13.

1 ,
, .
,
.


.

13.1.

.
:

x i
xi ,
, .

.

13.1.1. .

,
,
:

p = RT (13.1)

p , ,
R . :

R = 287 J / Kg .

(13.1)

.

h
:
dh = c p dT (13.2)

cp
1, 2, :

h2 h1 = c p (T2 T1 ) (13.3)

, u, :

du = cv dT (13.4)

cv
, 1 2:

u2 u1 = cv (T2 T1 ) (13.5)

cp/cv
:

= c p / cv = 5 / 3 ,

= c p / cv = 7 / 5 , :

, ...

, .

= c p / cv (13.6)

c p = cv + R (13.7)

dq ,
du dw
/ , :

dq = du + dw (13.8)

s, :

dq = Tds (13.9)

dW = pdv (13.10)
 v
:
1
v= (13.11)

13.8 13.10,
:

du pdu dT du
ds = + = cv +R (13.12)
T T T v

(13.12) 1 2
:

T
s 2 s1 = c v ln[( 2 )( 1 ) 1 ] (13.13)
T1 2

(13.11) (13.12)
, ,
,
1 2,
:

p2 2
s 2 s1 = c v ln[( )( ) ] (13.13)
p1 1

p2 (1 ) T2
s 2 s1 = c v ln[( ) ( ) ] (13.13)
p1 T1

1
2, , :

s 2 = s1

(13.13) :

T 1 = (13.14)

p
= (13.14)

/( 1) / p = (13.14)

, ,
.
13.1.2 .

, ,
. ,

.

13.1
dp
.

. 13.1

() dC p+dp
+d.

(), C=0, p .
,
.

, :

A[ p ! ( p + dp)] = m[(! ! dC) ! ! ] (13.15)

, :

m = A!" (13.16)

, , :

!" = ( ! + d ! )(" ! dC) (13.16)

:
dp = !" dC (13.17)

dp dC
= "2 (13.17)
! "

dp
2 = (13.17)
d

dp ,

:

p 21
= [( )s ] (13.18)

, :

p 1 1

=( ) = (RT )
2 2
(13.19)

335 m/s.
1280 m/s, Freon 91 m/s.

(13.18)
0 .
.

,
1500 m/s,

10m/s.

13.1.3 Mach.

Mach
C
.

M = C /! (13.20)

Mach,
Mach
.
13.1.4 .

Mach
.

Mach
0,2. ,

,
.

Mach 0,2.

.

Mach. <1, (subsonic).
=1, (sonic). Mach
, , ,
(supersonic).

,
(transonic).

, Mach ,
- (hypersonic).
.

,

.

( )
.

.
13.2
Mach.

0, -1, -2 ...
, , -1 ,
, -2 ...
0, ,
1, -2 ...
.13.2

, , (. 13.2)

.

. 13.2
.

(
).

13.2,
.
.

.

13.2,
,
, Mach,
, 0, :

sin = 1/ M (13.21)

, Von-Karman
:
)

.
) ,
,
Mach .

, ,

Mach.

13.2

.
:

m! = ! AC = "#$%&!'! (13.22)

, C
. 13.22 :

!!dC + !CdA + CAd ! = 0

13.22 :

d ! dA dC
+ + =0 (13.23)
! A C

, Euler :

dC 1 dp
C =
dx ! dx

!CdC = !dp (13.24)

13.23 13.24 :

dA dp 1 d !
= ( 2! ) (13.25)
A ! C dp

(13.17), (13.25)
:

dA 1! M 2
= dp (13.26)
A !C 2

(13.24) :
dA dC
= !(1! M 2 )
A C

dA A
= ! (1! M 2 ) (13.27)
dC C

(13.27) :

) <1, , dA/dC<0,
, ,
.

) >1, , dA/dC>0,
,
.

) =1, , dA/dC=0

,
.

, ,
, .

, :

,
, .

13.2.1. , .

. , h , C
,
:

1
h! = h + C 2 (13.28)
2

ho (C=0), ,
.
, ,
, :
1

= (RT ) 2
(13.29)
 *
Mach. (13.28) C, :

1 2! 1
C = [2c p (T! ! T )]2 = [ R(T! ! T )]2 (13.30)
! !1

, =1 :

2" 1 1
C = !! = [ R(T! " T ! )]2 = (! RT*) 2
" "1

*
Mach .
* :

T* 2
= (13.31)
T +1

* :

2" 1
!* = ( RT ! ) 2 (13.32)
" +1

(13.30)

ho, . ,
=0 ,
(13.30) :

2! 1
Cmax = ( RT! ) 2 (13.33)
! !1

/
Mach
:

T 1 2
= 1+ M (13.34)
T 2

(13.14) (13.24)
:
p T 1 2 1
= ( ) 1 = (1 + M ) (13.34)
p T 2

T 1
1 2 1

= ( ) = (1 +
1
M ) 1
(13.34)
T 2

(0)
. ,
(0), ,
.
.

, =1, =1,4 (13.24)

,
, , :

T* 2
= = 0,8333 (13.35)
T +1

p* 2 1
=( ) = 0,5283 (13.35)
p +1

* 2 1

=( ) = 0,63391
(13.35)
+1

=1 ,
m, :
1
* = * * A* = * A * (RT *) 2
m (13.36)

* C=*.
* :
(13.35) (13.36) m

* = 0,0404A * p / T
m (13.37)

Fliegner
, ,
*.

11,
, :

Q = f ( p ) (13.38)
 po , m
(13.37)
.

, (13.38)
.
.

13.2.2. .

- .
,
,
, po,
.

13.2.2.1. .

. 13.3
 13.3
.

, , ,
pB
.

13.3 pE
.

pB=pE
, (i) 13.3. pB
.
(ii) (iii)
, pE
pB .

p p* po
=1
, (iv).

pB (v), (13.3)


. ,
, .

, :

, ,
pE, , pE-pB

pB.

13.2.2.2. / .

13.4
, , ,
, .
po, 0
. , ,
pB
.

13.4
/ .
, , .

13.38 .
 ,
, .

. 13.4 -

(i) pE p.
,
.
p (ii).
p p(iii) ,
p*.
.

p piv,
p*
. ,
, (iv),
.

pE=p(iv).
, p(iv)
,
.

piv<pB<piii


13.4, (v).
s1 s2,
.
,
.

13.2.3. .

.
13.5.

. 13.5

, .

13.2.3.1. .

. 13.5.
x
. , x

. , 1
13.5 2.

, :

m! = !1C1 A1 = !2C2 A2

!1C1 = !2C2 (13.37)

(13.30) :

2! 2!
C2 + RT = RT!
! !1 ! !1

2! p2 p1
C12 ! C22 = ( ! ) (13.38)
! !1 "2 "1

, ,
:

! 1 ! C2 ) = ( p1 ! p2 )A
m(C

(13.37) :

C1 (C1 ! C2 ) = ( p1 ! p2 ) / !1 (13.39)

C2 (C1 ! C2 ) = ( p1 ! p2 ) / !2 (13.39)

1 1
C12 ! C22 = ( p2 ! p1 )( + ) (13.40)
!1 !2

, (13.37) (13.40)

Rankine-Hugoniot:
 +1 p2
+
T2 1 p1
= (13.41)
T1 +1 p1
+
1 p2

" +1 p2
+
!2 " !1 p1 C1
= = (13.41)
!1 " +1 + p2 C2
" !1 p1

13.6 (13.41)
2/1 p2/p1.

(13.14) :

p1
= ( 1 ) (13.41)
p2 2

.13.6

 (13.6)
1,5
.
(weak shock waves).

13.7 13.41.
2/1.

.13.7
.

(13.14) :

p2 T1 1
=( ) (13.41)
p1 T2

p2/p1<1,
15.6, :
 T2 T
( ) > ( 2 ) (13.42)
T1 T1

(13.42) (13.13)
, p2/p1<1 :

s 2 < s1

, ,
.
,
.

p2>p1.

Mach
, 14.39
, (13.19). ,
:

p2 C
= 1+ ! M12 (1! 2 )
p1 C1

Rankine-Hugoniot :

p2 2
= 1+ (M12 1) (13.43)
p1 +1

p1 2
= 1+ (M 22 1) (13.43)
p2 +1

p2/p1>1.
, (13.43)
1>1,
, (13.42) Mach

2<1 . ,
13.43, Mach
, :

( 1)M 12 + 2 1

M2 = [ ]2 (13.44)
2M 12 ( 1)

.
p02/p01.
:

p02 p02 p2 p1
= (13.45)
p01 p2 p1 p01

01 02,
1 2 . ,
(13.34)
:

p02 ( + 1)M12 1 +1 1

=[ ] [ ] 1
(13.46)
p01 ( 1)M12 + 2 2M12 ( 1)

, Mach 1
, p02/p01
.

13.2.3.2. .

/, Mach
,
.

,
.

,
,


.

(13.5)
Mach
1,25. ,
<1,25 ,
.

13.2.3.3. .

,
.
.

, ,
,
.


.

,
.

Reynolds , v*,
* *, *=1,
, :

v
1 (13.47)

13.2.3.4. /
.

13.2.2. , /
pb
p(iii) piv, 13.7,
.
13.7 pb pv
, xs,
p p.
, xt xs ,
xs . xt
, xs .

pb P(iii)
,
.
pb ,
Mach 1
.
.

pb Piv ,
.

pb piv
b .
13.3.

Navier- Stokes

.


13.1
.

,
5.

:
)
) .

C, :

!"C = 0 (13.48)

,
, . Navier-
Stokes Euler,
:

C2
dp = !! d( ) (3.49)
2

13.3.1. .

grad! = "! = C (13.50)

!"
= Cx (13.51)
!x

!"
= Cy (13.51)
!y

(13.51) 13.48 .

:
 ! !
( !C x ) + ( !C y ) = 0 (13.51)
!x !y

(13.51 ) 13.51
:

2 2
( 2 + 2 ) + + =0 (13.52)
x y x x y y

Euler , (13.49)
:

dp ! "# "#
d! = 2
= ! 2 d[( )2 + ( )2 ] / 2
a " "x "y

2 2
= 2( + )
x x x 2 y xy

2 2
= 2( + )
y x xy y y 2

(13.52)
:

"# 2 2 "2# "# "2 # "# "# "2 #

[1! ( ) / ! ] 2 +[1! ( )2 / ! 2 ] 2 ![2( ) /!2] =0 (13.53)
"x "x "y "y "x "y "x"y

, ,
, (13.53) Laplace:

2 2
+ =0 (13.54)
x 2 y 2

(13.53) :

2 2 2
A + B 2 =0 (13.55)
x 2 y 2 xy

x y.
 , , 2
, (13.55) ,
.

(13.55)
.
, (13.51)
.

, (13.53)

.

13.3.2. .

- + C0 x
cx, cy x y
C0. cx cy
(perturbation velocities).
,
:

!!
= cx (13.56)
!x

!!
= cy (13.56)
!y

!" !!
= C0 + (13.57)
!x !x

!" !!
= (13.57)
!y !y

Mach

M !2 cx
<< 1 (13.58)
1" M !2 C0

cy
M !2 << 1 (13.58)
C0
 (13.53) :

#cx #cx
(1! M "2 ) + =0
#x #y

#2! #2!
(1! M "2 ) + =0 (13.59)
#x 2 #y 2

(13.59)
,

, (13.58) .

, (13.59)
.
(hyperbolic)
.

,
,
cp :

1 p 1
c p = ( p ! p" ) / !"C02 = ( !1) / " M "2 (13.60)
2 p" 2

1 1
h0 + C02 = h + C 2
2 2

T 2c C + c 2 + c 2
= 1+ x 0 x y
T! 2C pT!

:
! 2 2 !
p T ! "1 2 cx cx + cy ! "1
= ( )! "1 = [1" M ! (2 + )] (13.61)
p! T! 2 C0 c02

(13.61) p/p

(13.60) cx/C0<<1,
:

cx
c p = !2 (13.62)
C0
13.3.3. .

(13.59)

,
.

:
1
!1 = !1[x + (M !2 "1) 2 y]

(13.59) x y.
(13.59) :
1
!2 = !2 [x ! (M "2 !1) 2 y]

, 5,
:
1
! = C0 (!1 + !2 ) = C0!1[x + (M !2 "1)2 y]+ C0!2 [x " (M !2 "1) 2 y]

, (13.59).

!!
cx = = Co (!1' + !2' ) (13.63)
!x

!! 1
cy = = C0 (M "2 #1) 2 (!1' + !2' ) (13.63)
!y

x + (M 2 1) 2 y .

:
1
dy c (M !2 "1) 2 (!1' " !2' )
( )str = y + cx =
dx C0 1" (M !2 "1)(!1' " !2' )

dy :
 1 1 1
dy = (M !2 "1) 2 [!1'dx + (M !2 "1) 2 !1'dy " (!2' dx " (M !2 "1) 2 !2' dy)]

:
1

dy = (M 2 1) 2 (d1 d 2 ) (13.64)

:
1
y = K ! (M "2 !1) 2 (!1 ! !2 ) (13.65)

K . , 1
2 ,
(13.65).

13.62
:

cx
G p = !2 = !(!1' + !2' ) (13.66)
C0

(13.62)

,
1 2 . :
.

i=, :

1 = , :
1
y = K1 ! (M "2 !1) 2 !2 (13.66)

dy 1

( ) str (M 2 1) 2 2 (13.66)
dx

C p ! "2!2 (13.66)

2 = , :

y = K 2 + (M !2 "1)!1 (13.67)

dy 1

( ) str (M 2 1) 2 1 (13.67)
dx
C p ! "2!1' (13.67)

(waves of one family). Mach
Mach. Mach
.

13.3.4. Mach

(13.66) ,
(13.66) 2
, :

2' =

2 :

x (M 2 1)y

:
1

x (M 2 1) 2 y = (13.68)

dy 1
= 1
dx (M 2 1) 2

, , Mach

:
1
tan a = 1

(M 2 1) 2

Mach
(left running Mach lines). 13.8
ach .

2 , 13.67,
:
1

x + (M 2 1) 2 y = (13.69)

:
 1
tan a = 1

(M 2 1) 2

. 13.8 Mach

. Mach
(right running Mach lines).

13.9 Mach .

.13.9 Mach

Mach,
, .
cp
Mach.

,
Mach, .

1 , Mach
2
Mach .

13.10 Mach.

13.10 Mach

() Mach

,
Mach
C, Mach.

13.11.
. 13.11
Mach

C0 Mach Mach
, C0 + !C C
.

cx C0 cy , .

, () Mach

. 13.12 .

.13.12 Mach
 ,
Mach Mach ,
. ,

C0 + !C Mach
.

Mach
.

Mach
,
.

Mach
, .

Mach ,

Mach, C0. C
Mach
Mach. 13.13,
Mach (II) ,
.

.13.13 Mach

() Mach II , .
(1) (2)

:

) Mach, ,
,
) ,
.

,
Mach,
.
( )
.

Mach

().

13.14 Mach
. ,
.

. 13.14 Mach

(4), Mach

. ,
,
(4)

() Mach .

13.4.

13.2
.

.

() Mach
Mach

. ,
.

, ,
13.15.

. 13.15

13.4.1. .

,

13.16.
,
:

!1C1n = !2C2n (13.70)

.13.16

n, :

2
p1 ! p2 = !2Cn2 2
! !1Cn1 (13.71)

, t,
, :

( !1Cn1 )Ct1 = ( !2Cn2 )Ct 2

Ctl = Ct 2 = Ct (13.72)

. ,
, :

h1 ! h2 = c p (T1 ! T2 ) = (C22 ! C12 ) / 2 (13.73)

(13.70) (13.73)
.
Rankine-Hugoniot
p2/p1 2/1


.

13.4.2. Prandtl.

(13.73) :
 C12 C22
c pT1 + = c pT2 + = c pTo
2 2

! p1 C12 ! p2 C12 ! po
+ = + =
! !1 T1 2 ! !1 T2 2 ! !1 To

* Mach
, :

po +1
= ( *)2
1 o 2( 1)

p1 p2
n, :

" +1 2 " !1 2 " +1 2 " !1 2

!1[ (Cn1 + a *2 ) ! Ct1 ] = !2 [ (Cn2 + a *2 ) ! Ct 2 ]
2" 2" 2" 2"

! !1 2
Cn1Cn2 = a *2 ! Ct (13.74)
! +1

Prandtl.

Ct=0, (13.74) :

C1C2 = a *2 (13.75)

1.3.4.3. .

, .13.16
:

Ctl = C1 cos ! , Ct 2 = C2 cos(! ! " )

Cn1 = C1 sin ! , Cn2 = C2 sin(! ! " )

(13.72) :

C1
= cos(! ! " ) / cos !
C2
 , (13.70)
n, (13.71) :

p2
= 1 + M12 sin 2 (1 1 ) (13.76)
p1 2

p1
= 1 + gM 22 sin 2 ( )(1 2 ) (13.77)
p2 1

2 tan
= (13.78)
1 tan( )

(13.76) (13.78) Rankine-Hugoniot

, ,
Mach 1 2
p2/p1 2/1.

, ,
.

13.5.

,
.
. ,

,


.

13.5.1. Fanno.

Fanno
.
.
.
, ,
, .
.


.

, .
Fanno.

,

13.17.

cf :

1
!" = cf #C 2 (13.79)
2

V
= ( )
y

, f,
:

f
cf =
4

m! = !CA

d ! dC
+ =0 (13.80)
! C

. 13.17 Fanno

, D :

(A!C)dC = pA ! ( p + dp)A ! " # ($ Ddx)

cf 4 dC 1 dp
! ( )dx = + (13.81)
2 D C !M 2 p

, :

C2
ho = h +
2

, ,
:

dT dC
+ (! !1)M 2 =0 (13.82)
T C
C
Mach, M = 1 ,
(! RT ) 2
:

dM dC 1 dT
= ! (13.83)
M C 2 T

, :

dC 1 dM
=[ ] (13.84)
C ! !1 2 M
1+ M
2

dT ( 1)M 2 dM
= [ ] (13.84)
T 1 2 M
1+ M
2

dp 1 + ( 1)M 2 dM
= [ ] (13.84)
p 1 2 M
1+ M
2

:
 4 2 1 M 2
c f ( )dx = [ ]dM (13.84)
D M 2 1 2
1+ M
2

cf ,
Mach dM/dx
Mach :
) <1, , dM/dx ,
Mach .
) >1, , dM/dx
Mach .
) =1, dM/dx .

,
. , ,
=1.
=1.

. :

dT dp
ds = C p R
T p

dT/T dp/p (13.84)

:

+1
M
1 2
ds = R[ ]dM (13.85)
M 1 2
1+ M
2

=1 ds=0. ,

,
.
.


.

(13.84)
*=1.

T +1
= (13.86)
T * 2 + ( 1)M 2


p 1 +1 1

= [ ] 2
(13.86)
p * M 2 + ( 1)M 2

(13.84) x
x*
, :

L* 1 1 M 2 1 ( + 1)M 2
4c f ( )= [ ] + ln[ ] (13.87)
D M2 2 2 + ( 1)M 2

: L*=x*-x
,
.

po,
, :

p 1 2 1
= [1 + M ] (13.88)
po 2

, :

po* + 1 1
=( ) (13.89)
p* 2

(13.86) (13.89) :

po 1 2 + ( 1)M 2 2(+11)
= [ ] (13.90)
po* M +1

.

(13.85) :

s * !s 1 2 + (! !1)M 2 2 (!!+1!1)
= ln{ [ ] }
R M ! +1

(13.90) :

s * !s p
= ln( o* ) (13.91)
R po
 s*>s , po>p*o
.


.

, . 13.18

m/.

, ,
/*.

Fanno, .

.

.13.18 Fanno

D
.
, Mach
, /* . L
, L<L* ,
. L=L* .
, L>L*
. ,
Fanno
.

13.19 Fanno
m/A.

L<L*,
.

L=L* L>L*
:
)

.
,
.
, ,
.
:
)
Fanno.

. 13.19 Fanno
.

Fanno,
.
13.5.2. Rayleigh.

, .
,
, ...


.

,
, Rayleigh.

13.20
.

Rayleigh
.
:
m! = ! AC

d ! dC
+ =0 (13.80)
! C

13.20. Rayleigh

x :

C2 (C + dC)2
h+ + dQ = (h + dh) +
2 2
 , (dC)2 , ,
:

dQ = c p dT + CdC (13.92)

dQ x ho
. :

dho = dQ = dh + CdC

dQ dT dC dTo
= + (! !1)M 2 = (13.93)
c pT T C T

!CdC = !dp

dp dC
= !gM 2 (13.94)
p C

p=RT
:

dp d dT
= + (13.95)
p T

(13.80) (13.91) (13.95) (13.83)

:

dQ (1 M ) 2 dM 2
= (13.96)
h (1 + M 2 ) M 2

dT 1 M 2 dM 2
= (13.96)
T 1 + M 2 M 2

dC d! 1 dM 2
=! =( ) (13.96)
C ! 1+ " M 2 M 2

dp !! M 2 dM 2
=( ) (13.96)
p 1+ ! M 2 M 2
 , :

ds 1 M 2 dM 2
= ( ) (13.96)
R 1 1 + M 2 M 2

(13.96)
(p, C, , , )
:

T (1 + )M 2
=[ ] (13.97)
T* 1 + M 2

p 1+
= (13.97)
p * 1 + M 2

C ! (1+ " )M 2
= = (13.97)
C * ! * 1+ " M 2

! +1
s!s* ! ! +1 !
= 2
ln[M ( ) ] (13.97)
R ! !1 1+ ! M 2

Fanno
Rayleigh . 13.21
Rayleigh.
(s-s*)/R
/*. Fanno S*
.
. 13.21 Rayleigh

Rayleigh :
.
,
.

,
.
. =0,845 ( =1,4) /*
1,02857. Mach

.

,

Mach .

m .

Rayleigh.
13.5.3. .

,

, .

:
)
( )
)

.

,

,
.

, ,

, , .

. ,
.

1 2
To! = T! + C!
2c p

13.22, ,
C
C2

2c p
:
.13.22

,

.

13.22 , :

T
[ ] y =0 = 0
y

T
( )o < 0
y

T
( )o > 0
y

11.22
.
.
.

,

. ,
.

, ,

,
.
13.5.3.1. .

.


.

p
=0
y

Q Q
<< (13.98)
x y

Q
.

, , ,
:

! !
( !C x ) + ( !C y ) = 0 (13.99)
!x !y

!Cx !C !p ! !C
!C x + ! C y x = " + ( x ) (13.100)
!x !y !x !y !y

,
dxdy
. dxdy
:
! Cx2 + Cy2 ! Cx2 + Cy2
[( !ux )(h + )]+ [( !Cy )(h + )] (13.101)
!x 2 !y 2

T
( ) (13.101)
y y
 :

! !C
( C x x ) (13.101)
!y !y

x
y, (13.98).
(13.101)
:

!T ! C 2 !T ! C 2 ! !T ! !C
!Cx [c p + ]+ !Cy [c p + ] = ( " ) + ( C x x ) (13.102)
!x !x 2 !y !y 2 !y !y !y !y

C 2 = Cx2 + Cy2

Cy / Cx << 1 :

Cx2 + Cy2 C2
To = T + !T + x (13.103)
2c p 2c p

(13.102)
cp=.

!To !T ! !T ! 1 !T
!C x + !Cy o = ( o ) + [( "1) o ] (13.104)
!x !y !y !y !y Pr !y

Pr Prandtl :

Pr = c p / (13.105)

(13.104) ,
(13.100)
:

!T !T !p ! !T !C
!C x c p + !C y c p = C x + ( " ) + ( x )2 (13.106)
!x !y !x !y !y !y

(13.106)


 : : (13.99), (13.100) (13.106)
Cx, Cy ,
p x.

13.5.3.2. Pr.

Prandtl (Pr)

.

Pr 0,75.
Pr , :
Pr = 1 (13.104) :

!To !T ! !T
!C x + ! C y o = ( o ) (13.107)
!x !y !y !y

= .

, :

Cx2
To = T + = To! (13.108)
2c p

, Cx=0, w
:

Tw = To

Prandtl
.

,
, .
(13.100) :

!Cx !C ! !C
!C x + ! C y x = ( x )
!x !y !y !y
 (13.107). ,
:

To = !Cx + b (13.109)

b .
,
. ,
.
Prandtl ,

.

Pr 0,5 1, ,
, ,
Prandtl
.

13.5.3.3. .

(averaged quantities).

, .

Q
q
.

.
:

! !
( !C x ) + ( !C y ) = 0 (13.110)
!x !y

. :

! ! ! !
( ! Cx ) + ( ! Cy ) + ( ! 'cx ) + ( ! 'cy ) = 0 (13.110)
!x !y !x !y

. x

:

!Cx !C !p ! !C !
( !C x ) + ( !Cy ) x = " + ( x ) + ["( ! 'cx )cy ] (13.111)
!x !y !x !y !y !y
 !( ! 'cx )cy
Reynolds :

!T !T !p ! !T !C x 2
( !Cx )c p + ( !Cy )c p = Cx + (" ) + ( ) +
!x !y !x !y !y !y
(13.112)
! !C x
+ ["c p ( ! 'cyT ')]" ! 'cy cx
!y !y

ci
.

, .
Prandtl
,
, ,
:
#C
! ! " " cx cy ! # x
#y

$T
!c p ! cyT " # " '
$y

c p / Prandtl
, 10%,
:

Pr = c p / ' = 0,7

Prandtl
,
Prandtl
.

,


.

, *,
...
 ,
(stagnation temperature
thickness) ,

( ) .
, , :

! 1 "Cx To y
= # ( $1)d( ) (13.113)
! o
""C" To" d

Prandtl
dp/dx ,
(13.113)
.

.
13.23 .

:
C+ :

Cx C
C+ = = x 2 / c fw (13.114)
! w / " w C!

w ,
y+ :

y y! C
y+ = = w ! c fw / 2 (13.115)
w ! w" w w

C + = y+ (13.116)

- y
:
. 13.23

Cx ! 1
= ( )n (13.117)
C! "

n Reynolds.

: Re=105 n=5

: Re=109 n=10

n=7.

13.5.3.4.
.

13.24
.
, .
.

.
.13.24

.


.
.

13.24,
.
:

)
)
.

,

.
13.6

.
.


.


z , .13.25.

. 13.25. =0.75

C0
x.
, ,
x. 12
,
.
.
/
, ,
,

.
. 13.25
.
, , , .
p
, p0.

x .
Mach.
 .13.25 0.75.
13.25

. 13.25 =0.75

.
1.1

, . 13.6 13.7.

. 13.26 13.26
=0.81.


, ,
.
, .13.26

.
 =0.89, . 13.27 13.27,

,

. 13.26 =0.81

.13.26 =0.81
.


,
.

.13.27 =0.89
.13.27 =0.89
. 13.28

.13.29. =0.98

cL
.13.28


.
. 13.29 =0.98

, . 13.29 ,

.

. 13.30 =1.4
. 13.30 =1.4

=1.4 .13.30

. . 13.30

.
.

,
.