5.

, , ,
,
.


.
:
,
,
Euler. Lagrange,


.


.
Euler
.
5.1
xyz

, .
V :

m! =

!Cn dA

(5.1)

C V,
dA n
. 5.1.

. 5.1
V, :

m=

(5.2)

! dV

:
d
dt

! dV =

"!
dV =
"t

!Cn dA

(5.3)

V :
!!
+ div( !C) = 0
!t

(5.4)

!!
+ " # ( !C) = 0
!t

(5.5)

!! !
!
!
+ ( ! C x ) + ( ! C y ) + ( ! Cz ) = 0
!t !x
!y
!z

(5.6)

=0
t

(5.7)

! " ( !C) = 0

(5.8)

, :

!"C = 0

(5.9)

5.2 NAVIER-STOKES
Newton

.

,
!C


!t
!C
Cs s .
!s

 :
DC !C
=
+ C " #C
Dt
!t

(5.10)

.
:

D !
!
!
!
= + C x + C y + Cz
Dt !t
!x
!y
!z

(5.11)

(substantive) .
:

DCx !Cx
!C
!C
!C
=
+ C x x + C y x + Cz x
Dt
!t
!x
!y
!z

(5.12)

DCy !Cy
!C
!C
!C
=
+ C x y + C y y + Cz y
Dt
!t
!x
!y
!z

(5.12)

DCz !Cz
!C
!C
!C
=
+ C x z + C y z + Cz z
Dt
!t
!x
!y
!z

(5.12)

DC
!C
=!
+ !C " #C
Dt
!t

(5.13)

.
:
)

...

()

!p / !x

!p / !y

!p / !z

Fp = gradp

(5.14)

,

grad
.
, h,

Navier-Stokes.

. 4.2


.
, ,

.

.
:

! ii = 2

!Ci
+ "" # C $ p
!xi

(5.15)

, :

! ij = (

!Ci !C j
+
)
!x j !xi

(5.16)

i j ..
:
!C
(5.17)
! xx = 2 x + "" # C $ p
!x
, =-2/3.
,

!"C = 0

(5.9)

Tii = 2

!Ci
"p
!xi

(5.18)

, :

!C !C
!
!C
!
!C !C
!
[2 x + !" # C $ p]+ [ ( x + y )]+ [ ( z + x )]
!x
!x
!y
!y
!x
!z
!x
!z

(5.20)

!C
!C !C
!
!
!C !C
!
[2 y + !" # C $ p]+ [ ( x + y )]+ [ ( z + y )]
!y
!y
!x
!y
!x
!z
!y
!z

(5.20)

!C
!C !C
!
!
!C !C
!
[2 z + !" # C $ p]+ [ ( x + z )]+ [ ( z + y )]
!z
!z
!x
!z
!x
!y
!y
!z

(5.20)

,
, :

!2Cx !2Cx !2Cx !p

!p
[ 2 + 2 + 2 ]" = # 2Cx "
!x
!y
!z
!x
!x

(5.21)

!2Cy !2Cy !2Cy !p

!p
+ 2 + 2 ]" = # 2Cy "
2
!x
!y
!z
!y
!y

(5.21)

!2Cz !2Cz !2Cz !p

!p
[ 2 + 2 + 2 ]" = # 2Cz "
!x
!y
!z
!z
!z

(5.21)

! 2C
Navier-Stokes :

DC
= !"p + " 2C + F
Dt

(5.21)

.
F
(body force)

.
(.. ) ,
. F

.

!Cx
!C
!C
!C !2C !2C !2C
1 !p
+ Cx x + Cy x + Cz x = [ 2x + 2x + 2x ]"
!t
!x
!y
!z ! !x
!y
!z
! !x

(5.22)

!Cy
!C
!C
!C !2C !2C !2C
1 !p
+ Cx y + Cy y + Cz y = [ 2y + 2y + 2y ]"
!t
!x
!y
!z ! !x
!y
!z
! !y

(5.22)

!Cz
!C
!C
!C !2C !2C !2C
1 !p
+ Cx z + Cy z + Cz z = [ 2z + 2z + 2z ]"
!t
!x
!y
!z ! !x
!y
!z
! !z

(5.22)

Navier-Stokes
, .

,
.
Navier-Stokes ,
. ,

 , ,
.
, ,

.
5.2.1 Navier-Stokes
,

.


r

! Cr
! C C ! Cr
!C C 2
1 !p
+ Cr r + "
+ Cz r ! " = !
+
!t
!r
r !"
!z
r
# !r
" ! 2Cr 1 ! 2Cr ! 2Cr 1 ! Cr 2 ! C" Cr %
$$ 2 + 2
+
+
!
! '
r !" 2 ! z 2 r ! r r 2 !" r 2 &
# !r

(5.23)

! C"
!C C !C
!C C C
1 !p
+ Cr " + " " + Cz " + r " = !
+
!t
!r
r !"
!z
r
# r !"
" ! 2C
1 ! 2C" ! 2C" 1 ! C" 2 ! Cr C" %
$ $ 2" + 2
+ 2 +
+
! '
r !" 2
!z
r ! r r 2 !" r 2 &
# !r

(5.23)

! Cz
! C C ! Cz
!C
+ Cr z + "
+ Cz z =
!t
!r
r !"
!z
2
2
" ! C 1 ! Cz ! 2 Cz 1 ! Cz %
1 !p
!
+ $ $ 2z + 2
+
+
'
# !z
r !" 2 ! z 2 r ! r &
# !r

(5.23)

!! 1 "
1 "!C# "!Cz
+
(r !Cr ) +
+
=0
!t r " r
r "#
"z

(5.24)

5.2.2. Navier-Stokes

.

,
.
H r
2
2
! Cr
! Cr
C" ! Cr C# ! Cr C" + C#
1 !p
+ Cr
+
+
!
=!
+
!t
! r r sin # !"
r !#
r
$ !r
# 1 ! 2 (rCr )
1
! 2Cr 1 ! 2Cr cot # ! Cr 2 ! C#
+
+
+ 2
!
%
r !r2
r 2 sin 2 # !" 2 r 2 !# 2
r !& r 2 !#
%
%
% 2 "C 2C 2C# cot #
"
! 2r !
% 2
r
r2
$ r sin # ""

&
!(
(
(
(
'

(5.25)

! C"
!C
C ! C" C# ! C" Cr C" C# C" cot #
+ Cr " + "
+
+
+
=
!t
! r r sin # !"
r !#
r
r
# 1 ! 2 (rC" )
&
1
! 2C" 1 ! 2C"
+
+ 2
%
(
2
2
2
2
2
r !r
r sin # !"
r !#
1 !p
%
(
!
+%
%
$ r sin " !"
2 ! Cr
C"
cot # "C" 2 cos # "C# (
! 2 2 + 2
+
%+ 2
(
r "# r 2 sin 2 # "" '
$ r sin # !" r sin #

(5.25)

! C"
!C
C ! C" C" ! C" Cr C" C#2 cot "
+ Cr " + #
+
+
!
=
!t
! r r sin " !#
r !"
r
r
# ! 2 (rC" )
! 2C" 1 ! 2C" cot " ! C" &
1
+ 2 2
+
+ 2
%
(
!r2
r sin " !# 2 r 2 !" 2
r !" (
1 !p
%
!
+%
% 2 cos " "C
(
$ r !"
C
2 "C
#
%! 2 2
(
+ 2 r ! 2 "2
$ r sin " "# r "" r sin "
'

(5.25)

!! 1 " 2
1 "!C$
1 " ( !Cz sin # )
+ 2 (r !Cr ) +
+
=0
!t r " r
r sin # "$
r sin #
"#

(5.26)

5.3 Euler
Navier-Stokes

. NavierStokes
.
.

.

.


.
Euler
,

Kelvin.
5.3.1 Euler
x

!Cx
!C
!C
!C
1 !p
+ C x x + C y x + Cz x = "
!t
!x
!y
!z
! !x

(5.27)

!Cy
!C
!C
!C
1 !p
+ C x y + C y y + Cz y = "
!t
!x
!y
!z
! !y

(5.27)

!Cz
!C
!C
!C
1 !p
+ C x z + C y z + Cz z = "
!t
!x
!y
!z
! !z

(5.27)

5.3.2 Euler
r

! Cr
! C C ! Cr
!C C 2
1 !p
+ Cr r + "
+ Cz r ! " = !
!t
!r
r !"
!z
r
# !r

(5.28)

! C"
!C C !C
!C C C
1 !p
+ Cr " + " " + Cz " + r " = !
!t
!r
r !"
!z
r
# r !"

(5.28)

! Cz
! C C ! Cz
!C
1 !p
+ Cr z + "
+ Cz z = !
!t
!r
r !"
!z
# !z

(5.28)

5.4

(),
.

.
.


.
:

,
.


.

()

.
.
Dirichlet
Neumann
.

.

.

.

.

.

 .
,
, .

. , .. ,

, .
,
,
.

.

.


.
,
,

.

, ,

.


.
5.4.1 .
,
,
, .
n ,
,

C!n = 0 .

(5.29)

. :

C=0

(5.30)

5.4.2 .
,
, .
:
(5.31)

C!n = 0

Cn

Cn0, ,
, ,
Cn .
,
.
5.4.3 .



C!
.
5.5
Navier-Stokes


.


.
:

! = curlC ,

! = !xC

(5.32)

!x =

!Cy !Cz
"
!z
!y

(5.33)

!y =

!Cx !Cz
"
!z
!x

(5.33)

!z =

!Cx !Cy
"
!y
!x

(5.33)

,

x = 0, y = 0 z 0.

. 5.4
, . 5.4, t

x y, t
t+t.

!Cx !y
x, , .

!Cy !x ,
y .
,
z ,
z/2.
,
.

(irrotational)
. ,
(rotational).

 , .5.5,
,
S :

. 5.5

!=

&

(5.34)

C " dl

#$!%

Stokes :

!=

&

#$!%

C "dl =

& (curlC)). ds = & !. ds

s

(5.35)

.
,
.
5.5.1

.

.

. ( ),
. 5.6.

. 5.6

 :
(5.36)

C = !xr
:

(5.37)

! = 2!
.

z
:

Cr = Cz = 0 , C! = !r

(5.38)

r = 0 , = 0 , ! z = 2!

. .
5.5.2

,
:

Cr = 0 , Cz = 0 C! = K / r

(5.39)

.
:

= 0 , r = 0
!z =

1 !
(rC" ) = 0
r !r

(5.40)
r0

(5.41)

z .

. ,
.

.5.7
, (
). ,
,
().
, ,
,
.

.
5.5.3
,
:

Cx = Cx (y) ,

C y = 0 , Cz = 0

(5.41)

, :

x = 0, y = 0 , !z = !

"Cx
"y

(5.42)

t o (),
t+t
(), .5.8.

. 5.8
()
:

z
2

5.5.4 .
,
Curl Navier-Stokes.

!x(C " !C) = C " !(!xC) # (!xC)" !C + (! " C)(!xC)

(5.43)

,
:
!!
+ C " #! $ ! " #C = "# 2!
!t
D!
= ! ! "C + "" 2!
Dt

(5.44)

(5.45)

.
. .
! ! "C ,
.
z
z
:

!Cz
>0.
!z

(5.46)

x = 0, y = 0

(5.47)

Cx=0 Cy=0
! ! "C , :
(! ! "C)z = ! z (

#Cz
)
#z

(5.48)

.
,
,
D! z
!!
!C
= Cz z = ! z ( z )
Dt
!z
!z

(5.49)

. ,
!Cz
>0,
!z

(5.50)

z
, x y,
. 5.9

. 5.9
z
z
z. x
y,

 .
(stretching of a vortex).
.

.
, . 2 .

. 5.10

(1) , ! ! "u .

D
= 0.
Dt

(5.51)

Kelvin

, ,

=0

(5.52)

.
5.6



.


.

.


,
.
.
,
, 5.2.


.


.


.



.


. s
.
s
s
.
Cs oi

s. .


3 Bernoulli,
.
.


.

.
x
y z
.


.


.
.


.


.

.

.
,



.
, ,
, ,
.

.

, .
5.6.1
:

!! !
!
+ ( !C x ) + ( !C y ) = 0
!t !x
!y

(5.53)

, :

!Cx !Cy
+
=0
!x
!y

(5.54)

Cx =

!!
,
!y

Cy = !

"!
"x

(5.55)

! !!
! !!
( )" ( ) # 0
!x !y !y !x
. :

d! =

!!
!!
dx +
dy = "Cy dx + Cx dy
!x
!y

(5.56)

, :

dx dy
,
d = 0
(5.57)
=
Cx Cy

, =
.
,
.
.

. 5.3
,
. , ()
()
, .
,

Cx =

"!
!!
, Cy = !
"x
!y

(5.58)

H

z = 0

(5.59)

Laplace

2 2
+
=0
x 2 y 2

(5.60)

5.6.2
,

= 0.

(5.61)

:
Cx = !

"#
"#
, Cy = !
"x
"y

(5.62)

z :

!z =

!Cx !Cy
"
=0
!y
!x

(5.63)

Cx Cy
:

!z = !

" "#
" "#
(! ) ! (! ) $ 0
"y "x "x "y

.

:
)

!Cx !Cy
+
= 0 ( )
!x
!y
)
z = 0

!Cx !Cy
"
=0
!y
!x

,
:

,
.

!2 " !2 "
+
=0
!x 2 !y

(5.64)

Laplace.
,

Laplace, ,
,
.


.
5.6.3
Laplace
.
.
Q1
Q2 Laplace

2Q 2Q
+
=0
x 2 y 2

(5.65)

Q3
Q3 = Q1+Q2

(5.66)

.
,
Laplace, ,
.
5.6.3.1 .
Laplace
, C
.
:

Cx = Cc os! , Cy = C sin !

(5.67)

d! =

!!
!!
dx +
dy = Cy dx " Cx dy
!x
!y

(5.68)

:
(5.69)

! = ! Cy dx " ! Cx dy = C(x sin " " y cos" ) + k

. 5.11 C
k
:
= 0 ,
:

! = !Cy + k

(5.70)

=0 y=0
=0 :
=-Cy.

(5.71)

5.6.3.2 .
H Laplace .
, . 5.12, ,
.

R
. ,

. R
.
.


, .
, ,
.
.

. 5.12
,

r
.
Cr C 2.
Cr r, :
Cr= / = Q / 2rl
l
, :
Cr =

Q
2! r

(5.72)

r 0, , ur .
, , (singular) .
r = 0 ,
:
2

C , : C = 0.

!!
= "Cr ,
r!"

(anti-clockwise).
:

Q
=
r
2r
:

! = !Q(

"
)+$
2#

(5.73)

=0 =0
:

! = !Q(

"
)
2#

(5.74)

:
!"
Q

= #Cr = #
!r
2! r
!"
= C! = 0
r!!

:
! = "(

Q
r
)ln( )
2!
k

(5.75)

, ,
.
Q, ,
.
5.6.3.3


, .

5.6.3.3.1
(free) .
:

Cr = 0 , Cz = 0 C! = K / r

(5.76)

= 0 , r = 0 ! z =

1 !
(rC" ) = 0 ,
r !r

(5.77)

r=0.
, :
!=

" C rd! = "

!

2"
!

(5.78)

K d! = 2 " K

. r=0
, ,
.
. ,
.

:

!=

"

!!
dr +
!r

!!

" !" d" = " C

"

dr =

"

K
dr = K ln.r + k
r

!=

!
r
ln( )
2"
r!

(5.79)

r0 = 0.
.

. 5.13

+
, . 4.13.
,
.
.
R .
:
( p + ! p)(r + ! r)!" ! pr!" ! 2( p +

!p
!"
)! r sin
2
2

0 , :
rp.
:

rrg (

z
) = rgz
r

:
r! p!" + r #$!"! z = %&% x'()*%+,-./ = # R!"! r

!p
C 2 !r
+ !z = #
"g
r g

C"2
r

 ,
. () ,
, Bernoulli:

p C2
+
+z= H
! g 2g

(5.80)

.
:

dp CdC
+
+ dz = dH
!g
g
:

C! dC! C!2 dr
+
= dH
g
gr

C! dC! C!
(
+ ) = dH
g dr
r
:
dC!
C
=! !
dr
r

(5.81)

( )
, :

p C2
+
+ z = H = const
!g 2

(5.82)

p K2
+
+z= H
! g 2r 2

(5.83)

.
,
.

. ,


.

.
,
p = const
.
() ,
( ).
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.

.
5.6.3.3.2 .
(forced vortex).
:

Cr = 0 , Cz = 0 , C! = !r .

(5.84)

r = 0 , z = 2 , = 0 .
, :

dp
dr
+ dz = 2 r
g
g
:

p
!2 r 2
+z=
+k
!g
2g

(5.85)

z :
p! = p + ! gz =

"2 r 2
+k
2

(5.86)

 .
Bernoulli, :

p C2
+
+z= H
! g 2g

(5.87)

Bernoulli
.
5.6.4 .
,

.
5.6.4.1 .
Q, ,
, ,
x, C.
.
,
, :

!C"r sin !

-(Q/2)

! = !C"r sin " !

Q"
2#

(5.88)

5.14 .

. 5.14
,
:

C = C! +

Q
2!"

(5.89)

<0, , , C
. :

! =!

Q
.
2" C"

(5.90)

, .
0,
s .
s,
:

r=

Q
=
2! C!

Q
2

=
: =0, y=0.

C!r sin ! + Q(! / 2" ) = Q / 2

(5.91)

.
:
Cr = !

C! =

"!
Q
= C# cos" +
r""
2# r

!"
= C" sin !
!r

(5.92)

(5.92)

:
C!r sin ! + Q

! Q
=
2" 2

...
Q .
5.6.4.2 , .

Q ( )
-Q
y , . 5.15.

. 5.15
Q , -Q

:

! =!

Q" 1 Q" 2 Q
+
=
(" 2 ! " 1 )
2#
2# 2#

p, 1 2 .

=2l, :

!=

Q
2ly
arctan[ 2 2 2 ]
2"
x + y !l

(5.93)

. 5.16.
l
2lQ
k, :

! = k sin " / r

(5.94)

r .
,
, .

.

. 5.16

5.6.4.3 , .
Q
C!
.

C! , . 5.17.
H
:

. 5.17

! = !C" y +

Q
2ly
arctan[ 2 2 2 ]
2"
x + y !l

(5.95)

2l .
s1 s2
.
, :

C = C! "

Q
Q
+
2! ( "1 " l) 2! ( "1 + l)

(5.97)

C =0, :

x1 = !l(1+

Q 12
)
! C"l

(5.98)

, s2, :

x2 = !l(1+

Q 12
)
! C"l

(5.98)

, =0,

.
: =0
. ,
=0,
=0.
, Q
l .
5.6.4.4 .
,

. 5.18

. 5.18
, :

! = !C" y +

k sin "
k sin "
= !C"r sin " +
r
r

(5.99)

= 0 , s1 s2
= 0 =.
, = 0, y,
r=(

k 1/2
)
C!

k
= a2 ,
C!
:

! = !C" (1!

a2
)r sin " .
r2

(5.100)

= 0 , :
1!

a2
= 0 " a2 = r 2
2
r

.
:
a2
! = !C" (1! 2 )r sin "
r

, , .
:
Cr = !

C! =

1 "!
a2
= C# (1! 2 )cos"
r ""
r

!"
a2
= "C# (1+ 2 )sin !
!!
r

(5.101)

(5.101)

r=,
Cr=0 C=-2sin.
,
,
z, .
, Bernoulli:
p! +

! 2
1
C! = p + !C 2
2
2

C
, :

p = p! +

! 2
C! " 2 !C!2 sin 2 "
2

p ! pa
= 1! 4sin 2 "
! 2
C"
2

(5.102)

. 5.19
.

. 5.19


.

.
dAlembert,
.
,
.
5.6.4.5 , .


.


. :

!=

!
r
ln( )
2" r!

,
:
"2
#
r
(5.103)
! = !C" (1! 2 )r sin # +
ln( )
r
2$
r!
:
C! =

!"
#2
$
= "C# (1+ 2 )sin ! +
!r
r
2$ r

Cr = !

(5.104)

1 "!
#2
= C# (1! 2 )cos"
r ""
r

(5.104)

r= :
C! = !2C" sin ! +

#
2"#

Cr = 0

C =0.
y
x.
, :

sin ! =

!
(4"#C" )

.
:

!
4!"C"

. 5.20

>0 0 < (

!
) <1
4!"C"

( 5.20) :

! 2 = arcsin(

!
)
4"#C"

1 = 2 +

!
) =1
4!"C"

=/2, 5.20 .
(

!
) > 1,
4!"C"

(.5.20.).
y, y
:

y=

1
!
!2
+ "[
#1] 2
2 2
4! C"
16!" C"

(5.105)

T

saddle point. ,
,
,
.
,
Bernoulli

:
1
p = p! " !C 2
2

Cr=0, :
p = p! ! 12 ! (4C"2 sin 2 " !

2C"#sin "
#2
+ 2 2)
#$
4# $

p = p

2
,
4 2 2

:
p = p!! "

!
2C $
(4C#2 sin 2 " " # sin " )
2
#$

Fx = 0
Fy = ! "

$C $
! #
!

2!

p! sin " d" = ! "

"

2!
!

2!
!

#$

C#$ 2
sin # d# =
!"

(5.106)

sin # d# = !$C#$

C!
, .
.

.
y.
Magnus
. , C! ,

.
, ,
. Flettner
1924 Cousteau
. 5.21.

. 5.21 Cousteau
.

Magnus .
, ,

 ,
.
4.6.4.6 .

, , ,
. .5.22
.

.5.22 .
, :

!=

!" r
"
r " r2
ln( ) +
ln =
ln
2"
r! 2" r! 2" r1

(5.108)

r1 , r2 . 2b
,

y :

.
2 2b
.
.
5.23

. 5.23