,ay; - %d;W

(KjpNahHfs;> tPl;bYk; tpLjpapYk;)

Kd;Diu:-

,t;,aypy; KjpNahHfs;> KjpNahHfspd; tiffs; KjpNahHfspd;

vz;zKk; vjpHghHg;Gk;> KjpNahHfspd; kdf;FKwy;fs;>
KjpNahHfisg; Ngzp ghJfhf;f Ntz;bajpd; NjitAk; KiwAk; gw;wp
Muhag;gl cs;sd.

KjpNahHfs;:-

55 Kjy; 80 taJ tiuapy; cs;s KjpNahHfs; elf;f Kbahky;

js;shLk; epiyf;F ,Uf;fpd;w kw;Wk; taJ KjpHr;rpahy; ve;j NtiyAk;
nra;a Kbahj epiyf;F clypy; gytPdk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,tHfis
KjpNahHfs; vdyhk;.

KjpNahhfspd; tiffs;:-

1. Foe;ijapy;yh KjpNahH:-
Foe;ijapy;yhj epiyia xU nghpa Fiwaha;
epidf;fpNwd;. vdf;Fk; xU Foe;ij ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ehd;
kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jpUg;Ngd; Mdhy; vdf;F Foe;ij ,y;yhj
epiyia vd; tho;ehs; KOtJk; xU nghpa FiwahfNt
epidf;fpNwd;.
Chpy; ts;stHfs; vd;id kyb vd;Wr; nrhy;tJ
kdf;f\;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;j epiy ahUf;Fk; Vw;glf;
$lhJ.
(ngaH: fz;zk;kh
taJ:65)
2. xU Foe;ijAs;s KjpNahH:-
vd; gps;isia> xU gps;isnad;W nry;ykhf tsHj;Njd;.
filrpf;fhyj;jpy; vd;id rhpahf ftdpg;gjpy;iy. mJ kl;Lk;

76
 ,y;yhky; vd;id KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpy; nfhz;L Ngha;
tpl;Ltpl;lhd;. ,g;g epidf;fpNwd; ,d;ndhU gps;isia
ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd;W vd;Dila f\;lk; ahUf;Fk; tuf;$lhJ.
(ngaH:rhTj;jphp
taJ:60)
3. gy Foe;ijAs;s KjpNahH:-
vdf;F Ie;J gps;isfs; vy;yhUk; Mz; gps;isfs;. vd;id
ey;y Kiwapy; ghHj;jf; nfhs;Sk; Kiw kw;Wk; vd;id ve;j
tpj;jpYk; f\;lg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. xt;nthU gps;isAk; kw;Wk;
Nguf;Foe;ijfs; vd kfpo;r;rpahfTk; ,Uf;fpNwhk;> czT
nfhLf;Fk; Kiw kw;Wk; vq;fisAk;> md;ghf ghHj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
vq;fSf;F ey;y kd epk;kjpia jUfpd;wJ.
(ngaH:ghg;ghj;jp
taJ:68)
4. tsHg;G Foe;ijAila KjpNahH:-

vdf;F Foe;ij ,y;iynad;W xU gps;isia jj;njLj;J tsHj;Njd;.

me;j nghd;D vd;id ey;y Kiwapy; ftdpg;gJ kw;Wk;
vd;dplk; md;ghfTk; ,Uf;Fk; tsHg;G gps;isnad;W ehd;
epidj;jjpy;iy. vd;Dila nghd;dhf tsHj;Njd;. mij ey;y tpjkhf
jpUkzk; nra;Jf; nfhLj;Njd;.

(ngaH:nghd;Df;fz;Z
taJ:70)

4.1. nrhe;jj;jpy; Foe;ijiaj; jj;njLj;Njhh;:-

nrhe;j;jpy; Foe;ijiaj; jj;njLj;J tsHj;Njd;.
Mdh me;jg; gps;is vd;dplk; ghrkhf ,Uf;fhJ. ehd;
ghrkhfTk; mtSf;Fj; Njitahd vy;yhtw;iwAk;
thq;fpf; nfhLj;Njd;. vd;dplk; mts; khpahij
nfhLg;gNj ,y;iy mtSila tho;f;ifia mtNs Njbf;
nfhz;lhs;. filrpf; fhyj;jpy; vd;ida ahUk;

77
 ftdpf;ftpy;iy. ehDk; vd; fztUk; jdpahf
tho;fpNwhk;.
(ngaH:nry;yk;khs;
taJ:60)

ntspapy; Foe;ijiaj; jj;njLj;NjhH:-

ntspapy; Foe;ijiaj; jj;njLj;NjhH. KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpy; ,y;iy.

mtHfSf;F Foe;ij ,y;yhj epiyapy; xU rpyH jj;njLj;J tsHf;fpd;wdH.
mtHfis ghHj;Jf;nfhs;s ahUk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; mtHfs;
tsHg;gjpy;iy. rKjhaj;jpy; KjpNahHfspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gTk;
mtHfspd; kdir re;Njhrg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; mtHfSila vz;zq;fis
epiwNtw;Wfpd;wdH.

murpd; rl;ljpl;lj;NjhL Foe;ijiaj; jj;njLj;NjhH:-

,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; rpy egHfSf;F tajhfpAk; Foe;ij

,Ug;gjpy;iy ,jw;fhf murpd; rl;ljpl;l chpikfis ngw;W Foe;ijiaj;
jj;njLj;J tsHf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wdH.

kUj;Jtkid kw;Wk; tpLjpfspYk; chpik ngw;W Foe;ijia tsHj;J

mjw;Fj; Njitahd vy;yh trjpfisAk; nra;Jj; ju Kw;gLfpd;wdH.

,g;gb tsHg;gjd; %yk; jdf;F xU Foe;ij ,Uf;F vd;W

epidg;gjpy; kd epk;kjpiaj; jUfpd;wJ.

KjpNahHfspd; vz;zKk; vjpHghHg;Gk;:-

jd; tho;ehspy; epk;kjpahf ,Uf;fDk; vd;W epidf;Fkplk;

KjpNahH ,y;yk;jha;> je;ij> kw;Wk; gps;isfs;> Nguf;Foe;ijfs;
vd;Wk; cwtpdH> ahUk; ,Ue;jhYk; rhpahf ftdpg;gjpy;iy.

kUkfs; khkpahiu f\;lg;gLj;Jk; tpukhf mtHfis mbj;Jk;

Jd;GWj;Jfpd;wdH. ,jdhy; mtHfs; kdepiy ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpwJ.

78
 filrpf;fhyk; ehq;fs; capNuhbUf;fk; tiu vq;fis ey;y Kiwapy;
ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NtW vijAk; ehq;f ngw;w gps;isfsplk;
vjpHghHg;gjpy;iy>

ehq;f rk;ghjpj;j vy;yh nrhj;JfSk; ehq;f ngw;w gps;isfSf;Nf

Nru Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpNwhk;.

kUkfs; khkpahiu jd;Dila jha; Nghd;W ghHj;Jf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. Mz; gps;isfs; kidtpapd; Ngr;ir Nfl;Lf; nfhz;L tajhd
KjpNahHfis> jfhj thHj;ijfis Ngrp mtHfSila kdR fhagLtNjhL
mtHfs; cly; eyKk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ.

KjpNahHfspd; kdf;FKwy;:-

KjpNahHfs; vd;whNy Foe;ijapd; kd epiyf;F xg;gplyhk;.

rKjhaj;jhYk;> ngw;w gps;isfshYk;> ,isQHfshYk; mtHfis

Gwf;fzpf;f $lhJ.

xU rpy FLk;gj;jpy; tajhd KjpNahUf;F khpahij nfhLg;gNj

,y;iy mtHfis Ntz;lhj gpuhzpfsha; elj;Jfpd;wdH. ,g;gbnay;yhk;
nra;tjpdhy; nghpa kd FKwYf;F MshFfpd;wdH.

ngw;w gps;isfshYk;> kUkfshYk; mbj;Jj; Jd;GWj;Jk;

epiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk; KjpNahHfs; vjw;F capNuhL ,Uf;fDk; mjw;F
capiu tpLtNj ey;yJ vd;Wk; epidf;fpd;wdH.

cwtpdHfs; kw;Wk; Chpy; cs;stHfs; ve;j tpjkhd FiwAk;

nrhy;yf;$lhJ. vd;Nw jd;Dila kdf;;f\;lj;ij ahhplk; nrhy;y KbahkNy
Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdH.

fz;zPNuhL fhzg;gLk; epiyikf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdH. mtHfSila

kdir njspT mila kfpo;r;rpahf Ngr Ntz;Lk;.

79
 ngw;w jha; vd;W $l epidf;fhky; rpy gps;isfs; tPl;il tpl;L
ntspNa Ngh vd;W nrhy;tjpdhy; mtHfs; vq;Fg;NghtJ vd;W
njhpahky; ehd; gl;l Jd;gk; vy;yhk; NghJk; vd;W KjpNahH
,y;yq;fisj;NjLfpd;wdH.

ngw;w flikf;fhf rpy gps;isfs; ey;y Kiwapy; ftdpg;gJ

Nghd;W rpyH vq;NfahtJ nfhz;LNgha; tpLfpd;wdH.

cly; epiy rhpahf ,Uf;Fk; tiu ftdpj;J tpl;L cly;epiy

rhpapy;yhj Neuq;fspy; mtHfSf;Fj; Njitahd czT kw;Wk;
mtHfSila Mirfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy;iy.

kdepiy ghjpg;gjpdhy; mtHfSila brain

ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;wJ.

jha;f;F ,izahf ,e;j cyfj;jpy; ahiuAk; <L nra;a KbahJ.

vy;yhtw;iwAk;> nghWj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wdH. vt;tsTjhd;
mtHfis Jd;g;gLj;jpdhYk; mth;fs; gps;isfis tpl;L nfhLf;f
khl;lhHfs;.

KjpNahHfisg; Ngzp ghJfhf;f Ntz;bajpd; NjitAk; KiwAk;:-

KjpNahHfSf;Fj; Njitahd vy;yh trjpfisAk; nra;J jUfpNwhk;.

ve;j tpjkhd kdf;f\;lKk; juhky; ghJfhf;fpNwhk;.

fhiy> kjpak;> ,uT vd;W czTfis jtwhky; nfhLf;fpNwhk;.

cLj;j cil kw;Wk; mtHfSf;Fj; Njitahd vy;yhtw;iwAk; nra;J
nfhLf;fpNwhk;.

cwtpdHfs; ahuhtJ te;jhYk; KjpNahHfis ghHf;f

mDkjpf;fpNwhk;. ahuhtJ CUf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. vd;W epidj;jhy;
mtHfis ghJfhg;ghf mDg;GfpNwhk;.

80
 ve;jtpjj;jpYk; mtHfSf;F Fiw ,y;yhj mstpy; mtHfis
ghJfhf;fpNwhk;. mtHfSf;F cly; epiy rhpapy;iy vd;whYk; clNd
kUj;Jtiu tur;nrhy;yp mtHfSf;F cjtp nra;fpNwhk;.

KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy; mtHfSila kdR

re;NjhrkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mtHfs; NtW vij epidj;Jk; ftiyg;gLtjpy;iy.

KjpNahHfs; mtHfs; epidg;gjw;F mjpfkhf ehk;

ele;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kiw gpbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; FLk;gj;jpy;
ahuhtJ xU egH %yk; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLk;.

$l;Lf;FLk;gkhf tho;e;jhy; kl;LNk mq;F ghrj;ij

vjpHghHf;fyhk;. ,y;iynadpy; NfhgNk mjpfhpf;Fk;.

KjpNahHfspd; Ngr;R rpyUf;F gpbg;gjpy;iy. vdNt mtw;iw

mDrhpj;Jg; Nghdhy; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPHTf;fhz KbAk;.

rKjhaj;jpy; vg;gb tho;e;jhy;

kw;wtHfs; kjpg;ghh;fs;.

vd;gij Ghpe;Jf;nfhz;L tho Ntz;Lk; xt;nthU ,isQDk;

kdpjhgpaj;Jld; nray; gl;lhy; ,g;gpur;ridfs; tuhj epiyia jLf;f
KbAk;.

kw;wtHfs; Fiw nrhy;fpw msTf;F tho;e;jhy; rKjhaj;jpy; gy

NfLfis tpistpf;Fk;.

KjpNahhpd; kdepiyia Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;wthW elf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

1. ngaH:- C. nrse;jk;kh
2. taJ:- 75
3. vj;jid Foe;ijfs;: 4 Mz; Foe;ijfs;
4. ve;j gps;is cq;fis ghHj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhH:
vd;Dila Kjy; gps;is kl;Lk; vd;id ghHj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhH.
81
 cq;fis vg;gb ftdpj;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;:
vd;id ftdpf;Fk; Kiw gpbf;fhky; jhd; ehd; KjpNahH
,y;yj;jpy; te;J NrHe;Njd;.
5. ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfs;:-
1. tPl;by; vg;gb ftdpj;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;:
tPl;by; vd;id ehd;F gps;isfspy; xU gps;is
kl;Lk; jhd; vd;id ngw;w flikf;fhf
ghHj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;. kUkfSk; rhpahf vd;id
ftdpf;ftpy;iy. mJkl;Lk; ,d;wp vd;id mbf;fTk;
vdf;F mJ kpfTk; Ntjidaha; ,Uf;fpwJ. vdf;F czTk;
rhpahf nfhLg;gjpy;iy.
KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpy; ehd; Ngha; NrHe;jJk;
vd;id ghHg;gjw;F tUfpd;wdH. vdf;Fj;
Njitahdtw;iwAk; thq;fp nfhLf;fpd;wdH.

cwtpdH tPl;by; ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfs;:-

ngw;w gps;isNa xOq;fhf ghhg;gjpy;iy ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy;

cwtpdH tPl;Lf;fg; Nghdhy; vg;gb ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;.

ehk; tpUk;gp Ngha; nfhQ;r ehs; ,Uf;fDk;. vd;W Mirg;gl;L

NghdhYk; tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; %d;W ehisf;F jhd; vd;gij ehk;
Ghpe;Jf;nfhz;L mtHfSila cgrhpg;ig njhpe;Jf; nfhz;Lk; clNd
te;jpLNthk;.

Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk; Kfe;jphpe;J

Nehf;ff; FioAk; tpUe;J

mdpr;rg;G+ Nkhe;J ghHj;jhy; thLk;. tpUe;jspg;gthpd; Kfk;

NtWgl;Lj; Njhd;wpdhNy thLtH.

82
 tPl;bw;F tUk; cwtpdHfis mtHfSf;Fj; Njitahd msTf;F
tapWk;> kdRk; epuk;g itf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt mtHfis ey;y Kiwapy;
ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

me;jf; fhyj;jpy; KjpatHfis ghrkhf elj;jpdH mJ kl;Lk;

,y;yhky; xw;WikahfTk; thoe;jdH. gpur;ridfSf;F NtiyNa ,Uf;fhJ.

tpLjpapy; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwfs;:

epk;kjpahf ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;why; KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpy; jhd;

kdepiy Nghf;Ftjw;F Kf;fpakhd ,lkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

czT> cil> vd vq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ve;j tpj FiwAk; ,y;yhky; ehq;fs;

kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpNwhk;. ngw;w gps;isfs; vq;fis ghHg;gjw;F
te;jhYk; mtHfis ghHg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fpwhHfs;.

6. ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ Mj;khHj;jkhf cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;Js;sjh:

tpLjpapy; itj;J vq;fis ghHj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vq;fSf;F ey;y kd
epk;kjpiaj; jUfpd;wJ. md;ghf ghHj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kiw
vq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;Js;sJ.
7. NtW Foe;ijfsplkpUe;J vd;d vjpHghHf;fPwPHfs;:-
ngw;w gps;isfsplkpUe;J ehq;fs; NtW vijAk;
vjpHghHg;gjpy;iy vq;fis ve;j tpjj;jpYk; f\;lg;gLj;jhky;
ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W jhd; epidf;fpNwhk;.
8. vg;gb ftdpj;jhy; cq;fs; kdk; FspUk;:-

vq;fis ey;y tpjkhf ghHj;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL

kl;Lkpd;wp ,d;gk;> Jd;gk; vy;yhtw;wpYk; gq;F
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhiuAk; jd;NdhL ,izj;J tho Ntz;Lk;
mg;NghJjhd; vq;f tho;f;if rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

9. ,e;j gps;isfisg; ngw;wjw;F tUj;jg;gl;Ls;sPuh:-

gps;isfisg; ngw;wjw;F xU tpjj;jpy;
tUj;jg;gLfpNwhk;. Vndd;why; gj;J khjk; f\;lg;gl;L

83
 tsHj;jw;F vd;ida filrpf;fhyk; tiuapYk; $lNt itj;J
ghHj;Jf;nfhs;shky; KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpy; nfhz;L te;J
tpl;lJ. ahUNk ekf;F ,y;iy me;j cwTfSk; ek;ik
ftdpg;gjpy;iy. Vd;w epiyf;F vq;f tho;f;ifj;
js;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
tUj;jg;gLfpw msTf;F gps;isfs; ele;Jf; nfhs;sf;
$lhJ.
jhapw; rpwe;j NfhapYkpy;iy
je;ij nrhy;kpf;f ke;jpuk; ,y;iy
Mapuk; cwtpy; ngUikfs; cz;Nlh
md;idf; nfhz;lNjhH md;gpd; vy;iy

jhia nja;tkhf epidj;J kjpj;J tho Ntz;Lk;.

gps;isfisg; ngw;wjw;F re;Njhrg;gl;Ls;sPuh:-

gps;isfisg; ngw;wjw;F kw;nwhU tpjj;jpy;

re;Njhrg;gLfpNwhk;. Vndd;why; tPl;by; ,Uf;f gpbf;fhky;
KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpw;F te;J ,Uf;fpNwhk;.

ehd; ngw;w gps;is vd;ida KjpNahH ,y;yj;jpy; te;J

ghHf;Fk; nghOJk;> vq;fSf;F Njitahdtw;iw vq;fSf;F thq;fpf;
nfhLf;Fk; NghJk; kdRf;F epiwtha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mg;nghOJ ehq;fs;
ngUkfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwhk;.

vt;tsT jhd; FLk;gj;jpy; gpur;ridfs; te;jhYk; vd; kPJ ghrj;ij

fhl;Lk;nghOJ vdf;F ,ijtpl NtW ekf;F vd;d Ntz;Lk;. vd;W
epidf;Fk; kd MWjiyj; jUfpd;wJ.

FLk;gq;fspy; ,uj;j rk;ge;jk;gl;l cwT Kiwfspy; ghrk;

mjpfhpj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; vj;jid cwT Kiw ,Ue;jhYk; jha;> je;ij> kfd;
cwTfSf;F <lhf vJTk; nrhy;y KbahJ.

84
 gps;isia ngw;W tsHj;J Mshf;fpa jha;f;F ey;y NgUk; GfOk;
thq;fpj; ju Ntz;Lk; ,ijf; fz;L mtHfs; tho;j;JtJ ekf;F MAir ePbj;J
jUk;.

FLk;g gpd;Gyq;fs;:-

FLk;g mikg;ghdJ ghrj;jhy; gpd;dg;gl;lJ. vd;Dk; nfhs;if

Nja;e;J td;Kiwahy; MdJ vd;Wk; mg;gbg;gl;l FLk;gk;
vjpHfhyj;jpy; vd;dthFk; vd;Wk; rpe;jpf;fj; jf;f tifapy; rpWfijj;
njhFg;gpy; FLk;gk; tho;f;ifj; jsq;fspy; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

cwTKiw tpsf;fk;:-

,e;jpar; rKjha mikg;gpy; FLk;gj;jpidg; Nghd;W kdpj cwT

KiwAk;> gz;L njhl;Nl tho;tpd; mbg;gilahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
goq;fhyj;jpy; KjpNahHfspd; cwT Kiwfspy; rKjhakhf ,aq;fpdH.
vd;W Muha;r;rpahsHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.

cwT Kiw vd;gJ cwTfspd; chpikfs;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;>

Kd;Dhpikfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l Kiwik MFk;. xU FLk;gj;jpYs;s
cWg;gpdHfspd; cwit kl;Lky;yhky; gy;NtW FLk;g cWg;gpdHfs;
cwitAk;> ,J tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ.

KjpNahHfs; FLk;gq;fSld; ,ize;J eykhf tho;tjw;F cwTKiw

cjTfpd;wJ vd;W tpsf;fk; $WtH.

kdpj cwTfSk;> khDl jsq;fSk;:-

kdpjHfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH jq;fSf;fpilNa nfhs;Sfpd;w njhlHG

kdpj cwTfs; vdg;gLk;. KjpNahHfs; jdpj;J tho;tJ vd;gJ ,ayhjjhy;
xUtiu xUtH rhHe;J tho;fpd;wdH. ,jdhy; kdpjHfspilNa cwTKiw
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; %d;W tpjkhd cwTKiwj; njhlHGfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

85
 1. ,uj;j cwT(consanquineal relation)
2. kd cwT(affinal relation)
3. cwtpy; KiwcwT( fictive kinship relation)

FLk;g cwTfs;:-

rpWfijfs; FLk;g cwTfs;> ,uj;j cwTfs;. kz cwTfs; Gidtpay;

cwTfs; vd;W gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jha;> je;ijapd; top mikAk; cwTfs; ,uj;j cwTfs; vd;Wk; fztd;-

kidtp cwTfspy; fztd; top mikAk; cwTfNsh kidtp %yk; mikAk;
cwtfNsh kz cwTfs; vd;Wk;.

jj;J vLf;Fk; Foe;ij %ykhf mikAk; cwTfs; Gidtpay; cwTfs;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.,tw;iwNa NtW tifapy; ,uj;j cwTfis
Kjy; epiy cwTfs; vd;Wk;> kz cwTfis ,uz;lhk; epiy cwTfs;
vd;Wk;> Gidtpay; cwTfis %d;whk; epiy cwTfs; vd;Wk;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa FLk;g cwTfSf;Fs; cz;lhfpd;w ed;ikfs;
gythf ,Ug;gpDk; gpur;ridfs; r%f rpe;jidf; Mfpait kpFjpahf
mike;Js;sd.

Kjy; epiy cwT epiyfs;:-

xU FLk;gj;jpy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Neubahf mikAk; je;ij>

jha;> kfd;> kfs;> rNfhjud; Mfpa cwTfs; rpWfijfspy; %d;W
epiyfspy; ,lk; ngw;W rpf;fiyj; Njhw;Wtpf;ff; $baitahf
mike;Js;sd.

1. fztd; kidtp cwT

2. ngw;NwhH gps;is cwT
3. rNfhju cwT

86
vd;Dk; Kiwapy; rpWfijapy; kdpj cwTfs; vg;gb tho;fpwhHfs;>
KjpNahHfspd; epiy FLk;g cwT Kiwfspy; vg;gb ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gij
ghHf;fKbfpd;wJ.

jha; kfd; cwT:-

ghrkpf;f FLk;g cwTfspy; jha;-kfd; cwT ,d;wpaikahjJ. FLk;g

tho;tpy; jha; kfd; cwT ngUk;ghYk; md;Gilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rpWfijfspy; jha; kfd; cwTfis ,Utiffspy; fhz KbfpwJ.

rNfhju cwT:-

rNfhju cwntd;gJ epiyg;Gj;jd;ikia ePz;l fhy ghrkpf;f

cwthFk;.

1. mz;zd; - jk;gp cwT

2. mf;fhs; - jk;gp cwT

vd;Dk; ,uz;L cwT epiyfspd; top mtHfspilNa fhzg;gLk; El;gkhd

ghrj;ijr; rpWfijfspd; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

mz;zd; jk;gp cwT epiyfs;:-

Kj;Jf;F Kj;jhf nrhj;jf;Fr; nrhj;jhf mz;zd; jk;gp

gpwe;jpUe;Njhk;. xd;Wf;F xd;whf md;NghL fye;jpUe;Njhk;
vd;w $w;Wf;F Vw;g ,r;rpWfijfspy; tUk; mz;zd; - jk;gp cwT
Foe;ijg; gUtj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L mjdhy; mtHfSf;F Vw;gLk;
,d;dy;fisAk;> FLk;g cwTfspy; vj;jid ,d;g> Jd;gq;fisf; fle;J nry;tJ
jhd; tho;f;ifg; gazk; vd;gij Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mf;fhs; - jk;gp cwT:-

mf;fh jk;gp cwtpy; mf;fh jk;gpfSf;Fj; jha; Nghd;W

mike;jpUg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ. jhapd; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J jk;gpfis

87
mutizf;Fk; Kiw> vjpHnfhs;fpw FLk;g td;Kiwfsplwhf rpWfijfs;
mf;fhs; jk;gp cwTfis Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

,uz;lhk; epiy cwTfs;:-

Kjy; epiy cwTfspd; %yk; VjhtJ xU Kiwapy; cwTilatHfs;

,uz;lhk; epiy cwTfs; MtH. ghl;ld;> ghl;b> mj;ij> khkd;>
nghpag;gh> rpj;jg;gh Nghd;Nwhiu> ,uz;lhk; epiy cwTfs;
vd;W $wyhk;. ,t;TwTfs; rpWfijapy; cs;s gy ,lq;fspy;
fijNahl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.

khkpahH kUkfs; cwT:-

$l;Lf; FLk;g tho;tpy; kpfTk; rpf;fYilajhf ,Ug;gJ khkpahH

kUkfs; cwthFk;. ,t;TwT nghpJk; r%f eilKiwapy; Nghuhl;l
cwthfNt fhzf;fpilf;fpwJ. mt;tifapNy rpWfijf;Fs; ,t;tsT Nghuhl;l
cwthfNt gjpT nra;a;gl;Ls;sd.

ghl;b Nguf;Foe;ijfs; cwT:-

r%f eilKiwapy; kjpf;fj;jf;f cwthf cs;s ghl;b cwT

Nguf;Foe;ijfspd; kPJ nfh^ukhd td;Kiwj; jhf;Fjy;fisf;
fl;ltpo;e;JtpLk;. cwTfisr; rpWfijfspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

md;Gk;>ghrKk; kdpj tho;tpy; epiyNgW nfhs;tjw;F kdpj

cwTfs; kpf Kf;fpakhditahf cs;sd. cwTfNshLk; rf kdpjHfNshLk;
md;ig Nerj;ijg; gfpHe;J nfhs;s cwT Kiwfspd; Njit ,d;wpaikahjjhf
,Uf;fpwJ.

r%ff; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; ,aq;Fk; FLk;g mikg;G

rpijtpw;Fs;shFk; nghOJ cwTfSf;fpilNaAk; rpijTfs; jtpHf;f
,ayhjjhfp tpLfpd;wd. tho;tpd; mbg;gilahd kdpj Neak;
kdpjdplkpUe;J me;epag;gl;L Nghfpd;wJ.

88
 mj;jifa kdpjNeaKk; md;Gk; kwf;fg;gl;l FLk;g mikg;gpd;
tho;tpaiy xU Gwk; gjpT nra;Js;sjpd; ClhfNt kWGwk; md;Gk;>
ghrKk; epiwe;j cwTfisAk; je;j cwTfis ,r;rpWfijfspy; gilj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

r%f epiyfs; gw;wpa tho;f;ifj; jsq;fs;:-

r%fk; vd;w nrhy; Fwpj;J gy mwpQHfs; gyNtW tpsf;fk;

mspj;Js;sdH. MapDk; r%fk; kf;fshy; ,ad;wJ xUtd; kw;nwhUtid
czHjNy r%fk; vd;w ,j;njhliuNa r%fk; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F
tpsf;fkhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.

rKjhaj;jpy; xUtd; caHtJk; jho;tJk; mtdtd; #o;epiy tho;f;if trjp>

gpw epiwTfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mb;gilapy; mikfpd;wd.

FLk;gq;fSk; mjpy; Vw;gLfpd;w rpf;fy;fSk; KjpNahHfSf;F

ve;j mstpw;F ghjpg;ig cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. vd;gij Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;L
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nghUshjhuf; FiwghLfSk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;GfSk;>

murpay; %ykhf cz;lhFk; rpf;fy;fs; Mfpait fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

r%f epiyfis Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;L kw;wtH ek;ik ghHj;J ve;j tpj

FiwAk; nrhy;yhj mstpw;F FLk;gj;jpy; cs;stHfs; nghWikahf
vy;yhtw;iwAk; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.

r%fk; gw;wpa jsq;fs;:-

kdpjd; xU rKjhag; gpuhzp vd;W mwpQHfs;

fz;lwpe;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;.

kdpjd; ,ay;gpNyNa jd;idg; Nghd;w gpw kdpjHfNshL $b

thoNt tpUk;Gfpd;whd;.

89
 MfNt kdpjd; $b tho;tNj kdpjr; rKjhaj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;ghd
xd;whFk;.

$b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik vd;ghHfs; rKjhak; vg;gb

,Ue;jhYk; mjd; jhf;Fjiyf; fle;J KjpNahHfs; jk; tho;Tf;F Ntz;ba
topia tFj;Jf;nfhz;L mikjpahf tho Ntz;Lk;.

kdpjd; jd; ,dj;Jld; ,ize;Jk;> gpize;Jk; thOk; ,ay;Gilatd;.

mtd; $bf; fye;J tho;tjpy; r%fk; cUthfpwJ.

KjpNahhpd; tho;Tf;Fk; r%f tho;Tf;Fk; ,ilapy; NtWghLfs;

cs;sd. xUtd; jdpahfr; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; r%fkhfr; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk;
NtWghL ,Ug;gij fhzyhk;.

chpik> nghWg;G Mfpa jdp kdpj epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W

r%f epiyapy; ,Uf;f KbahJ. chpik Ntl;if> r%f tho;tpy; rpf;fiy
Vw;gLj;JtijAk; nghWg;gpd;ik Fog;gk; nra;tijAk; fhzyhk;. vdNt
,t;tifapy; mikfpd;w r%fk; rpWfijfNshL xg;gpLtjw;F VJthfpwJ.

FLk;gq;fSk;> mjpy; Vw;gLfpd;w rpf;fy;fSk;:-

r%fj;jpy; ,ay;ghf eilngWk; ,af;fk; Nghy> rpWfijfspy; cs;s

FLk;g mq;f ,af;fKk; nray;gLfpwJ.

rpf;fy; vd;gJ FLk;g mq;fj;jpdH ahNuDk; mtutHfspd;

newpapypUe;J khWk; nghOJ Vw;gLfpd;wd.

FLk;g tho;tpy; fztd;> kidtp kw;Wk; FLk;g mq;j;jpdHfs;

ahNuDk; xUtuhy; rpy Neuq;fspy; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. rpy
Neuq;fspy; cwtpdHfshYk;> ez;gHfshYk; FLk;gq;fspy; rpf;fy;fs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.

vy;yhtw;wpw;f;Fk; NrHe;J moitj;J tpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhd;>

mJTk; xd;Wf;F ,uz;L gps;isfisg; ngw;W Nghl;Ltpl;L

90
 tho;f;if vd;gJ miyNghNy r%fk; vd;gJ mjd; NkNy>Xlk;
Nghy Mb> mire;J tho;tjhf fz;zPH epiwe;jdNt Vio vspNahhpd;
tho;tpay; MFk;. KjpNahhpd; fijapy; FLk;gKk; mjpy;
Vw;gLfpd;w rpf;fy;fisAk; $Wfpd;wdH.

r%f tho;tpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fSk; jPHTfSk;:-

rKjhak; vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; jhf;Fjiyf; fle;J KjpNahHfs; jk;

ey;tho;Tf;F Ntz;ba topia tFj;Jf; nfhz;L mikjpahf tho Ntz;Lk;.
,tw;wpid kwe;J kdpjd; gy rpf;fy;fspdhy; Jd;gg;gLfpd;whd;.

r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fisf; fz;L ahNuDk; Jd;gk; tUk;

NghJ cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iw ghHj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f $lhJ.

Jd;gk; tUk; nghOJ kdk; jsHe;J tUe;jpj; jw;nfhiy nra;J

nfhs;tJ Nfhioj; jdkhFk;. jw;nfhiy vt;thW jtwhdNjh mNj jtWilaJ
jhd; tho;f;if xOq;fhf filg;gpbg;gjpy; jtWtJ ngUk; Jd;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

rKjha tho;f;if vd;Dk; rflk; Mz;> ngz; vd;Dk; ,U rf;fuq;fisf;

nfhz;Nl XLfpwJ. ,jpy; ahH xUtH rhpapy;iy vd;whYk; tho;f;if
vd;w gazk; rhpapy;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;.

,tw;wpw;fhd jPHTfs;:-

KjpNahHfis mtHfs; vz;zk; Nghy tho tpl Ntz;Lk;. taJ Md

epiyapy; mtHfs; rpW Foe;ijahfNt khwptpLtNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp
mtHfs; NgRfpd;w tpjk; kw;Wk; mtHfs; gof;ftof;fq;fs;
khWgLfpd;wd.

91
 mtHfSf;F gpbj;j khjphp ngw;w gps;isfs; ele;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. jd; epiyapy; jLkhWk; nghOJ vg;gb NgRtJ vd;gJ
njhpahky; Ngha;tpLfpwJ.

,tw;iwnay;yhk; xt;nthU FLk;gq;fspYk; Ghpe;J nray;gl;lhy;

gpur;rid Vw;glhj Kiwapy; mtHfis epk;kjpahf tho tplKbAk;.

ngw;wtHf;F nghf;fp\khf gps;isfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

njhFg;Giu:-

KjpNahHfisg; gw;wpAk;> mtHfSila tho;f;if Kiw tPl;bYk;>

tpLjpapYk; vg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ kw;Wk; KjpNahHfSila vz;zKk;>
vjpHghHg;Gk;> ve;j mstpw;F ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijAk; FLk;g
cwtfspy; cs;s egHfs; mtHfSila kdepiyia Ghpe;Jg; nfhz;L
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. mJkl;Lk; ,d;wp mtHfis Rikahf epidf;fhky;
mtHfis Gwf;fzpf;fhky; mtHfSila Njitia G+Hj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

92