Y. ,
.
,
.
, :

!Cx !Cy
+
=0
!x
!y

(7.4)

:
Cy
!

Cx
L

,
. 7.4 .
Cy,
:
Cy !

C x!
L

, :
/L

(7.5)

 Cy
Cx.
Navier-Stokes, x, :

!Cx
!C
1 !p
!2 C
!2 C
+ Cy x = "
+ " 2x + " 2x
!x
!y
! !x
!x
!y

Cx

(7.6)

:
CyCx Cx2
!
!
L

Cx
L

Cx
L2

Cx
"2

, .

: ( L ) 2 . <<L,

! (!2Cx !x 2 )

! (!2Cx !y 2 )
.
Navier-Stokes y,

!Cy
!C
!2 C
!2 C
1 !p
+ Cy y = "
+ " 2y + " 2y
!x
!y
! !y
!x
!y

Cx

()

()

()

()

()

, :
() Cx

()

()

Cy Cx2!
!
L
L

Cy2 Cx2!
! 2
!
L

. 7.5

7.5

(7.7)

()

()

! C y ! C x"
! 3
L2
L

U y
2

U x
L

. 7.5

. 7.5

,
.
, , :

! Cx2
C
"
" " 2x
!L L
#

(7.8)

y, :

! Cx2" # Cx
"
"
!"
L
L"

(7.9)

/ :

(Y ) ( 2 / L2 ) .
,
:

1 !p 1 dp!
=
! !x ! dx

(7.10)

p
<<
y
,
.

y, , Bernoulli:
1
!C!2 + p! = const
2

, :

(7.11)

C!

dC!
1 dp!
=!
dx
! dx

(7.12)

,
:

Cx

!Cx
!C
dC
!2 C
+ Cy x = C! ! + ! 2x
!x
!y
dx
!y

!Cx !Cy
+
=0
!x
!y

(7.13)

(7.13)

, Cx, Cy,
C, ,
.
(7.13)
, Prandtl.
7.3.1 .
, ,

y, .
(7.13) y,
.
(7.13) (7.13) :

!Cx2 !(CxCy )
dC 1 !"
+
= C! ! +
!x
!y
dx ! !y

(7.14)

, :

! =

!Cx
!y

(7.15)

(7.14) y=0 y=h>.

:

"

h
!

!Cx2
dy + C!Ch =
!x

"

h
!

C!

dC!
!
dy # w
dx
"

(7.16)

w, y=0, Ch
(2.13) :
Ch = ! #

h
!

"Cx
dy
"x

(7.17)

 (7.16), (7.17)
Co-C=0 y,
:

h
!

{!

"
dC
!
[Cx (C! ! Cx )]! ! (C! ! Cx )}dy = ! w
"x
dx
"

(7.18)

(7.1), (7.2) (7.3) :

d 2
dC #
(C! ! ) + " * C! ! = w
dx
dx
$

(7.19)

!!
"
! dC!
= w 2 " (H + 2)
!x #C!
C! dx

(7.20)

(7.20) ,
.
7.3.2 .

.
y=, ,
, y=0.

s
.
,

.
.7.3, .

. CE,

.

. 7.3
Cxo
, y, Cy0.
:
Cy! = ! #

!
!

"Cx
d
dy = !
"x
dx

!
!

Cx dy + Cx!

d!
dx

(7.18)

* :
d
d
(Cx!! *) =
dx
dx

!
!

(Cx! " Cx )dy

(7.19)

(7.18) :
Cy! =

d
dC
(Cx!! *) ! ! x!
dx
dx

(7.20)

u :
CE !

d
dx

"

!
!

Cx dy

, (7.18)
CE = Cx!

d!
! Cy!
dx

*, :

(7.21)

CE =

d
d!
[Cx! (! ! ! *)] = Cx!
! Cy!
dx
dx

(7.22)

(7.22)
,
.
7.4

,
,
.

C!

dC!
1 dp!
=!
dx
! dx

(7.23)

,
, :
C = .
, :

Cx

!Cx
!C
!2 C
+ Cy x = ! 2x
!x
!y
!y

!Cx !Cx
+
=0
!x
!y

(7.24)

(7.24)

:
Cx = Cy = 0

y = 0

Cx Co

,
,
. , :

C
= g(x, y)
C!
(similar) :

(7.25)

C
= g(n)
C!
n, :

n=

(7.26)

(7.27)

!=(

! x 12
)
C!

, ,
(8.26) :
(7.28)

! = C!!f (n)
f = g n.
, (7.24) :

(7.29)

ff ' '+2f ' ' ' = 0

:
f = f = 0
f 1

n=0
n

(7.29) Blasius.
f , C/Co, 8.4,
n. , Blasius
:
1

! = 4, 99(" x / C! ) 2

(8.30)

!
!1
= 4, 99 Re x 2
x

(8.31)

Rex Reynolds, x,
, , :

Re x =

!C! x

. 7.4 Blasius
(7.31) x,

Reynolds, .
Blasius,
Reynolds
.


.
7.5

,
x,

y, :

!Ci
!C
<< i
!x
!y

(7.32)


Navier-Stokes
.
(7.32),
.
:
:

dp! / dx < 0
:

dC! / dx > 0 .

x. ,
(7.20)
, x,

dC! / dx
, .
,

dp / dx

.
:
dp!
>0
dx

:
dC!
<0
dx

. 7.5
, (7.20)
, , ,
x.
x
.
.
, , .
7.5, x,

(dp / dx ) > 0.
, Co ,
. ,
, :

!Cx
) y=0 = 0
!y

(7.33)

(7.33)
. ,


. ,

.


(separation streamline) .

. 7.6
, ,
, / ,
. ,
, ,
7.6, s1, ,
s2, .
S1AS2
7.6, .
,
,
, . ,
. ,

,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.