MT S KT QU NGHIN CU CNG ON SY PHUN

TRONG QUY TRNH SN XUT BT CH XANH HA TAN T L

CH TI

Nguyn Thanh Hi 1*, Giang Trung Khoa 2, Phm c Ngha 3

1,3
Khoa C in, Hc vin Nng nghip Vit Nam;
2
Khoa Cng ngh thc phm, Hc vin Nng nghip Vit Nam;

* Tc gi chnh--ST: +84 9789 38874; Email: nthai@vnua.edu.vn

Tm tt: Ch ha tan thng c sn xut bng cch sy dch trch ly t ch kh (ch xanh,
ch en hoc ch long) cho cht lng tt nhng gi thnh sn xut cao, chi ph nhiu nng
lng. Trong bi bo ny chng ti gii thiu mt s kt qu nghin cu cng on sy phun
trong quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt ch xanh ha tan t l ch ti (ch gi). Cc thng s
chnh thch hp cho qu trnh sy phun l: nhit sy phun (1750), tc tc nhn sy
(4m/s) v p sut to sng (10psi). Sy phun cc thng s trn cho cht lng bt ch
mc chp nhn c, nc pha c tnh cht cm quan tt, bt ch c thnh phn polyphenol
(29,96%), cafein (5,23%), catechin tng s (13,24%). Nghin cu cng on sy phun nhm
gp phn hon thin quy trnh cng ngh ch bin bt ch xanh ha tan t l ch ti. Cng
ngh n gin v d p dng trong iu kin Vit Nam; cho php gim chi ph sn xut, to
nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin, nng cao gi tr kinh t cho cy ch v thu nhp cho
ngi trng ch.
T kha: ch ha tan, ch ti, trch ly, sy phun, ch gi.

T VN
Nc ch l mt loi ung a thch ca nhiu ngi dn ng cng nh trn th gii do
nhng li ch i vi sc khe con ngi: nh hn ch bnh tim mch, ung th, tiu ng,
bo ph, su rng v tng tui th con ngi. Vit Nam hin ng th 5 th gii v din tch
trng ch (FAO, 2012), c khong 6 triu lao ng sng da vo ngnh cng-nng nghip
trng v ch bin ch. Sn phm ch yu ca ngnh trng ch l: ch xanh, ch en v ch ti
lc, s dng cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. Tuy nhin, gi tr sn phm ch Vit
Nam cn thp, ch khong 70-75% so vi sn phm cng loi trn th trng th gii. Do vy,
tn thu l ch gi nhm to ra bt ch ha tan trc tip t l ch ti lm nguyn liu cho
cng nghip ch bin l mt hng nghin cu mi c th gii quyt vic ch bin ch gi
ng thi nng cao i sng ngi nng dn trng ch Vit Nam.

Ch ha tan trn th gii ch yu c sn xut t ch kh nh: ch xanh, ch en v ch

long lm ung (Clark v cng s, 1984; Mehta v cng s, 2001; Bavan v Bengal,
2009). Cc cng on ch yu l trch ly, c c dch v sy phun to bt ch. Tuy nhin,
trong cng on trch ly nhiu tc gi s dng cc phng php khc nhau. Sato v cng s
(1984) s dng nc nng trch ly ch xanh, dch ch c pha thm dextrin v sy phun
to bt. Bavan (2005) cng s dng nc nng trch ly ch en v ch long, dch
ch sau c c c, sy phun to bt ch. Lunder v Nestec (1997) dng nc nng
trch ly hn hp ch xanh v ch en di p sut 2bar thu c dch ch.

trong nc hin nay c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu trch ly polyphenol t ch kh v s

dng lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip thc phm v dc phm dng bt, dch lng hoc
cao. Tiu biu c cng trnh nghin cu ca Trnh Xun Ng (2009) ca Vin cng ngh v
Thc phm, i hc Cng nghip TP H Ch Minh s dng dung mi l nc un si. Hoc
1
s dng dung mi nc iu chnh ca V Hng Sn v H Duyn T (2009) i hc Bch
khoa H Ni. Phm Thnh Qun v cng s (2005) i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh
trch ly polyphenol s dng dung mi l ethanol c h tr vi sng.

Nh vy, c th thy sn xut bt ch dng cho ung th nguyn liu c dng ch

yu l t ch xanh, ch en v ch long, cng ngh ch bin phi m bo sao cho gi c
hng v ca cc sn phm ny. Gi thnh sn phm tng i cao, nu s dng bt ch ny
cho cng nghip ch bin ngoi ung s khng kinh t. Gn y c cng trnh nghin cu
ca Sinija v cng s (2007) cp n vic ch bin bt ch trc tip t t ch ti. Ch
c v, p trch ly ly dch sau ln men sn xut bt ch ha tan. B ch cng c
ln men sn xut ch en dng vin tng hiu qu kinh t. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu
sn xut bt ch trc tip t l ch ti cha nhiu.

Mc tiu nghin cu l tm ra nh hng ca mt s thng s trong cng on sy phun ti

cht lng sn phm bt ch ha tan t l ch ti lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin,
gp phn hon thin quy trnh cng ngh, gim chi ph sn xut.

NGUYN LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

Nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu s dng cho nghin cu l cc l ch gi ging Trung du c trng ti Nng
trng Mc Chu, Sn La.

Mt s cng on chnh trong quy trnh cng ngh:

L ch ti sau khi thu hi c vn chuyn v phng th nghim, c la chn loi b tp
cht, ra sch, ro. L ch sau c dit men bng cch em chn trong nc si trong
thi gian 1 pht. Nguyn liu sau khi chn, ro, em bm s b trong my bm a v
c nghin mn trn my nghin trc vt (CYF-AS22) nhm lm dp cc t chc t bo m
gip cc cht trong l ch thot ra d dng trong qu trnh trch ly. Nguyn liu sau khi nghin
c trch ly bng cch phi hp dng dung mi l nc nng 90 0C, t l 1/2 trong thi gian
30 pht v p c hc trn my p piston vi p lc 350 N/cm2 nhm nng cao hiu sut trch
ly. Dch ch c lc bng mng lc c kch thc 125m nhm loi b thnh phn b ra
khi dch ch v c c n nng 30Brix trn my c c chn khng. Cui cng, sy
phun to bt ch xanh ha tan bng my sy SD-1500.

Phng php nghin cu

- Hm lng polyphenol tng s c xc nh theo phng php ISO 14502-1-2005.
- Hm lng Cafein v Catechin tng s c nh lng theo ISO 14502-2-2005. Trong ,
catechin tng s c tnh bng tng lng catechin (C, EC, EGC, EGCG, ECG) c trong
mu.
- nh gi cm quan theo TCVN 3215-79. Hi ng gm 5 thnh vin c tp hun cc ch
tiu nh gi (mu, mi, v, trng thi nc pha) trn c s so snh vi nc ch ti truyn
thng.
- S liu c x l thng k trn phn mm Excel 2007 v SAS 9.1.

2
 KT QU V THO LUN

Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin bt ch ha tan t l ch ti:

Cc th nghim c tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca cc thng s chnh qu trnh sy
phun ti cht lng sn phm nhm chun ha cc thng s cng ngh trong cng on sy
phun. Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin bt ch ha tan t l ch ti c trnh by trong hnh 1.

Nguyn liu
(l ch gi, ti)

Dit men
(chn, nc 1000C, 1 pht)

Nghin
( nh 0,80,9mm)

Nc Trch ly
(1000C, t l nc/nguyn liu
(900C, 30 pht, p 350N/cm2)
= 1/2, v/m)

Lc
(mng lc 125m)

B ch
Dch ch

X l ,
C c b sung
(chn khng, 500C) ch phm
vi sinh

Sy phun
(1701750C)
Phn bn
s dng
bn
Bt ch ha tan cho ch

Hnh 1. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt ch ha tan t l ch ti

3
nh hng ca nhit sy phun n s thay i hm lng polyphenol, catechin,
cafein v TCCQ ca sn phm.
Th nghim c thc hin cc khong nhit sy phun khc nhau tm ra khong nhit
sy sao cho hm lng polyphenol, cafein v catechin tng s cao nht m vn m bo
tnh cht cm quan ca bt ch v nc ch pha.

Bng 1. nh hng ca nhit sy phun n hm lng

polyphenol, catechin tng s, cafein ca bt ch
Nhit sy phun Polyphenol Catechin Cafein
1600C 29,94a 13,17a 5,48a
165 C
0
29,90b
13,11 b
5,33b
1700C 29,88b 13,08c 5,24c
175 C
0
29,86b
13,06 c
5,20c
180 C
0
29,13 c
10,43 d
5,13d
LSD5% 0,0373 0,0297 0,0431
Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c s m khc nhau th khc nhau mc ngha 5%.

Kt qu th nghim m t trn bng 1 cho thy hm lng polyphenol cao nht khi nhit
tc nhn sy u vo l 1600C (29,94%CK). Tuy nhin, khi sy khong nhit 1601650C
bt to ra cn t, bm dnh vo thnh bnh sy. Khi tng nhit , do tc dng ca nhit,
hm lng polyphenol gim dn. nhit 1750C to bt kh, ti, mn, hm lng
polyphenol l 29,86%. S thay i hm lng polyphenol ny khi thay i nhit l khng
ng k xt v mt thng k ton hc mc thay i ny khng c ngha. Khi tip tc tng
nhit ln n 1800C th hm lng polyphenol gim mnh (29,13%), tn tht l 0,73% so
vi mc nhit 1750C. Hn na khi quan st sn phm thu c, chng ti thy mu ca
bt ch chuyn sang mu nu vng, khng cn gi c mu vng sng nh khi sy nhit
thp hn. Kt qu tng t nh s thay i polyphenol cng c ghi nhn vi hm lng
catechin tng s trong bt ch bi thnh phn ny kh nhy cm vi nhit. Qua bng 1 ta thy
hm lng catechin tng s dao ng n nh quanh mc 13,08% khi nhit thay i t
160-1750C. Kt qu ny gim mnh xung 10,43% khi tng nhit ln 1800C.

i vi hm lng cafein, chng ti thy, nhit sy phun tng ln t 1600C, 1650C, 1700C,
th hm lng cafein tnh theo phn trm cht kh gim t 5,48% xung 5,33% v 5,24%. V
nu nhit sy phun t n 1750C th hm lng cafein gim xung cn 5,20%. Tuy c s
thay i gia 2 mc nhit 1700C v 1750C nhng ta c th nhn thy s khc bit y l
khng ln, khng c ngha v mt thng k ton hc. Bi cafein bn v nhit nn s thay i
din ra rt t khi thay i nhit tc nhn sy trong khong th nghim. C mt cht tn tht
lng cafein khi chng ti tng nhit ln 1800C.

Qua quan st qu trnh sy phun chng ti nhn thy: khi sy nhit thp (160-170 0C),
mu sc sn phm c mu vng xanh giai on u ca qu trnh sy nhng do sy nhit
thp bt b t, bm dnh vo thnh v y thit b sy, nu khng ly mu ngay s b vn
cc v c hin tng ha rn, chuyn mu en do qu nhit. Khi tng nhit (175-180 0C)
sn phm bt ti hn, bt thot ra nhanh hn nn hin tng ha rn khng cn.

Tnh cht cm quan ca nc ch pha phn nh cht lng cm quan ca bt ch ha tan.

Theo di vn ny chng ti thu c kt qu trong bng 2. Qua bng 2 chng ta thy nhit
sy <1800C, bt ch khi pha vn gi c mu xanh v mi thm c trng. Khi nhit
sy ln hn 1800C, nc ch pha chuyn sang xanh vng nu v mi v cng dn mt i.

4
Nh vy, c th thy nhit sy phun nh hng n qu trnh sy, to bt v mu sc
nc pha. Nhit ph hp cho qu trnh sy phun l 1750C.

Bng 2. nh hng ca nhit sy phun n tnh cht cm quan

ca nc ch pha t bt ch
Nhit sy Tnh cht cm quan ca nc ch pha
( C)
0
Mu Mi V Trng thi
160 Xanh vng Thm du c Cht nh, km Trong, ng
sng trng c trng nht
165 Xanh vng Thm du c Cht nh, km Trong, ng
sng trng c trng nht
170 Xanh vng Thm du c Cht nh, km Trong, ng
sng trng c trng nht
175 Xanh vng Thm du c Cht nh, km Trong, ng
sng trng c trng nht
180 Xanh vng Thm du, yu Thong cht, Trong, ng
c trng km c trng nht

Qua nghin cu nh hng ca nhit sy phun n hm lng polyphenol, cafein, catechin

v tnh cht cm quan c th thy nhit sy phun nn duy tr mc 170-1750C nhm m
bo gi c hm lng cc thnh phn ha hc mc cao nht, cht lng sn phm tt.
Nu nhit u vo cao hn 1750C, hm lng cc thnh phn ny nhanh chng gim, cht
lng cm quan km i, mu sc nc pha chuyn sang mu vng nu v mi v cng dn
mt i. Nu nhit thp hn hoc bng 1700C, nhit cp khng nn s c hin tng bm
dnh b mt thng sy, cht lng bt khng m bo.

nh hng ca tc tc nhn sy n s thay i hm lng polyphenol, catechin

tng s, cafein v TCCQ ca sn phm.
Vic thay i tc tc nhn sy cng nh hng n cht lng bt thnh phm. Trong th
nghim, chng ti sy nhit 1750C, p sut 10psi, lng cp dch 200ml/h v thay i tc
tc nhn sy cc mc 30%, 40%, 50% v 60% tng ng vi tc tc nhn sy l
2m/s, 3m/s, 4m/s v 5m/s (Bng 3).

Bng 3. nh hng ca tc tc nhn sy n hm lng

polyphenol, catechin tng s, cafein ca bt ch
Tc tc nhn sy Polyphenol Catechin Cafein
2 m/s 29,11a 10,41a 5,02a
3 m/s 29,42 b
11,25b 5,11b
4 m/s 29,81 c
13,11c 5,21c
5 m/s 30,35d 13,55d 5,30d
LSD5% 0,0377 0,0552 0,0282
Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c s m khc nhau th khc nhau mc ngha 5%.

Qua bng 3 ta thy khi sy tc tc nhn sy 5m/s, bt ch c hm lng polyphenol cao

hn so vi khi sy tc tc nhn sy 4m/s, 3m/s v 2m/s. Tuy nhin, do tc tc nhn
sy cao, mt phn bt b bay nhanh t bung sy ra xiclon thot theo kh thi ra ngoi, cn
mt phn b dnh xung y bung sy, thit b ku to khng an ton khi s dng. Tc tc
nhn sy 4m/s cho bt ti, tc bt chuyn ra xiclon kh nhanh. Hm lng polyphenol
c gim cht t so vi tc 5m/s. Cn khi tc tc nhn sy mc di 4m/s th hm

5
lng polyphenol gim kh nhanh, t 29,81% 4m/s xung cn 29,11% 2m/s. Vi tc
tc nhn sy ny khng nhit chuyn ti nc t ht sng ra ngoi dn n bt b t
ng trn thnh thit b sy, sau mt thi gian b chuyn sang mu nu do qu nhit. Hm
lng polyphenol gim nhiu c th do bt b nng trong thi gian di trong bung sy.

Khi thay i tc tc nhn sy th hm lng cafein hao ht mc thp hn so vi s

thay i hm lng polyphenol khi gim tc tc nhn sy bi cafein bn v nhit. S thay
i hm lng catechin khi thay i tc tc nhn sy din ra tng t nh vi polyphenol.
Hm lng ny gim mnh khi gim tc tc nhn sy xung 3m/s, 2m/s. Khi tc cao
hn 4m/s th hm lng catechin c tng nh, khng ng k.

Khi nh gi cm quan nc ch pha t bt ch c sy cc ch tc nhn sy khc

nhau, chng ti thy rng: khi t tc tc nhn sy nh hn 4m/s th mu sc, mi v nc
ch pha thong cht km c trng hn khi t mc cao hn (Bng 4).

Bng 4. nh hng tc tc nhn sy n tnh cht cm quan

ca nc ch pha t bt ch
Tc TNS Tnh cht cm quan ca nc ch pha
(m/s)
Mu Mi V Trng thi
2 Xanh vng sng Thm yu, km Thong cht, Trong, ng
c trng km c trng nht
3 Xanh vng sng Thm du, km Thong cht, Trong, ng
c trng km c trng nht
4 xanh vng sng Thm du c cht nh, km Trong, ng
trng c trng nht
5 xanh vng sng Thm du c Cht nh, km Trong, ng
trng c trng nht

nh hng ca p sut to sng n s thay i hm lng polyphenol, catechin tng

s, cafein v TCCQ ca sn phm.
Bn cnh cu to vi phun, p sut to sng ng vai tr quyt nh n kch thc ht dch
to ra trong bung sy do vy m n nh hng ti cht lng sn phm v kch thc sn
phm sy phun. Do vic th nghim la chn p sut ph hp vi mi loi my sy phun
l cn thit. Th nghim c tin hnh nhit 1750C, lng cp dch 200ml/h, tc tc
nhn sy 4m/s v thay i p sut to sng t 520psi (Bng 5).

Bng 5. nh hng ca p sut to sng n hm lng

polyphenol, catechin tng s, cafein ca bt ch
p sut to sng Polyphenol Catechin Cafein
5 psi 30,26a 13,56a 5,25a
10 psi 29,96 b
13,24 b
5,23ab
15 psi 29,87 c
13,09 c
5,19bc
20 psi 29,84 c
13,04 c
5,21c
LSD5% 0,06 0,0489 0,0266
Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct, cc gi tr trung bnh c s m khc nhau th khc nhau mc ngha 5%.

Da vo Bng 5, ta thy rng khi p sut to sng tng t 5psi ln 10psi, hm lng
polyphenol gim 0,3%CK, cn khi tip tc tng t 10psi ln 15psi, hoc 20psi th hm lng
polyphenol thay i khng ng k. Tuy vy, ch p sut 5psi, do p sut khng

6
mnh to sng nn ht phun ra c kch thc ln, khng ch thiu nhit bc hi m
cn b vn cc do cc ht ln tp trung u vi phun, nhanh chng gy tc vi phun. ch
15psi v c bit l 20psi th do p sut ln, ht thu c rt nh c hin tng ht bt b
bay ra ngoi theo kh thi.

S thay i cafein l khng ng k khi thay i p sut to sng t 5psi n 20psi bi

chnh lch gia cc mc ch khong 0,02-0,04%CK. Khi p sut to sng l 5psi th hm
lng catechin t cao nht 13,56%CK. Tuy nhin cc gi tr ti p sut ny ch c gi tr tc
thi bi ht dch to, t, nhanh chng b vn cc ti u vi phun, chuyn mu nu vng,
trng thi rn v gy tc vi phun. T p sut 10psi tr ln, ht bt tng i n nh v t
trng thi tt nht 15psi. Khi tng p sut ln 20psi th ht bt ng mu vng nu, km ti,
hm lng catechin cng gim cht t.

Kt qu nghin cu (Bng 6) cho thy khi p sut to sng t 10-15psi, nc ch pha t bt

ch vn gi c v cht nh, c trng, trng thi trong, ng nht, mu xanh trong, mi
thm du. Mi v gim khi p sut t 20psi tr ln. Tnh cht cm quan ca bt ch b nh
hng ln khi p sut to sng di 10psi. Do p sut thp, ht dch to thnh ln bt ch
m vn cc.

Bng 6. nh hng ca p sut to sng n tnh cht cm quan

ca nc ch pha t bt ch
p sut to Tnh cht cm quan ca nc ch pha
sng (psi)
Mu Mi V Trng thi
5 Xanh vng sng Thm du, c Cht nh, km Km trong,
trng c trng ng nht
10 Xanh vng sng Thm du c Cht nh, c Trong, ng
trng trng nht
15 Xanh vng sng Thm du c Cht nh, c Trong, ng
trng trng nht
20 Xanh vng Thm yu, km Cht nh, km Trong, ng
c trng c trng nht

KT LUN
Nhit sy phun, tc tc nhn sy v p sut to sng l cc thng s cng ngh chnh
nh hng ti cht lng sn phm bt ch xanh ha tan t l ch gi. Sy phun nhit
1750C, tc tc nhn sy (4m/s) v p sut to sng (10psi) cho sn phm bt ch c cht
lng mc chp nhn c, nc pha c tnh cht cm quan tt, bt ch c thnh phn
polyphenol (29,96%), cafein (5,23%), catechin tng s (13,24%). Vic tm ra cc thng s
cng ngh sy phun trn gp phn hon thin quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt ch xanh
ha tan t l ch ti. y l quy trnh cng ngh n gin, d p dng Vit Nam, cho php
tn thu c nguyn liu t l ch gi gp phn nng cao gi tr ca cy ch v nng cao thu
nhp cho ngi trng ch.

LI CM N
hon thnh cng trnh nghin cu ny, chng ti chn thnh cm n Chng trnh Nhim
v khoa hc cng ngh tim nng cp kinh ph cho chng ti thc hin ti. Chng ti
xin cm n Vn phng Cc chng trnh trng im cp Nh nc, Ban Ch nhim chng
trnh KC-07 v Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni gip chng ti rt nhiu trong qu
trnh thc hin ti.

7
 TI LIU THAM KHO

Trnh Xun Ng. 2009. Nghin cu quy trnh sn xut nc gii kht t ch xanh, ch en.
Tp ch Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, s 2.
V Hng Sn, H Duyn T. 2009. Nghin cu trch ly polyphenol t ch xanh vn: Phn 1.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh trch ly polyphenol. Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh,
tp 47, s 1.
Phm Thnh Qun, Tng Vn Hng, Nguyn Hi H, Nguyn Tuyt Anh, Trng Ngc
Tuyn. 2005. Trch ly polyphenol t tr xanh s dng phng php trch ly c h tr vi
sng. Hi Ngh Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh ln th 9.
Bavan D.S., 2005. Hot water soluble instant tea. United States Patent Application Publication.
US 2005/0084566 A1.
Bavan DS., 2009. Hot water soluble instant tea and method for the production of same.
United States Patent, no. US 7,560,130 B2.
Clark, AV & Zientara, FJ., 1984. Process for the production of a soluble tea product. United
States Patent, no. 4,472,441.
FAO. 2012. Current situation and medium term outlook for tea. Intergovernmental group on
tea. Twentieth session. Colombo, Srilanka, 30 January - 1 February 2012.
Lunder T.L., 1997. Preparation of cold-water-soluble instant tea. United States Patent, no.
5,612,079.
Mehta, SS, Sukumar, V & Virkar, PD., 2001. Process for producing tea concentrates. United
States Patent, no. US 6,296,887 B1
Santo J., Kurusu T. & Kondo N., 1984. Process for the preparation of instant tea. United
States Patent, no. 4,474,822.
Sinija V.R., Mishra H.N. & Bal S., 2007. Process technology for production of soluble tea
powder. Journal of Food Engineering. Vol. 82, pp. 276-283.