jpUthrfj;jpy; irt rpj;jhe;jk;

g.kNf];thp>
Kidth;gl;l Ma;thsh;>
jkpo; cauha;T ikak;>
jkpo;j;Jiw>
uhzp mz;zh muR kfsph; fy;Y}hp>
jpUney;Ntyp 8.

Kd;Diu
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tiffSs; xd;whd gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; vl;lhk; jpUKiwahf jpUthrfk;
mike;Js;sJ. ,j;jpUthrfk; XH mUs; E}y; ,e;E}ypy; cs;s xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; gOj;j kdj;J
mbathpd; gz;gl;l cs;sj;jpypUe;J rptNghj KjpHr;rpahy; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,t;mUk;ngwy;;
E}ypid mUspr; nra;jtH> thjT++ubfs; vDk; khzpf;fthrg; ngUe;jif MtH. ,j;jpUthrfj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; irtrpj;jhe;j fUj;Jf;fis ,f;fl;Liu ciuf;fpd;wJ.

irt rpj;jhe;jk;
rptid KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;L topgLfpd;w irt rka newp irt rkaj;jpw;F
mbg;gilahf tpsq;FfpwJ. rpj;jhe;jk; rpe;jpj;Jf; fz;lwpe;j Kbthd cz;ik vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
(me;jk;-KbT) Md;kPfk; njhlHghd gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fisAk; Muha;e;J rpe;jpj;J Kbe;j Kbthff;
fhzg;gl;lJ irt rpe;jhe;jkhFk;.
rpt tzf;fk; MhpaUf;F Kw;gl;lJ rpe;J rkntspapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l rptypq;f
tbtq;fs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf ,Ug;gjhFk;. gjp(,iwtd;)> gR(capH)> ghrk; (kyq;fs;) Mfpa
%d;iwAk; vd;nwd;Wk; cs;s epiyj;j nghUs;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ. irt rj;jhe;j jj;Jtj;jpd;
mbg;gilahFk;. irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; gb ,k;%d;WNk KjYk; KbTk; ,y;yhjit. ,jdhy; ,it
%d;iwANk ahUk; gilj;jjpy;iy vd;fpwJ irtrpj;jhe;jk. MapDk; vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; ,k;
%d;Wk; ntt;NtW ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;lit.

gjp (,iwtd;)
midj;J cyFf;Fk;> caph;fSf;Fk; Kjy;tdha; ,Ug;gth; vtNdh mtNd gjpahk;. mwpT
tbthfNt ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtd; mwpe;jtd;. vq;Fk; epie;jpUg;gtd;> mstw;w; ty;yik ngw;wtd;.

gR (capH)
capHfs; ,ay;ghfNt mwpTs;sit. Mdhy; kyq;fpspdhy; (ghrk;) gpzpf;fg;gLk;
NghJ mtw;wpd; mwpT kiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kyq;fspd; gpzpg;gpypUe;J jhq;fshfNt
tpLgLtjw;F capHfshy; KbahJ. ,iwtd; JizAlNdNa kyq;fspd; gpizg;gpypUe;J capHfs;
tpLgl KbAk;.

ghrk; (kyq;fs;)
kyq;fs; rlg;nghUs;fs; mwptw;wit. capHfisg;

gpzpj;J mtw;wpd; mwpit

kiwf;Fk; ty;yk nfhz;lit. ,it ,iwtid mila KbahJ.

gpwg;G ,wg;G mw;wtNd ,iwtd;

capHfs; vz;zw;w gpwg;G ,wg;Gf;fis cilad. ,iwtd; gpwg;G ,wg;G mw;wtd;.
rptngUkhd; xhplj;Jg; gpwe;jhd; ,we;jhd; vd;gJ Nfl;fg;glhj xd;whFk;. Mjyhy;
gpwg;G ,y;yhjtDf;Fj; je;ij jha; vd;Dk; Kiw chpikAilahH ,y;iy vd;gJ ntspg;gilahFk;.
NjtH> kf;fs; Kjypa vy;NyhUf;Fk; jhAk;> je;ijAk; ed;newpg;gLj;Jk; jiytDk; Mfpa
Kj;jpwj;

njhlHGilatHfs;.

Mdhy;

capiug;

gw;wpa

njhlHig

epidf;Fk;

NghJ

,k;Kj;njhlHGk; cila cz;ikj; jhAk;> je;ijAk; jiytDk; ,iwtd; xUtNd Mthd;.

,iwtd; gpwg;G> ,wg;G mw;wtd; Mjypd; mtDf;F mj;jifaj; njhlHG fpilahJ.
,t;thpa cz;ikiaj; njspTw czHj;Jk ;nghUl;Lj jpUthrfj;jpy;>
ve;ij aha; vk;gpuhd; kw;Wk; ahtHf;Fk;
je;ij jha;> jk;gpuhd; jdf;F m/jpyhd;
(jpUr;rjfk;-51)
ve;ijahfpa rptngUkhd; vdf;Fj; jhahfTk; jiytuhfTk; ,Ug;gtH kw;Wk; ahtHf;Fk;
je;ij> jha;> jiytH vd tpsq;FgtH. MapDk; mtHf;Fj; jha; je;ij jiytH vtUk; ,y;iy vd;gij
khzpf;fthrfH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

capH ,ay;G
2

capUf;F %d;W epiyfs; cz;L. mit Nfty epiy> rfy epiy> Rj;j epiy (Kf;jp)
gpwtpf;F tUtjw;F Kd;Ds;s epiy. Nfty epiy vdg;gLk;.
gpwg;Gf;F cl;gl;bUf;Fk; epiy ,J rfyepiy vdg;gLk;.
gpwg;G> ,wg;G ePq;fpa epiy. mJ Rj;j epiy vdg;gLk;.
Nft rfy Rj;jk; vd;w%d; wtj;ij ahd;kh
NkTtd; Nft ye;jd; Dz;iknka; nghwpf nsy;yhk;.
(rpt.Qh.rpj;jp-2-27)
vd;gij clypd; %d;W epiyfs; Fwpj;J rptQhd rpj;jpahH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.1

Nftepiy
capH clk;ig ngwhj Mjpepiy. ,e;epiyapy; Mztkyk; caphpd; mwpit kiwj;J
mwptw;w rlg;nghUisg; Nghd;W nrayhw;w kaf;f epiyapy; itj;jpUf;Fk;.

rfy epiy
capH clk;ig ngw;w epiy. capHpd; nka;AzHit mlf;fp tpghPj czHit Mztk;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,opnghUl;fis caHthfTk; Jd;gj;ij ,d;gkhfTk; fUjr; nra;Ak;.
Mztkyj;jpd; Mw;wy;> Md;khtpd; mwpT ,r;ir nray;fis kiwf;f ,ayhky;> epw;Fk;
epiyNa kygphpghfk; vdg;gLk;. (kyk; - Mztkyk;> ghp-cgrHf;fk;) (clk;gpd; jd;ikfs;)
(ghfk;-jphpT.gf;Ftk;) mjhtJ Mztkyj;jpy; fhhpaq;fshfpa

Nkhfk; (kaf;fk;)>

kjk;

(nrUf;F)> ,uhfk;(Mir)> ftiy> jhgk;(Jd;gk;)> tl;lk;> tprpj;jpuk; (cilik nrUf;F) vd;Dk;

nfl;l Fzq;fs; Md;k mwpit tpl;L ePq;fp tpLk;.

Rj;jepiy (Kf;jp epiy)

rptd; jpUtbia capH mile;j epiy capH jhk; nra;j jtg;gadhy; ,iwtd; jpUtUis
NeNu ngw;W tpsq;Fk;NghJ mg;Ngnuhsppd; Kd; Mztj;jpd; kiwg;Gr; rf;jp rw;Wk;
Kide;J epw;f ,ayhJ. mlq;fp fplf;Fk;. (#hpa xspapy; tpsf;nfhsp mlq;fp ,Ug;gJ
Nghd;W)

caphpd; %d;W epiyfspYk; Mztk; mjid tpl;L gphpahJ. Vnddpy; Mztk; capiug;
Nghd;W epj;jpag; nghUshdjhy; mjd; nray; jpwd; kl;Lk; xt;nthU epiyapYk; NtW
Ntwhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,k;%d;W

epiyfisAk; mwpTWj;Jk; nghUl;L jpUthrfj;jpy;

fz;lgj;J vd;Dk;

gjpfj;jpy;>
cUj;njhpahf; fhyj;Nj cs;GFe;J vd;csk; kd;dpf;
fUj;J ,Uj;jp Cd;Gf;Ff; fUizapdhy; Mz;Lnfhz;l
jpUj;JUj;jp Nkahidj; jpj;jpf;Fk; rptgjj;;ij
mUe;jpapdhy; ehabNad; mzpnfhs; jpy;iy fz;NlNd. (jpUthrfk;-477)
cUj;njhpahf; fhyj;Nj vd;gJ gpwtpf;F tUtjw;F Kd;G> capH ve;jtpjf; fUtp fhuzq;fSk;
ngwhikahy; VJk; mwpahky; Mzt kyj;ijg; gw;wp fple;j mehjp Nftyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,t;Tz;ikia>
mWtpyd;> m%Hj;jfd; Nftyj;jpy; Md;kh (228)
vd;W rptQhd rpj;jahH njspTWj;Jfpd;wJ.
cs; GFe;J vd;csk; kd;dp vd;gJ me;j mehjp Nftyj;jpYk; ,iwtd;. capUf;F
capuha; ,Ue;J> capH ca;Ak; nghUl;L capHf;F> Ez;Zliyg; gilj;jspj;Jf; Fwpf;Fk;.
Mztj;jhy; vz;Zk; nray; khz;l
vt;TapHf;Fk; cs;ehb Kw;ghy;
jDfuz GtdKk; je;J (10-12)
vd;w Nghw;wpg;g/nwhil Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
fU-jpUj;jp Cd; Gf;F vd;gJ Ez;Zliyg; ngw;w gpd;G me;je;j caphpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F
Vw;g> gU cliyj; je;jUspaijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,t;Tz;ikia
mtw;why; kdk; Kjyh te;j tpfhuj;jhy;
tpid ,uz;Lk; fhl;b mjdhy; gpwg;G Mf;fpf;
iff; nfhz;L kPl;L mwpT fhl;Lk; tpid. (2-13)

vd;W Nghw;wpg;g/nwhilapy; ckhgjprptk mUspr; nra;Js;shH.

fUizapdhy; Mz;L nfhz;l..
jpj;jpf;Fk; rptgjj;ij fz;lNd
vd;gJ gpwg;G. ,wg;G ePq;fpa epiyapy;> ,iwtd; capHfSf;F toq;fpa Nghpd;gg;
ngUepiyapidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;Tz;ikia>
jphpkyk; mWj;Jg; gz;ilr;
rpw;wwpT xope;J> Qhdk;
ngUfp> ehafd;jd; ghjk;
ngWtJ Rj;jk; MNk (230)
vd;W mUze;jrptk; rptQhd rpj;jpahhpy; mUspr; nra;Js;shH.3

jpUthrfj;jpy; Kk;kyk;
irt rpj;jhe;jpy; Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia vd;Dk; %d;W nghUs;fSk; Kk;kyk;
vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw jis vd;fpNwhk;. jis vd;gJ fl;L MFk;. caphpd; tpahgfj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jp capiug; gpwg;G. ,wg;Gf;F cl;gLj;Jtjhy; ,it jis vdg;gLfpd;wd. jisf;F kyk;>
ghrk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; irt rpj;jhe;j FwpaPLfs; MFk;.
jpUthrfj;jpy; kyk;> ghrk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; tUfpd;wd.
Kk;ik kyk; mWtpj;J (658)
gR ghrk; mWj;jhid (478)
vd;Dk; njhlHfspypUe;J ,t;Tz;ik ngwg;gLk;. fPHj;jpj; jpUtftypy;
%yk; Mfpa Kk;kyk; mWf;Fk;
J}aNkdp flHtpL Nrhjp (111-112)
Kk;kyk; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhl;rp jpUthrfj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; ifahsg;gLtijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
mOf;Fmilah neQ;R cUf Kk;kyq;fs;
ghAk; fOf;fil fhz;

(364)

Kk;ik kyk; mWtpj;J Kjyha Kjy;td; jhd;(658)

5

Kk;ik vd;Dk; nrhy; ck;ik- ,k;ik mk;ik vd;Dk; %d;w epiyfspYk; %d;W
kyq;fSk; cs;sd vd;W nghUs;.
ck;ik vd;gJ NftyepiyiaAk;> ,k;ik vd;gJ rfyepiyiaAk;> mk;ik vd;gJ tPLNgW
ngw;Wg; gpwg;Gf;F cl;glhj Kf;jp epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. capHfs; gpwg;Gf;F tUtjw;F
Kd;Gk;> gpwg;Gf;F cl;glhj NghJk; Kk;kyq;fSk; fhuz epiyapy; cs;sd. capHfs;
gpwg;Gf;Fl;gLk; NghJ mit %d;Wk; fhhpa epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kk;ik vd;gJ
Kf;fhyj;;Jk; %d;W kyq;fSk; cilad vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. irtrpj;jhe;jk; nfhs;Sk; Ie;J
kyq;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpAk; jpUthrfj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. Ie;J kyq;fs; vit vd;gijr;
rptQhd rpj;jpahH.
khiaapd; fhhp aj;ij
khNaa kyk; mJ vd;wk;
VAk;Kk; kyq;fs; je;jk;
njhopypid ,aw;w VTk;
J}atd; jdJ XH rf;jp
jpNuhjhd fhp mJ vd;Wk; (177)
Ma;tH ,k;kyq;fs; Ie;Jk;
mZf;fis mize;J epw;Fk; 4
vd;W njspTWj;jp $Wfpd;wJ.

KbTiu
Nftyk;> rfyk;> Kf;jp Mfpa epiyfspYk; capiu Mztk; ePq;fhJ. Mztj;ij ePf;f
Ntz;bd; capUf;F NtW xUthpd; Jiz Ntz;Lk;. capUf;F mj;jifa Jiz ,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy;
kl;LNk ngw KbAk; vd;gij irt rpj;jhe;jk; $WfpwJ. irt rpj;jhe;j fUj;Jf;fs; jpUthrfg;
ghlypy; ngUk;ghYk; fhz KbfpwJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;
1.rpt.Qhd rpj;jpahH Rgf;fk;

gf;-358

2.NkyJ

gf;-228

3.NkyJ

gf;-362

4.NkyJ

gf;-288