TP ON DU KH VIT NAM

TRNG I HC DU KH VIT NAM

NHN TI CHO PHT TRIN

Hc phn:
THC HNH QU TRNH THIT B

Bi th nghim s 01
THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN LU

GVHD: Th Qunh Trang Thc hin: Nhm 3

Lp: K1-Lc ha du

B Ra - Vng Tu
2015
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

I. Mc ch

Kho st thi gian lu ca h thng dy thit b khuy trn mc ni tip.

Xc nh hm phn b thi gian lu thc v so snh vi hm phn b thi

gian lu l thuyt.

Hiu r nguyn l phn b thi gian lu trong mt thit b khuy v h thng

dy thit b khuy, th hin m t h khuy l tng v y l tng t
tnh c kch thc thit b phn ng.

H thng li kin thc c hc trong cc mn hc Qu trnh thit b v

K thut phn ng.

II. C s l thuyt

1. Khi nim c bn:

Trong h thng thit b, nhng phn t lu cht khc nhau s i theo nhng con
ng khc nhau. Da trn hm phn b thi gian lu xc nh c, ta c th nh gi
tng quan v dng trong thit b, cc nhc im sinh ra khi thit k nh vng t, dng
chy tt..v tm cch khc phc nh nh gi ny. Nghin cu thi gian lu l phng
php cn thit so snh thit b da trn dng vt liu, t c th ci tin lp m hnh
ti u. Cng da trn hm phn b thi gian lu ta c th vn hnh ti u v qua thit
lp c cc thng s, phng php iu khin cng nh ti u ha qu trnh trong thit
b.

Thi gian lu ca mt phn t trong h l thi gian phn t lu li trong bnh

phn ng hay trong thit b bt k cn kho st. Thi gian lu ca mt thit b l i
lng xc sut. Tt c thi gian lu u dao ng xung quanh thi gian lu trung bnh, do

NHM 3-K1-LHD 2
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

xc nh thi gian trung bnh rt c ngha.

1 n
n
tv tvi
i 1

Trong tvi l thi gian lu ca mt phn t bt k i.

tv f (t v ) t v .dtv E (t v )
Vi nh ngha phn b thi gian lu F(tv) = E(tv), ta c: 0 `

0 CI (t v ) t v .dtv
A

tv

0 CI (t v ).dt v
A

Hay:

K
Citi
t i 1
K
Ci
Vi cc hm im ta c: i 1

K l cc khong chia bng nhau

VR
t
Thi gian lu trung bnh th tch: VM

Vi VR l th tch ca lu cht trong bnh,lt

VM l lu lng ca dng vo thit b, lt/giy

Nu cht ch th khng t tng quan l tng th phng trnh trn khng tha
mn.

2. Cc phng php nghin cu thi gian lu:

Cc phng php nghin cu thi gian lu bao gm:

Xc nh thnh phn ca cc cu t thi im t ( hoc ) ra khi thit b,

NHM 3-K1-LHD 3
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

xc nh hm F(t) hoc F( )

Xc nh thnh phn cc cu t thi im t ( hoc ) vn cn lu li trong

thit b hm I(t) hoc I( ).

Xc nh thnh phn cc cu t thi im t ( hoc ) ang trong qu trnh

thot ra khi thit b hm f(t) hoc f( ).

kho st kh nng hot ng ca mt thit b phn ng thc t, ta thng dng

phng php kch thch - p ng ( phng php nh du).

Nh vy, cc phn t nh du phi c c im l khng c nh hng v khc

bit vi cc phn t to nn tng quan trong h.

Cc loi cht ch th i vi mi trng lng c th l dung dch mu, cc cht

phng x, cc ng v phng x n nh, cc ht rn pht sng... Cc cht ch th thch
hp vi tnh cht ca cc ng v trong h phi c khi lng ring, nht, h s

NHM 3-K1-LHD 4
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

khuch tn thch hp.

Khi c cc cht ch th thch hp, ta c th n vo h theo hai kiu tn hiu l

ngu nhin v xc nh. Loi tn hiu xc nh gm tn hiu tun hon v tn hiu khng
tun hon.

kho st cc thit b, ngi ta s dng loi tn hiu xc nh khng tun hon.

Loi ny c to ra nh:

nh du bng va chm

nh du bng cho nhp vo lin tc mt lng xc nh

nh du bng cho nhp chim ch ton b trong h

V tin li trong s dng v s ng dng ca tn hiu kch thch c dng bc hoc

dng xung. Trong th nghim, ta s dng loi nh du bng va chm. Loi nh du ny
chnh l s thc hin iu kin k thut hm Dirac ( cn c gi l hm Delta).

0, t 0
(t)
, t 0

(t).dt 1

Loi nh du ny thng thch hp vi cht mu.

3. Hm phn b thi gian lu ca m hnh dy hp:

a s cc thit b thng c hm phn b l ca m hnh dy hp

3.1. Bnh khuy trn l tng:

Mt bnh phn ng c gi l l tng vi kiu nh du va chm phi tha mn:

th tch VR trong bnh l hng s theo thi gian, trong bnh c s khuy trn hon ton

NHM 3-K1-LHD 5
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

mt thnh phn trong h mt cch ng nht mi v tr thuc th tch V R. Nh vy,

trong bnh c s t bin ca dng vo.

Thi gian lu trung bnh th tch:

VR Clra t
vao 1 exp
VM Cl

Khi ni cc bnh l tng li, ta dc m hnh dy

hp: Hm phn b c dng tng qut:

n 1
t
n t
n .exp
1
f (t)
(n 1)!

Khi n=1, ta c m hnh khuy trn l tng. Cn khi n= , ta li c m hnh y l

tng.

Gi s ban u khng c cht ch th trong dng lu cht va bnh, sau tc ng

tn hiu xung vo bng cch cho mt lng cht ch th nht nh vo dng lu cht trong
khong thi gian rt ngn.

Xt dng chy n nh, khng c phn ng v s bin i khi lng ring ca phn
t lu cht qua thit b. Thi gian thu gn l mt bin s v th nguyn c nh ngha

ti t vt

nh sau: t V

Vi ti l thi gian phn t lu cht i qua thit b

3.2. Hm phn b thi gian lu cht trong bnh:

Nhng phn t lu cht kc nhau s i theo nhng con ng khc nhau v mt

nhng khong thi gian khc nhau. Xt ti mt thi im bt k, s phn b thi gian lu
cht trong bnh c xc nh t lc bt u vo bnh c trnh by nh trn hnh

NHM 3-K1-LHD 6
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

Hnh 2. Hm phn b thi gian lu ca lu cht trong bnh

K hiu I c dng ch o s phn b thi gian lu trong bnh t n +

d . V tng tt c cc phn lu cht bng mt nn tng ny bng tng din tch bn di

Id 1
ng cong I theo . Vy 0

Phn lu cht c thi gian lu trong bnh nh hn d 1 l phn din tch gch cho
trn

1
Id
Hnh 0

Id 1 0 Id
Phn lu cht trong bnh c thi gian lu ln hn 1 l 1

3.3. ng cong C:

ng cong C biu din nng theo thi gian thu gn ca cht ch th trong dng
ra ng vi tn hiu kch thch dng xung ti u vo. Nng ban u ca cht ch th l
Co. Vi din tch bn di ng cong bng 1 ta c:

NHM 3-K1-LHD 7
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

1
C 1
C.d C
d 1 C0 C.d
t t
Cdt
0 0 0
hay 0

Hnh 3. ng cong C biu din p ng ti dng ra cho tn hiu xung ti u vo

III. Tin hnh th nghim

1. Thit b th nghim

Thit b th nghim c cho trong bng di y:

Bng 1. Thng s thit b th nghim

STT Tn thit b Thng s

- Lu lng: Q=200l/h
1 Bm nc
- Ct p: H=20mH2O

- Dung tch: V= 1001

2 Bm cp
- Vt liu: inox SUS 304

3 Bn cao v - Dung tch: V=300l

NHM 3-K1-LHD 8
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

- Vt liu: inox SUS 304

NHM 3-K1-LHD 9
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

- S lng: 5
- c lp t theo bc gim dn cao
- Dung tch: V=2l
- Vt liu: thy tinh
4 Bn khuy
- C b tim chch mu ( mc)
- ng c: N=5W; n=60rpm
- Cnh khuy: dng bn
- ng ong v ph kin van nh km

- Kch thc:03, H900

5 Cm bin mc
- Vt liu: kim loi

- Thang o: Qmax = 5l/ph

6 Lu lng k
- Vtliu: thy tinh hu c

- Kch thc 021 v 013

7 H thng ng ng
- Ph kin van 021v 013

- Kch thc: H400 x W300 x D300 mm

8 T in iu khin - Bo v: qu ti, cn nc
- Cnh bo s c: nh sng v m thanh

- Kch thc: H1000 x W1200 x D800

mm
9 Khung gi
- Bnh xe di chuyn
- B iu chnh thng bng

Ngoi ra cn c cc thit b v dng c khc km theo

NHM 3-K1-LHD 10
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

2. Tin hnh th nghim

a. Chun b:

M van cp nc vo y bn cha nc ri kha van li

M van x ca h thng ( van x nc ra h thng ng x nc thi ca phng

th nghim, van ny lun m trong sut qu trnh th nghim v dng lu cht
qu trnh l xuyn sut)

b. Hot ng

ng CB trn tng

M ca t iu khin, ng tt c cc CB trong t in. n POWER sng,

n START sng.

Bm nt START trn mt t in, n START tt, n STOP sng, cc ng

h o hin th s trn mt t in, h thng sn sng hot ng.

Bt cng tc PUMP sangv tr ON bm nc t bn cha ln bn cao v,

khi c nc chy trn t bn cao v v bn cha th m ti a FLOW
CONTROL VALVE cho nc chy vo h thng cc bnh khuy mc ni tip.

n khi bnh th 5 c nc chy trn vo ng x ca h thiu chnh lu

lng dng nc cp vo h thng bng cch chnh FLOW CONTROL
VALVE n lu lng cn kho st.

Bt cngtc AGITATOR sang vtr ON h thng khuy c 5 bnhkhuy

hot ng, tin hnh iu chnh tc khuy cc bnh bng cch xoay nm
vn, tc khuy s tng dn khi xoay nm vn thoe chiu kimng h.

c. Ngng hot ng

ng cng tc PUMP v AGITATOR

NHM 3-K1-LHD 11
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

Nhn nt STOP, n START sng, cc ng h ngng hin th

Tt CB chnh trong t in

ng ca t in

Tt CB trn tng

Lm v sinh thit b v khu vc th nghim

3. S c v khc phc

Trong qu trnh vn hnh c nhng s c nh di y:

Bng 2. Cc s c v cch khc phc khi vn hnh

STT Hin tng Nguyn nhn c th Bin php x l

Bt CB MAIN m n
Khng c ngun n Kim tra li ngun cp
1 POWER hoc START khng
bo h Thay n bo mi
sng

NHM 3-K1-LHD 12
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

2 n EMPTY sng nhp nhy Bn cha nc b cn M van cp nc vo

km vi m thanh cnh bo y bn cha

4. Tin trnh th nghim

Tin hnh th nghim bc a v b phn vn hnh nu trn

Khi h thng hot ng n nh ( sau khi cho nc chy trn qua cc bnh 1
n 5) ly mt mu chun Ao, sau cho cht ch th (mc tm) vo cng lc
bm ng h ly gc thi gian. Dng ng nghim ly mu theo thi gian
sau ni 30 giy, sau em i phn tch trn my so mu.

Vi cc h 3 v 5 bnh khuy ni tip, vn lm tng t nhng tng ng vi mi

h, mu s c ly ra v tr bnh tng ng.

IV. X l s liu o

Cc i lng o trong bi th nghim c a ra trong bng sau:

Bng 3. Cc i lng trong tnh ton

K hiu Tn i lng n v o Gi tr

hp thu ca nc tun hon khng c

Ao
cht ch th

hp thu ca nc khi c cht ch th

A
(mc tm)

T Mt quang %

D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 ng knh trong ca cc bnh 1,2,3,4,5 mm 150

Hi Chiu cao mc cht lng bnh 1 mm 130

NHM 3-K1-LHD 13
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

H2 Chiu cao mc cht lng bnh 2 mm 130

H3 Chiu cao mc cht lng bnh 3 mm 127

H4 Chiu cao mc cht lng bnh 4 mm 130

H5 Chiu cao mc cht lng bnh 5 mm 137

Lu lng dng lu cht chy trong h cc

Q=3.35*DV + 236.62
bnh khuy mc ni tip, c tr s th hin ml/s 20.08
(DV:display value)
trn ng h hin th ca phn PUMP

Tc khuy, c tr s th hin trn ng

n rpm 80.06
h hin th ca phn AGITATOR

Cng thc x l s liu trng hp l thuyt v thc nghim nh bng di y:

Bng 4. Cc cng thc dng cho tnh ton trng hp l thuyt v thc hnh

1. `S liu thc nghim

1.1. H 1 bnh khuy vi tc 40 rpm:
Chiu cao mc cht lng trung bnh trong bnh khuy: H = 135 (mm)
ng knh trong ca bnh khuy: D = 150 (mm)
Lu lng dng lu cht chy trong h cc bnh khuy ni tip:

NHM 3-K1-LHD 14
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

Bng s liu vi h 1 bnh khuy c tc khuy l = 40 (vng/pht)

TT t(s) A T
0 0.05012 89.1
1 30 0.04144 90.9
2 60 0.03763 91.7
3 90 0.03339 92.6
4 120 0.02919 93.5
5 150 0.02641 94.1
6 180 0.02411 94.6
7 210 0.02 95.5
8 240 0.01909 95.7
9 270 0.01682 96.2
10 300 0.01412 96.8
11 330 0.01368 96.9
12 360 0.011 97.5
13 390 0.00922 97.9
14 420 0.00789 98.2

1.2. H 3 bnh khuy vi tc 40 rpm:

Chiu cao mc cht lng trung bnh trong bnh khuy: H = 120 (mm)
ng knh trong ca bnh khuy: D = 150 (mm)
Lu lng dng lu cht chy trong h cc bnh khuy ni tip:

Bng s liu vi h 3 bnh khuy c tc khuy l = 40 (vng/pht)

TT t A T
0 0.0555 88
1 0 0.0039 99.1
2 30 0.0052 98.8

NHM 3-K1-LHD 15
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

3 60 0.0123 97.2
4 90 0.0173 96.1
5 120 0.0186 95.8
6 150 0.0227 94.9
7 180 0.0246 94.5
8 210 0.0232 94.8
9 240 0.0205 95.4
10 270 0.0182 95.9
11 300 0.0146 96.7
12 330 0.0128 97.1
13 360 0.0119 97.3
14 390 0.0101 97.7
15 420 0.0088 98
16 450 0.0088 98
17 480 0.0079 98.2
18 510 0.0066 98.5
19 540 0.0066 98.5
20 570 0.0052 98.8

t(s) Ti(%) Di (D/D0)TN TN (D/D0)LT LT

30 90 0.045757 0.886996 0.230442 0.919584 0.083834
60 90.5 0.043351 0.840355 0.460885 0.845635 0.167668
90 92.1 0.03574 0.692817 0.691327 0.777632 0.251502
120 92.6 0.033389 0.647237 1.152212 0.715098 0.335336
150 93.3 0.030118 0.583836 1.152212 0.657592 0.41917
180 94 0.026872 0.520909 1.382655 0.604711 0.503004
210 94.3 0.025488 0.494084 1.613097 0.556083 0.586838
240 95 0.022276 0.431822 1.84354 0.511365 0.670672
270 95.2 0.021363 0.414117 2.073982 0.470243 0.754506

NHM 3-K1-LHD 16
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

300 96 0.017729 0.343667 2.304425 0.432428 0.83834

1.3. H 1 bnh khuy vi tc 80 rpm:

1.4. H 1 bnh khuy vi tc 80 rpm:

t(s) Ti(%) Di (D/D0)TN TN (D/D0)LT LT

30 99.5 0.002177 0.047575 0.091954 0.078799 0.087057
60 99 0.004365 0.09539 0.183908 0.242747 0.174115
90 98.2 0.007889 0.172398 0.367815 0.42064 0.261172
120 97.8 0.009661 0.211138 0.367815 0.575921 0.34823
150 97.2 0.012334 0.269546 0.459769 0.693038 0.435287
180 96.5 0.015473 0.338145 0.551723 0.768589 0.522345
210 96 0.017729 0.387451 0.643677 0.805678 0.609402
240 95.5 0.019997 0.437013 0.735631 0.810438 0.69646
270 95.1 0.021819 0.476851 0.827585 0.789949 0.783517
300 94.6 0.024109 0.526883 0.919539 0.751084 0.870575
330 93.7 0.02826 0.617613 1.011492 0.69992 0.957632
360 93 0.031517 0.688785 1.103446 0.641504 1.044689
390 93.5 0.029188 0.637893 1.1954 0.579827 1.131747
420 93.8 0.027797 0.607489 1.287354 0.517895 1.218804
450 94.7 0.02365 0.516856 1.379308 0.45787 1.305862
480 95 0.022276 0.486836 1.471262 0.401212 1.392919
510 95.4 0.020452 0.446957 1.563215 0.348824 1.479977

2. Tnh ton:
2.1. H 1 bnh khuy vi tc 40 rpm:
Thi gian lu trung bnh:
Thi gian lu trung bnh theo thc nghim c tnh theo cng thc:

Thi gian trung bnh theo l thuyt c tnh theo cng thc:

NHM 3-K1-LHD 17
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

Thi gian rt gn:

Thi gian rt gn theo thc nghim c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi t1 = 30 (s)

Thi gian rt gn theo l thuyt c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi t1 = 30

Hm p ng:
Hm p ng tnh theo thc nghim:

Vi Ao = 0,05012 , A1 = 0,04144 ta c:

Hm p ng tnh theo l thuyt:

A nn
C ni ( ) LT ( n1) e ( n )
A0 (n 1)!

Vi n = 1 (h 1 bnh), = 0,08383 ta c:

Ta c bng tng hp tnh ton nh sau:

L thuyt Thc nghim

TT t(s) A T (A/Ao) (A/Ao)

NHM 3-K1-LHD 18
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

0 0.05012 89.1
1 30 0.04144 90.9 0.08383 0.91958 0.17794 0.826700293
2 60 0.03763 91.7 0.16767 0.84563 0.35588 0.750776947
3 90 0.03339 92.6 0.2515 0.77763 0.53381 0.666150915
4 120 0.02919 93.5 0.33534 0.7151 0.71175 0.582343418
5 150 0.02641 94.1 0.41917 0.65759 0.88969 0.526918731
6 180 0.02411 94.6 0.50301 0.60471 1.06763 0.481000783
7 210 0.02 95.5 0.58684 0.55608 1.24556 0.398956752
8 240 0.01909 95.7 0.67068 0.51136 1.4235 0.380829766
9 270 0.01682 96.2 0.75451 0.47024 1.60144 0.335677519
10 300 0.01412 96.8 0.83835 0.43242 1.77938 0.281803585
11 330 0.01368 96.9 0.92218 0.39765 1.95732 0.272857073
12 360 0.011 97.5 1.00602 0.36567 2.13525 0.219371122
13 390 0.00922 97.9 1.08985 0.33627 2.31319 0.183896368
14 420 0.00789 98.2 1.17369 0.30923 2.49113 0.157385293

th biu din (D/Do)TN v (D/Do)LT theo :

NHM 3-K1-LHD 19
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

2.2. H 3 bnh khuy vi tc 40 rpm:

Thi gian lu trung bnh:
Thi gian lu trung bnh theo thc nghim c tnh theo cng thc:

Thi gian trung bnh theo l thuyt c tnh theo cng thc:

Thi gian rt gn:

Thi gian rt gn theo thc nghim c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi t1 = 30 (s)

NHM 3-K1-LHD 20
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

Thi gian rt gn theo l thuyt c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi t1 = 30

Hm p ng:
Hm p ng tnh theo thc nghim:

Vi Ao = 0,0555 , A1 = 0,0039 ta c:

Hm p ng tnh theo l thuyt:

A nn
C ni ( ) LT ( n1) e ( n )
A0 (n 1)!

Vi n = 3 (h 3 bnh), = 0,0943 ta c:

Ta c bng tng hp tnh ton nh sau:

L thuyt Thc nghim

TT t A T
(A/Ao) (A/Ao)
0 0.0555 88
1 0 0.0039 99.1 0 0 0 0.2122
2 30 0.0052 98.8 0.0943 0.0905 0.1193 0.2833
3 60 0.0123 97.2 0.1886 0.2728 0.2385 0.6665
4 90 0.0173 96.1 0.2829 0.4625 0.3578 0.9336
5 120 0.0186 95.8 0.3773 0.6196 0.4771 1.007
6 150 0.0227 94.9 0.4716 0.7295 0.5964 1.2285

NHM 3-K1-LHD 21
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

7 180 0.0246 94.5 0.5659 0.7916 0.7156 1.3276

8 210 0.0232 94.8 0.6602 0.8119 0.8349 1.2532
9 240 0.0205 95.4 0.7545 0.7991 0.9542 1.1051
10 270 0.0182 95.9 0.8488 0.7622 1.0735 0.9825
11 300 0.0146 96.7 0.9431 0.7091 1.1927 0.7875
12 330 0.0128 97.1 1.0375 0.6465 1.312 0.6906
13 360 0.0119 97.3 1.1318 0.5798 1.4313 0.6423
14 390 0.0101 97.7 1.2261 0.5128 1.5506 0.5461
15 420 0.0088 98 1.3204 0.4481 1.6698 0.4741
16 450 0.0088 98 1.4147 0.3877 1.7891 0.4741
17 480 0.0079 98.2 1.509 0.3324 1.9084 0.4263
18 510 0.0066 98.5 1.6033 0.2828 2.0277 0.3547
19 540 0.0066 98.5 1.6977 0.2389 2.1469 0.3547
20 570 0.0052 98.8 1.792 0.2006 2.2662 0.2833

th biu din (D/Do)TN v (D/Do)LT theo :

NHM 3-K1-LHD 22
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

2.3. H 1 bnh khuy vi tc 80 rpm:

Th tch mc cht lng trong bnh khi n nh:

Thi gian lu thc nghim:

Vi tc dng l 400 ml/pht, th thi gian lu l thuyt:

Thi gian rt gn:

Thc nghim vi i = 1k

L thuyt :
Hm p ng

Thc nghim:

NHM 3-K1-LHD 23
 BO CO THC HNH PHN B THI GIAN
LU

n
A n ( n )

( n 1)
Cn ( ) LT e
i
A0 ( n 1)!
L thuyt:

2.4. H 3 bnh khuy vi tc 80 rpm:

Th tch mc cht lng trong bnh khi n nh:

Thi gian lu thc nghim:

Vi tc dng l 400 ml/pht, th thi gian lu l thuyt:

Thi gian rt gn:

Thc nghim vi i = 1k
L thuyt :
Hm p ng
Thc nghim:
D nn
Cn i ( ) LT ( n 1)e( n )
L thuyt: D0 (n 1)!

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V. N
h
n

xt kt qu

Sau khi tin hnh th nghim v x l so snh kt qu, ta c mt s nhn xt nh

sau:

Trong 3 trng hp trn, hnh dng ca cc th l thuyt v thc nghim

tng i ging nhau. Xt ti cng 1 thi im t th so vi cc thi im t gn
thi im t ang xt th ng l thuyt v ng thc nghim c cng 1 xu
th l cng tng hoc cng gim. Ch c 1 vi im l ng thc nghim tng
gim khng ging vi ng l thuyt lm, nhng nhng im ny l khng
ng k. Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ti cc im ny c th do thi gian ly ra
cha c chun lm. C th lc nhn ng h v lc ly mu ra i o c cht
sai lch.

S liu thc nghim v l thuyt chnh lch nhau kh nhiu. C th l ng

l thuyt nm di ng thc nghim v cch nhau kh xa. iu ny c th l
do tc cht ch th cho vo khng nhanh v lng cht ch th cho vo trong
cc trng hp l khc nhau v vy mt quang trong cc mu ly ra s khc
nhau theo thi gian. Trn cc ng thc nghim c nhng v tr im thay i

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bt cht, iu c th gii thch do cc vng t trong bnh phn ng, y

nc v cht ch th cha c khuy trn u. Mt l do na l ban u khi
cho cht ch th vo, vn tc quay ca nc lm cht ch th c th b bn ln
thnh bnh sau mt thi gian cht ch th c th c ha tan li trong nc
nn mt quang b thay i. Khi nhiu cht ch th th mu ca dung dch s
m hn v t s A/Ao n cng s ln hn, do gi tr nm trn trc tung ca
ng cong phn b thi gian lu thc nghim s ln hn so vi ng con
phn b thi gian lu l thuyt. Tng t nh th khi m cht ch th t hn,
mu ca dung dch cng s nht hn dn n ng cong thc nghim s nm
di ng cong l thuyt.

Da vo hnh 7 ta c th nhn xt rng h 3 v 5 bnh c A/Ao tin gn v ti

0, thi gian cn thit h 3 bnh v 5 bnh gn nh khng c s sai lch v
mu so vi mu ca bnh trc khi cho cht ch th mu vo gn nh l tng
ng nhau. Do c th thy h 3 bnh v 5 bnh c s khuy trn l gn nh
nhau v s khuy trn ca h 3 bnh v 5 bnh tt hn so vi h 1 bnh. iu
ny ng vi l thuyt l cng nhiu bnh khuy lin tc th h c s khuy
trn cng tt, nhng n 1 gi tr n bnh no th h n bnh v h n + 1 bnh
c s khuy trn gn nh nhau, khi h n bnh gn nh tin ti h y l
tng. Trong trng hp ny th ta c th xem nh h 3 bnh gn nh l h
y l tng do tc khuy trn ca h 3 bnh v 5 bnh l gn nh nhau.
H 1 bnh c th khc so vi hai h cn li; khi h 3 v 5 bnh l ng
cong parabol th h 1 bnh l ng hypebol v cch kh xa. So snh vi
ng cong thi gian lu th h 1 bnh c sai lch kh ln.

Theo nh thc nghim, xt ti thi im cui cng ca vic ly mu th c th

thy t s A/Ao ca h 3 bnh v 5 bnh l bng nhau,. c th xem l h 3 bnh
v h 5 bnh c s khuy trn gn nh nhau. Tuy nhin khi v th l thuyt
ca ba trng hp nh hnh 8 th c th thy h 5 bnh c s khuy trn tt hn
h 3 bnh 1 cht, thi gian t s A/Ao tin v n 0 ca h 5 bnh ch nh

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hn h 3 bnh 1 cht. iu ny cng ng so vi l thuyt l vi h cng nhiu

bnh khuy trn c mc ni tip th h ny s tin ti h y l tng. M h
y l tng th c s khuy trn tt hn so vi h khuy trn l tng, do
thi gian cc cht phn b u trong h y l tng s ngn hn so vi h
khuy trn l tng. Vy nn, s liu trong thc nghim vn cn c nhiu sai
st do mt n nh h thng v sai s.

1. Cc hin tng ca qu trnh v thit b pht sinh s mt n nh:

My bm nc ln bn cao v c th c lu lng khng u khin cho mc

cht lng trong bn cao v bin ng. Dn n lu lng dng chy vo cc
bnh khng c n nh

Qu trnh khuy khng l tng, khin cho mc cht lng trong bnh dao ng
v lu lng dng lng ra khi bnh thiu n nh.

2. Cc nguyn nhn c th dn ti sai s:

Do lu lng dng chy vo cc bnh thc t v gi tr hin trn my l

khc nhau

Thi gian ly mu khng u.

Lu lng dng chy qua cc bnh khuy khng u, th tch gia cc bnh
khng bng nhau.

Qu trnh khuy trn khng hon ton, s phn tn mu khng u.

Thit b o truyn sut b nhim mu trong qu trnh o mu.

Thit b s dng lu ngy b ng cn, vn c, ru lm cho lu lng chy

khng n nh , mu b o ln tp cht.

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Cc van, lu lng k b tt ngn lm dng chy khng u.

Vic o mc cht lng trong cc bnh c th cha c chnh xc dn ti vic

xc nh th tch cht lng c cht sai s.

Lu lng chy qua cc bnh c th khng bng nhau do c th dn ti s

khng ng nht th tch trong cc bnh trong sut thi gian kho st.

Qu trnh o hp thu c th cha c chnh xc do my hoc k nng o.

Vic ghi s liu v tnh ton c th cha c chnh xc.

Tc khuy hin trn my v thc t c th c cht sai lch.

3. Cc bin php khc phc sai s.

Trc khi tin hnh th nghim ta phi kim tra li lu lng k, cc van nu
thy b tc ngn, ng cn do b r st cn phi v sinh, thay th nu h hng.

o, tnh ton ng mc lu lng ca dng chy.

Hiu chnh thit b o truyn sut.

Ly mu phi chun xc, ng thi gian qui nh.

Mu cha trong cuvert sch, khng b nhim mu, cn trng k cuvert khi ly
mu o mi.

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