тригонометрия лекции

2006
14
..
.. , 2006
, 2006
13.03.2006.
6090/16. SchoolBook. . . . 6,0
.
,
. , . 24, , 121165
http://edu.1september.ru
..
..
. 14. .:
, 2006. 96 .
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cos:
sin( + 360) = sin;
cos( + 360) = cos;
sin2 + cos2 = 1;
sin(180 ) = sin;
cos(180 ) = cos;
sin() = sin;
1966
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4. . 11 / .. , ..,
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5. .., .. , / . .:
, 1967.
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.: , 1949.
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, , , ;
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. 1
) y
x
)
y
x
( , ) , . ,
,

, .
a) y
.
(30,
45, 60) , ,
,
, .
, .
, 0, 90, 180,
270 (. 1,); , 45, 135,
225, 315,
(. 1,); , 30, 150, 210,
330, (. 1,); , , 60, 120, 240, 300,
(. 1,).
1, :
0 90 (
). sin 30 = 0,5,
1, , 0,5,
30.
1,.
30
31
mn
.
2k
: , , , ,
. , , - ,
m , , n , .
,
, m n , N
: =
, , ( )
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.
.
, n-
N, n .
,
k , , ,
m, c N. m n = 2k, k Z,
. 2

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1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 . 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 , . 2 d 6,28,
6 (. 2,).
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3
2
, 2 .
3
2

3
4
, ....
180
= 1.

.
[1],
. ,
.
, .

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,
, . .
1 =
180
,
.
, = 180
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:
(),
2,

( ) . , :
180, 270.
n,
, m (m n).
,
p . 2,
, 1, 0, 90,
32
33
180
210 = 210 180 =
150 = 150 180 =
7
6
5
6
7
4
7
3
7
4
4
3
7
4
4
3
.
=
180
180
180
= 315.
= 240,
) =
2
3
.
3.
, M N
(. 3).
:
) =
. 3
1
1
1. a , :
) = 180;
) = 30.
2. a , :
180, 1 =
. ,
2. a , =
, 1 =
1. a , = 150;
= 210.
. 180 -
) ;
) N .
) =
5
6
1. , , 0
360 (. 4). .

,
, . .
, ,
, , 3 ( I ).
, AOB, O, OB ( 1,). 1
2 , .
,
, , .
3. , M N
(. . 3). :
) N ;
) C .
) =
2
1. a , :
) = 90;
) = 270.
2. a , :
34
35
y
x
y
)

. 4
x

y
x
)
y
x
,=
7
4
7
4
4
3
2
3
a 0 2n, n Z, -
, 0 =
0 2 , 0 =
)
y
0
. 6
0
x
4. , (. 4,). ,
.
. 6, 0 0 -
3. ) y
) y
,
0

(. 4,).
x
0 x
, .
. 5, . 5
0 0 0 180,
0 = 30, 0 = 150.
0 360n, n Z, :
= 30 + 360n, n Z.
: = 150 + 360n, n Z.
: = 30 + 360n, = 150 + 360n, n Z.
: =
2 , 4, =
2. , , 0 2
(. 4,). .
. 0
: = 180, = 270.
. 0
360, 4, = 180 = 270.
+ 2n, =
4
3
+ 2n, n Z.
2
1. , , 0 360
(. 8,). .
2. , , 0 2
(. 8,). .
3. , (. 8,). , .
. 7
2
1
1. , , 0 360
(. 7,). .
2. , , 0 2
(. 7,). .
3. , (. 7,). , .
4. , (. 7,). , .
2
3
+ 2n, n Z.
4
3
: =
: =
+ 2n, n Z. -
2
3
: =
36
37
a
c
b
c
sin =
a
c
, cos =
b
c
. 9
1. a (. 9).
. ,
,

c
b
,
2
, , .

.
, , .

, , .
. , , ,
, sin = 1.
, 0,
30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135 ..
. 8
4. , (. 8,). , .
2
2
2
2
sin =
3
2
, 2; 2,
, cos =
.
sin =
3
2
1
2,
cos =
, cos =
1
2,
2
2
3
2
2
2
) cos =
) cos = 0;
;
.
2
2
3
2
2
2
: n =
+ 2n, n Z k =
3
4
+ 2k, k Z.
(. 11,). -
) , sin =
. 11
.
. ) , sin = 0,
(. 11,). : k = 0 + 2k, k Z n = + 2n, n Z.
k n : m = m, m Z.
) sin =
)sin = 0;
3. , a, :
: 0, 1;
. 10
3
2
sin = 0, cos = 1, sin =
2. , , , (. 10).
.
. , ,
38
39
+ 2n, n Z k = 2 + 2k, k Z.
2
3
+ 2k, k Z n =
2
3
+ 2m,
. 13
3. , ,
:
. 12
3
1
1. a
(. 12).
2. , , , (. 13).
.
m Z.
2
3
+ 2n, n Z.
k n : m =
: k =
(. 11,). -
3
2
+ m, m Z.
) , cos =
m =
k n :
n =
) , cos = 0, (. 11,).
:
m = (1)m 4 + m = (1)m+1 4 + m, m Z.
n k :
) cos = 1.
3
2
) cos =
2
2
) sin =
1
2
)sin =
. 15
3
2
) cos =
2
2
) sin = 2 ;
.
.
[2] .
(x2 + y2 = 1), ,
Ox, :
sin2 + cos2 = 1;
(1)
cos() = cos;
(2)
sin() = sin;
(3)
sin( + 2k) = sin, k Z;
(4)
) cos = 1;
) sin =
3. , a,
:
. 14
2
1. a
(. 14).
2. , , , (. 15).
.
40
41
b D
2a
25
169
5
13
144
.
169
12
144
169
12
= 13 .
1 sin 2
cos
3.
+
1 cos 2
sin
, < <
3
2
2. , a
sin(5 ) = sin.
. (4)
sin(5 ) = sin(( ) + 4) = sin( ).
(6) (2)
sin( ) = sin( + ()) = sin() = sin,
..
cos =
< < , cos < 0, ,
: 13 .
cos2 = 1 sin2 = 1
. (1)
1. cos, sin =
sin cos
< < .
, ,
cosa, .
cos = 1 sin2 , ,
cos( + 2k) = cos, k Z;

(5)
sin( + ) = sin;
(6)
cos( + ) = cos.
(7)
, ,
sin( )= sin, cos( ) = cos,
(1)(7),
. ,
(sin
cos) (1)(7).
sin 2
sin
cos
| cos |
| sin |
sin
cos
cos
sin
sin
= 1 1 = 2.
< < 2.
1 sin
1 + sin
1 + sin
1 sin
25
.
3
: cos
< < .
4.:
1 cos
1 + cos
1 + cos
1 cos
28
.
3
: cos
, sin = 5 .
9
11
sin 4 cos 4 sin(3,5)
2., a
cos( ) = cos.
3.:
, cos = 3 .
1. sin, cos = 5 ,
4.:
11
13
sin 4 cos 4 sin(2,5)
2., a
sin( ) = sin.
3.:
3
2
4
1
, cos < 0 sin < 0,
1. cos, sin = 5 ,
: 2.
3
2
cos
cos
|cos| = cos |sin| = sin
< <
. (1) a2 = ||,
7.57.8 [2]
, , -
42
43

2 ; 2
sin =
2
5
, sin =

2 ; 2
2
5.
. 5 -
= arcsin
2
;
5
2
= arcsin 5 ;
2
= arccos 5 ;
2
= arccos 5 .
1. ,
:
arccos(cos) = ,
[0; ].
, ,
, , , , , .
,
,
. ,
, , .
arcsin(sin) = ,
. sin(arcsina) = a cos(arccosa) = a,
|a| 1. :
arcsin(a) = arcsina,
|a| 1;
arccos(a) = rccosa,
|a| 1;
. 16
2
,
5

2 ; 2
sin10 = sin(3 10) (3 10)

2 ; 2

2 ; 2
, sin10 ,
2. : ) arcsin(sin10);
) arcsin(cos0,8); ) arccos(cos10).
. ) 10
cos g =
cos =
, , , ,
16.

2 ; 2
:

2 ; 2
1
arcsin 3
1
arcsin 3 ;
5
1
1. , :
arcsin(cos0,8) = arcsinsin(0,3) = 0,3.

) 10 [0; ],
cos10 ,
[0; ]:
cos10 = cos(4 10) (4 10) [0; ],
arccos(cos10) = arccos(cos(4 10)) = 4 10.

: ) 3p 10; ) 0,3; ) 4 10.
cos0,8 = sin(0,5 0,8) = sin(0,3) (0,3)
arcsin(sin 10) = arcsin(sin (3 10)) = 3 10.

) cos0,8 , -
2
5.
[0;
],
44
) arccos(sin0,6);
2
3
) cos arcsin 3 .
5
2 .
) cos arccos
) arccos
) arcsin 0;
= arccos 3 .
45
3
5
2
;
3
) sin arccos
3.)sin arcsin
(34).
) arccos 0;
) arcsin 1;
2. :
= arccos 4 ;
= arcsin 4 ;
2 ;
4
.
5
1
;
5
) cos arcsin
) cos arccos
) arccos 2 .
) arcsin
= arccos 4 .
= arcsin 4 ;
2
1. , :
) arcsin(sin3).
4
;
5
1
;
5
4. ) arcsin sin ;
) sin arccos
3. ) sin arcsin
(34).
) arccos 1;
) arcsin 2 ;
2.:
= arccos 3 ;
) arccos(cos4).
4. ) arcsin sin 7 ;
) arccos(sin0,7);
. 18
. 17
a
b
, ctg =
b
a
b
a
2. ,
, , (. 18), .
.
, ,
, ,
a
b
, ctg =
: tg =
tg =
1. a (. 17).
. ,

c
b
, a
,
8.1 [2] ,
.
, ,
, ,
. tg
ctg ,
, ,
. .
46
3
3
3 ; 1;
3,
3
3
3 ; tg = ctg = 1; tg =
3 , ctg =
3
3
47
3;
3;
) ctg =
3
3
) tg = 1;
.
. 19
3
3
+ n, n Z.
+ n, n Z.
3
3
n Z.
(. 19,). : n = 3 + n,
ctg =
) . a,
3 , (. 19,).
: n =
) . a, ctg =
: n = 4 + n, n Z.
) . a, tg = 1,
(. 19,).
: n =
tg = 3 , (. 19,).
. ) . a,
) ctg =
) tg =
3. , a,
:
3
3
; ctg =
tg =
. 20
) ctg =
3
3
) tg = 3 ;
) ctg = 0;
6
1
1.
a (. 20).
2. ,
, (. 21). .
3. ,
, :
) tg = 1;
. 23
3. , a,
:
. 22
2
1.
a . 21
(. 22).
2. , , (. 23).
.
48
3
3
) ctg = 3 .
) tg =
49
tg =
3
2
sin
cos
< <
cos2 =
(6)
=
1
tg
1
2, 4
1
2, 42 + 1
.
1
6,76
5
12
, cos < 0 cos =
1
tg2 + 1
ctg =
. (5)
==
25
.
169
25
169
5
13
3
.
2
1. sin, cos, ctg, tg = 2,4, < <
tg ctg
. (1)(7)
, .
, ,
, (1)(7).
(7)
1
sin 2
(6)
1
cos2
ctg2 + 1 =
tg2 + 1 =
[2] tg
ctg:
tg() = tg;
(1)
ctg() = ctg;
(2)
tg( + k) = tg, k Z;
(3)
ctg( + k) = ctg, k Z;
(4)
tgctg = 1;
(5)
) ctg = 1;
.
) tg = 0;
12
13
5
13
5
12
sin2 cos2
sin cos sin 2 cos2 sin 2 + cos2
)(
12
13
1
sin cos
, sin cos = 0,8.
13 =
tg ctg
sin 4 cos 4
12
5
50
9
7
1
50
9
5
13
4
5
8.38.6 [2]
, ,
.
(tg ( + 7) + 1)(ctg () + 1)
= 1.
(tg ( ) + 1) (ctg + 1)
3
2
< < .
,<<
2.: (tg + tg)sin, cos = 0,6.

3.
1.: cos, tg, ctg, sin =
(tg ( 4) 1)(ctg ( ) 1) = 1.
(tg ( ) 1) (ctg ( + 5 ) 1)
2.: (tg + tg)cos, sin = 0,4.

3.
1.: sin, tg, ctg, cos =
1
0,18
sin cos = 0,8 , ,
2. =
sin = tgcos =
sincos = 0,18, =
50
51

2 ; 2
= arcctg 5 .
= arctg 5 ;
3
,
5
tg =
,
tg =

2 ; 2
7
5
6
5
. ,

2 ; 2
, sin = a.
sin 2
1 sin 2
a2
1 a2
. ,
tg 2: tg 2 =
2. tg(arcsina).
. = arcsina,
, , , 24.
ctg =
. 24
(0; ), ctg =
3
5
. 5 . . -
= arcctg 5 ;
= arctg 5 ;
1. , :
arcctg(ctg) = ,
(0; ).
.
.
arctg(tg) = ,
tg(arctg) = ctg(arcctg) = , .
:
arctg(a) = arctga;
arcctg(a) = arcctga;
1 a2
tg =
1 a2
sin tg ,

2 ; 2
4
;
3
12
;
13
3 .
) cos arcctg
3
.
4
15
) ctg arctg 14 ;
) arcctg
) arctg 3 ;
= arcctg 4 .
= arctg 4 ;
) arcctg1;
) arctg(1);
2. :
( )
3 ;
) arcctg 3 .
) arctg
: = arctg 4 ; = arctg 4 ; = arcctg 4 ; = arcctg 4 .
2
1. , -
4. os(arctga).
) sin arctg
) tg arcctg
3. :
) arcctg(1);
) arctg1;
2. :
= arcctg 4 ;
= arctg 4 ;
1
1. , :
52
5
;
11
4
.
3
) cos arcctg
) ctg arctg
53
1. .., .. : 10 . .: ,
2005. 175 .
2. .., .., .., .. : 10 . .: , 20012005.
400 .
4. sin(arctga).
5
12
3
;
7
) sin arctg
) tg arctg
3. :
1) cos = sin;
2) sin
= cos.
,
9- .
.

.
, . ,
, .
, , ,
,
sin, cos, tg, ctg,
sin2 + cos2 = 1 .
, ..
,
: , , , , , . ,
, .
, ,
, cos( ) = cos
cos + sin sin. . cos( + )
cos( + ) = cos( ())
:
cos(( ()) = cos cos() + sin sin() =
=cos cos sin sin.
, cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin.

54
55
, 1)
3) , -
) (3) B = sin 12 12 = sin 6 =
1
.
2
. ) (2)
= cos(37 + 53) = cos90 = 0.
) = sin 12 cos 12 sin 12 cos 12 .
1. :
) = cos37cos53 sin37sin53;
2).
, , .

:
cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin,
(1)
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin,
(2)
sin( ) = sin cos sin cos ,
(3)
sin( + ) = sin cos + sin cos .
(4)

: , (1) (2) , (3)
(4); , (1) (2)
, (3) (4) .
(3) (4) sin cos cos sin,
.
,
,
() .
3) sin = cos .
1)
, 2) 1).
cos (72 12)
sin (43 + 17 )
sin 47 cos 69 + sin 69 cos 47

cos 77 cos 39 sin 77 sin 39
. ,
cos (77 + 39 )

<
sin 42 + cos 42
cos 21 sin 21
1
2
sin 42 + cos 42
cos 21 sin 21
> 0.
> 0,
= tg116 < 0,
cos x
3
sin x
= 2 sin cos x sin x cos = 2sin x .
2, 2.
1 sin x 1, -
= 2
= cosx 3 sinx.
. :
5. -
3
2
sin 116
cos 116
cos21 sin21 > cos30 sin30 =
3.
sin 42 + cos 42
cos 21 sin 21
sin (47 + 69 )
sin 60
cos 60

cos77 cos 39 sin 77 sin 39
4.
D=
= tg60 =
sin 43 cos17 + sin 17 cos 43

cos 72 cos 12 + sin 72 sin 12
. (1) (4)
D=
3.
2.
= cos(x y)cos(x + y) + sin(x y)sin(x + y).
. (1)
= cos((x y) (x + y)) = cos(2y) = cos2y.
sin42 + cos42 > 0,
56
57
144
169
(0,6) +
5
13
16

2 ;
> 0,
5
13
, cos =
12
13
12
13
5
4
, sin = sin( ) = = 5 = 0,8,
. 1

cos = 0,6. , ( 6).
sin =
,
0; 2
5
13
. -
(. 1).
0,6 < 0, = arcsin 13
3, 4, 5 5, 12, 13.
12
13
0,8 = 65 .
6
G=
0 , sin 0, sin = 0,64 = 0,8.

:
144
.
169
12
13
, cos2 = 1 sin2 = 1 =
13
, cos 0, cos =
5
13
cos = 0,6,
sin2 = 1 cos2 = 1 (0,6)2 = 0,64.
sin =
(1)
G = cos( ) = coscos + sinsin.
. = arcsin 13 , = arccos(0,6),
G = cos(arcsin 13 arccos(0,6)).
6.

cos 20
sin 20
3
sin 10
sin 48 + cos 48
cos 24 sin 24
sin 13 cos 47 + sin 47 cos13

sin 58 cos52 + sin 52 cos 58

4.:
3.:
2.
sin(3x + 2y)cos(x + 2y) sin(x + 2y)cos(3x + 2y).
3
cos 10
1.:
)cos54cos6 sin54sin6;
13
sin 36 + cos 36
.
cos18 sin 18
arcsin 0, 8
13
***

[1].
sin( + 2k), cos( + 2k), k Z,
6.: sin arcsin
5.
sin cos.

4.:
3.:
sin 54 cos 24 sin 24 cos54

2.
sin(2x + 3y)cos(x 3y) + sin(x 3y)cos(2x + 3y).
) cos 5 cos 15 sin 15 sin 5 .
1. :
)cos72cos42 + sin72sin42;
6.: sin arcsin 0, 6 + arcsin 12 .
5.
sin + cos.
58
59
k. -
, 2 , ... .
2 + ,
5
2
2
5
2
+ , , + ,
3
2
3
2
+ , 2 ,
+ , 3 , 3 + , ... .
, -
Oy, , , ,
Ox, , .

, , .
1. , , , .
,
, - , . ,
, . :
1) ( , )?
2) ?
[2] (. ),
,
.
.
, 1, , ,
, -
sin k
cos
cos( ) sin( )
sin( + ), cos( + ), cos , sin .
+ , , + ,
3
2
3
2
+ ,
= cos;
= cos;
+
2
+
2
cos
cos
= sin.
= sin;
3
2
= cos 3 + + sin( ) = .
cos 27 + + sin(21 ) = cos 12 + 3 + + sin(22 + ) =
sin = 0,1.
.
1. cos 27 + + sin(21p ),
( ). , () .
2) ,
a ()
.
1)
sin
sin
cos( + ) = cos;
= sin;
sin( + ) = sin;
+
2
cos
= sin;
cos( ) = cos;
= cos;
cos
sin( ) = sin;
sin
+
2
sin = cos;
a, () () .
12 :
() 2p , ()
()
60
61
3
2
cos sin
3
2
sin + sincos sincos =
2 sin cos
cos + 4 sin
, tg = 3.
2 sin cos
cos + 4 sin
2tg 1
1 + 4tg
+
2
+
2
= 1.
, tg = 5.
3 cos 50 4 sin 140
cos130
3sin 2 cos ( )
2

2sin ( + ) 3 cos
2
4. :
3.
) sin
.
2
= 11 .
+ 2sin(17 ), sin = 0,2.
) cos(3 + );
2. 3cos
1
1. :
) sin
6 1
1 + 12
s -
2 sin cos
cos + 4 sin
tg = 3, s 0. -

2 sin ( + ) + sin
2
cos ( + ) 4 cos +
2
2.

2 sin ( + ) + sin
2
cos ( + ) 4 cos +
2
= 0cos (1)sin + 0cos sin(1) = sin + sin = 2sin,

:
= sin + sin = 2sin.
sin = 0,1, 2sin = 2(0,1) = 0,2.
= cos
sin+ sin = 2sin 2 cos 2 ,
+
sin sin = 2sin 2 cos 2 ,
+
cos+ cos = 2cos 2 cos 2 ,

+
cos cos = 2sin 2 sin 2 ,
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
***
= 1.
, tg = 4.
4 cos 25 3 sin 65
sin115
3 cos + + 2sin ( )
2
+
2 cos ( + ) 3 sin
2
4. :
3.
+
2
) cos
5cos(17 ), cos = 0,3.
) sin(3 + );
2. 2sin
) cos
;
2
2
1. :
2sin
sin
+
2
(4) :
(3)(4)
+
2
,
,

. , :
sin(x + y) sin(x y) cos(x + y)
cos(x y). - , ,
- - .
(1)(2) , ,
62
63
2 3
2
sin20 = 3 sin20.
80 + 40
80 40
sin
2
2
130 + 10
2
cos70
cos
2 3
2
130 10
2
2 3
2
130 + 40
2
31 + 19
2
6 + 60
2
130 40
2
cos
6 60
2
= 4sin25 cos33 cos27.
= 2sin25 (cos6 + cos60) =
+ sin25 = 2sin25 cos6 + sin25 =
1
1. :
) sin70 + sin50;
) sin70 sin50;
) cos70 + cos50;
) cos70 cos50.
= 2sin252cos
31 19
2
1
cos 6 + 2
cos
= 2sin25
D = 2sin
cos
cos70 = 0.
2cos
3.
D = sin31 + sin25 + sin19.
. (1)
= 2sin
2.
= sin130 sin10 cos100 cos40.
. (2) (3)
= 2sin
cos20.
= 2sin60 cos20 =
= 2sin60 sin20 =
80 + 40
80 40
cos
2
2
2 3
cos20 = 3
=
2
) (4)
= 2sin
1. :
) A = sin80 + sin40; ) = cos80 cos40.
.) (1)
. , , (1)(4)
.
sin 12
cos 12
7
cos 12
+ 2sin10 = 1.
7
sin 12
5
cos 12
cos 12
= 1.
cos
1 cos
2
1 + cos
=
2
sin2 2 =
:
sin2 = 2sin cos,
cos2 = cos2 sin2,
5. 2sin50
1
2 sin 70
4.
sin19 + sin17 + sin15.
3. :
13
sin 12
2
1. :
) sin80 + sin40;
) sin80 sin40;
) cos80 + cos40;
) cos80 cos40.
2. sin160 sin100 = cos50.
5.
1
2 sin 50
4. :
sin13 + sin15 + sin17.
3. :
7
sin 12
2. sin200 + sin100 = sin40.
(4)
(3)
(1)
(2)
, (1).
( sin( + ) cos( + ) ) , , sin( + ) cos( + ),

(1): (2):
.
(3)(4) ,
-
64
65
2
9
cos
4
9
1
8
1
8
, .
8
9
8 sin
9
sin
= sin = sin 9 ,
2
2
4
2 2 sin
cos
cos
9
9
9
8 sin
9
2
5
cos
sin 10 .
2
7
4
7
sin 10 = sin 10 sin 10 .

2
cos 10 = 2sin 10 cos 10 .
C=
2 2 sin
cos
cos
10
10
10
2 cos
10
2cos 10 :
2
2
cos
10
10
2 cos
10
2 sin
4
10
2 cos
10
sin
, 1 2, -
C = 2sin
10
, ,
C = sin
2 5
3. : C = cos
2. : B = cos 7 cos

2, 3 .
A =
8
9
4
4
cos
9
9
8 sin
9
2 sin
, , sin
A=
2
4
2 2 2 sin cos cos
cos
9
9
9
9

8 sin
9
8sin 9 :
1. , A = cos 9 cos
40
41
1600
3
. < < 2
1681
3
.
2
81
1681
9
1519
= 1681 .
( n, n Z).
1600
1681
720
1681
2 sin cos
sin 2 + cos 2
sin
cos
3
2
<
sin 2
cos 2
2ctg
1 + ctg2
<
, sin
0,64 = 0,8,
3
4
= 0,36 = 0,6.
= 0,64,
= 0,36.
1 + 0, 28
2
1 0, 28
2
1 cos
2
1 + cos
2
< 0, ,
< <
cos2 2 =
. (3) (4):
> 0,
3
cos 2 , cos = 0,28, < < 2 .
2 sin cos
1
3. sin 2
sin2 =
. sin2 , sin2 ( n, n Z):
sin2 =
2ctg
1 + ctg2
2.
cos2 = cos2 sin2 =
sin2 = 2sin cos = 2 41 41 =
40
sin < 0, , sin = 41 . (1) (2) :
. sin2 = 1 cos2 = 1
1. sin2 cos2, cos = 41 < <
, , sin 10 = sin 2 10 = cos 10 , -
C = 2 .
66
cos 12 sin 12 cos 12 + sin 12 .
1
8
3
2
sin cos =
1
2
< < .
3
2
(sin( + ) + sin( )),
< < 2.
(1)
+ n, n Z.
3
2
67
+ n, n Z.
cos = 8 , < <
) cos15.
1 tg2
1 + tg2
5. sin 2 cos 2 ,
4.:
) sin2230R;
3. os2 =
2. sin2 cos2, cos = 0,8
) cos sin cos + sin .

8
< < 2.
2
cos =
)2sin 12 cos 12 ;
1.:
) cos2230R.
2tg
1 + tg2
5. sin 2 cos 2 ,
4. :
) sin15;
3. sin2 =
2. sin2 cos2, sin = 0,6
)2sin 8 cos 8 ;
1. :
4
1
(cos( + ) + cos( )),
(cos( ) cos( + ))
1
2
1
2
cos cos =
sin sin =
(3)
(2)
1
4
1
(cos60
2
1
2
) cos32 cos28 =
) sin55 sin25 =
1
(sin60
2
+ sin4)
1
2
3
1
cos 4 + cos 8 cos 8 + cos 4
2
1 cos 3 + + cos 3
16 16
16 16
2
1
2
2 cos80.
1
cos4;
2
sin12;
1
2
2
2
2
2
= 0.
(sin60 sin30) =
+ sin4) =
3
4
1
2
7 5
7 5
cos
cos 16 + 16
16 16
3 1
4
1
2
1
(sin30
2
3
1
cos 4 + cos 4
2
3 1

2
2
) (2) (3)
(sin60 + sin4 sin30 sin4) =
. ) (1)
1
2
) = cos 16 cos 16 sin 16 sin 16 .
2. :
) = sin32 cos28 sin17 cos13;
(cos30 cos80) =
+ cos4) =
(sin30 + sin12) =
) sin21 cos9 =
1
4
1
2
1. :
) sin21 cos9;
) cos32 cos28;
) sin45 sin15.
. (1)(3), :
, ,
.
.
68
) sin36 sin24.
69
sin
1 + cos
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
1 + tg2
cos =
1 + tg2
2
1 tg2
, + 2n, n Z,
(3) , + 2n, n Z,
sin =
2tg
. (1)(4)
, .
[1]

tg 2 =
tg2 = 1 tg2 ,
1 cos
sin
tg tg
1 + tg tg
tg + tg
1 tg tg
2tg
tg( ) =
tg( + ) =
***
,

2
1. :
) sin35 cos5;
) cos37 cos23;
2. :
) sin70 cos65 sin25 cos20;
1
1. :
) sin33 cos27;
) cos47 cos2;
) sin24 sin6.
2. :
) sin35 cos25 sin20 cos10;
+ m, m Z tg =
1 tg2
2tg
2tg 2
1 tg2 2
tg 15 =
sin 30
1 + cos 30
3
1+
2
1
2
4. tg15.
. (4):
tg4 =
tg 2 =
2tg
1 tg2
. (3):
1
7
= 1,
2+ 3
240
161
2 3
4 3
8
15
64
1
225
2
8
15
1
4
1
1
16
2
1
4
3.
3.
1
1
, tg = 3 .
2
=2
= tg(97 37) = tg60 =
32
6+1
3+2
61
3. tg4, tg =
tg 97 tg 37
1 + tg 97 tg 37
. (2):
tg( ) =
tg 97 tg 37
1 + tg 97 tg 37
1 1
2 3
1 1
1+
2 3
tg( + ) =
2.
1 1
+
2 3
1 1
1
2 3
. (1) (2):
1. tg(+) tg( ), tg =
, sin, cos tg .
70
tg 48 tg 18
;
1 + tg 48 tg 18
)
tg 2 tg
1 + tg 2 tg
1
5
tg 87 tg 27
1 + tg 87 tg 27
, tg =
1
6
tg 3 tg 2
1 + tg 3 tg 2
tg 16 + tg 14
1 tg 16 tg 14
1
3
= 2tg
, tg =
1
.
3
1
4
71
1. .., .., ..,

.. : 10 . .: , 20012005. 400 .
2. .., .. : 10 . .: , 2005.
5. tg105.
4. tg2, tg =
, .
tg 4 tg 3
1 + tg 4 tg 3
3.
2. :
tg =
2
1. tg( + ) tg( ),
5. tg 75.
4. tg2, tg =
1
2
= 2tg
tg 21 + tg 39
.
1 tg 21 tg 39
, .
tg 3 tg 2
1 + tg 3 tg 2
3.
2. :
1. tg( + ) tg( ), tg =

2 ; 2
1
2
arcsin a, |a| 1.
.
, , , , 2.
..
. [1] , . ,
,
.
.
, ,
, 2004, 4 , , .
()
( ) :
... . .
.
1
.
3
1
arcsin 3 ,

,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
a, . -
72
73
1
2
sin =
1
?
3
10- .. . [1] . , ,
,
11- .
(
. 3.1 [1]).
: , , , .
,
, .
,
y = arcsinx,
y = arccosx,
y = arctgx,
y = arcctgx
.
, 6.
sin =
, , .
, ,
.
()
( )
:
... . .
. , , ,
.
,
,
( ,
). ,
: . .
,

c
p
( ).
3)
, : = c sin (c ).
, ,
. ,
, , ..
, , .
.
.
.. (17921856)
. (18051859).
X (f) x -
: V =
, : , , , ,
..
, . . , v , t s , s = vt.
,
,
.
,
()
(). t , s , v . , . ,
s t.
.
1) S : S = R2 ( ).
2) V p -
74
75
KKKH

2 ; 2 ,
B. OB OA -
KKKH
7.5.
xOy (.1). a , |a| 1, y = a
-
X y, , X .
X y = f(x).
y y = f(x).
, ,
(, ), X .
, f,
y = f(x).
(1)
, , , (), (1) f(x).
f : f
X , , f.
, x y
. , f,
X, y = f(x),
x X, u = f(v), v X x = f(y), y X.
.
f D(f) E(f) .

6, ,
10- [1]
, 10-
n
x , logax, , , , ( , arcsinx, arccosx, arctgx,
arctgx 11- ).
.. . [1].
. 7.5.
y=0
. 2
).
A
1 x
y = 1
y=1
) arcsin1 =
( 2 =
1
y=
2
. 1
a:
sin = a.
a (|a| 1) a
1
arcsin 2
) arcsin(1) =
)arcsin0 = 0;
1.
y=a

2 ; 2
(. .1). arcsin (: a).

arc . ,
.
76
77
> 1.
KKKH
. 3
0
0
y=a
B1
, sin0 = a. ,
, 0 , = 0 + 2n, n Z, (1). , sin0 = a.
, 0 , = 0 + 2k, k Z, (1). , a, (1).
B2
OB2 OA 0 = 0 = arcsina.
KKKKKH
, |a| 1,
sin(arcsina) = a.
, .
1. a , |a| < 1,
a,
sin = a.
(1)
(.3). |a| < 1,
y = a B1 B2.
KKKH
KKKKH
OB1 OA 0 = arcsin,
2 > 1
, arcsin2 arcsin

,
2
, a , :
1)|a| 1, , ,
;
2)|a| > 1, ,
arcsina a .
1
.
3
5
6
5
6
(2)
, (2)
+ 2k, k Z.
, arcsin 2 =
. 4
y = 1
y=1
OA
KKKH
+ 2n, n Z.
+ 2n, n Z.
OC
KKKH
3. a,

sin = 1.
(4)
. y = 1
C (. .4).
: =
. (3)
B (.4). OB -
KKKH
2. ,
sin = 1.
(3)
. y = 1
+ 2n, n Z; =
arcsin 2 =
= arcsin 2 + 2k, k Z.
= arcsin 2 + 2n, n Z;
1
2
) , sin =
= arcsin 3 + 2k, k Z.
= arcsin 3 + 2n, n Z;
sin =
: = arcsina + 2n, n Z;
= arcsina + 2k, k Z.
2.
) ,
78
= 2 + 2n, n Z.
79

2 ; 2
, a. -

2 ; 2
sin = a.

2 ; 2
,
= arcsin(a).
, arcsin(a) = arcsina, (1).
a , |a| 1,
arccos(a) = arccosa.
(2)
|a| = |a| 1
sin() = sin, sin() = a.
, = arcsina,
7.8*.
a , |a| 1,
arcsin(a) = arcsina.
(1)

.

7.8* 8.6*,
.
7.6, 8.3 8.4, , , .

, arcsina, arccosa, arctga arcctga ,
, ,
. , arcsina
4. a,
sin = a (|a| > 1).
(5)
|a| > 1, a, (5),
.
: .
: = 2 + 2n, n Z.
KKKH

OA . (4)
= arcsin
2
2
=
=
2
3
3
4
;
.
2
2

2 ; 2
sin
(3)
= sin 6
= arcsin sin 6 =
13
6
= sin 2 +

2 ; 2
(4)

2 ; 2 , (3).
arcsin sin
13
6
13
6
13
6
[0; ]
arccos(cos) = .
(4) .
, arcsin sin =
6
3. arcsin sin
2. arcsin sin
arcsin(sin) = .
(3) .

2 ; 2
= arccos
2
)arccos 2
) arccos 2 = arccos 2 =
) arcsin
)arcsin 2 = arcsin 2 =
, = arccosa, [0; ] cos = a.

cos( ) = cos, cos( ) = a.
|a| = |a| 1 [0; ],
arccos(a) = .
, arccos(a) = arccosa,
(2).
1.
80
[0; ], arccos cos
j=
.
81

2 ; 2
tg = a.

2 ; 2
) arcctg(1) = arcctg1 =
) arctg 3 = arctg 3 =
)arctg(1) = arctg1 =
3
4
artg(a) = .
, arctg(a) = arctga, (1).
a
arcctg(a) = arcctga.
(2)
, = arcctga, (0; ) ctg = a.

ctg( ) = ctg,
ctg( ) = a.
(0; ),
arcctg(a) = .
, arcctg(a) = arcctga,
(2).
1.

tg() = tg,
tg() = a.
, = arctga,
8.6*.
a
arctg(a) = arctga.
(1)
5. arccos(cos(6)).
6 [0; ], (4).
cos(6) = cos(2 6), arccos(cos(6)) = arccos(cos(2 6)).
2 6 [0; ], arccos(cos(2 6)) = 2 6.
, arrcos(cos(6)) = 2 6.
4. arccos cos .

2 ; 2
2
3

2 ; 2

2 ; 2
(4)
= ctg
2
3
2
3
2
3
arcctg ctg = arcctg ctg
ctg = ctg
2
3
(0; ),
3 (0; ), (4) .

.
3
(0; ), arcctg ctg
.
3
5. arcctg ctg
4. arcctg ctg
(3)
, (3) .
arctg(tg10) = arctg(tg(10 3)) = 10 3.

(0; )
arcctg(ctg) = .
(4) .

2 ; 2
tg10 = tg(10 3) 10 3
10
, arctg tg 3 = 3 .
3. arctg(tg10).
2. arctg tg
arctg(tg) = .
(3) .
) arcctg 3 = arcctg 3 =
82
83
[1].
10, : , x ,
x. :
x x .
x x .
,
.
, , , () .
[1] y = f(x) ,
0 , x y = f(x) x + T x T
y = f(x)
f(x + T) = f(x).
T y = f(x).
f(x) .
, x
y = f(x) f(x T) = f(x).
, y = f(x) x T,
f(x) = f((x T) + T) = f(x T).

, .. . [2],.. [3] .. . (
) [4]
f(x + T) = f(x) = f(x T)
, . [1][3] , , [4]
T .
, .

[1] [3] . [2] ,
, , y = sin x. ,
[2]
.
1
x + 2
1
x+2
= f(x),
1
1
x + 2 + x 2
1
x 2
1
x2
1
x+2
1
x2
f(x) =
1
x2
1
x +1
x
D(f) = (; 2) c (2; 2) c (2; +)
f(x) = f(x), , f(x) .
, , ,

f(x) = f(x) f(x) = f(x).
, x f(x) x , ,
.
2. , ()
f(x) =
1. , f(x) =
()
.
[7].
y = f(x) X , x X x X f(x) = f(x).
, , x x + T x T ( ) x (
() ). , , . ,
, x
, .
, , , x f(x) f(x) = f(x)
f(x) = f(x), , f(x)
x , ,
x .
84
85
, [4],
1,
() .
, ()
, 1R .
1. f (
), ( ).
14. f (
), x D(f)
f(x) = f(x) ( f(x) = f(x)).
, f(x) = 0 , (2002 .) 10-
, ( 40 120 ).
27.
y = x2(|x| + x)(|x| x)?
D(f) = (; 1) c (1; 2) c (2; +). x = 1,

D(f), x = 1 D(f). , f(x) , ,
f(x) = f(x) f(x) = f(x) 1, D(f)).
,
, .
, , ,
.
. , , . 2 , ,
. , . , f(x) = 0,
,
, .

f(x) = 0 = f(x) f(x) = 0 = f(x)
x.
3
2 ; 2

2 ; 2
, -
.
7.4,
sin() = sin,
1.
, a
sin( + 2) = sin.
10.2 ( 2) , T < 2, sin( + T) =
= sin . , ,
y = sinx x, 2.
7.3, , ,
4. y = sin x
10.1. y = sin x
x y, x , ,

y = sin x,
(1)
x.
(1)
R, [1; 1].
y = sin x.
1. y = sin x .
2. y = sin x 2.
3. y = sin x .
. .
. .
. , .
. , . [5]
(x = 0, x > 0, x < 0)
, y = 0 x.
12% ,
, .
.. . [1]. , , .
. 10.1 .
86
87
1 <
2 + 2n; 2 + 2n ,
, n Z, n Z.
2 + 2n; 2 + 2n

0; 2
0
0
7
24
0,79
x
y = sinx
x
y = sinx
0,87
0,13
24
0,92
3
8
0,29
12
0,97
5
12
0,38
0,5
0,99
11
24
0,61
5
24
0,71
y = sin x x (. 1).
y = sinx
y = sin x
x y = sinx (x; y)
. y = sin x.
,
. y = sinx
, x.
y = sinx .
4.
2 4 , y = sinx
3
2 ; 2
y = sin x -

2 ; 2
sin1 < sin2.
< 2
, 1 2 ,
y = sinx . 3.

0; 2
y = sin x

12

6

3
. 5

4
5
12

2

0; 2
. , sin = sin( ), ,

6

3
2
3
. 6

2
5
6
y = sin x [0;],
[; 0]. , y = sin x
, [; 0] [0;]. ,
, 7.
y
1
x
. y = sin x [0;]
, 6.
[0;] y = sin x -

2 ;
y = sin x
1
2
y
1
y = sin x
0 1, . (. 5) -
88
. 7

2
x
89
3
2
. 8
1

2
cos
+ x + T
2
= cos 2 + x ,
10.210.4 ,
, ,
sinx cosx ,
2, , .
1. , T,
2, , x
cos(x + T) = cosx.
(1)
.
, T (0 < T < 2) ,
x (1). , ,
x = 0,
cosT = 1.
(2)
7.6 ( 2), (2) T = 2k, k Z,
2. , T, 2, , x (1).
2. , T,
2, , x
sin(x + T) = sinx.
(3)
(4)
, y = sin x 2,
.
y = sin x ,
, 8,
.
2 + 2n; 2 + 2n
+ 2n, 4 + n x
+ n, n Z.
4 + n; 4 + n ,
n Z.
3
2 + 2n; 2 + 2n
3
2
+ 2n,
+ n x
3
4
+ n, n Z.
, n Z.
, = sin2
+ 2n 2x
4 + n; 4 + n
n Z. = 2,
) = sina
, = sin2 -
2 + 2n 2x
n Z. = 2,
) = sin
1. = sin2. :
) ;
) .
. = 2,
= sin, R.
10.4 , tgx
ctgx , .

. , .

[6]. , , ,
,
, , ,
, .
1 2.
90
4 + n; 4 + n
n Z;
, n Z.
4 + n; 4 + n ,
91
| tg x | + tg x
2
| tg x | + tg x
2
tg x + tg x
2
= 3.
+ n, n Z.
= tgx.
| tg x | + tg x
2
tg x + tg x
2
= 0.
3
2

2

2
. 9
3
2
(. 9).
f(x) =

= tgx.
2) x, tgx < 0,
f(x) =
1) x, tgx 0,
. f(x) x
f(x) =
: 4 3.
3.
4 3. , f(0) = 4, f
2. f(x) = 4cos22 + 3sin22.

.
f(x) = 4cos22 + 3sin22 =
2
= cos 2 + 3(cos22 + sin22) = cos22 + 3,
0 cos22 1 ,
3 cos22 + 3 4.
, f(x)
:)
| sin x | + sin x
2
| cos x | + cos x
2
1 .
6. f(x) =
5.
f(x) = 2cos26 + 5sin26.
f(x) = cos2 2 sin2 2 .
3. ( ) = cos5 cos3.
4.
= cos 2 .
2
1. = cos.
2.
6. f(x) =
5.
f(x) = 5cos27 + 3sin27.
f(x) = 2sin 2 os 2 .
3. ( ) = sin3 sin.
4.
= sin 2 .
1
1. = sin.
2.
1. .., .., ..,

.. : 10 . .: , 2005.
2. .., .., .. . : 1011 -
92
93
/ . ... .: , 1997.
3. .. : 1011
. .: ,
1999.
4. ..,- .., .. 10 : .
.: , 1999.
5. .., .., ..
10 // , 2002, 10.
6. .., .. : 10 . .: , 2005.
7. .., .., ..,
.. : 11 . .: , 2005.
4.

.......................................... 70
3.
............................. 48
2.
............. 28
1.
C ........................... 3
94

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2006

-), (, -, -). - - (12011274),

tgn, n , . sinx cosx :

cos45, cos 22 2 , cos 11 4 .

cos30, cos15, cos 7 2 , cos 3 4 , cos 1 8

12-, 24-, 48-, 96- .

cos30, cos15, cos 7 2 , cos 3 4 , cos 1 8 .

2005 511- ( .., .., .., ..) . 1011- ,

210 = 210 180 =

150 = 150 180 =

sin = 0, cos = 1, sin =

< < , cos < 0, ,

cos( + 2k) = cos, k Z;

sin 4 cos 4 sin(3,5)

sin 4 cos 4 sin(2,5)

, cos < 0 sin < 0,

|cos| = cos |sin| = sin

sin10 = sin(3 10) (3 10)

arcsin(cos0,8) = arcsinsin(0,3) = 0,3.

arccos(cos10) = arccos(cos(4 10)) = 4 10.

cos0,8 = sin(0,5 0,8) = sin(0,3) (0,3)

arcsin(sin 10) = arcsin(sin (3 10)) = 3 10.

, cos < 0 cos =

1. sin, cos, ctg, tg = 2,4, < <

, sin cos = 0,8.

2.: (tg + tg)sin, cos = 0,6.

1.: cos, tg, ctg, sin =

2.: (tg + tg)cos, sin = 0,4.

1.: sin, tg, ctg, cos =

sin cos = 0,8 , ,

: = arctg 4 ; = arctg 4 ; = arcctg 4 ; = arcctg 4 .

) (3) B = sin 12 12 = sin 6 =

) = sin 12 cos 12 sin 12 cos 12 .

cos (72 12)

sin 47 cos 69 + sin 69 cos 47

sin 47 cos 69 + sin 69 cos 47

= 2 sin cos x sin x cos = 2sin x .

cos21 sin21 > cos30 sin30 =

sin 47 cos 69 + sin 69 cos 47

sin 43 cos17 + sin 17 cos 43

sin42 + cos42 > 0,

, sin = sin( ) = = 5 = 0,8,

cos = 0,6. , ( 6).

0,6 < 0, = arcsin 13

0 , sin 0, sin = 0,64 = 0,8.

sin 13 cos 47 + sin 47 cos13

sin 58 cos52 + sin 52 cos 58

6.: sin arcsin

sin 59 cos 61 + sin 61 cos 59

sin 54 cos 24 sin 24 cos54

) cos 5 cos 15 sin 15 sin 5 .

6.: sin arcsin 0, 6 + arcsin 12 .

sin( + ), cos( + ), cos , sin .

cos 27 + + sin(21 ) = cos 12 + 3 + + sin(22 + ) =

sin + sincos sincos =

+ 2sin(17 ), sin = 0,2.

= 0cos (1)sin + 0cos sin(1) = sin + sin = 2sin,

sin+ sin = 2sin 2 cos 2 ,

cos+ cos = 2cos 2 cos 2 ,

cos cos = 2sin 2 sin 2 ,

5cos(17 ), cos = 0,3.

= 4sin25 cos33 cos27.

= 2sin25 (cos6 + cos60) =

+ sin25 = 2sin25 cos6 + sin25 =