B Gio Dc v o To

Trng i Hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm
B Mn Cng Ngh Sau Thu Hoch v Thit B Thc Phm

Bi ging:

CC PHNG PHP BO QUN V CH BIN TR

Bin son:
Lng Hng Quang

TP. H Ch Minh
Thng 3 - 2004

NI DUNG
CHNG 1: M U ..................................................................................... 1
1.1 Ngun gc cy tr (ch) .......................................................................... 1
1.2 V tr ca cy tr trong nn kinh t........................................................... 2
1.2.1 Tr l mt thc ung l tng v c nhiu gi tr v dc liu ........ 2
1.2.2 Tr l mt hng xut khu c gi tr kinh t cao ............................... 3
1.2.3 Phn vng tr ................................................................................... 3
CHNG 2: THNH PHN SINH HA CH YU TRONG BP TR ........... 5
2.1 Nc ....................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Tanin ....................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Alkaloid ................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Protein v cc acid amin ......................................................................... 8
2.5 Glucid v pectin....................................................................................... 8
2.6 Dip lc v cc sc t khc gn n ......................................................... 9
2.7 Du thm ................................................................................................ 9
2.8 Vitamin .................................................................................................... 9
2.9 Men (enzyme) ....................................................................................... 10
2.10 Cht tro ............................................................................................... 10
CHNG 3: THU HOCH BO QUN V CH BIN TR ......................... 11
3.1 K thut hi tr ...................................................................................... 11
3.2 Bo qun nguyn liu ........................................................................... 15
3.3 Ch bin tr........................................................................................... 16
3.3.1 K thut ch bin tr en ................................................................ 17
3.3.2 Ch bin tr xanh ........................................................................... 23
3.3.3 K thut ch bin tr Oolong ( long) ............................................ 25
3.3.4 Tr hng v tr p hoa ti ...................................................... 26
3.3.5 Tr ha tan ..................................................................................... 29
3.4 Bo qun tr.......................................................................................... 30
3.4.1 Nhng thay i cht lng tr trong qu trnh bo qun ............... 30
3.4.2 Bao b v cch ng gi ................................................................. 31
3.4.3 Kho cha cc thng tr v bo qun tr khi vn chuyn ................ 32
3.5 Kim tra cht lng tr ......................................................................... 32
3.5.1 Nhng iu kin cn thit khi kim tra cht lng tr .................... 32
i

3.5.2 Trnh t kim tra cht lng tr...................................................... 33

ii

iii

CHNG 1: M U

1.1 Ngun gc cy tr (ch)

Cy tr nm trong h thng phn loi thc vt nh sau:
Ngnh ht kn Angiospermae
Lp song t dip Dicotyledonae
B tr Theales
H tr Theaceae
Chi tr Camellia (Thea)
Loi Camellia (Thea) sinensis.
Tn khoa hc ca cy tr c nhiu nh khoa hc cng nhn l: Camellia
sinensis (L) O. Kuntze v c tn ng ngha l: Thea sinensis L.
Trong cc ti liu c ph bin, hu nh cha c s thng nht chc
chn no v cy tr.
Trong sut mt thi gian di, cc nh thc vt hc chp nhn gi thuyt
cy tr c hai trung tm khi nguyn da vo nhng khc bit v c im
hnh thi ca cc ging tr n v Trung Quc, nhng theo Hashimoto v
Shimura, s khc bit v hnh thi gia tr n v Trung Quc khng
thuyt phc gi thuyt nh nguyn v ngun gc cy tr, bi v tr n v
Trung Quc u c cng s nhim sc th (2n = 30) v chng c th th phn
cho cho nhau mt cch t do. C th lit k vi gi thit v ngun gc cy
tr:
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v kho st trc y cho rng ngun gc ca
cy tr l vng cao nguyn Vn Nam Trung Quc, ni c kh hu m t v
m. Theo cc ti liu ca Trung Quc th cch y khong 4.000 nm, ngi
Trung Quc bit dng tr lm dc liu v sau mi dng ung.
Cng theo cc ngun ti liu ny th vng bin gii Ty Bc nc ta nm
trong vng nguyn sn ca ging tr t nhin trn th gii.
Nm 1823 R.Bruce pht hin c nhng cy tr di, l to vng Atxam (n
), t cc hc gi ngi Anh cho rng nguyn sn ca cy tr l n
ch khng phi l Trung Quc. Trong tt c cc ti liu gn y hu nh
khng thy c s nht qun nu ln v ni xut x ca cy tr. Chng ta bit
rng mun xc nh vng nguyn sn ca mt cy trng cn cn c vo
nhng iu kin tng hp, trong cy d sinh ch l mt iu kin m ch
yu l cn xt n tp qun s dng, lch s trng trt v tnh hnh phn b
cc loi hnh c quan h ti cy trng .
Theo Kingdon-Ward (1950), cy tr c ngun gc vng ng Nam , tri t
vng Assan pha ty sang pha ng Trung Quc v ti Vit Nam pha Nam
(trch t Matthews v Stephen, 1998).

1.2 V tr ca cy tr trong nn kinh t

1.2.1 Tr l mt thc ung l tng v c nhiu gi tr v dc liu
Trung Quc l nc u tin ch bin tr ung sau nh nhng c tnh
tt ca n, tr tr thnh thc ung ph bin trn th gii. Ngy nay tr c
ph bin rng ri hn c c ph, ru vang v ca-cao. Tc dng cha bnh
v cht dinh dng ca nc tr c cc nh khoa hc xc nh nh
sau:
Cafein v mt s hp cht ankaloid khc c trong tr l nhng cht c kh
nng kch thch h thn kinh trung ng, kch thch v i no lm cho tinh
thn minh mn, tng cng s hot ng ca cc c trong c th, nng cao
nng lc lm vic, gim bt mt nhc sau nhng lc lm vic cng thng.
Hn hp tanin tr c kh nng gii kht, cha mt s bnh ng rut nh t,
l, thng hn. Nhiu thy thuc cn dng nc tr, c bit l tr xanh
cha bnh si thn, si bng quang v chy mu d dy. Theo xc nhn ca
M.N. Zaprometop th hin nay cha tm ra c cht no li c tc dng lm
vng chc cc mao mch tt nh catechin ca tr. Da vo s liu ca Vin
nghin cu y hc Leningrat, khi iu tr cc bnh cao huyt p th hiu qu thu
c c trin vng rt tt, nu nh ngi bnh c dng catechin tr theo
liu lng 150mg trong mt ngy. E.K. Mgaloblisvili v cc cng tc vin
xc nh nh hng tch cc ca nc tr xanh ti tnh trng chc nng ca
h thng tim mch, s cn cc mao mch, trao i mui - nc, tnh trng ca
chc nng h hp ngoi vi, s trao i vitamin C, trng thi chc nng ca h
thng iu tit mu.v.v...
Tr cn cha nhiu loi vitamin nh vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, vitamin PP v
nhiu nht l vitamin C.
Mt gi tr c bit ca tr c pht hin gn y l tc dng chng phng
x. iu ny c cc nh khoa hc Nht Bn thng bo qua vic chng
minh tr c tc dng chng c cht Strontium (Sr) 90 l mt ng v phng
x rt nguy him. Qua vic quan st thng k nhn thy nhn dn mt vng
ngoi thnh Hirsima c trng nhiu tr, thng xuyn ung nc tr, v vy
rt t b nhim phng x hn cc vng chung quanh khng c tr. Cc tin s
Teidzi Ugai v Eishi Gaiashi (Nht Bn) tin hnh cc th nghim trn chut
bch cho thy vi 2% dung dch tanin tr cho ung s tch ra c t c th
90% cht ng v phng x Sr 90.
Ngy nay, cc gi tr ca tr i vi y hc vn ang thu ht s quan tm v
nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc. Cc kt qu nghin cu xc nhn tc
dng tt ca tr trong iu tr mt s bnh v rng ming, mt s bnh ung
th, thm ch cc nghin cu bc u cng c tin hnh i vi cc
bnh nhn nhim HIV/AIDS.
Tr l mt cy cng nghip lu nm, c i sng kinh t lu di, mau cho sn
phm, cho hiu qu kinh t cao. Tr trng mt ln, c th thu hoch 30-40
nm hoc lu hn na. Trong iu kin thun li ca ta cy sinh trng tt th
cui nm th nht thu bi trn di mt tn bp/ha. Cc nm th hai th
ba (trong thi k kin thit c bn) cng cho mt sn lng ng k khong 23 tn bp/ha. T nm th t tr a vo kinh doanh sn xut.

1.2.2 Tr l mt hng xut khu c gi tr kinh t cao

Sn phm tr c gi tr hng ha v xut khu cao, c th trng tiu th n
nh v nhu cu ngy cng m rng. Tr c tiu th trn khp th gii,
trong khi ch khong 20 quc gia, lnh th trng tr mang tnh thng mi, do
phn ln tr c sn xut ra xut khu. Gi tr trn th trng th gii
tng i n nh t 1200 - 1900 la M/tn, c loi tr Oolong t gi
20000 la M/tn.
s dng ngun ti nguyn phong ph v ngun lao ng di do, thay i
c cu sn xut nng nghip vi ii kin khng tranh chp vi din tch trng
cy lng thc, tr l mt trong nhng cy c u th nht. Ngun lao ng
ca ta di do nhng phn b khng u, ch yu tp trung vng ng
bng, tr l mt loi cy yu cu mt lng lao ng sng rt ln. Do vic
pht trin mnh cy tr vng trung du v min ni l mt bin php c hiu
lc, va s dng hp l va phn b ng u ngun lao ng di do
trong phm vi c nc. Vic pht trin mnh cy tr vng trung du v min
ni dn ti vic phn b cc x nghip cng nghip ch bin tr hin i ngay
nhng vng , do lm cho vic phn b cng nghip c ng u v
lm cho vng trung du v min ni mau chng pht trin kp min xui.
1.2.3 Phn vng tr
Do iu kin t ai v kh hu thch hp cho nn cy tr c trng trt ri
rc hu ht cc tnh trung du v min ni, nhng tp trung mt s vng
chnh nh sau:
Vng tr min ni
Gm cc tnh H Giang,Tuyn Quang, Cao Bng, Lng Sn,ging tr c
trng ch yu vng ny l tr Shan (cn gi l tr tuyt) c nng sut cao,
phm cht tt. Sn lng tr ca vng ny chim 25 - 30% tng sn lng tr
ca min Bc. Trong tng lai s nng t trng sn lng ln 50 - 60%. Sn
phm ch yu ca vng tr min ni l tr lc, tr mn. Hin nay sn xut tr
xanh chim u th.
Vng tr trung du
Gm cc tnh Vnh Phc, Ph Th, Sn La, Ha Bnh, Bc Thi v mt phn
ca tnh Yn Bi c. L vng sn xut tr ch yu, chim 70% sn lng tr
ca min Bc. Ging tr chnh c trng trt l ging Trung du (Trung Quc
l to) c nng sut cao v phm cht tt. Sn phm ch yu l tr en v tr
xanh tiu dng v xut khu.
Vng tr ti
Gm cc tnh ng bng Bc b v khu 4 c, vng ny nhn dn c tp qun
s dng l bnh t ung ti (khng qua qu trnh ch bin). Tr c
trng ch yu cc tnh Ngh An, H Tnh, Thanh Ha. Nhng nm gn y
mt s vn tr ti c chm sc, n hi chuyn sang tr hi bp.
Hin nay vng tr ny ang gi v tr quan trng trong vic gii quyt nhu cu
thc ung ca nhn dn.

Min Nam
Tr c trng ch yu cc tnh Lm ng, Gia Lai v Kon Tum. Vng nam
Ty Nguyn (Lm ng) l vng cao nguyn nhit i, cao 800 - 1.500 m,
thch hp vi ging tr Shan. Vng bc Ty Nguyn thp hn (500 - 700m),
kh hu thch hp vi cc ging tr Assham v Trung du.

CHNG 2:THNH PHN SINH HA CH YU TRONG

BP TR
Phm cht ca tr thnh phm c quyt nh do nhng thnh phn ha
hc ca nguyn liu v k thut ch bin. Thnh phn sinh ha ca tr bin
ng rt phc tp n ph thuc vo ging, tui tr, iu kin t ai, a hnh,
k thut canh tc, ma thu hoch... Trn c s nm c nhng c im
ch yu v mt sinh ha ca nguyn liu s t c s cho mt s bin php
k thut nng cao sn lng ng thi gi vng v nng cao cht lng
ca tr.
Nhng thnh phn sinh ha ch yu trong bp tr gm c:
2.1 Nc
Nc l thnh phn ch yu trong bp tr: nc c quan h n qu trnh
bin i sinh ha trong bp tr v n s hot ng ca cc men, l cht
quan trng khng th thiu c duy tr s sng ca cy. Hm lng
nc trong bp tr thay i ty theo ging, tui cy, t ai, k thut canh tc,
thi gian hi v tiu chun hi v.v... Trong bp tr (tm + 3 l) hm lng
nc thng c t 75 - 82%. trnh khi s hao ht nhng vt cht trong
bp tr qua qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn, phi c gng trnh s gim
bt nc trong bp tr sau khi hi.
2.2 Tanin
Tanin l mt trong nhng thnh phn ch yu quyt nh n phm cht tr.
Tanin l cc polyphenol c v cht, c tnh thuc da v b kt ta khi khi
dung dch bng protein hoc alkaloide.Thnh phn ch yu ca hn hp tanin
tr l cc catechin, chim 90% thnh phn ca tanin. T l cc cht trong
thnh phn hn hp ca tanin tr khng ging nhau v ty theo tng ging tr
m thay i. Nhng hp cht ny da vo tnh cht ca chng c th phn
thnh:
- Dng tan c trong ester c phn t lng 320 - 360.
- Dng tan trong nc hoc ceton c phn t lng 420 - 450.
- Dng kt hp vi protein (ch sau khi dng dung dch NaOH 0,5% x l,
mi c th ha tan trong dung dch).
Thnh phn ha hc ca tanin trong bp tr Gruzia,
Theo phn tch ca Cuaxanop v Djaprometop (1952), thnh phn ha hc
ca tanin trong bp tr Gruzia c trnh by trong Bng 2.1.

Bng 2.1 Hm lng ca cc dng catechin

K hiu

Dng catechin
() Catechin
(-) Epicatechin
() Galocatechin
(-) Epigalocatechin
(-) Epicatechingalate
(-) Epigalocatechingalate
(-) Galocatechingalate
Quexitrin
Cht mu hn tp v acid galic

() C
(-) EC
() GC
(-) EGC
(-) ECG
(-) EGCG
(-)GCG

Hm lng
(% tng lng tanin)
0,4
1,3
2,0
12,0
18,1
58,1
1,4
0,27
5,0
98,57%

Cng:

Phn tch cc dng catechin trong bp tr ca Vit Nam, nhng kt qu ban

u cho thy:
Bng 2.2 Thnh phn catechin trong bp tr PH1 v Trung du (Trnh Vn
Loan, 1975)
Thnh phn
Cc catechin

(-) EGC
() GC
(-) EC, (+) C
(-) EGCG
(-) ECG
Tng s

Ging PH1

Ging Trung du

Hm lng
(mg/g cht kh)

T l (%)

Hm lng
(mg/g cht kh)

T l (%)

27,70
19,80
5,21
73,00
21,20
150,91

18,40
13,15
3,48
51,70
14,05
100,0

33,90
20,40
8,39
81,0
27,4
171,09

19,8
11,92
4,9
47,4
16,0
100,0

S bin ng ca hm lng tanin ni chung v catechin ni ring trong tr

rt ln. N ph thuc vo ging, tiu chun hi, ma hi, iu kin v, a
hnh, k thut canh tc,.. Trong hon cnh t nhin ca ta, cc ging tr Shan
thng cho hm lng tanin cao hn cc ging tr khc hin ang trng.
Hm lng tanin bin ng rt ln ty theo v tr l trn bp.

Bng 2.3 Hm lng tanin cc loi l tr (% cht kh)

B phn
Tm
L 1
L 2
L 3
Cung
Trung bnh

Ging PH1

Tr Trung du

36,75
37,77
34,74
30,77
25,56
32,72

34,99
36,97
34,61
31,16
22,90
32,12

Cc dng catechin nh epicatechin galat, epigalocatechin galat tham gia vo

qu trnh sinh trng ca cy.
V mt phm cht tr, tanin gi vai tr ch yu trong vic to thnh mu sc,
hng v ca tr (nht l i vi vic ch bin tr en), v vy trong qu trnh
trng trt cn ch nng cao hm lng tanin trong nguyn liu.
Tanin c dng trong y hc lm thuc cm mu, n c kh nng tng
cng sc khng ca thnh huyt qun trong c th ng vt, tng cng
s tch ly v ng ha sinh t C.
2.3 Alkaloid
Trong tr c nhiu loi alkaloid nhng nhiu nht l cafein. Hm lng cafein
trong tr c t 3 - 5% thng nhiu hn cafein trong l c ph t 2 - 3 ln.
N khng c kh nng phn ly ion H+ tc l khng c tnh axt m ch l mt
kim yu. Cafein ch ha tan trong nc vi t l 1/46, rt d ha tan trong
dung mi chlorofoc. Cafein c tc dng kch thch h thn kinh trung ng,
kch thch c nng hot ng ca tim, c tc dng li tiu. Cafein rt bn vng
trong ch bin. N c kh nng kt hp ci tanin to thnh hp cht tanat
cafein c hng v d chu. Theo ti liu ca Roberto, hp cht tanat cafein
c to thnh ch yu t cafein, theaflavin, thearubigin, theaflavingalat.
Ngoi ra cn c s tham gia ca ECG v EGCG.
S thay i hm lng cafein trong tr nguyn liu ph thuc vo ging, v d:
- Ging tr Trung Quc: 2,29 - 2,31%
- Tr n : 4,05 - 4,30%
- Tr Gruzia : 2,47 - 2,66%
Hm lng cafein cn ph thuc vo tui ca l:
- l th nht: 3,39%

- l th t: 2,10%

- l th hai: 4,20%

- l gi: 0,79%

- l th ba: 3,40%

- cng tr: 0,36%

Thi v thu hoch khc nhau, iu kin canh tc khc nhau, u nh hng
n hm lng cafein trong bp tr. Bn m, hm lng cafein tng ln r
rt: theo s liu ca Vrnxp, hm lng cafein thay i nh sau: i chng
khng bn N: 3,13%; bn 100 kg N/ha: 3,16% v bn 210 kg N/ha: 3,24%.

2.4 Protein v cc acid amin

Protein l hp cht hu c phc tp cha N, phn b khng u cc phn
ca bp tr v thay i ty theo ging, thi v, iu kin canh tc v cc yu
t khc. Protein c th trc tip kt hp vi tanin, polifenol to ra nhng hp
cht khng tan lm nh hng xu n phm cht tr en. Do c im ca
vic ch bin tr xanh l dit men ngay t u, nn hm lng tanin trong tr
t b thay i v cn qu cao lm cho tr c v ng. Protein kt hp vi mt
phn tanin lm cho v cht v ng gim i. V th trong mt chng mc no
, protein c li cho phm cht tr xanh.
Ngy nay ngi ta tm thy trong tr c khong 20 acid amin (Bng 2.3),
cc acid amin ny kt hp vi ng v tanin to thnh aldehid c mi thm
ca tr en v lm cho tr xanh c d v tt.
Bng 2.3 Mt s amino acid t do trong nc tr xanh (Nakabayashi, 1991;
Bradfield v Penny, 1948)
Amino acid
Theanine
Glutamic acid
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Glutamine
Serine
Threonine
Alanine
Asparagine
Lysine
Phenylalanine
Valine

Hm lng
194.0 2771.5
154.5 441.1
16.3 909.0
131.0 352.0
24.2 599.7
43.1 282.2
16.5 80.9
20.8 85.6
3.1 45.0
5.4 42.2
7.4 38.6
4.6 137.2

Trung bnh
1201.9
277.2
265.0
226.6
206.1
83.9
30.4
29.9
23.1
21.2
20.8
19.8

%
45.9
12.7
9.2
10.8
7.5
3.8
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.0

2.5 Glucid v pectin

Trong l tr cha rt t glucid ha tan, trong khi cc glucid khng ha tan li
chim t l ln.
Bng 2.4 Hm lng glucid trong l tr (% cht kh) Bacutrava 1958
Loi l
L th 1
L th 2
L th 3
L bnh t
L gi

ng kh

saccharose

Tng lng

0,99
1,15
1,40
1,63
1,81

0,64
0,85
1,66
2,06
2,52

1,63
2,00
3,06
3,69
4,33

Cellulose v Hemicellulose cng tng ln theo tui ca l, v vy nguyn liu

cng gi cht lng cng km. Hm lng ng ha tan trong tr tuy t
nhng rt quan trng i vi hng v tr. ng tc dng vi protein hoc
acid amin to nn cc cht thm.
Pectin thuc v nhm glucid v n l hn hp ca cc polysaccharid khc
nhau v nhng cht tng t chng. trong tr, pectin thng dng ha
tan trong nc, tan trong acid oxalic, tan trong amon oxalat. Pectin tham gia
vo vic to thnh hng v tr, lm cho tr c mi to chn trong qu trnh
lm ho. mc va phi, pectin lm cho tr d xon li khi ch bin nhng
n c nh hng xu n qu trnh bo qun tr thnh phm v pectin d ht
m.
Theo s liu ca Gghia, hm lng pectin trong l tr nh sau: mm v l
th nht: 3,08%, l th hai: 2,63%, l th ba: 2,21%.
2.6 Dip lc v cc sc t khc gn n
Trong l tr c cha dip lc t (chlorophyl), carotene v xanthophyl. Cc sc
t ny bin ng theo ging, theo ma v cc bin php k thut canh tc.
Trong tr thnh phm dip lc t c nh hng xu ti phm cht ca tr bi
v lm cho sn phm c mu xanh, mi hng, v ngi. Tuy nhin dip lc t
gn nh bin mt sau khi ch bin nguyn liu thnh tr en.
2.7 Du thm
Du thm trong tr rt t, hm lng ca chng trong l tr ti: 0,007% 0,009% v trong tr bn thnh phm: 0,024 - 0,025%. Hm lng du thm
trong l tr, c tng dn nhng a hnh cao, tui l qu non cha t
hng thm. Du thm nh hng trc tip n hng v ca tr do hng
thm t nhin v do qu trnh ch bin to thnh nh s ln men, xi ha, tc
dng ca nhit cao.
Du thm c tc dng iu tit sinh l ca cy thch hp vi iu kin bn
ngoi (khi nhit qu cao hay qu thp) v ngn cn nhng bc x c bc
sng ngn, tc hi n cy tr. i vi c th con ngi du thm c tc
dng kch thch h thn kinh trung ng lm cho tinh thn minh mn, thoi mi
d chu nng cao hiu sut lm vic ca cc c nng trong c th.
2.8 Vitamin
Cc loi vitamin c trong tr rt nhiu. Chnh v vy gi tr dc liu cng nh
gi tr dinh dng ca tr rt cao. Theo cc ti liu ca Trung Quc, hm
lng mt s vitamin trong tr tnh theo mg/1.000g cht kh nh sau:
Vitamin A: 54,6; B1: 0,70; B2: 12,20; PP: 47,0; C: 27,0 v.v...
ng ch nht l hm lng vitamin C trong tr, nhiu hn trong cam
chanh t 3 n 4 ln. Qu trnh ch bin tr en lm cho vitamin C gim i
nhiu v n b xi ha, cn trong tr xanh th n gim i khng ng k.

2.9 Men (enzyme)

Men l nhn t quan trng ca s sng. Men quyt nh chiu hng pht
trin ca mi phn ng ha hc xy ra trong c th sinh vt v chng l cht
kch ng tt c cc bin i ha hc.
Trong bp tr non c hu ht cc loi men, nhng ch yu gm hai nhm
chnh:
- Nhm thy phn: men amylaza, glucoxidaza, proteaza v mt s men khc.
- Nhm oxy ha kh: Ch yu l hai loi men: peroxidaza v
polyphenoloxidaza.
2.10 Cht tro
Cc nguyn t tro gi vai tr quan trng trong hot ng ca c th sng,
chng l nhng nhn t ca s thay i trng thi cc cht keo v nh hng
trc tip n s trao i cht ca t bo. Hm lng tro trong tr ti t 4-5%
v trong tr kh t 5-6%. Trong tr, tro chia thnh hai nhm: ha tan trong
nc v khng ha tan trong nc. Tr thnh phm loi tt, hm lng tro t
hn so vi loi tr xu nhng t l cht tro ha tan li nhiu hn.

10

CHNG 3:THU HOCH BO QUN V CH BIN

TR
3.1 K thut hi tr
Trong qu trnh sn xut tr, hi c mt ngha c bit quan trng. Hi l
khu cui cng ca cc bin php k thut trng trt nhng li l khu u
tin ca qu trnh ch bin. Hi khng nhng c nh hng trc tip n sn
lng, phm cht tr trong nm , m cn c nh hng n sn lng
phm cht, s sinh trng v pht dc ca cy v sau. Thc tin cho thy hi
tr mt cch hp l l bin php tng sn lng phm cht tr ng thi
cng l mt nhn t m bo cho tr hng nm c sn lng cao, phm cht
tt.
C s khoa hc xc nh bin php k thut hi
nh hng ca hi bp n sinh trng pht dc v sn lng
ca cy:
Trong iu kin t nhin s sinh trng ca bp hng nm thng c 3 - 4
t. Ch c bp nh (mm ngn) v 2 mm nch l k tip vi n chim u
th sinh trng, nhng mm nch pha di v mm bt nh nm trong
trng thi ng.
Hi bp nh tc l ph v u th sinh trng ngn, ng thi cng ph v s
cn bng gia hai b phn trn v di t, c tc dng thc y s hnh
thnh bp mi, tng s t bp trong mt nm.
sinh trng bp, cn c mt s ln vt cht dinh dng m l non gi mt
vai tr quan trng trong vic quang hp, to thnh cht hu c. Khi hi, nu
lu s l non li cng nhiu th cng c li cho quang hp to thnh vt
cht dinh dng cho cy. Song i tng ca trng trt l l non v bp, cho
nn gia hi v sinh trng ca cy tn ti mt mu thun nht nh. Nu hi
khng hp l, khng cha li mt s l thch hp th qu trnh quang hp
khng th tin hnh thun li, cy sinh trng km, gim sn lng. Thc t
chng minh rng cc phng php hi khc nhau (ch yu l cha li s
l nhiu hay t khc nhau) c nh hng ln n s pht trin chiu cao ca
cy, chiu rng ca tn v sc sinh trng ca cy.
Hi bp c quan h rt ln n s ra hoa kt qu. Cy tr khng c ring cnh
dinh dng v cnh sinh thc m ma h v ma thu c hai loi mm ny u
c trn nch l ca cnh. Cc phng php hi khc nhau, t l ra hoa kt
qu cng khc nhau. Hi cha cng nhiu l th t l ra hoa kt qu cng cao.
i vi tr kinh doanh, ra hoa kt qu nhiu khng phi l tt bi v qu trnh
t khi phn ha, pht dc ca n hoa cho n khi hnh thnh qu v qu chnh
b tiu hao mt lng ln vt cht dinh dng, lm cho cc mm sinh trng
vo trng thi b c ch, nh hng n sn lng bp trong nm.
Sn lng ca bp tr ph thuc vo s lng bp v trng lng bp. S
lng bp ph thuc vo mt bp trn tn v s ln hi. nhng vng tr
nhit i nh n , Xrilanca thng thu hoch quanh nm, do mi nm

11

c khong 30-35 ln thu hoch. ta, vi nhng vng tr sinh trng tt c

th thu hoch c 25 - 30 ln trong nm. Trng lng bp tr ph thuc vo
s l trn bp. Tiu chun hi khc nhau, sn lng thu c s khc nhau.
V d: nu hi 1 tm 2,3 l sn lng bp l 100%, hi 1 tm 2 l sn lng l
76% v hi mt tm 3 l sn lng l 105%.
Bng 3.1 Hi cha hp l cho nng sut cao
Sn lng bp tnh theo % so vi 1954
Cng thc hi
1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1. Hi khng cha l

100

77,84

54.59

56,80

85.29

2. Hi cha l c

100

114,90 79,84

131,2

134,33

141,2

154,86 187,26

3. Hi cha 2 l v xun, 1 l v 100

h, l c v thu

104,0

Quan h gia hi tr v phm cht

Phm cht ca tr ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc trong bp tr nh: cht
ha tan, catechin, cafein, ng... Nhng vt cht c li cho phm cht tr
thng tp trung ch yu vo b phn non ca bp tr. V vy, hi bp cng
non, phm cht cng tt.
non gi ca bp tr cn ph thuc vo thi gian sinh trng, v vy cn hi
ng thi gian quy nh.
Mt khc, do c im ca qu trnh ch bin v phm cht ca tng loi tr,
tiu chun hi cng khc nhau. V d: i vi nguyn liu ch bin tr en
cn hi non hn so vi nguyn liu dng ch bin tr xanh.
Tng quan gia ch s din tch l vi sn lng tr
Mi loi cy trng u c mt ch s din tch l thch hp mi c th t nng
sut cao. i vi cy tr, l l c quan kinh t ng thi l c quan dinh
dng, do ch s din tch l din bin rt phc tp (khc vi cc loi cy
ly ht), s bin ng ca din tch l tr chu s chi phi ca nhiu yu t
nh: ging, iu kin ngoi cnh v cc bin php k thut nng nghip. Theo
kt qu nghin cu ca Trung Quc th ch s din tch l vn tr hi bp
bin ng t 1 n 6. Tng quan gia ch s din tch l v sn lng l r =
0,8087. Ch s din tch l t 3 n 4 th sn lng tng dn cho n khi ch
s ny t 5 th nng sut cao nht, vt qu gii hn ny, nng sut s
gim. Nghin cu v tng quan gia ch s din tch l vi nng sut ging
tr Trung du vi B mn cy cng nghip Trng i hc Nng nghip 1
(1968 - 1971) cho thy h s tng quan r = 0,72 v ch s din tch l thch
hp cho nng sut ca ging tr Trung du l 6 - 8.

12

Qui cch hi tr
i vi tr trong thi k kin thit c bn:
Trc khi n to hnh:
- Tr 1 tui: t thng 10 bm ngn nhng cy cao 60 cm tr ln.
- Tr 2 tui: hi bp trn nhng cy to khe v cch mt t 50 cm tr ln.
Hi to hnh sau khi n:
- Tr n ln th nht: t u hi to hnh cch mt t 40 45 cm, t sau
hi st l c.
- Tr n ln th hai: t u hi cao hn tr n ln mt khong 5cm, cc
t sau hi nh tr n ln th nht.
i vi tr kinh doanh
Hi bp (tm) v 2, 3 l non, khi trn tn cy c 30% s bp tiu chun th
hi, khng b st, khng qu la, tn thu bp m xe, 7 - 10 ngy hi mt
la.
V xun (thng 3 - 4): hi cha 2 l v l c, to tn bng.
V h thu (thng 5 - 10): hi cha 1 l v l c to tn bng. Nhng bp vt
cao hn mt tn th hi st l c.
V cui (thng 11 - 12): thng 11 hi cha l c, thng 12 hi c l c,
i vi tr n au v n tr li
- Tr n au: t u hi 1 tm 2, 3 l, cha 3, 4 l v l c; cc t sau hi
cha l c.
- i vi tr n tr li, hi nh i vi tr kin thit c bn.
Yu cu k thut hi
- Hi cha l m bo sinh trng ca cy.
- Hi s l quy nh m bo sn lng.
- Hi ng la, ng s l quy nh m bo phm cht.
- Phng php hi: hi bng tay, khi l tr t 5 tui tr ln c thm canh
tt, cy c tn bng th c th thu hoch bng ko hoc bng my.

13

1. Hi tr v xun 2. Hi tr v thu 3. Hi tr v cui

Hnh 3.1 Tiu chun hi
nh gi phm cht nguyn liu
Phm cht tr nguyn liu c nh gi bng phng php phn tch cc
thnh phn ha hc cng nh xc nh thnh phn c gii ca bp.
Nhng thnh phn c gii ca bp bao gm cc ch tiu:
di ca bp
Trng lng bp
T l bp m xe
T l l ri v l bnh t

14

 non gi ca bp.
Bp di, trng lng ln v bp non th cho phm cht tt. T l bp m xe
cao, l ri, l bnh t nhiu, phm cht xu.
3.2 Bo qun nguyn liu
Sau khi thu hoch, bp tr thng c hin tng i ngt. Hin tng i ngt l
qu trnh chuyn bin nhng vt cht ha hc trong l v l b chuyn mu
nu tng phn hoc ton phn dn n bp tr b thi nhn hon ton.
Qu trnh i ngt lm gim phm cht tr nguyn liu v tr thng phm v
vt cht kh b tiu hao do qu trnh h hp, phn gii, tanin b xi ha v vt
cht thm b phn gii v.v...
Qu trnh h hp xy ra trong thi gian bo qun v vn chuyn nguyn liu:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 674 calo
Khi thiu xi s xy ra:
C6H12O6 = 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 26 calo
Theo Kuaxanop, qu trnh h hp v ln men trong tr xy ra nh sau:
Catechin + O2 = Orthoquinon + H2O (1)
Orthoquinon + glucose = catechin + CO2 (2)
n (Orthoquinon) = sn phm c mu, mi (3)
trong tr, hm lng ng c t, do sau khi cn ngun ng h
hp th tanin b xi ha lm gim cht lng tr. Khi glucose ht th phn ng
(2) ngng li v phn ng (3) chim u th. Lc ny nguyn liu chuyn t h
hp sang qu trnh ln men. Khi bo qun t nhin v vn chuyn khng
thun li cc vt dp nt do c gii b ln men sm. Orthoquinon ngng kt
to thnh mu nu ti, catechin gim i v do nh hng n cht lng
tr nguyn liu.
Trong hon cnh c th ca ta i ngt xy ra trong tr nguyn liu do:
- i ngt l hin tng t nhin xy ra trong qu trnh a nguyn liu t c
s sn xut v nh my ch bin.
- Thu hoch bp trong iu kin nng m nhiu.
- Phng tin thu hoch th cng vn chuyn kh khn, l tr b nn cht,
gip nt nhiu, thi gian vn chuyn lu...
Kt qu nghin cu ca Vin cy cng nghip v s din bin vt cht trong
bp tr do qu trnh i ngt nh sau:

15

Bng 3.2 nh hng ca qu trnh i ngt n thnh phn sinh ha v cht

kh trong bp tr (%)
Thi k phn tch

Cht
kh

Cht
ha
tan

Tanin

ng
tng Cafein Pectin
s

Phn tch ngay sau khi 21,5

hi

48,2

31,15

2,8

4,3

2,7

Phn tch khi i ngt 2% 20,3

Phn tch khi i ngt 5% 17,8

47,5

29,75

2,5

4,2

2,4

45,2

28,40

2,1

4,0

2,0

Phn tch khi i ngt 16,6

10%
14,5
Phn tch khi i ngt
20%

43,4

26,10

1,4

3,7

1,5

35,2

22,00

0,7

3,5

1,1

S liu trn cho thy, i ngt cng nhiu phm cht tr cng gim thp r rt,
do c nh hng n phm cht tr thnh phm.
Khi hi tr xong cn c bit ch n vn bo qun nguyn liu. Bo
qun nguyn liu phi t yu cu: thi gian vn chuyn nguyn liu v nh
my cng nhanh cng tt. Trong qu trnh ch vn chuyn nguyn liu v ch
ch bin phi ri tr trong nh mt, thong. Nn ri tr thnh mt lp mng 20
- 30 cm v cch 2 - 3 gi phi o mt ln. Dng st cng hoc thng g
vn chuyn bp tr, trnh lm gip nt l v cn ch che nng.
3.3 Ch bin tr
Ch bin tr l mt ngnh cng nghip thc phm phc tp, i hi c trnh
l lun v thc tin cao. Trong phm vi gio trnh ny ch gii thiu mt s
nguyn l chnh v ch bin tham kho.
Nh bit, t cng mt nguyn liu bp (gm tm v 2 - 3 l non) c th ch
bin ra nhiu loi tr thnh phm khc nhau.
Da vo tnh hnh sn xut tr trn th gii, tnh cht cc loi tr v c tnh
sinh ha trong qu trnh sn xut tr, c th phn loi nh sau:
Phn loi theo mc ln men trong qu trnh ch bin:
Tr xanh (khng c qu trnh ln men)
Tr en (ln men trit )
Tr Oolong, pouchong (ln men mt phn)

16

Phn loi theo hnh thi bn ngoi gm c:

Tr ri: tr en ri (tr cnh, tr mnh, tr vn), tr xanh ri (tr
cnh, tr mnh, tr vn, tr si, tr dp, tr trn).
Tr bnh: c ch bin t tr en, tr xanh hoc tr vn p li
thnh ming. Cc loi tr bnh u c gia cng ch bin t cc
nguyn liu gi.
Tr bt hoc cao tr: c ch bin t nc tr c c li v sy
kh.
Phn loi tr theo phng php gia cng:
Tr x (khng p hng).
Tr hng (dng hoa ti hoc hng liu kh p hng cho
tr nh cc loi tr Ba nh, Hng o, Thanh Tm...).
3.3.1 K thut ch bin tr en
ch bin tr en, v nguyn tc c th dng nguyn liu l bp tr c
thu hi t cc ging tr khc nhau. Tuy nhin c c tr en cht lng
cao nn dng cc nguyn liu c hm lng tannin > 30% (bp tr assam,
shan hoc bp tr trong iu kin gim che bng, hoc bp thu gia v.
Hin nay c hai phng php ch bin tr en: Phng php c in OTD
(Orthodox) v phng php mi CTC (Cut (Crush), Tear and Curl Operation).
Hin nay phng php mi cha c p dng nhiu nc ta mc d c
nhiu u vit hn. Trong khi phng php c in d dy chuyn sn xut
c ko di hn, nhng li c u th v tnh n nh ca cht lng sn phm
nn nhiu ni vn p dng phng php ny.
c tnh ca tr thnh phm: mu nc ti, v du, c hng thm d
chu.
Qu trnh ch bin c th tm tt nh nh Hnh 3.2.

17

Nguyn liu tr
Lm ho
V/sng
Ln men
Sy kh
Phn loi
ng gi
Tr en thnh phm
Hnh 3.2 S ch bin tr en theo phng php c in
Giai on ho tr
Qu trnh ho l lm thay i v sinh l v sinh ha ca l tr, qu trnh ny c
lin quan n m trong l v nhit mi trng. Yu cu ca qu trnh
lm ho l gim hm lng nc trong l cn li 60 - 62%, l tr tr nn
mm, dai, th tch l gim i. Vt cht tan tng ln do s thy phn cc cht.
Tuy nhin cng c mt s cht mi, khng ha tan c to thnh. giai
on ny tanin b gim i 1 - 2%, cc cht c mu c to thnh, hng
thm c hnh thnh (do catechin b xi ha ri kt hp vi polyphenol hoc
alanin, hoc asparagic). Protein bin i su sc to thnh cc acid amin
ha tan. Mt s cht khc nh vitamin C, dip lc, tinh bt gim i. Cafein c
tng ln mt t.
iu kin cn thit:

- m khng kh: 60 - 70%

- Nhit lm ho: 44 45oC
- Thi gian lm ho: 3 4 gi

Giai on v tr:
Sau khi ho tr xong, tin hnh v tr. Mc ch ca giai on ny l dng
bin php c gii ph hoi t chc ca l, to iu kin cho dch t bo
tip xc vi xi qu trnh xi ha c tt. Yu cu cn t c l lm
dp t bo khong 70 - 75%. Mt khc v tr cn nhm to nn hnh thc ca

18

sn phm (lm cho bp v l xon), theo yu cu ca th trng thun li

cho vic ng gi v bo qun. giai on ny s xi ha tng ln nhiu so
vi giai on ho.
Mt s thng s k thut ca giai on v tr nguyn liu
- m khng kh: 90 - 92%
- Nhit lm ho: 20 24oC
- Thi gian mi ln v tr: 45 pht, v 3 ln
Cc loi my v tr
Nhn chung, cc my v tr u c mt thng v (khi hnh tr bng thp
khnng c hai y) cha tr em v, v bn v t cch pha di thng
v mt t khi tr em v. y lng bn v c ca tho tr v xong ra
khi my v. pha trong ca phn di thng v, cng nh trn long bn
v c gn thm nhiu thanh g to nn nhng lc xon cun khi tr khi
v, v do vy lm tng thm kh nng v dp t bo v lm xon l tr ca
my v.
Nhng my v c b phn bn p ln khi tr trong thng v c gi l my
v p hay my v kn. My v m khng c b phn bn p (Hnh 3.2 a v b).

Hnh 3.2 My v tr loi m (a) v v kn (b)

Giai on ln men
L giai on quan trng nht trong ch bin tr en. S ln men c tin
hnh t khi v tr v hon chnh giai on cui ca ln men. Cc qu trnh
xy ra giai on ny l qu trnh ln men, qu trnh t xi ha, qu trnh c

19

tc dng ca vi sinh vt (qu trnh ny rt th yu) v qu trnh tc dng ca

nhit (c tc dng rt ngn thi gian ln men).
iu kin cn thit: nhit: 24 - 26oC; m khng kh: 98%; thi gian: t 3
n 3,5 gi.
Giai on sy tr:
Mc ch ca giai on ny l dng nhit cao nh ch cc hot ng
ca men, nhm c nh phm cht tr v lm cho hm lng nc cn li 4 5% theo yu cu ca tr thng phm trn th trng.
iu kin cn thit:

Nhit : 95 - 105oC
Thi gian: 30 40 pht

Phn loi tr bn thnh phm

Sau giai on sy l qu trnh ch bin tr bn thnh phm. Qua h thng
phn loi, phn cp, ng gi l giai on ca tr thnh phm trc khi a ra
th trng tiu th.
Ty thuc vo cht lng tr en sn xut ra m phn thnh cc loi OP,
BOP, FBOP, P, PS, BPS, F v Dust.
Cc ch tiu cm quan v cc ch tiu vt l ca tr en c quy nh trong
Bng 3.4 v Bng 3.5.

20

Bng 3.4 Cc ch tiu cm quan ca tr en

Cc ch tiu
Loi
ngoi hnh

nc

hng

OP
(Orange
Pekoe)

Mt tr xon u,
nu Thm
mu en t nhin
sng
m
c ln tuyt trng

BOP
(Broken
Orange
Pekoe)

nu Thm du
Mt tr xon, ngn
m du sng
trong
m hn
cnh en t nhin.
c hu
u,
sng
OP
mm

FBOP
(Flowery
Broken
Orange
Pekoe)

Mt tr nh, tng
mn
i u, mu en
Thm du
chn
ln t tuyt

P (Pekoe)

Mt tr nh, tng
i u, ngn cnh nu
hn OP, mu en

PS (Pekoe Mt tr hi th, mu Mu
souchong) en hi nu
nu

m du

v
c
mm
hu

m c Mu
hu
mm

m thm m
va
hi cht

Mu
nu

Thm nh

Hi
nht

hi
ti

BPS
(Broken
Pekoe
Souchong)

Mt tr tng i
nht
u, mu en

Thm va

Nht

ti

F
(Fannings)

Mt tr nh, u

ti

Thm nh

Nht

Nu
xm

Mt tr nh

ti Thm
hi c
nht

D
(Dust)

21

Cht gt Nu ti

Bng 3.5 Cc ch tiu vt l ca tr en

Mc qui nh
m
Tro
Vn
Cm
Tp cht st
Loi
(Tnh theo phn trm khi lng, khng c ln hn)
OP
7
0.1
BOP
25
0.5
FBOP
2.5
P
6
0.5
8.5
0.001
PS
7
0.5
6.5
BPS
1
F
20
7.0
DUST
Cc loi my sng thng dng phn loi tr bn thnh phm l my sng
trn, my sng bng mt khung v my sng bng hai khung (Hnh 3.3 v
3.4).

5
8

1. Tay quay iu chnh dao ct

4. ng c in
7. Phu cha tr

2. Trc dao ct
3. Mng cho tr vo
5. Li sng
6. Puli
8. Mng ra ca phn tr to

Hnh 3.3 S cu to sng trn

22

Hnh 3.4 My sng bng 2 khung

3.3.2 Ch bin tr xanh
c im ca tr thnh phm: nc xanh ti, v cht m c hng thm t
nhin, cc vt cht t bin i nn c gi tr dinh dng cao.
Qui trnh ch bin tr xanh c tin hnh nh Hnh 3.5.
Nguyn liu tr
Dit men
V
Sy
Phn loi
ng gi
Tr xanh thnh phm
Hnh 3.5 S ch bin tr xanh
Giai on dit men
Dit men l dng nhit cao hy dit qu trnh ln men ngay t u, do
gi c mu xanh ca dip lc. C th dit men bng phng php sao,
hp hi nc hoc dng dng khng kh nng v m. Dit men cn c tc
dng lm cho bp tr ho, mm v dai tin cho giai on v tr. t
mc ch trn ngay t u nhit phi t 95 - 100oC. Thi gian dit men t
5 - 7 pht.

23

Giai on v tr
Mc ch ca giai on ny l ph v mt s t bo tanin b xi ha c tc
dng lm gim cht cho tr xanh v lm cho bp tr xon li theo yu cu ca
th trng. Yu cu dp t bo t khong 45%.
iu kin cn thit: m khng kh: 90%; nhit : 22 - 24oC v 2 ln mi ln
30 - 45 pht.
Giai on sy tr
Mc ch ca giai on ny cng nh sy tr trong ch bin tr en.
iu kin cn thit: nhit: 95 - 105oC. Thi gian khong 30 - 40 pht.
Sau giai on sy, tin hnh phn loi, phn cp v ng gi.
Ty thuc vo cht lng tr xanh my sn xut ra m phn thnh cc loi:
OP, P, BP, BPS v F.
Cc ch tiu cm quan ca tr xanh my c quy nh trong Bng 26 v c
hng v tr a phng.
Bng 3.6 Cc ch tiu cm quan ca tr xanh
Cc ch tiu
Loi
Ngoi hnh

nc

hng

OP
(Orange
Pekoe)

Mt tr xon, mu Xanh
xanh t nhin c vng
tuyt trng
sng

Thm
mnh

P (Pekoe)

Mt tr tng i Xanh
u, ngn cnh hn vng
OP, xanh t nhin.

Thm
Cht du Xanh
km hn c hu
vng
OP
mm

BP (Broken Mt tr nh, xon Xanh

Pekoe)
u
vng

m, du Xanh
c hu vng
ngt
mm

Thm

m
hu

c Xanh
vng
mm

BPS
(Broken
Pekoe
Scented)

Mt tr tng i Xanh hi Thm

u, mu xanh vng nht
va

Cht

Xanh
vng
nht

F
(Fannings)

Mt tr nh, u Xanh
xanh vng
nht
khng
sng

Cht

Xanh
vng
nht

24

t thm

Bng 3.7 Cc ch tiu v yu cu k thut ca tr xanh

Cc ch
tiu
Loi

Tro

vn

P
8.5

6.5

0.5

0.5

BPS
F

Tp cht
kh

Tnh bng phn trm khi lng, khng ln hn

OP
BP

Cm

0.001

1
7.0

25

3.3.3 K thut ch bin tr Oolong ( long)

Hin nay qui trnh ch bin tr Oolong cn cha c bit nhiu m n vn
cn l b quyt ca cc nh sn xut ngi Hoa. Tr Oolong ch chim mt th
phn rt nh trong th trng tr th gii.
ch bin tr Oolong t cht lng cn chn cc ging tr thch hp.
Nhnh chung cc ging tr c chn sn xut tr Oolong cn c kh nng
to cho sn phm c hng mnh: hng ca tr Oolong c hnh thnh
trong qu trnh ln men tr. Mt s dng tr ni ting ca Trung Quc v i
Loan c s dng ch bin tr Oolong: Da-hong-pao, Tie quan-yin,
Wuyi-shui-xian. Huang-dan, Quing-xin-dar-pang, Da-ye-oolong,
Nguyn tc c bn ca qui trnh ch bin tr Oolong l nguyn liu c cho
ln men mt phn, trong iu kin nhit thp cho sn phm c hng v
c trng. Qui trnh ch bin tr Oolong nh Hnh 3.6.
Bp tr nguyn liu c tri thnh lp mng trn cc nia bng tre lm ho
di nh sang mt tri trong khong thi gian 30 60 pht ty thuc vo
nhit mi trng. Trong giai on ny nhit ca bp tr tng ln trong
khong t 35 40oC. Sau tr c chuyn vo lm ho trong iu kin
nhit phng trong khong 6 8 gi (tr Oolong) hoc t 3 4 gi (tr
pouching), mi gi o mt ln. Qu trnh ln men xy ra trong giai on lm
ho to nhng sn phm c mi, mu c trng (mu ) v m trong bp
tr gim t khong 78% xung cn khong 60%.
Qu trnh ln men kt thc khi tr c chuyn sang giai on sao (pan firing)
nhit khong 250 300oC trong vng 15 pht.
Cc giai on tip theo ln lt l: v tr, sy v phn loi ng gi.

25

Nguyn liu tr
Lm ho ngoi tri
Lm ho trong phng
Sy
V
Sy ln cui
ng gi
Tr Oolong thnh phm
Hnh 3.6 Qui trnh ch bin tr Oolong
3.3.4 Tr hng v tr p hoa ti
Tr hng v tr p hoa ti u l nhng loi tr li dng cch p hng
hp th ly nhng hng thm t nhin ca hng liu loi hoa ti.
Ngi ta thng dng tr xanh p tr hng, cn dng tr xanh, tr en
p hoa ti.
Tr hng
Dng hng liu sy kh, nghin nh ri trn hn hp vi tr cn p theo t
l thch hp ri . C nhiu loi hng liu p nh hoa ngu (Aylaia
duperreana Pierre), hoa cc (Chrysanthemum sinensis Sanbina), ht mi, cam
tho (Glycyrrhiza aralensis Fish), qu (Cinnamemum sp., h Lauraceace), tiu
hi, i hi, bc h,
Chun b hng liu
(Sy kh, nghin nh)

Sao tr
(m = 1,5 - 2,0%)
Trn hng liu (15)
p hng
Nhit = 80 85oC

Hnh 3.7 Qui trnh ch bin tr hng kh

26

Sao tr: pht huy hng thm t nhin ca tr, lm tr mt mi

hng, v tr chuyn sang du hn ng thi lm gim m ca tr,
to cho tr kh nng hp th nhiu hng thm. Nhit sao tr
khong 100 110oC. Thi gian sao t 1 1,5 gi.
Phi hng vo tr sao: Gn cui thi gian sao, khi tr kh,
l lc tr hp th hng tt nht th cho hng liu vo tr. Tng
cng thi gian t lc cho hng liu vo ti lc ly tr ra khong 10
15 pht.
p hng tr: Sau khi sao xong, ngui (nhit ca tr
khong 70 80oC) ri cho vo thng p. Thng p tr phi
c bc giy thic v chng m. Thi gian p t 1 2 thng ty
thuc vo tng loi tr.
Tr p hoa ti:
Loi tr ny trong nc nhiu ngi a thch. Cc loi hoa ti thng
c dng p l: hoa sen (Helumbo nucifers Guerta), hoa ngu, hoa li
(Jasminjum gran difbram L. hoc J. samobac Soland), hoa si, hoa ngc lan,
hoa bi, hoa hng, v.v...
Qu trnh p hoa ti:

chun b hoa
ti

Tip tc p hng ln sau

Chun b tr
p hng
(trn hoa + tr)
Thng hoa
Sng hoa
sy kh
ngui
hoa
Sng hoa

Tr p hoa ti thnh phm

Hnh 3.8 Qui trnh ch bin tr p hoa ti

27

Chun b tr
y l giai on c tnh cht quyt nh cht lng tr p hoa ti. Cn ch
ti nhit , m ca tr trc khi ch bin. Nhit thch hp ca tr khi
p cc loi hoa nh: hoa li (30 35oC), hoa si, hoa ngc lan (33 35oC),
hoa sen (29 31oC), hoa bi (20 25oC), m ca tr trc khi p
phi bo m khong 4 5%.
m ca tr khi em p cn phi cn c vo m ca hoa ti, s ln
p hoa m iu chnh. i vi nhng loi tr cn p t 2 n 3 ln th
m ca tr p tip ln sau cn c khng ch mc cao hn m ca
tr p hng ln trc nhm hn ch tn tht hng thm tr hp th
c ln trc.
Chun b hoa ti
Tt c cc loi hoa ti trc khi p hng cn ri thnh lp mng trn nn
sch, trnh thnh tng ng v hoa s b ng do hin tng h hp bc
nng ng hoa.
Phi tc b i hoa, nhy hoa (hoa bi), cung hoa. Mun cho tr sau khi
p c hng thm mnh v bn nn p dng phng php p nhiu ln,
cho nn cn tnh trc s lng hoa ti cn dng p cho mi ln. Qua
thc t sn xut, lng hoa dng p ln th nht nhiu hn cc ln p tip
theo.
Cng c khi ngi ta p dng cch p m, nh i vi tr hoa li, trc khi
p hng li ngi ta thng dng mt lng nh hoa ngc lan p
trc. Mc ch ca vic p m ny l li dng hng thm nng, mnh
ca hoa ngc lan lm t mi hng ca tr, lm cho lc pha ung tr khng
cn nhn ra mi tr th.
p hng
Sau khi sao, tr nguyn liu c lm ngui n nhit p thch hp cho
tng loi hoa ti, ri trn hoa ti c x l, bt u qu trnh p hoa.
Ty theo s lng tr cn p hng nhiu hay t m tr thnh tng ng,
cho hoa ti vo, trn u v cho vo thng g.
Nu nh s lng tr em p khng nhiu th c th dng thng g thc
hin vic p hng tr nh sau: u tin l mt lp tr k n l mt lp
hoa v c tun t nh th cho n ht s tr cn em p, lp trn cng l
lp tr v to thnh hnh lng cho pha trn thng p hng, nhm lm
cho tr d thot m. C th p hoa trong thng thit kn, cch m hoc trong
phng hng hp v sinh v kh ro.
Thng hoa
Khi p hng nhit v m ca tr tng. Khi nhit khi tr tng ti
mc no th cn o khi tr gi l thng hoa nhm thot bt hi m v
gim nhit khi tr, hn ch cc bin i ha hc xy ra mnh lit di tc
dng ca nhit gy ra cho mu nc tr b vng a, c mi thiu. Vic thng
hoa cn c tc dng lm cho hoa em p tr c iu kin n ton b v khi

28

tip tc p, tr c th hp th c hng thm ca hoa ti mc nhiu

nht.
i vi tr li, cn thng hoa khi nhit ng tr ln 45 48oC (p ln 1)
v 40 43oC (p ln 2). Tr ngc lan ch cn p mt ln v thng hoa khi
nhit khi tr tng ti 38 40oC.
Sng hoa
Sau 2 3 ln thng hoa, mt s hoa chuyn mu nu sm, mi ng, lc ny
cn tin hnh sng hoa loi b s hoa h ny, s hoa cn tt c th dng
p hng tr li. T khi thng hoa ln th nht n khi em tr i sng
hoa trong khong thi gian t 6 8 gi.
Sy kh
Sau khi sng loi hoa th em tr i sy kh. Nu khi lng tr cn sy
tng i ln, c th dng my sy sy tr nhit 95 100oC t 10
15 pht. Vi loi tr hoa ti ch p mt ln th sau khi sy kh, m cn
li ca tr khng ch mc 7 8%. Vi tr hoa ti cn p ln 2 th khng
ch mc 4,5 5%.
hoa
y l giai on cui cng trong qu trnh p hng. hoa l dng mt
lng nh hoa loi tt p tr ln cui, lm cho tr c hng thm tng
hn.
Thi gian hoa, k t khi trn hoa ln vi tr ti khi bt u sng loi hoa
khong 4 5 gi. Sau sng b hoa, khng cn sy kh m a tr i bao
gi ngay.
3.3.5 Tr ha tan
Tr ha tan hay tr tinh khit l phn kh thu c khi c c nc ho tan
cc cht ha tan t l tr gi, cnh tr non, hoc t tr thnh phm cc loi.
Tr ha tan hin nay tr thnh mt hng ph bin, chim mt khi lng
ln trn th trng th gii. Qui trnh ch bin tr ha tan nh Hnh 3.9.
Trch ly (chit): Pha chit ly dung dch nc tr t tr na thnh
phm bng nc nng 80 90oC, thi gian chit 15 pht.
Tch hng v: Tht thot hng v l yu t lm gim cht lng
tr ha tan. Cho nn tch hng v trc khi c c dung dch chit
b sung vo dung dch sau khi c c nhm m bo cht lng
tr ha tan.
C c dung dch: C c dung dch tr chit c trong my c
c chn khng.
Sy: Ngi ta thng s dng sy phun hoc sy thng hoa
sy dung dch tr sau khi c c.
ng gi: Sn phm tr ha tan dng bt ri c cha ng
trong bao b thy tinh, hoc gi trong giy nhm dt mng, hp st
ty (thic). Vi bao b nh vy c th bo qun tr ha tan tt trong

29

12 thng. Ngi ta cng c th to vin tr ha tan c hoc khng

pha thm ng, bt.
Ngoi vic b sung hng thm vo dung dch tr sau khi c c, c th phun
hng vo bt tr ha tan hoc cng c th p hng tr ha tan bng cc
loi hoa ti nh hoa hng, hoa li, hoa bi,

Nguyn liu tr
V hoc nghin
Sy (hp, sao)
Nc nng

Trch ly (chit)
Lc

hng

Tch hng v

hng

C c dung dch chit

Sy phun

Sy thng hoa
Bt tr ha tan
ng gi
Hnh 3.9 Qui trnh sn xut tr ha tan.

3.4 Bo qun tr
3.4.1 Nhng thay i cht lng tr trong qu trnh bo qun
Bo qun tr lu di, cht lng ca tr s gim i (tr mt hng thm, v
km m , nc pha km) do s thay i thnh phn ha hc ca tr, hm
lng cc cht ha tan gim dn, hm lng tinh du v tannin ha tan gim.
m cn bng ca tr ph thuc vo m tng i ca khng kh, theo
nghin cu ca I. Egrp v Vrnxp cho kt qu nh sau:

30

Bng 3.8 Quan h gia m cn bng ca tr v m tng i ca

khng kh
m tng i ca
khng kh (%)
m cn bng ca tr
(%)

30

45

60

62

5,8

6,7

8,7

9,0

70

80

85

96

10,4 12,2 14,8 20,5

S thay i m ca tr cn ph thuc vo bao b tr em bo qun. Kt

qu nghin cu v s thay i m ca tr khi bo qun trong 30 ngy
phng th nghim c m tng i ca khng kh 85%, nhit 22 25 oC
c trnh by Bng 3.9.
Bng 3.9 nh hng ca bao b i vi m ca tr
m tr (%)

Loi bao b

Lc bt u

Sau 30 ngy

Bnh thy tinh c nt nhm

7,5

7,5

Hp thic bn trong c lt giy gi tr

7,5

7,5

Gi bng tay trong 2 lp giy

7,5

12,8

Hp bng ba cng c lt giy gi tr

7,5

13,8

Hp bng ba cng c lt giy chng m

7,5

12,7

Khng bao gi

7,5

14,0

Vi sinh vt c th gy nn nhng h hng tr trong thi gian bo qun nh

lm mc tr, gy mi l cho tr,S pht trin vi sinh vt tr trong thi gian
bo qun ph thuc phn ln vo m khng kh ni bo qun. Cch bao
gi cng nh hng ti s pht trin vi sinh vt tr trong khi bo qun.
3.4.2 Bao b v cch ng gi
Nhm bo qun tt tr thnh phm, cn ch ti vic chn la vt liu lm
bao b, cch thc ng gi, lm kho cha thch hp,
Vi tr bo qun trong thi gian ngn, c th gi trong 2 lp giy (Mt lp giy
lt bn trong v mt lp giy c nhn hiu bn ngoi) v dn kn, sau em
xp vo nhng thng g c giy dn lt bn trong v ng np kn.
Vi tr cn bo qun trong thi gian di, cn c bo qun trong thng ng
tr c lt 3 lp giy (hai lp giy thng v mt lp giy kim loi gia), c
np kn, c np thic v dng inh ng cht. Tr phi c ng y, cht
trong thng ng tr.
Giy dng bao gi cng nh dng lt thng tr phi l giy trng, khng c
mi l (giy thng), khng b nhu (giy kim loi). Mt g dng ng

31

thng phi nhn, khng b mt, khng mi v m ca g khng c qu

13%. Cc mp thng u phi c np thic v dng inh ng cht.
3.4.3 Kho cha cc thng tr v bo qun tr khi vn chuyn
Cc thng tr xp vo kho thnh phm ca nh my hay cc kho trm trung
chuyn phi bo m tun theo nhng iu kin sau y:
Kho phi cao ro, m khng kh trong kho khng qu 60 65%,
m bo v sinh, khng c mi l.
Nhng ngy m khng kh cao phi tin hnh chng m.
Cc thng tr phi c k cao cch nn 5 10 cm v cch tng
0.5 m.
Cc thng tr xp trong kho cn c b tr thnh tng khi, mi khi c chiu
rng khng qu 2 thng, chiu cao khng qu 8 thng, gia cc thng c t
cc thanh g dy t 2 3 cm.
Nhng phng tin vn chuyn tr phi sch s, khng c mi hi thi, mi l
v khng vn chuyn chung vi cc loi hang ha khc. Phng tin vn
chuyn phi bo m che c ma, nng cho cc thng tr.
Lc bc d cc thng tr khi phng tin vn chuyn phi nh tay, khng
c qung, gi cc thng tr dng khi hp ban u.
3.5 Kim tra cht lng tr
Kim tra cht lng tr l cn thit trong vic phn loi, nh gi khi giao nhn
tr, ng thi c c s xem xt, b khuyt cho quy trnh ch bin tip theo.
nghin cu y v cht lng tr, cn phn tch v cc thnh phn sinh
ha, vt l v cc ch tiu cm quan ca tr.
Trong sn xut v giao nhn tr, thng ch kim tra cc ch tiu cm quan,
cc ch tiu vt l cng m bo mc chnh xc nht nh, thi gian kim
tra ngn. Khi c s bt ng mi tin hnh phn tch cc ch tiu khc.
3.5.1 Nhng iu kin cn thit khi kim tra cht lng tr
Phng th nm tr phi khng c mi l. Phng ny cn ly c nh sng t
nhin nh sng nhng khng tia nng mt tri lt vo phng, khng
dng nh sng nhn to chiu sng phng th nm v nh sng nhn to
s khng cho xc nh chnh xc mu nc pha v b tr.
Trong phng th nm phi yn lng v nu c ting n s lm cm quan vin
thiu tp trung suy ngh dn n xc nh sai. Trong iu kin n o, s nhn
bit ca c quan khu gic ca cm quan vin thng b gim.
Phng th nm nn t bn sn trng, khng thm nc v c kch thc
sao cho c th t t 15 20 mu tr.

32

Nc pha tr phi l nc sch khng c bt k mt mi v l no.

Ngi th nm phi l ngi khe mnh v c kh nng phn bit tt v v
gic, khu gic, th gic. Khng c ung ru, n cay hoc ht thuc trc
lc th nm tr.
3.5.2 Trnh t kim tra cht lng tr
Ly mu
Ly mu nhng l hng tr thuc cng mt loi, giao nhn cng mt lc, c
cng mt nhn hiu, sn xut cng mt nh my, c cng mt loi bao b.
Ly mu ti 5% s n v bao gi, trong mi n v bao gi chn 5 im ch
nh ly mu. Ti mi im ly mu 3 lp: trn (cch b mt 10 cm), gia v
st y bao b. Lng mu ly mi n v bao gi khng c t hn 200g.
Tt c mu ly c trn u chung li v ri ln khay hoc giy sch thnh
mt lp phng hnh ch nht, dy khng qu 3cm. Chia mu trung bnh theo 2
ng cho, b 2 phn i din, trn u 2 phn cn li. Ri lng mu cn
li thnh hnh ch nht v li chia nh trn cho n lc lng mu 2 phn
i din cn li khong 100g th ngng li. Chia i mu, mt phn cho vo l
thy tinh mu hoc hp thic v y kn li, dn nhn lu mu phn tch
kim tra khi cn.
Xc nh cc ch tiu cm quan
Xc nh ngoi hnh: mu tr ln khay hoc giy sch, quan st
v nhn xt ngoi hnh ca tr.
Xc nh nc, hng, v: Cn 3g tr cn th, chnh xc n 0,1g
v cho vo cc s. Dng nc sch ang si cho vo cc ng tr
khong 150 ml, y np li. Sau 5 pht, gn nc ra mt cc s
khc. Tin hnh th nm, nh gi mu sc nc pha, v v mi
ca nc tr.
Xc nh b: Ly mt t b trong cc va pha tr, tri ln np cc,
quan st v nh gi mu sc, non gi ca b.
Khi xc nh mu nc pha tr, v hng, v ca nc pha tr cn
ch :
Khi nh gi hng thm ca tr cn lu n tnh cht thm nh, thun
khit hay mi th, hng, mi l, ng thi ch n mc bn mi ca
tr.
Khi nh gi v mu nc pha tr phi ch n nng v phi kt hp
xem xt v trong sng, ti mu. i vi tr en, ch n mc
ti trong sng hay mu ti, nht long. i vi tr xanh ch ti xanh
ti ca mu nc.
Khi nh gi v ca nc pha tr cn i nc pha tr khng nng qu v
cng khng ngui qu v nhng lc lm mt nhy cm v mc chnh

33

xc ca v gic. Khi th v tr nn hp mt ngm nh, khng ung m ch rt

nh cho nc tr thng qua k rng, kch thch cc nim mc gy cm
gic, sau nh i. Tr tt th gy cm gic cht du v c d v ngt d chu.
Xc nh cc ch tiu vt l
Xc nh m
Xc nh hm lng tro (%): Cn 3g tr chnh xc n 0,0002g, cho
vo chn s chu nhit (cn chn v mu tr). t chn vo l nung
c nhit 750oC trong vng 90 pht. Sau , ly chn ra cho ngay
vo bnh ht m, ngui trong 1 gi v em cn li chn chnh
xc n 0.0002g.
Xc nh hm lng vn, cm (%): Cn 50g tr chnh xc ti 0,01g,
sau cho vo my ry. M my ry v cho hot ng 1,5 pht.
Ry xong, ly ring tng phn tr lt qua ry ng knh l 1mm
(vn) v 0,4mm (cm).
Xc nh hm lng tp cht st (%): Cn 50g tr chnh xc n
0,0002. tr va cn ln khay men trng, dng a thy tinh to
thnh mt lp tr mng khong 4mm. Dng nam chm bc giy
a qua, li trn ton b b mt tr. Ht c mt lc phi ly nam
chm ra gt mt st bm vo nam chm v cho ln mt t giy
trng. Sau o li tr v ht tip tp cht st ra. Sau tnh hm
lng tp cht st c trong mu.

34

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B mn cy cng nghip, khoa Nng hc, Trng i hc Nng Lm
TP. H Ch Minh, 2002. Bi ging cy tr.
2. Nh xut bn cng nhn k thut H Ni, 1981. K thut sn xut ch.
3. Alan H. Varnam and Jane P. Sutherland, 1994. Beverages technology,
chemistry and microbiology.
4. Gene A. Spiller, 1998. Caffeine. CRC Press.
5. Ian Johnson v Gary Williamson, 2003. Phytochemical Functional
Foods. CRC Press.
6. World tea, 1991. Record of the opening session of international
symposium on tea science held at University of Shizuoka, Japan.
7. Yukihiko Hara, 2001. Green tea: Health benefits and applications.
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
8. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/
teaflav/teaprocess.html
9. http://www.prettywoodtea.com/tea_grades.html

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