4.

.
4.1


.

.
,
, . (S.I. units)
(L), (), ().
,
. ,
.

. l n1[L] t n2[T]
n1 n2 , :

u=

n1 [L] n1
=
[LT 1 ] = n3 [LT 1 ]
n 2 [T ] n 2

n3 .

[LT-1]
n3
.

:

[LT 1 ]
= [LT 2 ] .
[T ]
Newton:
= :

[M ][LT 2 ] = [MLT 2 ] .

. ,
, ,
-2.



.

(non dimensional) .
4.2 .
,
,
, .
.
,

.

.
,
.


.
,
.

, .
4.3 .
:

Q = f (Q1,Q2 ,Q3 ,...)

(4.1)

Q Q1
Q.

.

.
, ,
g
. ,
.


.

.
, .
Qi, :
(4.2)

Q = f (K1Q1!1Q2"1Q3#1 + K 2Q2!2 Q3"2 Q4# 2 +....)

i .
1, 1, 1
. ,
Q
:
(4.3)

"i # i
[Q] ! [Qi!i Qi+1
Qi+2 ]

(4.1.)
[], [L]
[].

u
l

F

[LT-1]
[L]
[ML-3]
[MLT-2]
[LT-2]
[ML-1T-1]
4.1.

(4.2) ,
j, j, j Qi, Qi+1, Qi+2
.
j, j, j,
:
F,
l, C, ,
:

F = f (l, C, !, )
:

(4.4)

(4.5)

F = f (l ! C " # $ % )

(4.1) :

[MLT !2 ] " [L]! [LT !1 ]" [ML!3 ]# [ML!1T !1 ]$ " [L]! +" !3# !$ [M ]# +$ [T ]!( " +$ )
:
+ = 1
+3- = 1

(4.6)

+ = 2
[], [L]
[].
(4.6.)
,
.
:
=2-
=1-

(4.7)

=2-
(4.5)
F :

F = f [l 2!! C 2!! "1!! ! ] = f [l 2C 2 " (

!
) ]
lC "

(4.8)

F
= g(Re)
l C2!
2

g Re =

lC !

Re Reynolds.
QiQjQk
.
- Buckingham.

4.4 To -.
:

f (Q1,Q2 ,Q3 ,....) = 0

(4.9)

Qi
n. r ,

n n-r.

S.I. ,
.
,

.
4.5


:
,



.

.
.
,
,
. ,


.


/
.
.

.

.
, ,


.

, ,
.
4.5.1 .


.

.

.

,
50:5,10-5 = 106.

1m
10-6m,
. ,

.

.. ,
. , 100m 1m,
- 200:1, 50 cm
5mm.


,
.
,
.

.
4.5.2 .

.
, ,
,
.

 r1 rt ,
r
r
: rc = 1 : ra = 12 .
rt
rt
r1=rt
rc=1 ra=1/r1.
, ,
, ,
, .
,
.
4.5.3 .


.
, .

.
.

:
)

)

)

)

)
( ) ...
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
, ,

.
l
C,
.





.

, , , ...
. ,

.
.

(Fp).

p pl2, :
(4.10)

Fp ! l 2 "p

(Fi).

, ( ),
:

! ij = (

!Ci
)
!x j

(4.11)

Fi = A ij .
:
Fi ! (l.l)

C
= Cl
l

(4.12)

, ,
.
.

. :
Fg ! !l 3g

(4.13)

.
:

F l .

(4.14)

.
.
,

, .
s (
), :

=(

Ks

(4.15)

)2

.
:

Fe K s l 2 = (

Ks

)l 2 = 2 l 2 .

, :
Fe ! !" 2l 2

(4.16)

Newton,

.

. , ,
,

.


Newton
.

 ,
l3

C/t, t
l/C.
:
Fs ! !l 3[C(l / C)] = !l 2C 2

:
(4.17)

Fs ! !l 2C 2

.
4.5.4 .


.
:

(Fi )
(Fi ) .

(F j )

(4.18)

(F j )

Fi, Fj .
(5.18) :

F
F
( i )!"#$ = ( i )%&$'(%) .
Fi
Fj

(4.19)

,
, .

.
,
.
4.5.4.1

Reynolds.

, ,
,
.
,
:

!"#$%&' ! $!($#%&$'
!"#$%&' ! &)*!+"'
:

!l 2C 2 !lC
.
=
Cl

Re = lC /

(4.20)

Reynolds.
,
,

Reynolds .

. D
Di, :

Di =

4.!"#$%& ! $'#(%)*
+!,'!(,%*

(4.21)

C, :

C=

m!
!A

(4.22)

.

, .
4.5.4.2

Froude.

,

, . ,
, .

:

!l 2C 2 C 2
.
=
!l 3 g
lg

 Froude

Fr =

C
1
(lg) 2

(4.23)

Fr
.
4.5.4.3

Weber.

,

. :

!"# a$%& ! '!( a#$%'&

!"#'$%& ! $)%*'#$%'+,&-'.,&
:

!l 2C 2 !lC 2
=
"l
"

Weber
1

(4.24)

We = C( !l / " ) 2

4.5.4.4

Mach.

, ,
,
.

:

!l 2C 2 C 2
=( ) .
!" 2l 2 "
Mach:
= C/

(4.25)


Mach 0,4.
Mach 1,
.
,
.