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Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design 2010 NSCP
Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design 2010 NSCP
Introduction
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel crushed rock, or other aggregates.
The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has very high compressive strength but have a
very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile
stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to
provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called
reinforced concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes
through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 5.3.3 of
NSCP. These are follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1/3 the
depth of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be
applied if, in the judgment the Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are
such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
WATER
According to Section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from
injurious of oils, acids, alkalis, salts organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for
concrete that will contain aluminum embedments, including that portion of mixing water
contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall not be used in concrete
unless the following are satisfied: (a) Selection of concrete proportions shall be based
on concrete mixes using water from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made
with non-portable mixing water shall have 7-days and 28 day strengths equal to at least
90
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite modulus of
elasticity. Its value is dependent on the characteristics of cement and
aggregates used, age of concrete and strengths.
f 'c Wc
Where is the day 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
STANDARD HOOKS
4 db
Inside diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 16 mm bar and
smaller. For bars larger than 16 mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with Table
1.1
Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric /9plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties
4 db 2 db
shall not be less than for deformed wire larger than D56 and for all other
wires.
4 db
Bends with inside diameter of less than 8db shall not be less than from nearest
welded intersection.
Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete over a flexural members walls and
compression members shall be as follows:
d 200 mm 12 mm -12 mm
Except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits shall be minus 6 mm and
tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover required in
the design drawings or specifications.
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforced
shall be spaced not for farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor 450
mm.
BUNDLED BARS
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as unit shall be limited to
four in any one bundle. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars
larger than 32 mm shall not be bundle in beams. The individual bars within the span of
flexural members should terminate at different points with at least 40 d b stagger. Since
spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover of most members are based on a
single diameter db, bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived
from the equivalent total area.
Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars according to NSCP to be used for
spacing limitation and concrete cover.
4 (25)2 x 3 4 D2
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407.8.1)
Minimum
cover, mm
Primary reinforcement
15
Ties, stirrups, spirals 10
Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm bar and larger
16 mm, Wr1 or D31 wire, and smaller
Prestressed Concrete
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings.
Minimum
cover, mm
Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent
diameter of the bundle, but need to be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast
against and permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five
times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm.
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible
combination of these loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on structure may be
classified as dead loads or live loads.
DEAD LOAD
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists
mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame .
LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move
under their own power called moving loads. Other Live loads are those caused by wind,
rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are
called lateral loads.
If resistances to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design, the
following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest
required strength U:
Where load combinations shall be include both full value and zero value of L to
determine the more severe condition, and
But for any combination of D, L, and W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq.1-
2
Where load combinations shall included both full value and zero value of L to determine
the more severe condition, and
But for any combination of D, L, and E, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1-
2
Except where D or L reduces the effect of H, 0.9D shall be substituted for 1.4D and zero
value of L shall be used to determine the greatest required strength U. For any
combination of D, L and H, required strength U shall not be less than.
If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined densities
and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a
factor of 1.4 and to be added to all loading combinations that include live load.
If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be
included with live load L.
The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other members,
and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken
as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor having following
values.
Notations
A g= 2
Ag
gross of concrete sections , mm . For a hollow section, is the area of
the concrete only and does not include the area of the void(s)
A v = 2
area of shear reinforcement spacing, mm
f yt = fy
specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, MPa
F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and
controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments and forces.
N u= Vu
factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with
Tu
or ; to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N
U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces,
w As bw d
= ratio of to
9.1- GENERAL
9.1.1 Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design
strengths at all sections at least equal to the required strengths calculated for the
factored loads and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in this code.
9.1.2 Members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure
adequate performance at service load levels.
9.1.3 Design of structures and structural members using the load factor
combinations and strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall be permitted.
Use of load factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction with strength
reduction factors of appendix C shall be permitted.
Except as follows:
a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be
reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly,
2
and all where L is greater than 4.8N/ m .
b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be
permitted to use 1.3 W in Eq. (9-4) and (9-6).
c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic
forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0E Eq. (9-5) and (9-7).
d) The load factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil or
other materials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural
action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure
provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it shall be not be
included in H but shall be included in the design resistance.
9.2.2 If resistance to impact effects is taken into account id design, such effects
shall be included with L.
9.2.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a load factor of 1.2 shall be
applied to the maximum prestressing steel jacking force.
For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal
t
strength is between the limits for compression-controlled and tension-controlled
to 0.005.
( )
( )
0.90
Spiral
( )
0.70 ( )
0.65Other fy
Alternatively, when Appendix B is used, for members in which does not exceed
Compression
415 MPa, with symmetric reinforcement,
Transition and with (d-d)/h not less than 0.70, shall
Tension
controlled
be permitted to be increased linearly tocontrolled
Pn f ' c Ag
0.90 as decreases from 0.10 to
Figure 1.2 Strength reduction factor
zero. For other reinforced members, shall be permitted to be increased from 0.10
(E=200, 000 MPa)
f ' c Ag Pb
or , whichever is smaller, to zero.
CHAPTER 1
bar or wire, mm
Ec =modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel 200,000 MPa
f 'c
=specified compressive stress of concrete, MPa
fs =calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, MPa
fy =specified yield strength of steel, MPa
h =overall thickness of member, mm
Ec
2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber, shall be
assumed equal to 0.003
fs fy fs s s s s fs
3. For below shall , be taken as x for > , =
fy
.
f 'c
a) Concrete stress of 0.85 shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an
equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the maximum compressive strain.
b) Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis hall is measured in
the direction perpendicular to N.A.
1 f 'c 1
c) Factor shall be taken as 0.85 for 30 MPa and shall be reduced
continuously at rate of 0.008 for each 1 MPa of strength in excess of 30 MPa, but
1
s hall not be taken less than 0.65. i.e
f 'c 1
i. For 30 MPa, = 0.85
f 'c
ii. For >
30 MPa,
1 f 'c
=0.85-0.008(
-30) but not shall be less than 0.65
f 'c
b 0.85 0.003
c a
c
d d-a/2
NA
Mn
As
T=
As f y
y / Es
f
Stress Diagram
Strain Diagram
Figure 2.1: Stress and strain diagram for singly reinforced and rectangular beam
a=1 c
Eq. 2-1
[ Fh =0 ] C=T
f ' c ab= A s f y
0.85
As f y
Eq. 2-2 a=
0.85 f ' c b
As f y d
a=
bd 0.85 f ' c
As
The term .
bd is called the ratio of steel reinforcement and is denoted as
As
Eq. 2-3 =
bd
and
pfyd
Eq. 2-4 a=
0.85 f ' c
f y
Let =
f 'c
d
a=
Eq. 2-5 0.85
' d 1 d
M n=0.85 f c b( d )
0.85 2 0.85
Eq.2-6 M n=f ' c b d 2 (10.59 )
Coefficient of Resistance
Eq.2-8 Rn=f ' c (10.59 )
Eq.2-9 M u= Rn b d 2
f y
Solving for an in Eq. 2-8 and replacing it with, f ' c , yields the following formula
Eq.2-10 =
fy [
0.85 f ' c
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
BALANCE DESIGN
Balance design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete
fy
(with strain of 0.003) and steel and (with strain of E s ) are reached simultaneously once he
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforced is lesser than what is
required
for balance condition . If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although
the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased, the steel will
continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible crack in the tensile
concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the
structure to decrease the load.
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not before failure.
As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is
highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simultaneously, In this condition, the strain
fy
Es
in concrete reached is maximum usable value of and the strain in steel is E s where
=200,000 MPa.
b 0.00
3
c = c
d d
NA 0.00
3
Strain Diagram
c 0.003
=
d fy Es =200,00
0.003+ Note:
Es
0.003
c= d
fy
0.003+
200,00
600 d
c b=
Eq.2-11 600+ f y
1 c
But a =
f y d
a
c= 0.85 f ' c
1 c=
1
p f yd
c=
0.85 f ' c 1
p f yd 600
c=c = d
0.85 f ' c 1 600+f y
Note: Eq. 2-12 is for singly reinforced rectangular sections only. Eq. 2-11 is applicable to
nay shape.
MAXIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Section 410.4.3: For flexural and for subject to combined flexure and compressive axial
Pn 0.10 f ' c A g
load when the design axial load strength is less than the smaller of
Pn b
or , the ratio of reinforcement that would produce balance strain condition
for the section under flexure without axial; load. For members with compression
b
reinforcement, the portion of equalized by compression reinforcement need not be
reduced by the0.75 factor.
max =0.75 b
Eq. 2-13
and
A smax =0.75 b
Eq. 2-14
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile
failure.
f 'c
Eq. 2-15 A smin = 4 f y b w d
1.4 bw d
Eq.2-16 and not less than fy
A smin
410.62 For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area shall
be equal to or greater than the smaller value given either by:
A smi n=
f 'c b d
Eq. 2-17 2fy w
bw
or Eq. 2-15 with set equal to the width of the flange.
410.6.4 For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of
tensile reinforcement in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by
Section 407.13 (Shrinking and Temperature Reinforcement). Maximum spacing of
this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness and 450 mm.
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for
architectural and other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by
strength consideration. With a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the
computed moment strength as a reinforced concrete section computed from its
modulus of rapture. Failure in such a case can be quite sudden.
Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V,and VIII are the authors recommendation
based on his experience.
I. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the
beam. (DL & LL)
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of
(DL+LL).This weight is added to the de load.
III. Compute the factored load and factored moment:
Ex: factored Load =1.4 DL+1.7L
Mn
IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam,
V. Try a value of steel ratio from 0.5 b but must not be less than
min
. This value will provided enough alloance in the actual value
0.4
min =
fy
f y
VI. Compute the value of , =
f 'c
2
VII. Solve for bd :
' 2
M u= f c bd ( 10.59 )
bd 2=
VIII. Try ratio b/ d ( from d=15b to d=2b), and solve for d, (round-off this
IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
A s =pbd
Number of bars(diameter = D)
2
D x number of bars = A s
4
AS
STEPS IN COMPUTING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA OF A BEM
MU
WITH KNOWN MOMENT NT AND OTHER PROPERTIES:
Pmax M u max
I. Solve for
Pmax =0.75 pb
M u max= f c b d 2 (1-0.59
M u=M u max
if design as singly reinforced (Step II)
M u=M u max
if design as doubly reinforced (Step III)
M u= Ru bd 2
Ru =
2 Ru
1
0.85 f ' c
1=
0.85 f ' c
=
fy
A s =bd=
MU
STEPS IN COPUTING OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
AS
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
As
I. Solve for : =
bd
III. ` b
= f y /f c
M u= f ' c b d 2(10.59 )
IV. > b
b 0.85
ab
0.003
c=0.8
5
a c
d-a/2
d-c
=200,0
00
T=
fs Es
Solve for from the strain diagram: [Note: =200,000MPa]
fs
Es 0.003
=
dc c
dc
f s=600
Eq. 2-18 c
F H =0
[ T=C
A s f s=0.85 f c ab 1c
but a=
dc
A s 600 =0.85 f 'c ( 1 c)b
c
600 A s ( dc ) =0.85 1 f c b c 2
fs
Solve c by quadratic formula and solve for and a:
dc
f s=600 ; a= 1 c
c
M u= T d ( a2 )= A f ( d a2 )
s s
or
M u= C d ( a2 )= 0.85 f ' ab(d a2 )
c
Minimum thickness, h
Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction
Member likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slabs
Beams or L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
ribbed one-way
slabs
(a) For structural lightweight concrete having weights in the range 1500-2000
kg /m3
c
values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.005 ) but not less than 1.09, where
c kg /m3 .
is the unit mass in
fy f y /700 .
(b) For other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 +
Eq.2-19
1
[ ]M cr
Ma
3
]
I cr
[ ]
M
I c = cr I g +
Ma
Where
f r Ig
M cr
= Yt
reinforcement.
I cr = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
When Lightweight aggregate is used, one of the following modifications shall apply:
f ct
(a) When is specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with Sec.
fr f ct f 'c
5.5.2, shall be modified by substituting 1.8 for but the value of 1.8
f ct f 'c
shall not exceed .
f ct fr
(b) When is not specified, shall not be multiplied by 0.75 for all
lightweight concrete, and 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete. Linear interpolation is
permitted if partial sand replacement is used.
Sect. 5.9.5.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. 2-19 for the critical positive and negative
moment sections. For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. 2-19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support cantilevers.
=
Eq. 2-10 1+50 '
Where ' shall be taken the value of reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,a nd at support
for cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor for sustained
loads to be equal to:
5 years or more2.0
12 months...1.4
6 months..1.2
3 months1.0
Deflection computed in accordance with Sec. 5.9.5.2.2 through Sec.5.9.5.2.5 shall not
exceed limits stipulated in Table 2.2.
Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate
moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:
Positive moment
End spans
u Ln /11
Discontinuous end unrestrained
2
u Ln /14
Discontinuous end integral with support..
2
u Ln /16
Interior spans
2
u Ln /10
More than two spans.....
2
u Ln /11
Negative moment at other faces of interior supports.
2
u Ln /16
When support is a column....
2
u Ln /2
Shear at face of all other supports..
2
Ln
When =clear span positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans
for negative moment.
1
.
1
w 1.15w 5 Shear
w w w
Moment
-
-w w -w
Figure 2.3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and
discontinuous end integral with support
Spandrel
w Beam
1
w .
1.15 1
w
w 5 w Shear
w
w
Moment
- -
- -
w - - w
w w
w w
1
w . w
1.15 1
w w 5 w Shear
w
w
Moment
-
w - - -
w w w
Figure 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans
and discontinuous end unrestrained
fy Es
10.2.4 Stress in reinforcement below shall be taken as times steel
fy
strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to , stress in reinforcement shall
fy
be considered independent of strain and equal to .
10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c ,
shall be measured in direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.
f 'c 1
10.2.7.3 For between 17 and 18 MPa, shall be taken as 0.85.
f 'c 1
For above 28 MPa, shall not be taken less than 0.65
10.3.4 Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel t is equal to greater than 0.005 when the concrete in compression
reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with t between the compression-
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a transition region between compression-
controlled and tension-controlled sections.
= d
0.005
c d
=
0.003 0.008
3
c= d
Eq. 2-21 8
3
a=1 c= 1 d
8
a
M tn =0.90 x 0.85 f 'c ab( d )
2
3
1 d
' 8
M tn =0.90 x 0.85 f c x 1 3 /8 dxb(d )
2
459 3
M tn = 1 f 'c b d 2 (1 1)
Eq. 2-22 1600 16
0.003 0.007
= d
0.004
3
Cmax = d
Eq. 2-23 7
3
1 x d
7 )b
max bd f y =0.85 f c
3 0.85 f ' c 1
Eq. 2-14 max
7 fy
M n max=c c ( a2 )
a
M n max=0.85 f ' c ab ( )
2
3 d
3 1
M n max=0.85 f c x 1 dxb (d 7 )
7 2
3
1
14 1
M n max=
Eq. 2-25 51 )
c f 'c b d 2
140
800f y
Eq. 2-26 =0.65+0.25
1000f y
Pn
10.3.6 Design axial strength of compression members shall not be taken greater
Pn max
than computed by Eq. (10-1) or (10-2).
Pn
10.3.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial shall not be taken greater
than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for members with tie
P0
reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero capacity .
10.3.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum
Pu
moment that can accompany the axial load. The factored axial force at given
Mu
eccentricity shall not exceed that given in 10.3.6. The maximum factored moment
shall be magnified for slenderness effects in accordance with 10.10
10.4 Distance between lateral supports of flexural members
10.4.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the
least width of compression flange or face.
f 'c b d min =
f 'c b d
4fy w
4fy w (10-3)
1.4 1.4
A smin = b w dmin
fy fy (10-3)
A smin
10.5.2 For statically determinate members with a flange in tension, shall not
bw 2 bw
be less than the value given by eq. (10-3), except that is replaced by either
or the width of the flange, whichever is smaller.
actual value of
due to rounding-off the numbers bars to be used so
that it will not exceed the maximum .
0.05 '
1=0.85
7
( f c 28 ) for f ' c > 28 MPa
3 0.85 f ' c
max =
7 fy
max =
f ' c if f ' > 31.36 MPa ,othewise min=
1.4
c
4fy fy
fy
VI. Compute the value of , =
f 'c
Solve for c:
Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, is directly
proportional to c:
3
Cmax where C max = d
c=(assumed factor) x 7
dc
f s=600
c
f s 1000 MPa ,tensioncontrolled , =0.90
if
f sf y
if f s <1000 MPa ,transition , =0.65+0.25
1000f y
2
VIII. Solve for bd :
M u= f ' c b d 2 ( 10.59 )
2
b d =
IX. Try a ratio d/b (from d= 1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value
to reasonable dimension)
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the code as given
in Table 2.1 in Page 26.
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and it to the assumption made in Step II.
AS
STEPS IN FINDING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA OF A BEAM
MU
WITH KNOW REQUIRE MOMENT AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
f 'c f y Mu
Given b, d, and :
max M n max
I. Solve for and .
3 0.85 f ' c 1
max =
7 fy
51 3
M n max=
140 (
1 f ' c b d 2 1 1
14 )
800f y
==0.65+0.25
1000f y
M n max =
M u M n max
if design as Singly Reinforced (Step II)
M u> M n max
if design as Doubly Reinforced (Step V)
III. M u= Rn b d 2
Rn =
2 Rn
1
0.85 f ' c
1 =
0.85 f 'c
=
fy
min =
f 'c if f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise min =
1.4
c
4fy fy
A s =pbd =
IV.
min =
f 'c if f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise min =
1.4
c
4fy fy
A s =pbd =
As :
Solve for c and
M u=C c (da /2)
f sf y dc
=0.65+0.25 where f s=600
1000f y c
a=1 c
0.65+0.25(
[ 600
dc
c
f y
] c
)(0.85 f ' c 1 c b)(d 1 )
1000f y 2
M u =
a
c 1 c =
A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b
A s =
min =
f 'c f ' c >31.36 MPa , otherwise min=
1.4
4fy if fy
Mn
STEPS IN FINDING OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA
AS
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
As f 'c fy
Given: b, d, , , :
As
I. Solve for =
bd
b
II. Check if steel yields by computing
'
0.85 f c 1(600)
b=
f y ( 600+ f y )
b,
if steel yields, proceed to step III
> b ,
if steel dos not yield, proceed to step IV.
min , As
Note: if the given is not adequate for the beam dimension.
min =
f 'c if f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise min =
1.4
c
4fy fy
b
III.
Solve for :
A s f y =0.85 f ' c ab
a= ;c= a/ 1 =_________
dc
f s=600
c
f s 1000 MPa ,tensioncontrolled , =0.90
if
f sf y
if f s <1000 MPa ,transition , =0.65+0.25
1000f y
a
M n= 0.85 f ' c a b(d )
2
> b
IV.
Compression-controlled
=0.65 f 'c
b 0.85
As
dc
f s=600 a c=
c
0.85 f ' c ab
. d
d-a/2
T=C
A s f s=0.85 f ' c ab
1c As f s
but a= T=
dc
A s 600 =0.85 f ' c ( 1 c ) b
c
dc
f s=600
c=__________ ; c =__________
a=
1 c =
=0.65
M n=T d ( a2 )= A f (d a2 )
s s
or
M n=C d ( a2 )= f ' ab(d a2 )
c
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460
f ' c =21 MPa f y =345 MPa
mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming and ,
determine the balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
A sb= b bd
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
f ' c =27.6 MPa f y =276 MPa
and steel yield strength . Calculate the required tension
Mu
steel area if the factored moment is (a) 20 kN-m,(b)140 kN-m,(c) 485 kN-m, and
(d)620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
max M u max :
Solve for
0.85 f ' c 1 600 0.85 ( 27.6 ) 0.85(600)
b= b=
f y ( 600+f y ) 276 (600+276)
b=0.0495
max =0.75 b max =0.75(0.0495)
max =0.0371
max=0.371
490
2
M n max=R n max b d
M n max=8.001 ( 300 )
6
M n max=576.279 x 10 N mm
M n max=576.279 kN mm
M u max=518.65 kN m
0
2 49
Mu= Rn bd 20 x
6
10 =0.90 R n ( 300 )
Rn=0.309 MPa
=
0.85 f ' c
fy [
1 1
2 Rn
0.085 f ' c ]
0.309
2
1
1
0.85(27.6)
=
276
=0.00113< min
min =
f 'c if f ' >31.36 MPa , otherwise min =
1.4
c
4fy fy
1.4
min = =0.005072
fy
Rn=2.16 MPa
=
fy [
0.85 f ' c
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
=
0.85(27.6)
276 [
1 1
2 ( 2.16 )
0.85 ( 27.6 ) ]
A s =bd =0.00822> min
A s =1,209 mm2
Rn=7.48 MPa
2 Rn
1
0.85 f ' c
1
0.85 f ' c
=
fy
=
0.85(27.6)
276
[1 1
2 ( 7.48 )
0.85 ( 27.6 )
]
=0.03384> min
A s =4,975 m m2
SOLUTION
f ' c =300 MPa
Given: b=300m
1=0.85
d=480-70=410 mm
1.4
f y =415 MPa min = =0.00337
fy
d b=20 m
Bar diameter ,
kN
w b= c A b=23.5 ( 0.3 x 0.48 )=3.384
Weight of beam, m
5
W u L2
M u= 2
8
53.738
M u =
M u=167.93 kN m
M u=280 kN m
b)
M umax
Solve for to determine whether compression steel is needed
b=0.02881
M u=280 kN m M u max
Required < (singly reinforced)
0
41
2 6
M u= Rn b d 280 x 10 =.90 Rn (300)
Rn=6.169 MPa
=
0.85 f ' c
fy
1
[2 Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
=
0.85(28)
415
1 1 [
2(6.619)
0.85(28)
=0.01755> min]
A s = b d A s =0.01755 ( 300 ) (410)
2
A s =2159 mm
0
2
A s = d b 2159=
2
4 4
N=6.9 say 7 bars
Pu=240 kN at midspan
3.
W d =3.384 kN /m (weight of beam)
P u L (1.4 W d ) L2
M u= + =314.805 kNm< M u max (singly )
4 8
0
41
Mu
R n=
b d 2 0.90 ( 300 )
314.805 x 1 06
R n=
Rn=6.936 MPa
=
0.85 f ' c
fy [
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
=
0.85(28)
415 [
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
=002031> min
0
2
As= db N N
2498 =
2
4
4
N=7.95 say 8 bars
PROBLEM 2.4 (CE MAY 1993)
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth to tension
bars of 600 mm. compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a depth of 60
f ' c =30 MPa f y =414 MPa
mm below the top. If and , determine the tension steel
area if the beam is to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
SOLUTION
max M umax
Solve for and :
max =0.02323
f y 0.02323 ( 414 )
= '
=
f c
30
=0.3209
0
60
[1-0.59(0.309)
M u max=0.90 ( 30 )( 0.3209 ) ( 300 )
M u max=758.1 kN m> M u
M u< M u max
Since , the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.
0
Rn=6.687 MPa 60
650 x 1
06 =0.90 R n ( 300 )
Rn=6.687 MPa
Solve for :
=
0.85 f ' c
fy (
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c )
=
0.85(30)
414 [
1 1
2(6.687)
0.85(30) ]
=0.0191> min
1.4
min = =0.00338
fy
A s =3442m m2
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 550 mm.
The beam is simply supported over a span 6 m and is used to carry a uniform dead
f ' c =21 MPa
load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 40 kN/m. Assume and
f y =312 MPa
. Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be placed at a depth 80
mm from the outermost compression concrete.
a) Determine 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.
b) Determine the required tension steel area.
c) Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:
max =0.02399
Factored load:
W u=1.4 D+ 1.7 L W u=1.4 ( 25 ) +1.7 ( 40 )
W u=103 kN /m
Required strength:
6
2
103
W L2
M u= u M u=
8
Mu
=463.5kN-m
M u max
Solve for
max f y 0.0299(312)
= =
f 'c 21
=0.356
0
55
M u max=0.90(30)(0.356)(300)
0
55
2
M u= Rn b d M u =0.39 R n ( 300 )
550
6
463.5 x 10 =0.9 Rn (300)
Rn=5.67 MPa
=
fy (
0.85 f ' c
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ,c )
=
0.85(21)
312 [
1 1
2( 5.67)
0.85(21) ]
=0.02269
A s =3743 mm2
c) Number of 25 mm bars:
As
Number of 25-mm bars= A s 25
25
2
Number of 25-mm bars=
4
3.743
SOLUTION
Given:
f ' c =28 MPa
b=300 mm
f y =248 MPa
h=600 mm
M u=540 kN m
1=0.85
b=0.0577=5.77
=0.5 b
b) Effective depth using
f y 0.0289( 248)
= = =0.2556
f 'c 28
Rn=f ' c (10.59 ) Rn=28 ( 0.2556 ) [10.59 ( 0.2556 ) ]
Rn=6.0776 MPa
M u= M n= R n b d2 6
540 x 1 0 =0.90 ( 8.307 ) ( 300 ) d
2
d=491 mm
PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
f y =275 MPa f ' c =21 MPa
with 12-mm-diameter bars with .Concrete strength .
Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar if the total factored moment acting on
1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width of slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
Note: Slabs are practically singly reinforced because of its small depths.
. 12mm bars
d h=120 .
mm
s s
cover=20 mm
b = 1000 mm
Effective depth, d= 120 -20-1/2(12)=94 mm
Width, b = 1000 mm
94
M u= Rn b d 2 23 x
6
10 =0.90 R n(1000)
Rn=2.892
=
fy (
0.85 f ' c
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c )
=
0.85(21)
275
1 1(
2(2.982)
0.85(21) )
0.75 x 0.85 f ' c 1 600
max = =0.0284
f y (600+ f y )
1.4
min = =0.00509
fy
A s =1085 mm2
1000
b s=
s= As
N
Ab
1000 A b
s= Eq. 2-
As
17
12
2
1000 x
4
1000 A b
s= s=
As
s=100 mm
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The factored moment at
f ' c =21 MPa f y =275 MPa
critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume and .
Clear concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20)=385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
M u=640 kN m
Design strength,
1.4 b w d
A s min = =5488 mm2
fy
Singly reinforced:
385
2
M u= Rn b d
640 x 106 =0.90 R n (2800)
Rn=1.713 MPa
1.713
2( 0.85(21) )
1
1
=
0.85 f ' c
fy (
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c
= )
0.85(21)
275
=0.00656
Number of 20 mm bars:
20
4
As 7074
N= N=
Ab
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of
60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load moment of 48 kN- m. Use
f ' c =20.7 MPa f y =276 MPa .
and
SOLUTION
Required strength:
M u=165.6 kN m
1.4
min = =0.00507
fy
=60 b
Try Note: this is the authors suggestion
f y 0.02226(276)
= =
f 'c 20.7
=0.2968
Rn=5.068
A s =2.049 mm2
Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 400 mm
A s =2,049 mm2
PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a
superimposed dead load of 29 kN/m and a live load of 44 kN/m. Assume normal weigth
24 kN
= max , f ' c =34 MPa ,f y =345 MPa .
oncrete with m
3 . Use
SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the authors assumption)
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm, W b =24 x (0.3 0.6)=4.32kN /m
W u=121.448 kN /m
6
W u L2
. M u= 8 2
121.448
M u =
M u=546.516 kN m
0.05
1=0.85 =0.821
7 ( 3430 )
min =
f 'c =0.00423 since f ' >31.36 MPa
c
4fy
f y 0.03277(345)
= =
f 'c 34
=0.332
Rn=9.087 MPa
75 b
2 1.
M u= Rn b d 546.516 x
6
10 =0.90 ( 9.087 )( b )
b=279.4 mmd=489mm
A s =4496 mm 2
32
4
As 4496
N= N=
Ab
2
80 mm
.
. h6 -
#10
d b25 mm
h=490+ ( 25 ) +32+20
h=554.5mm> hmin
PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced concrete having a
width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam is loaded with uniform dead load
of 35 kN/m (including its own weight), and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given
f ' c =24 MPa , f y =415 MPa .
Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive moment. Assume
EI=constant.
290mm
490 mm
A 6m B 2m C
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given:
f ' c =24 MPa
f y =415 MPa
f yh=275 MPa
b=290 mm
D
H=490 mm
d ' =60 mm O
Lo A
L1=6 m B 2m C
W D=35 kN /m
x
W L=55 kN /m MD
R
d=49060=430 mm
W u=1.4 W D +1.7 W L
W u=1.4 ( 35 ) +1.7(55)
W u=142.5 kN /m
MA
Moment Diagram
M8
6 A 0 a0 6 A1 b0
Mo Lo + 2 M A ( Lo + L1 ) + M B L1 + L0
+
L1
=0
6
3
142.5
0+2 M A ( 0+6 ) + (285 ) ( 6 ) +0+
M A=498.75 kNm
A
M A=M -489.75 = R(6)- 142.5(8)(4)
R=676.875 kN
R A =W u LR R A =142.5 ( 8 )676.875
R A =463.125 kN
V D =0 W u ( 2+ x )R=0
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
2 2
x + 2.75+
2 2
M D =R X W u M D =676.875 ( 2.75 )142.5
M D =253.828 kN m
M n max
Solve for :
0.85 f ' c 1 600 0.85 ( 24 )( 0.85 ) 600
b= b=
f y ( 600+f y ) 415(600+ 415)
b=0.0247
max =0.01852
max f y 0.01852(415)
max= max=
f 'c 24
max=0.3203
430
2
M n max=R n b d
M n max=6.235 ( 290 )
M n max=334.316 kNm
M n max=0.90(334.316)
M n max=300.884 kN m
Rn=5.26 MPa
=
fy [
0.85 f ' c
1 1
Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
=
0.85(24 )
415 [
1 1
2( 5.26)
0.85( 24) ]
=0.01495
A s =1,864 mm2
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE
STEEL YIELDS ( f =f S Y
Rn
a) The coefficient of resistance of the beam.
b) The ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
b=0.02276
25
A s =6 x
4
As 2945
= = =0.01023< b ( steel yields )
bd 400(720)
f y 0.01023(400)
= = =0.195
f 'c 21
Rn=f ' c (10.56 ) Rn=21 ( 0.195 ) [10.59 ( 0.195 ) ]
Rn=3.62 MPa
Answer
720
2
M u= Rn b d
M u=0.90 3.62 )( 400 )
(
M u=675.67 kN m
Answer
PROBLEM 2.13
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b= 300 m, d = 490 mm. The tension
steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capcity of the
f ' c =27 MPa f =275 MPa .
beam in kN-m. Assume , y
SOLUTION
b=0.02276
As 4,500
= =
bd 300(490)
f y 0.0361(275)
= =
f 'c 27
=0.3118
Rn=6.87 MPa
490
2
M u= Rn bd
M u=0.90 ( 6.87 ) ( 300 )
M u=445.3 kN m
PROBLEM 2.14
SOLUTION
0.05
1=0.85 ( 34.230 )=0.82
7
b=0.03407
25
As=
4
As 1473
= =
bd 300(500)
f y 0.00982(414)
= =
f 'c 34.2
Rn=3.779 MPa
500
M u= Rn bd 2 M u=0.90 ( 3.779 )( 300 )
M u=255.11 kN m
PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter tension bars spaced
f ' c =21
at 110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm, concrete strength MPa and
f y =275 MPa 3
steel yield strength . Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ m .
a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what safe uniform live
load pressure can the slab carry?
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
db
Effective depth: d = h cover- 1/2
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm
b=0.0378
b
A s =A b x N A s =A b x
s
12
As=
4
2
A s =1028 mm
As 1028
= =
bd 1000( 104)
=0.00989
f y 0.00989( 275)
= =
f 'c 21
=0.129
Rn=2.511 MPa
104
2
M u= Rn bd
M u=0.90 ( 2.511 ) ( 1000 )
M u=24.443 kN m
4
2
b) W u
W u L2
M u= 24.443=
8
W u=12.222 kN /m
D= c
Dead load pressure, x thickness of concrete.
D=23.5 x 0.13=3.055 kPa
Dead load pressure,
W u=1.4 W L +1.7 W L W u=1.4 ( D b ) +1.7 ( L b )
L=4.673 kPa
PROBLEM 2.16
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 m is reinforced for tension only with
3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and carries a uniform
dead load of 680 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the uniform live load that the
f y =276.5 MPa f ' c =20.7 MPa
beam can carry. Assume and .
SOLUTION
25
A s =3 x
4
b=0.03703
As 1.473
= =
bd 250 (460)
steel yields
=0.01281< b )
Check if the beam satisfies the minimum steel requirement on flexure:
1.4
min = =0.00506 OK
fy
f y 0.01281(276.5)
= =
f 'c 20.7
=0.171
Rn=3.183 MPa
460
2
M u= Rn bd M u=0.90 ( 3.183 )( 250 )
M u=151.56 kN m
6
2
Wu
W L2
M umax= u 151.56=
8
W u=33.68 kN /m
SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:
1=0.85 b=0.028816
b=2.88
As 2,945
= =
bd 300 (500)
f y 0.01963(415)
= = =0.291
f 'c 28
'
Rn=f c ( 1+0.59 ) R n=28 ( 0.291 ) (10.59 x 0.291)
Rn=6.7494 MPa
500
2
M n=Rn bd M n=6.7494 ( 300 )
M n=506.2 kNm
PROBLEM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm bars. The
beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries a uniform dead load of 4.5
kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live load of 3 kN/m, and concentrated dead
f y =414 MPa , f ' c =34.5 MPa
load of P and 2P as shown in Figure 2.7. Assume .
Calculate the following:
a) The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
b) The maximum value of P in kN.
2P P
2m 2m 2m
Figure 2.7
SOLUTION
0.05
1=0.85 ( 34.530 ) =0.818
7
28
As=
4
As 3079
= =
bd 300 (446)
=0.01972< b Steel yields
m=
f 'c =0.00355
4fy
f y 0.01972(414)
= =
f 'c 34.5
=0.2367
Rn=7.025 MPa
446
2
M u= Rn bd
M u=0.90 ( 7.025 ) ( 300 )
M u=440.18 kN m
1.4(2P)
1.4P
Ra B C
D
2m 2m
2m
M B M B = ( 17.1+0.7 P ) 11.4 ( 2 ) ( 1)
M B=M u 440.18=( 17.1+0.7 P ) (2 )11.4 ( 2 ) (1)
Set
P=306.27 kN
Mu
Thus the maximum value of P such that will not exceed 440.18 kN-m is 149 kN.
PROBLEM 2.19
SOLUTION
32
As=
4
As 4825
= =
bd 300 (500)
b=.300 0.85 ab
c=0.8
5
a
d=500
500-a/2
=4825
From Eq. 2-18
dc 500c
f s=600 f s =600 T=
c c
F H =0
T =C A s f s=0.85 f ' c a b , a= 1 c=0.85 c
500c
( 4825 ) 600 =0.85 ( 27.6 ) ( 0.85 c ) (300)
c
c 2=484 c241,964=0
c=306.2 mm
dc 500306
f s=600 f s =600
c 306
f s=379.65 MPa
a=260.3 mm
( a2 )
M n= A s f s d
260.3
M n=0.90 ( 4825 )( 379.65 ) (500 )
2
M n=609.8 kN m
PROBLEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
f y =415 MPa .
tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with
f ' c =21 MPa
. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION
b=0.02161
25
As=
4
As 3436
= =
bd 300 (490)
b=300 0.85 ab
c=0.8
5
a
d=490
490-a/2
=3436
T=
From Eq.2-18:
dc 490c
f s=600 f =600
c s c
F H =0
T =C A s f s=0.85 f ' c a b , a= 1 c=0.85 c
490c
( 3436 ) 600 =0.85 ( 221 ) ( 0.85 c )(300)
c
c=296.24 mm
dc 490296.24
f s=600 f s =600
c 296.24
f s=392.43 MPa< f y
a=251.81mm
( a2 )
M n=T d ( a2 )
M n= A s f s d
251.81
M n=0.90 ( 3436 ) ( 392.43 ) (490 )
2
M n=441.86 kNm
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9. Assume
f y =345 MPa f ' c =21 MPa
and .
125125 125
125
700mm
4-32mm
75
375mm
Figure 2.9
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived above (such as
, b R
, n ) may not be applicable. The moment can be computed using the
assumptions in the Code and the conditions of equilibrium.
32
As=
4
2
A s =3217 mm
As
Solve for the balanced to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
Cb =: 125125125
From Eq. 2-11
125
c b=
600 d
C=
600(625) a
625mm
600+ f y b 600+345
4-32mm
375mm
Cb =396.825 mm
a=1 c a=0.85(396.825)
a=337.3 mm
T =C A sb f y =0.8 f ' c Ac
A sb=5,736 mm2
A s provided A sb
Since < , tension steel yields.
125
125
125 b=375
a
1
2
5
C a
625mm
4- d-a/2
32
N.A
m
m
375 mm
II
I
M n=M n 1M n 2 M n=C 1 d( a2 )C (d 1252 )
2
207.5
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) (207.5 )( 375 ) (625 )
2
M n=567.03 kN m
M n=0.90( 567.03)
M n=510.33 kN m
PROBLEM 2.22
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.10. Assume
f y =345 MPa f ' c =21 MPa
and .
a
450mm
c
375
450mm
450mm
d-375
x d-(2/3)a
3-22mm
75
375mm
3-22mm
Figure 2.10 75
T
375mm
SOLUTION
22
As=
4
2
A s =1,140 mm
As :
Solve for
600 d
Cb =
600+f y
600(375)
Cb =
600+ 345
Cb =238 mm
ab = 1 C b ab =0.85(238)
ab =202.4 mm
x 375 5
= x= a
a 450 6
x=168.7 mm
1 5 5
A c =1/2( x )(a) A c = x a x a= a2
2 6 a
2
A c =17,066 mm
CC =T f ' c Ac = A s f s
0.85
dc 5 d c
f s=600 0.85 ( 21 ) a2=1140 x 600
c 12 c
85 c
a=1 c 0.
7.437
c=250.92 mm
2 2
( )
M n=C c x d a M n=0.85 f ' c Ac d a
3 3 ( )
29
213.
5
M n=0.85 ( 21 )
12
M n=78.77 kN m
M n=0.90 x 78.77=70.89 kN m
PROBLEM 2.23
f ' c =28 MPa f y =345 MPa
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume and .
M u=800 kN m
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly reinforced condition?
M u=1200 kN m
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when .
500 mm
125 250 125
150
800 mm
500
150
75 mm
Figure 2.11- Hallow beam
SOLUTION
To guide us whether a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a=150 mm.
d = 800 75 = 725 mm
( a2 )
M n= C C d (
M n=0.90 x 0.85 ( 28 )( 150 ) 725
150
2 )
M n=1044.225 kN m
M u=800 kN m
a)
M u=800 kN m<1044.25 kNm, a<150 mm .
Since the required
a
M u=M n M u = C c ( d )
2
a
M u= 0.85 f ' c a b (d )
2
a=111.6 mm<150 mm
dc a
f s=600 wherec = =131.3 mm
c 1
725131.2
f s=600 =2,712 MPa>f y steel yields
131.3
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c ab
A s =3,850 mm2
600 d 600(725)
Cb = Cb = =460.32mm
600+f y 600+345
z=a150=241.27 mm
2 1
A 1=500 ( 150 )=75,000 mm y 1=725 =650 mm
2 ( 150 )
1
A 1=125 ( 241.27 ) =30,159 mm2 y 2=725150 =454.37
2 ( 241.27 )
M bn=C1 y 1+ 2C 2 y 2
A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2
M bn=0.85 f c )
'
M bn=1812.52 kNm
5
1 02 1
05 2
2 1
150
5 m0 5
2 m 2
za
7
2
5
Figure 2.12
T
A s max
c) Maximum steel area,
'
T =C1 +C 2 A sb f y =0.85 f c ( A 1+2 A2 )
A sb=9,335 mm2
M u max :
d) Maximum moment ,
Refer to Figure 2.12:
C1 +C 2=T 0.85 ( 28 ) [ 75,000+2 A 2 ]=7,001(245)
A 2=13,244 mm2
A 2=125 z 13,244=125 z
z=105.95 mm
1501
y 2=725 =522.03 mm
2 ( 105.95 )
M n max=C 1 + y 1+ 2C 2 y 2
M n max=0.85 f ' c (A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2)
M n max=1489.34 kNm
M n max=0.90 x 1189.34=1340.4 kN m
A 2=125 z y2 =5750.5 z
M u=M n
6 '
1200 x 10 =0.90 x 0.85 f c ( A1 y 1+2 A2 y 2)
z=53.04 mm
A c =88,259.2 mm2
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c A c
A s =6,089 mm2
PROBLEM 2.24
A reinforced concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The beam is simply
supported over a span of 8 m and carries a uniform dead load of 11 kN/m including its
own weight and a uniform live load of 15 kN/m. The beam is reinforced tension bars of
f ' c =20.7 MPa , f y =344.8 MPa , f r=2.832 MPA .
530 mm. Modulus of elasticity of
Ec =21,650 MPa Es =200 GPa .
concrete and
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years assuming that 40% of
the live load is sustained.
SOLUTION
b = 350 mm b = 350 mm
d = 530 mm
h = 600 mm
c
N.A.
6 25 mm d-c
Figure 2.13
Ie:
Effective moment of inertia, Eq. 2-19
M cr 3
[ ( )]
3
M cr
I e= ( )
Ma
I g + 1
Ma
I cr I g
600
3
350
bh3
I g= I =
12 g
f r Ig
M cr = where y t =1/2(600)=300 mm
yt
10
600 x
6
2.832
M cr =
M a=Maximum monet beam
wL 2
M a= w=w D + w L=11 +15=26 kN / m
8
8
2
26
M a=
I cr= Moment of inertia of cracked section with steel transformed to concrete From
Figure 2.13:
Es
Modular ratio, n= =9.238
Ec
25
n A s =9.328 x 6 x
4
Solve for c:
Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
350 x c x c/2 = 27,208(350-c)
c = 219.7 mm
dc
bc3
I cr=I NA = +n A s
3
219.7
3
350
I cr=
M cr 3
[ ( )]
3
M cr
I e=
Ma( ) I g + 1
Ma
I cr
59.472 3
[ ( ) ] x 3,857 x 10
3
59.472
I e= ( 208 ) x 600 x 106 + 1
208
6
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
5 wL 4 2 ( 26 ) (8000)4
= =
384 Ec I e 384 ( 21,650 ) (3,914 x 10 6)
=16.36 mm
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m
5 wL 4
Instantaneous deflection =
384 Ec I e
5 ( 17 ) (8)4 (1000)4
=
384 ( 21,650 ) (3,914 x 10 6)
=10.7 mm
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the instantaneous
deflection due to sustained load can be found by ratio and proportion using the result in
Parta.
1 16.36
=
17 26
1=10.7 m
+ 1
Long-term deflection =
=
1+50 '
=2 for 5 yearsmore
'
=0 since there is no compression reinforcement
2
= =2
1+50(0)
Long-term deflection = 16.36 + 2(10.7)
Long-term deflection = 37.76 mm
7.6 m
5-32 mm 3-32 mm 5-32 mm
145 kN-m
560 mm
620 mm
n As
Gros Crack
s ed
AT MIDSPAN
Sect Secti
ion on
I=0. I=0.0
013 0573
8 y=10
y=1 7 mm
94
mm
Figure 2.14
SOLUTION
Ec =4700 f ' c =4700 17.2=19,492 MPA
M cr =66.959 kNm
M cr 3
[ ( )]
3
M cr
I e=
Ma( ) I g + 1
Ma
I cr
[ ( ) ] x 0.00573
3 3
I e= ( 66.959
202 )
x 0.00715+ 1
66.959
202
I e=0.0057817 m4
Ie
I
I e=
At maximum negative moment (at support)
I e=0.0057817 m4
Ie
Solving for at maximum positive moment (at midspan)
4
I g=0.0138 m
f r Ig 2.903(0.00715 x 10004 )
M cr = M cr =
Yt 310
M cr =66.959 kNm
M cr 3
[ ( )]
3
M cr
I e=
Ma( ) I g + 1
Ma
I cr
Ie
I
I e=
0.0057817+ 0.007932 4
I e= =0.006857 m
2
c) Additional long term deflection= long term deflection x
=
1+50 '
2
= =2
1+0
1 5
=
22.4 48
1=2.33 m
Additional long term deflection = 2.333 x
=2.333 x 2
Additional long term deflection = 4.67 mm
ONE-WAY SLAB
Reinforced concrete design slabs are large flat plates that are supported at its sides by
reinforced concrete beams, walls, columns, steel beams, or by the ground. If a slab is
supported on two opposite sides only, they are referred to a one-way slabs since the
bending occurs in one direction only. If the slab is supported on all four sides, it is called
two-way slab since the bending occurs in both direction.
If a rectangular slab is supported in all four sides but the long is two or more times the
short side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as one way slab, with bending
occurring in the short direction.
b = 1m
h
Figure 2.15: One-way slab on simple support
A one-way slab is considered as a wide, swallow, rectangular beam. The reinforcing
steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. One way-way slabs are analyzed by
considering one-meter strip, which is assumed independent of the adjacent strips. This
method of analysis is somewhat conservative because we neglect the lateral restraint
provided by the adjacent strips.
T
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT,
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement may not be spaced not farther apart than 5
times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm (Section 407.13.2.2).
=
fy [
0.85 f ' c
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
min
Solve for
max min
If is less than and greater than , use
max
If is greater than , increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile
failure
min , use =min
If is less than
VII. Compute the required main bar spacing.
A s = b d= ( 1000 ) d t b h
A
x 1000
As
Spacing,
S 1=
Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:
S1
a)
b) 3 xh
c) 450 mm
t
VIII. Temperature bars: See Page 81 for the required steel ratio,
A st =t b h
A
x 1000
As
S 2=
S2
a)
b) 5 xh
c) 450 mm
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Problem 2.36
Design a one-way slab having a simple span 3 m. The slab is to carry a uniform live
f ' c =27.6 MPa f y =276 MPa
load of 7,500 Pa. Assume and for main and
temperature bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or weather. Use unit weight of
3
concrete c =23.5 kM /m .
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
w L =7.5 KPa x 1 m=7.5 kN /m
Uniform live load,
f
hmin =
L
20( )
0.4+ y hmin =
700
3000
20 (0.4+
276
700 )
hmin =119 mm (use 120 mm)
Effective depth:
10 mm temp. Bbars
= 1000 mm
d 120 mm
h=
Weight of slab:
W s = conc x b x h W s =23.5(1)(0.12)
W s 2.82 kN /m
W u=16.698 kN /m
W u L2 16.698(3)2
M u= M u=
8 2
M u=18.785 kN m
Rn=2.362 MPa
=
fy [
0.85 f 'c
1 1
Ru
'
0.85 f c ]
=
0.85 ( 27.6 )
276 [
1 1
2 ( 2.362 )
0.85 ( 27.6 ) ]
=0.009039
min max
Check for and :
1.4
min = =0.00507 OK
fy
12
2
Spacing s =
4
A
x 1000 s=
As
b) 450 mm
Thus, use 12 mm main bars at 135 mm o.c.
10
2
Spacing =
4
A
x 1000 s=
As
12 mm main bars
10 mm temperature
120 mm
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
w L =4 kpa x 1 m=4 kN /m
Uniform live load,
L 4000
hmin = h min=
28 28
w D =3.525 kPa
w u=11.735 kN /m
Spandrel
Beam
Shear
Moment
At midspan:
w u Ln 2 11.735(4)2
M u= M u=
16 16
M u=11.735 kN m
124
M u= Rn bd 2 11.735 x 106=0.90 R n(1000)
Rn=0.848 MPa
=
fy [
0.85 f ' c
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f ' c]=
0.85(21)
415 [
1 1
2( 0.848)
0.85(21) ]
=0.0021
1.4
min = =0.00337> 0.0021
fy
= min =0.00337
Use
2
A s =418 mm
(12)2
A sb 4
Spacing, s = x 1000 s= x 1000
As 418
s=271 say 270 mm
At support:
w u L n2 11.735(4)2
M u= M u=
10 10
M u=18.776 kN m
Rn=1.357 MPa
=
fy [
0.85 f ' c
1
12 Rn
0.85 f ' c ]
=
0.85(21)
415
1 1 [
2(1.357)
0.85( 21) ]
max =0.0034> min
Use =0.034
2
A s =422 mm
2
(12)
A sb 4
Spacing, s= x 1000 s= x 1000
As 422
t =0.002
Temperature bars (10 mm): (
10 mm temperature
150 mm
12 mm main bars
L/4 @ 265L/2
mm o.c. L/4
PROBLEM 2.28
A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced
with 12 mm tension bars (f y =275 MPa) spaced at 140 mm o.c. Steel covering is 20
f ' c =20.7 MPa
mm. Calculate the uniform live load pressure that a slab can carry. Use
3
. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/ m .
SOLUTION
w d= c b h
Dead load:
w d=23.5 ( 1 ) (0.16)
w d=3.76 kNm
12
Steel area, 1000 1000
As= x A s A s= x
s 140 24
2
A s =807.8 mm
As 807.8
= =
bd 1000( 134)
=0.006028
0.85 f ' c 1 600 0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)
b= b=
f y ( 600+f y ) 275 (600+275)
f y 0.006028( 275)
= =
f 'c 20.7
Rn=1.58 MPa
2
M u= Rn b d M u =20.7 ( 0.0801 ) [10.59 ( 0.0801 ) ]
M u=25.5334 kN m
w u L2 wu (3)2
M u= 25.5334=
8 8
wu
= 22.696 kN/m
w L =10.25 kN /m
w =Uniform pressure x b
PROBLEM 2.29
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 310 mm and an effective depth of 490 mm.
f ' c =30 MPa f y =415 MPa
, . Determine the following:
a) The balanced steel area
b) The maximum steel area for singly reinforced condition
c) The maximum design strength if the beam is singly reinforced
d) The required steel area if the beam is subjected to dead load moment of 120 kN-
m and live load moment of 170 kN-m.
SOLUTION
f ' c >28 MPa ;
Since
1=0.836
b=0.03036
A sb = b b d A sb =0.03036 ( 310 ) ( 490)
2
A sb =4,611 mm
max =0.0221
51 3
M n max= 1 f ' c bd 2 (1 1 )
From Eq. 2-25 : 140 14
3
490 2 (1 x 0.836)
14
51
M n max= ( 0.836 )( 30 )( 310 )
140
M n max=558.05 kN m
800f y
From Eq. 2-26: =0.65+0.25
1000f y
800415
=0.65+0.25
1000415
=0.8145
M n max=0.8145(558.05)
M n max=454.55 kN m
459 3
M tn = 1 f ' c bd 2 (1 1 )
From Eq. 2-22: 1600 16
M tn =451.45 kN m
M u is less than M tn ,
Since the required the section is tension controlled.
=0.90
a
M u=M n M n= x 0.85 f ' c a b(d )
2
a
416 x 106=0.90 x 0.85(30)(a)(310)(490 )
2
a=139.06 mm
a 139.06
c= = =166.4 mm
1 0.836
dc 490166.4
f s=600 =600 =1,167 MPa>1,000 MPa(OK )
c 166.4
PROBLEM 2.30
Given the following data for a rectangular beam: width b=320 mm , effective depth
d=520 mm , f ' c =27 MPa , f y =345 MPa . Dead load moment M D =180 kN m,
SOLUTION
1=0.85
M n max
Solve for to determine if compression steel area is required.
51 3
M n max=
140 (
1 f ' c bd 2 1 1
14 )
520
51
M n max= ( 0.85 )( 27 )( 320 )
140
M n max=591.64 kNm
800f y
=0.65+0.25
1000f y =0.8237
M tn
Solve for to determine if the section is tension-controlled.
459 3
M n=
1600 (16 )
1 f ' c bd2 1 1 =478.9 kN m
M u> M tn
Since , the section is within transition region, i.e 0.65 < <0.90
119.084
= +0.2893
c
=0.85 c
c=208.8 mm
a=1 c=177.45 mm
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c ab
2
A s =3,777 mm
PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280 mm, d = 480
f ' c =21 MPa f y =415 MPa
mm, , . The beam is reinforced for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
b=0.0216
A b = (25)2=490.87 mm 2
4
a) A s =3 x Ab =1473 mm2
As 1473
= =
bd 280 (480)
a=122.28 mm
a
c= =143.86 mm
1
dc 480143.86
f s=600 =600 =1,402 MPa>1,000 MPa
c 143.86
M n=255.87 kN m
M n=0.90( 255.87)
M n=230.28 kN m
b) A s =4 x A b=1963 mm 2
As 1963
= =
bd 280 (480)
steel yields
=0.014961< b )
a=163.04 mm
a
c= =191.81 mm
1
dc 480191.81
f s=600 =600 =901.5 MPa< 1,000 MPa
c 191.81
f sf y 901.5415
=0.65+0.25 =0.65+0.25
1000f y 1000415
=0.858
M n=0.858( 324.504)
M n=278.396 kN m
c) A s =7 x Ab =3436 mm2
As 3436
= =
bd 280 (480)
T =C A s f s=0.85 f ' c a b
480c
3436 x 600 =0.85 (21 )( 0.85 c ) (280)
c
c=297.56 mm
a=1 c=252.92 mm
M n=0.65( 446.91)
M n=290.49 kN m
PROBLEM 2.32
500 mm
125250125
500 150
800 mm
150
75 mm
d=80075=725 mm
To guide us whether a will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design moment
when a =150 mm.
a
c= =176.47 mm
1
dc
f s=600 =1,865 MPa>1000 MPa Tension controls ,=0.90
c
M n=1044.225 kN m
M u=800 kN m
a)
M u=800 kN m<1044.225 kNm, a<150 mm .
Since the required
M u= M n M u = C c ( da/2)
a=111.6 mm<150 mm
Stress in steel
dc a
f s=600 wherec = =131.3 mm
c 1
725131.2
f s=600 =2,712 MPa>f y steel yields
131.3
T =C c A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b
2
A s =3,850 mm
600 d 600(725)
Cb = Cb = =460.32mm
600+f y 600+345
1 150
2 2 a
N
725
Figure 2.17
z=a150=241.27 mm
2
A 1=500 ( 150 )=75,000 mm y 1=7251/2(150)=650 mm
A 1=125 ( 241.27 ) =30,159 mm2 y 2=7251501/ 2 241.27) = 454.37
M bn=C1 y 1+ 2C 2 y 2
M bn=0.85 f ' c ( A1 y 1+ 2 A2 y 2)
M bn=1812.52 kNm
M bn=0.65 x 1812.52
M bn=1178.14 kNm
3
Cmax = d=310.71 mm a= 1 c max=264.11 mm
7
z=a150=114.11 mm
2
A 2=125 ( 114.11 )=14,263 mm y 2=7251501/2 (114.11)=517.95
2
A s max =7,142 mm
M n max
d) Maximum moment, :
M n max=C 1 y1 +2 C2 y 2
M n max=0.85 f 'c +( A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2 )
M n max=1511.9 kNm
800f y
=0.65+0.25 =0.824
1000f y
M n max=0.824 x 1511.9
M n max=1245.3 kNm
M u= 0.85 f 'c ( A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2 )
f s+ f y dc
=0.65+0.25 f s=600
1000f y c
725c
600 345
c 166.03
=0.65+0.25 = +0.28 93
1000345 c
z=a150=0.85 c150
y 2=7251501/2 z =575-1/2(0.85c-150)
y 2=6500.425 c
M u= 0.85 f 'c ( A 1 y 1 +2 A 2 y 2 )
+2(106.25 c18,750)(6500.425 c)
c=398.7 mm
166.03
= +0.2893=0.706
398.7
2
A 2=106.25 ( 398.7 ) 18,750=23,615 mm
PROBLEM 2.33
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam to carry dead load moment of 110 kN-m
=0.65 b
(including self weight) and live load moment of180 kN-m. Use steel ratio
f y =276 MPa f ' c =21 MPa .
and take d=1.9 b . Assume and
SOLUTION
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L M u=1.2 ( 110 )+ 1.6(180)
M u=420 kNm
=0.65 b=0.02447
f y
= =0.322
f 'c
'
Rn=f c (10.59 )=5.473 MPa
600 d
Cb = C =0.685 d
600+f y b
c=0.65 c b
Thus,
c=0.445 d
dc d 0.445 d
f s=600 f s =600
c 0.445 d
=0.813
b=297 mm
d=1.9 b=564 mm
PROBLEM 2.34
=0.5 b
Repeat Problem 2.33 using a steel ratio
SOLUTION
M u=420 kNm
b=0.03765
=0.5 b=0.01883
f y
= (10.59 ) =4.438 MPa
f 'c
600 d
Cb = C =0.685 d
600+f y b
c=0.5 c b =0.34247 d
dc d0.34247 d
f s=600 f s =600 d
c 0.324247 d
b=308 mm
d=1.9 b=585 mm
A s =3,390 mm2
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35
2
b A s =1075 mm
PROBLEM 2.36
b A s =1056 mm2
PROBLEM 2.37
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load moment of 85
=0.6 b
kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of 102 kN-m. Use and
f y =276 MPa f ' c =28 MPa
use d= 1.75b. Assume and . Use the 2001 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.38
PROBLEM 2.39
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties: Use 2001 NSCP)
beam with, b=320 mm
effective depth, d=640 mm
f ' c =25 MPa
concrete strength,
f y =400 MPa
reinforcing steel,
Es =200,000 MPa
reinforcing steel modulus,
a) If the beam is to be designed for a balanced condition, find the required area of
steel area reinforcement, design balanced moment, and the corresponding
service live load moment.
b) Find the maximum steel area, the maximum design moment, and the
corresponding service live load moment if the beam is to be designed as singly
reinforced.
PROBLEM 2.40
2
b A s max =3,963 mm , M n max=677,7 M L=161 kN m
PROBLEM 2.41
NSCP
Answer :M n=366.2 kN m
PROBLEM 2.42
Answer : M n=366.2 kN m
PROBLEM 2.43
Answer : M n=582.9 kN m
PROBLEM 2.44
Answer :M n=514.3 kN m
PROBLEM 2.45
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with b=300 mm ,
Answer : M n=729.6 kN m
PROBLEM 2.46
Asnwer : M n=522.5 kN m
CHAPTER 3
Because of the huge amount of compression concrete when the flange of a T-beams is
compression, the section is usually tension-controlled (extreme tension yields).
The compression block of T-beam may fall within the flange only or partly in the web. If
it falls within the flange as shown in Figure 3.1 (a), the rectangular beam formulas in
Chapter 2 applies since the concrete below neutral axis is assumed to be cracked and
its shape has no effect on the flexure calculations. If however it cover part of the web as
shown in Figure 3.1 (b), the compression concrete no longer consist of a single
rectangle and thus the rectangular formulas do not apply.
If a is less than the slab thickness, the formulas for rectangular beam may be used, or
A sb= b br d
ab
M bn=0.85 f ' c ab (d )
2
A s max =0.75 A sb
amax =0.75 a b
amax
M n max=0.85 f ' c a max b(d )
2
However, if a is greater than the slab thickness, the following formula will be used.
t a
Z d
T =C1 +C 2 A sb f y =C 1+ C2
'
A sb f y =0.85 f c (b f t+b w z )
A s max =0.75 A sb
Eq. 3-2
N.A
When T-beams are resisting negative moments so that far their flangers are in tension
and the bottom of their stems in compression, the formulas for rectangular beams can
be applied. The following code requirements shall be applied for this case:
410.7.6: Where flangers of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural
tension reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in
Sec. 408.11, or width equal to 1/10 the span, whichever is smaller. If the effective flange
width exceeds 1/10 the span, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the
outer portions of the flange.
The intention of this section is to minimize the possibilities of flexural cracks that will
occur at the top face of the flange due to negative moments.
MINIMUM STEEL RATIO
For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the minimum steel area is
equal to or greater than the smaller value of Eq. 3-3 and Eq. 3-4:
A s min =
f 'c b d
Eq. 3-3 2fy w
A s min =
f 'c b d
Eq. 3-4 4fy f
1. In T-beam construction, the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise
effectively bonded together.
2. The width of slab effective as T-beam shall not exceed 1/4 of the span of the
beam, and the effective overhanging flange on each side of th web shall not
exceed:
a) 8 times the slab thickness, and
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange shall not
exceed:
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
b) 6 times the slab thickness, and
c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web.
S 1=S2=S
For symmetrical interior beam (
bf
is the smallest of:
1. L/4
16 t +bw
2.
3. center-to-center spacing of beams
4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide a flange for additional
compression area shall have a flange thickness not less than 1/2 the width of the
web and an effective flange width not more than four times the width of the web.
t bw /2 t
b f 4 bw
Transverse reinforcement
To be provided
Mn
I. Solve for max to determine of compression steel is necessary.
M u M n max
If , the beam is singly reinforced, proceed to Step II.
M u> M n max
If , the beam is doubly reinforced
C=0.85 f ' c b f t
Compressive force in concrete,
M n 1= C ( dt/2 )
'
( 2t )=
M n 1= 0.85 f c bf d
III. a<t
t a
d d -a/2
Solve for a:
a
M u= M n= (d )
2
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c ab
A s = A s min
IV.
t a
Z d
M u= M n M u = M n 1+ M n 2 Note : M n isStep
M n 2=
A s min =
f 'c b d A s min =
f 'c b d
w f
2fy 4fy
M n As
STEPS IN FINDING OF SINGLY REINFORCED T-BEAMS WITH GIVEN
AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:
A sb
I. Solve for balanced steel area to determine if tension steel yiel.
Follow the procedure in Page 105.
A s A sb
If ,tension steel yields. Proceed to step II
As> Asb
If , tension does not yield
f s=f y Ac
II. Tension steel yields, . Compute the area of compression concrete,
A s < A f , a<t ,
If proceed to Step III
A c > Af , a>t , proceed Step IV
If
III. a<t
Solve for a: t a
A c =b f x a
d d -a/2
a=
M n=T (da/2)
a
M n= A s f y (d )
2
IV. a>t :
t a
Z d
T
Solve for z :
A c = A 1+b w z
z=
M n=M n 1 +M n 2
M n= (C1 y 1+ C2 y 2)
M n= 0.85 f ' c [ A 1 y 1 + A2 y 2 ]
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span of 6 m. The
beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120 mm, and the clear distance to
adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1. 1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
16 t+ bw =16 ( 120 ) +250=2170 mm
2.
b w =3000+250=3250 mm
3. clear spacing of beams +
b f =1500 mm
Therefore
PROBLEM 3.2
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
b f =1200 mm Concrete strength f ' c =30 MPa
Flange width,
t=130 mm Steel strength , f y =345 MPa
Flange thickness,
b w =290 mm
Width of web,
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment capacity when
the depth of compression concrete flange equals the flange thickness or a=t .
SOLUTION
a
M n=0.8 f ' c b f a( d )
2
When a=t
180
M fn =0.85 ( 30 ) (120 )( 130 ) ( 470 )
2
M fn =1611 kN m
PROBLEM 3.3
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
b f =900mm Concrete strength f ' c =20.7 MPa
Flange width,
t=110 m Steel strength, f y =414 MPa
Flange thickness,
b w =310 mm
Width of web,
SOLUTION
1=0.85 since f ' c is less than30 MPa
a) Balanced condition
Cb =272.2 mm
a=1 c a=0.85(272.2)
a=231.4 mm>t
= 900mm
t=100
d = 460 mm
C a
z
=250 mm
Figure 3.3
z=at=121.4 mm
2
A 1=b f x t =900 ( 110 )=99,000 mm
y 1=dt/2=405 mm
y 2=d tz /2=289.3 mm
'
M bn=C2 y 1+ C2 y 2 M bn=0.85 f c ( A 1 y 1 + A 2 y 2)
M bn=0.90(897)
A 2=102,46699,000=3,466 mm2
z
y 2=d t =344.41 mm
2
M n max=0.90 ( 726.5 )
PROBLEM 3.4
b f =820 mm , b w =250 mm ,
A T-beam has the following properties:
d=470 mm ,t =100 mm . f ' c =20.7 MPa
Concrete compressive strength and steel
area for the following load conditions:
M D =150 knm, M L =120 kN m
a)
M D =175 kN m, M L =190 kN m
b)
SOLUTION
1=0.85
( 2t )=545.375 kN mm
M fn =0.85 f ' c b f t d
Balanced condition:
600 d
c b= =278.11 mm
600+ f y
= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm
C a
z
=250 mm
FIGURE 3.4
z=at=136.39 mm
A cb =A 1 + A2=116,098 mm2
Maximum condition:
A c max =0.75 A c b=87,073 mm2 > A1
As
z= =20.29 mm
bw
z
y 2=d t =359.85 mm
2
M n max=574.28 kNm
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2
T
M u=0.85 f ' c a b f (da /2)
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b f
A s =2,565 mm2
As
Minimum is the smaller of:
2
Thus, A s =2,565 mm
M D =175 kN m, M L =190 kN m
b)
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L =568 kNm< M n max , singly reinforced
Mu M fn , a
Since is more than is more than t.
= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm
C a
z
T
=250 mm
M u=M fn +M n 2
100 z
568 x 106=545.375+ 0.90 ( 0.85 )( 20.7 )( 250 ) z (470 )
2
z=15.78 mm
A s =3,653 mm2
PROBLEM 3.5
b w =300 mm d=550 mm . The
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which and
beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab thickness is 100 mm.
M D =450 kN m ( including its own weight ) , M L =350 kN m. f ' c =27 MPa , f y =415 MPa .
SOLUTION
1=0.85
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L M u=1.4 ( 450 ) +1.7(350)
M u=1225 kN m
1. L/4 = 1.125 m
16t + bw =16 ( 100 ) +300=1,900 mm
2.
3. center-to center spacing of beams = 3 m
b f =1,125 mm
Thus,
M n whena=t=100 mm , =0.90
Solve for
t
M fn = 0.85 f ' c t bf (d )
2
M n=1161.844 kN m
M n max
Solve for to determine if compression steel is needed.
600 d
c b= =325.123 mm
600+ f y
= 1125mm
t=100
d =550mm
ac y
C fn +
M u=M 2 2
z
450
=300 mm
z
1225 x 106=1161.844 x 106 + 0.90 x 0.85(27)(300 z)( 450 )
2
z=23.25 mm
A 2=b w z =6975.02mm 2
'
T =c 1+ c 2 A s f y =0.85 f c ( A1 + A 2)
A s =6,607 mm2
As
Minimum is the smaller value of:
f 'c b d=1033 mm 2
f 'c b d=1937 mm2
w f
2f y 4fy
2
Thus, A s =6,607 mm
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam with the
b w =250 mm
following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width , effective
f ' c =20.7 MPa
depth d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume and
f y =345 MPa
. The beam is reinforced with six 28 mm bars.
SOLUTION
= 1500mm
As : t=100
Solve for balanced
d =600mm
C a
z
=250 mm
600 d
c b= =380.95 mm
600+ f y
a=1 c b=323.81>t
z=at=22381 mm
A 1=b f t=150,000
A 2=b w z =55,952mm2
T =C A s f y =0.85 f 'c ( A1 + A 2)
A sb=10,503
A s =6 x ( 28 )2=3,695 mm2 > A sb steel yields
Steel area provided, 4
f s=f y
Therefore,
C=T f ' c Ac = A s f y
0.85
0.85(20.7) A c =3,695(345)
A c =72,441< A1 therefore a is less than t
t =100 =1500 mm
C
d = 600 mm
d -a/2
T
A c =a bf 72,441 = a (1500)
a=48.29 mm2
a
M n=0.85 f ' c a b f (d )
2
48.29
M n=0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 48.29 ) ( 1500 ) (600 )
2
M n=733.99 kN m
M n=0.90( 733.99)
M n=660.6 kN m
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
b f =900mm f ' c =21 MPa
Flange width,
f y =345 MPa
Flange thickness, t=1200
b w =400 mm
Width of web,
Effective depth, d = 580 mm
M D =410 knm
Service deal load,
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension only with
twelve (12) 28-mm-diameter bars.
SOLUTION
= 900mm
1=0.85 ; =.90 t=120
d =580mm
28 a
C
z
A s =12 x
4
As
Solve for balance : =400 mm
600 d
c b= =368.25 mm
600+ f y
c= 1 c b=313.02 mm>t
z=a=t=193.02 mm
T =C A sb f y =0.85 f ' c ( A1 + A2 )
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
0.85 ( 21 ) A c =7,389(345)
= 900mm
t=120
d =580mm
C a
z
460
=400 mm
A c = A 1+ A 2 A2
142,813=108,000+
A 2=34,813 mm2
M n=C 1 y 1 +C2 y 2
'
M n=0.85 f c ( A1 y 1+ A 2 y 2 )
M n=1,261.3 kN m
M n=0.90( 1,261.3)
M n=1135.138 kN m
M L =330.0 kN m
PROBLEM 3.8
The section of a reinforced concrete T-beam is shown in Figure 3.5. The beam is
f y =415 MPa
reinforced with 10 32-mm-diameter tension bars with . Concrete strength
f ' c =32 MPa
. If the total service dead load moment on the beam is 330 kN-m,
determine the safe service live load moment.
=500mm
d=530mm
t = 120mm
10-32 mm
SOLUTION
32
t = 120mm =500mm
d=530mm
=320mm
a
A s =10 x
4 z
A s =8,042 mm2
2
Figure 3.5
A 1=b f t=60,000 mm
=320mm
0.05
1=0.85 (3230)
7
1=0.836
As :
Solve for balance
600 d
Cb =
600+f y
Cb =313.3 mm
T =C A sb f y =0.85 f ' c ( A1 + A2 )
A sb=6,907 mm2
A s > A sb
Since , tension steel does not yield
t = 120mm =500mm
d=530mm
a
z
T
A 1=60,000 mm 2 =320mm
A 2=b w ( 1 ct )
dc
f s=600
c
z
z=at=141.83 mm y 2=d t =332.97
2 mm
y 1=dt/ 2=470
M n=1,213.56 kN m
M n=0.90(1,213.56)
M n=1,092.2 kN m
M u= M n M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L
M L =370.7 kN m
SOLVED PROBLEMS IN T-BEAMS USING 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 3.9
Repeat Problem 3.3 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
b w =3210 mm d=460 mm
600 d 600(460)
c b= c b=
600+ f y 600+414
c b=272.2 mm
a=1 c a=0.85(272.2)
a=231.4 mm>t
= 900mm
t=110
d = 460 mm
C a
z
T
=310 mm
Figure 3.6
z=at=121.4 mm
T =c 1+ c 2 A sb f y =0.85 f ' c ( A1 + A2 )
y 1=dt/2=405 mm
y 2=d tz /2=289.3 mm
M bn=0.65( 897)
a=1 c a=0.85(197.14)
a=167.6 mm
z=at=57.571 mm
y 2=d tz /2=321.21mm
M n max=c1 y 1+ c 2 y 2
'
M n max=0.85 f c (A 1 y 1 + A2 y 2)
M n max=0.815(806.34)
PROBLEM 3.10
Repeat Problem 3.2 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
b f =1200 mm b w =290 mm
Given:
t=130 mm f ' c =30 MPa
t
M fn =0.85 f ' c t bf (d )
2
130
M fn =0.85 ( 30 ) (1200 )( 130 ) ( 470 )
2
M fn =1611 kN m
Solving for :
a=130 mm
0.05 '
1=0.85
7
( f c 28 )=0.836
a
c= =155.56 mm
1
dc
f s=600 =1213 MPa>1000 MP tension-controls, =0.90
c
M fn =090(1611)
M fn =1450 kN m
PROBLEM 3.11
Repeat Problem 3.4 using the 2010 NSCP.
Additional questions:
M D =195 kN m M L =210 kN m
c) Find the required steel area if and .
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-controlled if it is
reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
b f =820 mm f ' c =20.7 MPa
Given:
b w =250 mm f y =414 MPa
d=470 mm
t=100 mm
1=0.85 since f ' c <28< MPa
M n a=t :
Solve for when
M fn =0.85 f ' c b f t ( dt /2 )=605.97 kNmm
a
c= =117.65 mm
1
dc
f s=600 =1797 MPa>1000 MPa , =0.90
c
M fn =545.375 kN m
M n max :
Solve for
3
Cmax = d=201.43 mm
7
800f y
=0.65+0.25 =0.815
1000f y
a=1 c max =171.21mm> t
= 820mm
t=100
d = 470 mm
C a
z
z=at=71.21 mm
T
2
A 2=b w z =17,803.6 mm
=250 mm
y 2=d tz /2=334.39 mm
M n max=710.72 kN m
M n max=579 kNm
M D =150 kN m, M L =120 kN m
a)
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L =372 kN m< M n max , singly reinforced
Mu M fn
Since is less than ,a is less than t.
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2
T
Assume =0.90
a
M u= 0.85 f ' c a b f ( d )
2
6 a
372 x 10 =0.90 ( 0.85 )( 20.7 ) a ( 820 ) ( 470 )
2
a=65.52mm
a
c= =77.08 mm
1
dc
f s=600 =3,058 MPa>1000 MPa , tension controls ,=0.90
c
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b f
As
Minimum is the smaller value of:
f 'c
b w d=646 mm2
f ' c b d =1059mm 2
2fy 4f y f
2
Thus, A s =2,283 mm
M D =175 kN m, M L =190 kN m
b)
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L =514 kNm< M n max , singly reinforced
M u is less than M fn ,a
Since is less than t.
Assume =0.90
a
M u= 0.85 f ' c a b f ( d )
2
6
514 x 10 =0.90 ( 0.85 ) ( 20.7 ) a ( 820 ) (470a /2)
a=93.53 mm
a
c= =110.03 mm
1
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2
T
dc
f s=600 =1,963 MPa>1000 MPa ,tension controls, =0.90
c
T =C A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b f
A s =3,259 mm2
M D =195 kN m, M L =210 kN m
c)
M u=1.2 M D +1.6 M L =570 knm< M n max , singly reinforced
M u is more than M u , a
Since is more than t.
= 820mm
t=100
d =470mm
C a
z
=250 mm
Assume =0.90
M u=M fn +M n 2
z
570 x 106=545.375+ 0.90 ( 0.85 )( 20.7 )( 250 ) z (470100 )
2
z=17.05 mm
a=t+ z=117.05 mm ; c=a / 1=137.7 mm
dc
f s=600 =1448 MPa>1000 MPa ,tension controls ,=0.90
c
A s =3,666 mm2
3
c= d=176.25 mm , =0.90
d) b
C a
z
T
=250 mm
z=at=49.81 mm
A 2=b w z =12,453mm 2
z
y 2=d t =3450.9 mm
2
M tn =M fn +0.85 f ' c A 2 y 2
M tn =681.59 kNm
M tn =613.4 kN m
Mu M n
Note: If is less than or equal to , the beam is tension-controlled.
PROBLEM 3.12
Repeat Problem 3.6 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
b f =1500 mm f ' c =20.7 MPa
Given:
b w =250 mm f y =345 MPa
d=600 mm 1=0.85
2
A s =628 mm=3,694 mm
As
Solve for balanced :
t=100 = 1500mm
d =600mm
600 d C a
c b=
600+ f y
=380.95 mm z
a=1 c b=323.81>t
A 1=b f t=150,000
2
A 2=b w z =55,952mm =400 mm
T =C A sb f y =0.85 f ' c ( A1 + A2 )
A sb ( 345 )=0.85 ( 20.7 )( 150,000+ 55,952)
A sb=10,503
28
Steel area provided,
A s =6 x
4
f s=f y
therefore ,
C=T 0.85 f ' c A c = A s f y
A c =72,441< A1 therefore a
is less than t
t =100 =1500 mm
C
d = 600 mm
d -a/2
A c =a bf 72,441=a (1500)
2
a=48.29 mm
Solve for :
a
c= =56.82 mm
1
dc
f s=600 =5,736 MPa>1000 MPa tension controls
c
therefore =0.90
48.29
M n=0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 48.29 ) ( 1500 ) (600 )
2
M n=733.99 kN m
M n=0.90( 733.99)
M n=660.6 kN m
PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
M D =410 kN m
Service deal load,
1=0.85 ; =0.90
2 2
28 =7,389 mm
t=120 = 900mm
A s=12 x
4
d =580mm
C a
A 1=b f t=108,000 mm
2
z
As
Solve for balance :
600 d
Cb = =368.25 mm =400 mm
600+f y
z=at=193.02 mm
T =C A sb f y =0.85 f ' c ( A1 + A2 )
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
C=T f ' c Ac = A s f y
0.85
0.85 ( 21 ) A c =7,389(345)
= 900mm
t=120
d = 580 mm
C a
z
460
T
=400 mm
A c = A 1+ A 2 142,813=108,000+ A 2
2
A 2=34,813 mm
A 2=b w z 34,813=400 z
z=87.03 mm
t
y 1=d =520 mm
2
z
y 2=d t =416.48 mm
2
M n=C 1 y 1 +C2 y 2
M n=0.85 f 'c ( A1 y 1+ A 2 y 2 )
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) [108,000 ( 520 ) +34,813 ( 416.48 ) ]
M n=1,261.6 knm
Solve for :
a
a=t+ z=203.03mm c= =243.57 mm
1
dc
f s=600 =828.76 MPa<1000 MPa
c
f sf y
=0.65+0.25 =0.8346
1000f y
M n=0.8346 (1,261.3)
M n=1,052.703 kN m
M L =350.44 kN m
PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
=500mm
d=530mm
t = 120mm
10-32 mm
=320mm
Figure 3.7
SOLUTION
32 2 t =120 mm =500mm
A s =10 x
4
d=530mm
a
A s =8,042 mm2
Z
A 1=b f t=60,000 mm2
0.05
1=0.85 (3228)
7
1=0.821 =320mm
As
Solve for balanced :
600 d
c b=
600+ f y
a=313.3 mm
a=1 c b=257.35 mm> t
z=at=137.35 mm
T =C A sb f y =0.85 f ' c ( A1 + A2 )
A sb=6,813 mm2
t =120 mm =500mm
d=530mm
a
Z
T
=320mm
dc
f s=600
c
'
T =C1 +C 2 A s f s =0.85 f c ( A1 + A2 )
530c
8,042 x 600 =0.85 ( 32 ) [60,000+ 320(0.821 c1200)]
c
c=329.27 mm
z
z=at=150.47 mm y 2=d t =334.76 mm
2
y 1=dt/2=470 mm
M n=1,205.48 kN m
M n=0.65( 1,205.48)
M n=783.56 knm
M L =242.23 kN m
Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur
during earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning
stirrups and keeping them in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various
tests show that compression reinforcement also prevents the beam to collapse even if
the compression concrete crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups.
b 0.003
d
a c
= +
Figure 3.8
Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure (i.e. tension steel must
As fy
yield). For the reason, therefore, the stress in tension ( is always equal for .
A 's by
On the other hand, stress of compression steel ( may either be or below
fy
. This stress must always be checked.
cd '
f ' s=600
Eq. 3-6 c
As A 's
STEPS TO DETERMINE AND OF ADOUBLY REINFORCED
MU
RECTANGULAR BEAM, GIVEN AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
max M u max
I. Solve for and
max =0.75 b
f y
= ' =
fc
M u M n max
If design Singly Reinforced
(See Chapter 2)
M u> M n max
If design as Doubly Reinforced(proceed to step II)
M u> M n max
II.
b
d
a
d d - d
d -a/2
= +
Figure 3.9
As1
Solve for
A s 1= max b d
M n1 M n2 As2
Solve for , and
M n 1=M n max
M n 2=M u M n max
T 2 ( dd ' )
'
M n 2= A s 2 f y (dd )
A s 2 =
C1 =T 1 f ' c a b= A s1 f y 0.003
0.85
d
a=
a=1 c
c
c = c d
f ' s /E s 0.003
=
cd ' c
cd '
f ' s=600
Eq. 3-8 c
f 's f y
If proceed to IV
f ' s <f y
If proceed to V
fy
A ' s =A s 2
f 's
Mn
STEPS IN FINDING OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
AS A 'S ,
WITH GIVEN , AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
f s=f ' s =f y
Case 1: Both tension and compression yields (
f s=f y , f ' s < f y
Case 2: Tension steel yields and compression steel does not (
Note: For doubly reinforced beams with effective depth d=250 mm or more, it is not
possible for both steels not to yield.
b
d
a
d d - d
d -a/2
= +
f ' s=f y
I. Assume compression steel yields ( )
A s 2= A ' s =
A s 1= A s A s 2=
dc
f s=600 f s f y ,
Check: c If tension steel; yields, proceed to step III
f s <f y ,
If tension steel does not yield, proceed to step IV
cd '
f ' s=600
c
f 's f y ,
If proceed to step IV
f ' s <f y ,
If proceed to step V
M n=M n 1+ M n 2
T 1 d ( a2 )+T (dd )
2
'
M n= A s1 f y d ( a2 )+ A s2 f y (dd ' )
f ' s <f y ,
V. If compression steel does not yield.
cd '
f ' s=600 d
c
a
c
d
From the stress diagram:
d d
d -a/2
C1 +C 2=T
cd '
0.85 f ' c 1 c b+ A ' s 600 = As f y
c
cd '
Solve for f ' s , f ' s =600 =
c
Solve for a,a= 1 c =
M n:
Solve for
M n=M n 1+ M n 2
( a2 )+C (dd )
C1 d 2
'
M n=0.85 f ' c ab d ( a2 )+ A f (d d )
'
s
'
s
'
f s <f y but f ' s =f y
VI.
dc
A s x 600 =0.85 f ' c ( 1 c ) b+ A ' s f y
c
c = ; a= 1= ______
M n=M n 1+ M c2
( a2 )+C (dd )
C1 d 2
'
M n=0.85 f ' c a b d ( a2 )+ A f ( dd )
'
s y
'
DEEP BEAMS
According to Section 410.8 of the Code, beams with overall depth to clear span ratios
greater than 2/3 for continuous spans, or 4/5 for simple spans, shall be designed as
deep flexural members taking into account nonlinear distribution of strain and lateral
buckling.
Beams with web depth that exceed 900 mm have a tendency to develop excessive wide
cracks in the upper parts of their tension zones. According to Section 410..7 of NSCP, if
the depth of web exceeds 900 mm, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed along both side faces of the member for distance d/2 nearest the flexural
A sk
tension. The area of skin reinforcement per meter of height on each side face
shall be
ILLUSATIVE PROBLEMS
DESIGN PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The beam is
reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The centroid fiber. Assume
f y =415 MPa f ' c =29 MPa
and . Determine the following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate maximum
moment.
SOLUTION
70 mm 305 mm
1=0.85
d=490 mm
a
4-25 mm
d-d420
a) Balanced condition
= +
600 d 600(490)
c b= c b=
600+ f y 600+ 415
70 mm c b=289.66 mm
a=1 c b a=0.85(289.66)
a=246.21mm
dc 289.6670
f sc =600 f sc =600
c 289.66
f sc =455 MPa> f y
yield
f sc =f y
T 2 =C ' s A s 2 f y =A 's f y
2
A s 2=1,964 mm
( a2 )+ A f (dd )
M nb=0.85 Tf ' c a b d '
s y
'
246.21
M nb=0.85 ( 29 ) ( 246.21 )( 305 ) (490 )
2
M nb=1,021.4 kN m
A s 2=1,964 mm2
a=184.7 mm
c=217.2 mm
cd ' 217.270
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 217.2
( a2 )+ A f
M n max=0.85 f 'c a b d '
s
'
s (dd ' )
184.7
M n max=0.85 ( 29 )( 184.7 ) ( 305 ) (490 )
2
M n max=887.45 kNm
M n max=0.90(887.45)
M n max=798.7 kNm
A reinforced concrete beam has width of 300 mm and effective depth of 460 mm. The
beam is reinforced with 2-28 mm compression bars placed 70 mm from extreme
f ' c =35 MPa f y =345 MPa
concrete. Concrete strength and steel strength .
a) What is the balanced steel area considering the contribution of the compression
steel?
b) What is the maximum tension steel area allowed by the code?
SOLUTION
0.05
1=0.85 ( 3530 ) =0.814
7
A ' s = (28)2 x 2=1,232 mm2
4
600 d 600(460)
c b= c b=
600+ f y 600+345
cd ' 29270
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 292
A s =7,384 mm2
Cmax =219.05 mm
a=1 cmax=178.37 mm
cd ' 219.0570
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 219.05
f ' s=408 MPa> f y , thus f ' s =f y =345 MPa
PROBLEM 3.17
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm and d= 490 mm. Concrete compressive strength
f ' c =27.6 MPa f y =276 MPa
and steel yield strength . Compressive steel if required
shall have its centroid 60 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Calculate the required
Mu
tension steel area if the factored moment is 620 kN-m.
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.
M n max
Solve for :
600 d
c b= =335.616 mm
600+ f y
ab = 1 c b=285.27 mm
a
M n max=0.85 f 'c a b(d )
2
M n max=576.76 kNm
b
d
ca
M n 1=M n max=576.76 kNm
= d a/2+ d d
Mu 620
M n 2= M n 1 M n 2=
0.90576.76
M n 2=112.13 kN m
a=213.96 mm
A s 1 f y =0.85 f ' c a b A s 1 ( 276 )=0.85 ( 27.6 )( 213.96 ) (300)
f 's:
Solve for
a
c= =251.71 mm
1
cd ' 251.7160
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 251.71
f ' s=457 MPa>f y
Compression steel yields
A s 2=945 mm2
Compression steel:
A ' s =A s 2
PROBLEM 3.18
A rectangular beam has b=310 mm and d=460 mm. The beam will be designed to carry
a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load of190 kn-m. Compression
reinforcement if necessary will have its centtoid 70 mm from extreme concrete fiber.
f ' c =30 MPa f y =415 MPa .
Determine the required steel area. Use and
SOLUTION
1=0.85
M u=645 kN m
M n max
Solve for :
c max =0.75 c b
Note : For rectangular beams,
600 d
c max =0.75 =203.94 mm
600+ f y
M n max=511.58 kNm
M n max=0.90(511.58)
M n m ax =460.42 kN m
b
d
ca
= d a/2+ d d
M n 1=M n max=511.58 kNm
Mu 645
M n 2= M n 1 M n 2= 511.58
0.90
M n 2=205.088 kN m
c=cmax =203.94 mm
a=173.35 mm
Tension Steel:
T 1 =Cc A s 1 f y =0.85 f ' c a b
A s 1=3,302 mm2
A s 2=1,267 mm2
A s =A s 1 + A s 2 A s =3,302+ 1,267
2
A s =4,569 mm
Compression steel:
cd ' 203.9470
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 203.94
f ' s=394.06 Pa
compression steel does nt yield,
A L=9m B L=9m C
SOLUTION
f ' c =21 MPa b w =280 mm
bf :
Effective flange width,
1. L/4=9/4=2.25 m
2. 16t+ b w =16 ( 100 )+ 280=1.88 m
S oc =1.2 m
3.
b f =1.2 m
Use
M n max
Solve for to determine if compression steel is required.
Balanced condition:
600 d 600(500)
c= c=
600+ f y 600+415
a=1 c a=0.85(295.57)
a=251.23 mm
t=100 = 1200mm
d =500mm
C a
z
=280 mm
z=at z=251.23100
z=151.23 mm
2
A 1=1200 x 100=120,000 mm
2
A cb =A 1 + A2=162,345 mm
Maximum condition:
= 1200mm
t=100
d =500mm
C a
z
A 2= A cmax A1 A 2=121,759120,000
A 2= 1,759 mm2
T
A 2=b w z 1,759=280 z
=280 mm
z=6.28 mm
y 1=dt/ 2 y 1=500100/2
y 1=450mm
y 2=d tz /2 y 2=5001006.28 /2
y 2=396.86 mm
+1,759 x 396.86
M n max=976.36 kNm
M n max=0.90(976.36)
M n max=878.72 kNm
=1200mm
d=70
a
d=500mm
Z
500 mm
d-d
430
d=70
=820mm
a=t+ z a=100+6.28
a=106.28 mm
c=a/ 1 c=106.28 /0.85
c=125.04
cd ' 125.0470
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 125.04
A s 1= A s max
A s 1=5,237 mm2
Mu
M n 2=M nM n 1 M n 2= M n 1
1080
M n 2= 976.36
0.90
M n 2=223.64 kN m
A s 2=1,253 mm 2
Tension steel area, A s =A s 1 + A s 2=6,490 mm2
b)
w c =23.5(0.2516)
7.6 m 7.6 m
5-32 mm
3-32 mm
5-32
5-32mm
mm
3-32 mm
5-32 mm
A L=9m B L=9m C
145 kN-m 145 kN-m
202 kN-m
Maximum positive moment (at midspan)
9 2
wu
w L2
w u= u 1,080=
24
w u=320 kN /m
PROBLEM 3.20
The beam shown in Figure 3.11 is subjected to a maximum service dead load moment
of 230 kN-m. Determine the service live load that the beam can carry. Use
f ' c =20.7 MPaf y =345 MPa .
350 mm
60 mm
2-28 mm
540 mm
600 mm
4-36 mm
Figure 3.11
SOLUTION
36
As=
4
28 2 x 2=1,232 mm2
A ' s=
4
b
d
ca
Assume all steel yield:
= d a/2+ d d
f s=f ' s =f y
2
A s 2= A ' s=1,232 mm
A s 1= A s A s 2=2,840 mm2
a=159.1mm
a
c= =187.18 mm
1
dc 600187.18
f s=600 f =600
c s 187.18
f s=1.323> f y tension steel yields
cd ' 187.1860
f s=600 f s=600
c 187.18
f s=407.7> f y
compression steel yields
M n=M n 1+ M n 2
( a2 )+ A
M n= A s1 f y d s2 f y (dd ' )
159.1
(
M n=2,840 ( 345 ) 600
2 )
+1,232 ( 345 ) (60060)
M n=739.4 knm
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
f y =415 MPa
Width, b=400 mm
f ' c =22 MPa
Effective depth, d=620 mm
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter
d=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load if the service
dead load is 320 kN-m.
SOLUTION
28 2=6,158 mm2
A s=10 x
4
2 2
25 =1,473 mm
A ' s=3 x
4
b
d
ca
= d a/2+ d d
'
0.85 f c a b= A s 1 f y 0.85 ( 22 ) a ( 400 )=4,685 ( 415 )
a=260 mm
a
c= =305.8 mm
1
dc
f s=600 =616.5 MPa> f y ( yield )
c
cd '
f ' s=600 =463 MPa> f y ( yield)
c
M n=M n 1+ M n 2
( a2 )+ A
M n= A s1 f y d s2 (dd ' )
M n=1288.9 kN m
M L =419 kN m
PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at its ends. The
beam is provided with an addition support at the mid span. Width of beam is 300 mm
and the overall depth is 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars,
four bars at the tension side and 2 bars at the compression side .Concrete protective
f ' c =30 MPa
coverings is 70 mm form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength and
f y =415 MPa b=0.023.
steel yield . Use 0.75
a) Determine the depth of the compression block.
b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
c) Determine the factored uniform load, including its own weight, the beam can
carry.
SOLUTION
1=0.85
300 mm
f ' c =30 MPa
70 mm
f y =415 MPa 2-25 mm
310 mm
2
25
380 mm
450 mm
A s =4 x
4
A s =1963 mm2
2
25 4-25 mm
A ' s =2 x
4 70 mm
2
A ' s =982 mm
A s 1= A s A s 2=982 mm2
C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b=A s 1 f y
a=53.26 mm
a
c= =62.66 mm<70 mm
1
30 (0.85 c)(300)
1963 ( 415 )=0.85
c70
+982 x 600
c
c=98.87 mm
98.8670
f ' s=600 =175.17 MPa <f y
98.86
dc
f s=600 =1,706> f y ( yield )
c
M n=C c d( a2 )+C ( dd )
s
'
M n=243.53 kN m
Factored load,
By there-moment equation:
A B
6 A a
1 1 6 A 2 a 2 C
M A L1+2 M B ( L1 + L2 )+ M c L2+ + =0
L1 L2
M A=M C =0
6 A 1 a 1 w u L13
=
L1 4
3
6 A 2 a 2 w u L1
=
L2 4
+ 6+
6 3
6 3
wu
wu
0+2 M B
w u=54.12 kN /m
SOLUTION
L=6 m f ' c =20.7 MPa
Given :
b=350 mm f y =415 MPa
d=400 mm d b=28 mm
d ' =70 mm
28 2 x 4=2463 mm2
Tension steel area
A s=
4
2 2
28 x 2=132 mm
Compression steel area,
A ' s=
4
1=0.85 =0.90
A s 1= A s A s 2=1232 mm2
c c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b=A s 1 f y
c=97.64 mm
cd ' 97.6470
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 97.64
f ' s=170 MPa< f y
cd '
f ' s=600
Since compression steel does not yield, c
c70
0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 0.85 c )( 350 ) +1232 x 600 =2463( 415)
c
c=130.08 mm
a=1 c=110.6 mm
dc 400130.08
f s=600 f s =600
c 130.08
f s=1245> f y ( yield )
cd ' 130.0870
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 130.08
( a2 )+C ( dd )
M n=c c d '
s
'
( a2 )+ A f (d d )
M n=0.85 f ' c a b d '
s
'
s
'
M n=347.33 kN m
3m 3m
M u= M n=312.6 kN m
L=6m
M D L2 P L
M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L M u=1.4 +1.7 L
8 4
2
6
6 2
PL
20
312.6=1.4
PL =73.175 kN
PROBLEM 3.24
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to a maximum
service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this
f ' c =21 MPaf y =415 MPa .
beam? Use
360 mm
30 mm
650 mm
5- 25mm
25 mm
Figure 3.12
8 - 25mm
30 mm
SOLUTION
1=0.85
2
25
Tension steel,
A s =8 x
4
A s =3,927 mm2
2
25
Compression steel,
A ' s =5 x
4
650 mm
5- 25mm
25 mm
'
d =30+
1
=42.5 mm d
2 (25 )
8 - 25mm
Effective depth to extreme tension bar: 30 mm
1
d t =65030 =607.5 mm
2 ( 25 )
M D 215 kN m
f y =415 MPa
A s 1= A s A s 2=1,473 mm2
C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c a b=A s 1 f y
a=95.1 mm
c=111.9 mm
cd ' 111.942.5
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 111.9
360 mm
d
5- 25mm c a
25 mm
d
d-a/2d-d
88- -25mm
25mm
T
Note : There are two lawyersof tension bars which obviously yiel . Thus , thier
stresses are bothset equal f y thier cg is located at thier geometric centroid .
' cd '
A s f y =0.85 f c ( 1 c ) b+ A ' s x 600
c
cd ' 122.3842.5
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 122.38
f s=391.64 MPa< f y
a=1 c a=0.85(122.38)
a=104.03 mm
( a2 )+C (d d )
M n=C c d '
s
'
104.03
M n=0.85 ( 21 ) (104.03 )( 360 ) (582.5 )
2
M n=873.68 kN m
M n=0.90( 873.68)
M n=786.31 knm
M u= M n M u=1.4 M D +1.7 M L
M L =285.5 kN m
PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a maximum service
dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load moment for this beam? Use
f ' c =21 MPaf y =415 MPa .
320 30
mmmm
30 mmd
2- 25mm 2 - 25mm
650 mm
650 mm
28 mm
28 mm
1=0.85
d
Figure
28 3.13
2
2
25
Compression steel,
A ' s =2 x
4
'
d =30+1/2 ( 25 )=42.5 mm
M D =360 kN m
f y =415 MPa
A s 1= A s A s 2=5,176 mm2
a=376.04 mm
c=442.4 mm
cd ' 442.442.5
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 442.4
f s=222 MPa< f y
320 mm
d are two layers of tension bars which have different stresses less thanf y .
Note : There
5- 25mm
ca
28 mm
d-d
d-a/2
d 2=65030282814=550 mm
2 2
28 =3,079 mm
A st 1 =A st 2=5 x
4
T 1 +T 2=C c +C ' s
d1 c d c
A st 1 600 + A st 2 600 2 =0.85 f ' c a b+ A ' s f y
c c
606c 550c
3,079 x 600 +3,079 x 600
c c
d1 c 606363.9
f s 1=600 f s 1=600
c 363.9
f s 1=399.25 MPa<f y
d 2c 550363.9
f s 2=600 f s 2=600
c 363.9
f s 2=306.9 MPa<f y
cd ' 363.942.5
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 363.9
f ' s=530 MPa> f y
a=1 c a=0.85(345.4)
a=301.2mm
Solve for d:
T 1 =A st 1 f s 1 T 1=3,079(399.25)
T 1 =1,229.2kN
T 2 =A s 2 f s 2 T 2=3,079 (306.9 )
T 2 =944.9 kN
T x d=T 1 x d1 +T 2 x d 2
d=581.66 m
( a2 )+C ( dd )
M n=c c d '
s
'
( a2 )+ A ' f ( dd )
M n=0.85 f ' c a b d s y
'
M n=974.07 knm
M n=0.90( 947.07)
M n=876.65 kN m
M u= M n M u =1.4 M D +1.7 M L
M L =219.21 kNm
PROBLEM 3.26
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.14. Use
f ' c =27 MPaf y =350 MPa .
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
3-23mm
Figure 3.14 10mm
=390mm
stirrup
10-25mm
25mm 20mm
=300mm
.
SOLUTION
1=0.85
2 2
25 =4,909 mm
A s =10 x
4
22 2=1,140 mm2
A ' s=3 x
4
2
Flange area, A f =600 ( 110 ) =66,000 mm
A s 2= A ' s=1,140 mm 2
2
A s 1= A s A s 2=3,768 mm
Area of compression concrete:
C c =T 1 0.85 f ' c A c = A s 1 f y
0.85 ( 27 ) A c =3,768(350)
A c =a bf 57,469=a(600)
a=95.8 mm<t
c=a/ 1 c=95.8/0.85
c=112.7 mm
cd ' 112.746
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 112.7
=600mm t=110mm
25mm
=390mm
d-d
d-a/2
3-22mm
3-23mm
d 10mm
10-25mm
stirrup
25mm 20mm
=300mm
dc 432.5112.7
f s=600 f =600
c s 112.7
f s=1,703> f y ( yield )
d 2c
f s 2=600 =1,567 MPa>f y ( yield)
c
( a2 )+ A f (dd )
M n=0.85 f ' c a b f d '
s y
'
+1,140(350)(432.546)
M n=661.5 kN m
M n=0.90( 661.5)
M n=595.4 kNm
PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure 3.15. Use
f ' c =25 MPaf y =345 MPa .
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
2-22mm
22 2=760 mm2
A ' s=2 x
4
A s 2= A ' s=760 mm 2
A s 1= A s A s 2=5,397 mm2
0.85 ( 25 ) A c =5,397(345)
2
A c =87,626 mm > A f therefore a>t
A c = A f + A w 87,626=60,00+ Aw
2
A w =27,626 mm
A w =bw z 27,626=315 z
z=87.7 mm
a=100+ z=187.7 mm
c=a/ 1 =220.83 mm
cd ' 220.8346
f ' s=600 f ' s=600
c 220.83