Bernoullis Principle

The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle
appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli
effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of
pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive, but seems less so when you consider
pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must
increase at the expense of pressure energy.

Problem # 1:
Water at a gauge pressure of 3.8 atm at street level flows in to an office building at a speed of 0.06 m/s
through a pipe 5.0 cm in diameter. The pipes taper down to 2.6cm in diameter by the top floor, 20 m
above. Calculate the flow velocity and the gauge pressure in such a pipe on the top floor. Assume no
branch pipe and ignore viscosity.

Solution:
By continuity equation:
v2 = (A1v1) / A2 = ( (5.0 / 2)2 (0.60) ) / ( (2.6 / 2)2)
v2 = 2.2 m/s
By Bernoullis Equation:
P1 + gh1 + (v1)2 = P2 + gh2 + (v2)2
(Po = atmospheric pressure)
P2 = (3.8 x Po) + Po + (1000)(0.6)2 (1000)(9.8)(20) (1000)(2.2)2
P2 = 2.8 x 105 Pa

Problem # 2:
If the pump at one end of the hose and the nozzle at the otherend are at the same height, and if the
pressure at the nozzleis 1.00 atm, what is the pressure at the pump outlet?

Solution:
Find the velocity at the first position ,let it be V1
V1 = Iv/A
= 2.7 x 10-3 / x 1.3225 x 10-4
= 6.5 m/s
Using Bernoulli equation
P1 +gh + v12 = p2 + gh + V22
The second term gets canceled on both sides. We get ,
V2 = V12 + 2( P1 P2) / density of water
= (6.5)2 + 2( 142 101)1000/1000 1/2
= 11.146 m/s
Using the formula
A1V1 = A2 V2
D2 = d1 (V1 /V2)1/2
= 2.3 (6.5 / 11.146)1/2
Answer: D2= 1.756 cm

Problem # 3:
Water flows at 0.563 m/s through a 3.20-cm diameter hosethat terminates in a 0.295-cm diameter
nozzle. Assume lam-inar non-viscous steady-state flow. At what speed does thewater pass through the
nozzle?

Solution:
According to Bernoulli principle ;
A1V1 = A2 V2
r12 V1 =r22 V2
R12 V1 = r22 V2
(3.2/2)2 (0.563) = (0.295/2)2 V2
1.44128 = 0.02175625 V2
Answer: V2 = 66.2467 m/s

A fountain designed to spray a column of water 11.1 m into

the air has a 1.33-cm-diameter nozzle at ground level. The
water pump is 3.14 m below the ground. The pipe to the
nozzle has a diameter of 2.66 cm. Find the pump pressure
necessary if the fountain is to operate as designed. (Assume
laminar nonviscous steady-state flow).

Solution:
Use the Equation
P1 + gh + v12 = P2 + gh +1/2 V22
P1 3.14g + Vn2/16 = Patm + Vn2
Vn2 = (2gh)1/2
= (2x 9.81 x 11.1)1/2
= 14.757 m/s
P1 3.14 x 9.81 x 1000 + 0.5 x 1000x 217.782 /16
= 1.01 x 105 + 0.5 x 1000 x 217.782
P1 0.308 x 105 + 0.06805 x 105 = 1.01 x 105 + 1.0889 x 105
P1 = (1.01+1.0889 +0.3 0.06805) x 105
= 2.3308 x105
Answer: P1= 233.08 kPa