2007.

12
107146

**

*


** chongsw@mail.utar.edu.my

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Pinang Penang
1786 51
Kedah1786
51 Francis Light

1786 51

Straits born
Chinese

Bookworm
1970 5-8
1800 Province
Wellesley 1826 Perak
Dinding
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1947
1936 72-85
1963
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1860

1860

1985 70-71


1977
530Report on the Census of the Straits Settlements
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1902.3.31903.8.51907.8.19

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30
Suyama Taku



2000 401-402Suyama Taku, Pang Societies and the
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19
1991 4-67-18





Wang Gungwu, Community and Nation, Essays on Southeast Asia and the Chinese (Singapore: Heinemann
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1800-1911
1992 149-150


1972 37
1877-1912
71
1877-1912 62



14 1992.12
53-74 15
1993.12 77-99

112


Maurice Freedman

Tan
Che Sang

1867 6

38

40
Maurice Freedman, Immigrants And Associations: Chinese in Nineteenth Century Singapore,
Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.3. No.1 (Oct.1960), p.47.
1993 11
1845


2002 239-244
1867 8 3 10

Mahani Musa Mahani
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1821-1940-an (Selangor: The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2003), pp.69-90.

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1869 8 1870 9 1872 11

1889 15
Societies Ordinance

1820
1889
Administration Report, Penang, 1889, p.3151881-1974

1983 136

114


2001 110




1972 1-29

28-62
1999 435-441

115


1860 10

1 1820-1901

1820 8,595 35,034 25%
1830 8,963 33,959 26%
1842 9,715 40,499 24%
1851 15,457 43,143 36%
1860 36,222 124,772 29%
1881 67,820 190,597 36%
1891 87,920 235,618 37%
1901 98,424 248,207 40%

44
James C. Jackson., Planters and Speculators: Chinese and European Agricultural Enterprise in Malaya,
1786-1921 (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1968), pp.2-3.

357-358

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1830 1842

1860

32 1998.3 23
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(Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti, 1984), pp.139-154,208-217; Mahani Musa, Kongsi Gelap Melayu: Di
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Larut War
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1874 10 13 Larut War
1869 8
1870
9 1872 11
1877 3 Chinese Protectorate

W.A. Pickering

1880 6
14

Pantai Barat, 1850-1873: Kesan Perkembangan Dagang Terhadap Politik Melayu, p.143; Wong C.S., A
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Chinese in Singapore and Malaya 1800-1911, p.149.
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1881-1974 136138

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1889 15 Societies Ordinance

1890 16

14


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Ghee HingHo Seng

Hai SanTsun SimToa Peh Kong
Ghee Hock

1881 7
69% 85%

J.D. Vaughan

1977
79

24-25
C.O.276/11/394 Straits Settlements Government Gazette, General Notification No.340, 6th August, 1880.
67,820 55,313
46,795 Report on the Census of the Straits Settlements for
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1900
26


40

1992
2003
340-342
186
1987 18-19 1831 11
36
32

2007 49

121


1918

1852
20 18



9
25-38
24
2003 1
24
96



1984 283

1983 399-400

122


1980 57

1997 2

123


1786 51
20
1805 10
1800

2 1985
713
454 229
219

2006 100-101



2 527
100

124


1800 5

1800
5

77-99
188
1989 13
1826



Wong, C.S., A Gallery of Chinese Kapitans, pp.1-39
3 1984.4 2-7
7 1986.4 100-101 9 1987.4
21-25
15 1991.6 116-120
2
1986 29-69
2 527

125


1801
1805 10

1800 5
1862
1800 1862

1974 40



40-41
2 685-688713
1800-1862
127


1800-1862 129

126


1862

1880
6 1880 6 14

7
7
7

1800-1862 128132
1862 12
6 5
1
14

1881-1974 136

127


1880

1881 1891
Report on the Census of the Straits Settlements for 1881, p.21; Report on the Census of the Straits
Settlements for 1891, pp.96-97.
88

88

128


1800 5
1801
6

1801 6 1801
6

1828 8

1998 420-438
1890

424
60 1795
2 16 2 683686

160

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1820

1786 51
1860 10

2 689
Yen Ching-hwang, Early Hakka Dialect Organizations in Singapore and Malaya, 1801-1900, Asian
Culture, 17 (1993.6), p.106.

1961J.J. M. De Groot
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2002 250-262

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1828 8

1801
1801 1822
1840

1800
5

81
77 1 76 10 5 74 4 15
2 689
429-435
1939


1979 94
1801 6
2 686
2004 1 19 8 25
19 1810
23
20

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1801
6

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1801


430-431


136

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1828 8
1864 3

411&21986 47-61
2 689
1934
2 773 143
1901

2 707
19
2 774

133


134


1800 5

161-162




2002.1.5-6
1-34 95-128J.D. Vaughan, Notes on
the Chinese of Penang, p.3.

1824

2 527532

135


1862

1862

1828
234
368
600
1885
2 689696
6 8

2 687689

136


1864 3

1862

1880 6
7
1885
11

1864 3

1800-1862 128134
33
1881-1974 136
2 699

137


1862

138


1893 19
1890

186 1987
2
1985
188
1989

1979

1862 6 5 1
1800-1862 128134

23 1999.6 95-101
1895-1907 22 2004.11
167-221

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1998
1895 1907
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Annual Report of the Straits Settlements for 1877.
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2007
1998
1983
/
355-366
1980
1993

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1995
28-62
199819 32 1998.3
7-11
2003

1947
Bookworm1970

2001

2002
2003
1997
1991 19

2004
1895-1907 22 2004.11
167-221
2002
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1936
1986 7 1986.4
100-101
1987 9 1987.4 21-25
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507-549
1963
1992
1984
283-325
1986411&2
1986 47-61
19831881-1974

135-162
1998 32 1998.3
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2006
99-116
1983

398-405
1985

1985
1992
14 1992.12 53-74
1993
15 1993.12 77-99
1999
1999
23 1999.6 95-101

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2000
401-426
1972
31-47
1977
1984 3 1984.4
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1986 2
19921800-1911
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1800 to 1900, New York: Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J.
Augustin.
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Semenanjung Tanah Melayu 1821-1940-an, Selangor: The Malaysian Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society.
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in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford

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States of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang, Tucson: University of
Arizona Press.
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Mohamedan Secret Societies in the Malay Peninsula A. D. 1800-1935, Singapore:
Government printing office.
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144


The Dialect Groups and Operation of Pang Politics in the

Chinese Community of Penang during the 19th Century

Chong, Siou-Wei*

Abstract

The interpretative structure of the development of Pang Politics in the 19th Century
Chinese Community of Penang is normally dominated by the discourse on the
Pang-interaction between the Min Pang (Hokkien Pang) and Guang Pang
(Cantonese Pang). However, such simple dichotomy is inherently disputable. It is because
when delving into the complex and entwined network of the dialect groups of the local
society, the interaction between Min Pang and Guang Pang was insufficient to illustrate
the uniqueness and influence of the power structure of Pang Politics. The above dichotomy
tends to ignore the important roles played by the other dialect groups apart from the
Hokkien and Cantonese dialect groups. As such, it is essential to further review the
interpretative structure for the interaction as well as antagonism between the two Pangs.
This study has shown that the operation of the Pang Politics of the Chinese Community is
the erratic rivalry and collaboration between, on one front, the Hokkien-speaking Min Nan
Pang dominated by five big clans, and on the other front, the Pang Lian
(Pang Alliance) formed by four large dialect groups of Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew and
Hainan. The distinctiveness of the Pang Lian is that it was an inter-clan and inter-dialect
group alliance.

* Assistant Professor, Department of Chinese Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Tunku
Abdul Rahman.

145


Keywords: Penang Island, Penang, Overseas Chinese, Chinese Dialect Groups, Pang
Politics

2007.10.22
2007.11.26
2007.12.08

146