Professional Documents
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Basic GD T Course PDF
Basic GD T Course PDF
1 i2
About iSquare
iSquare
(InterOperability & InterChangeability Solutions)
Pune, INDIA
2 i2
Focus Areas
3 i2
Relationships
InterOperability:
With International TechneGroup Incorporated, USA having more than
20 years of Experience in CAD Data InterOperability technology,
solutions and services.
cadfix@isquare-india.com
4 i2
Relationships
InterChangeability:
With Dimensional Control Systems Inc., USA having more than 15
years of experience in Dimensional Control Techniques, Solutions
and Services.
3dcs@isquare-india.com
5 i2
Our Offerings
6 i2
Our Offerings
InterChangeability:
Focused & Customized Training Programs on:
Dimensional Management : Understanding and appreciation of computer aided tools for.
Takes participants thru evolution, various approaches and real life problems from their
application areas.
7 i2
Training Programs in Dimensional Management
/ Engineering
Introduction to Digital Product Definition Data Practices (Solid 24hrs Basic knowledge of
8
8
Model Tolerancing) per ASME Y14.41:2003 (3 days) GD&T
i2
Thats about iSquare
10 i2
How is this course organized?
11 i2
GD&T
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
61 i2
History
62 i2
Later, the idea of locating round features such as pins/holes etc, with
round tolerance zone rather than traditional square tolerance zone
introduced which later caught up and adopted by military standards and
late became unified ANSI standard
63 i2
Introduction to GD&T
Simple part for own use No need for drawings when designer, inspector and
manufacturer are same!
Designer often creates an assembly, parts fit together with optimal clearances, He
conveys ideal size (nominal dimensions) and shapes to each manufacturer.
Volume production?:
Impossible to make every part identical
Every manufacturing process has unavoidable variations that cause variations
in manufactured parts.
Designer,with due consideration must analyze how much variation may be
allowed in size, form, orientation and location.
Then along with nominal dimensions, he must communicate magnitude of
such variations or TOLERANCE each characteristics can have and still
contribute to functional assembly.
64 i2
How to Communicate such Variation?
Often words are inadequate; eg. A note Make this surface a real flat
only has meaning where all concerned parties can do following:
Understand English
Understand to which surface the note applies and extent of the surface
Agree on what Flat means
Agree on exactly how flat is Real Flat!!
65 i2
So, what is GD&T?
It conveys both: ie. Nominal (or ideal) dimensions and variations (or
tolerances allowed for that dimension.
66 i2
What GD&T is NOT
Its not a creative design tool; it cant suggest how certain part surfaces should be
controlled (methods )
It does not convey parts intended function. Eg. Designer created a bore to
function as hydraulic cylinder to withstand 15kg/cm2 pressure; however GD&T
cant convey the purpose (intended function) of part.
67 i2
Where does GD&T come from? (references)
68 i2
Why do we use GD&T?
69 i2
So,
You may find claims that GD&T affords more tolerance for manufacturing, but by
itself, it doesn't. GD&T affords however much or little tolerance the designer
specifies. Just as a common claim that using GD&T saves money, but hardly
such claims are accompanied with cost or ROI analyses.
70 i2
Yet another example
71 i2
From Rotor Drawing;
What if it was critical that n 139.7 bore and OD n279.4 be on the same
axis?
Next slide shows the part that can be built and still meet specifications
however the part may not function in an assembly and therefore lead to
assembly rejection
72 i2
The no-sense Wheel Rotor dimensionally in
spec!
68.94
178.08 20.60
279.24 152.55
139.59 78.79
68.78
20.80
73 i2
Shortcomings of Co-ordinate System of
Dimensioning
Controlling angular
relationships
Defining the Form of
part feature
Mounting face being important for the function of the rotor; has been made flat within 0.1.
Later Mounting face assigned as Datum A (foundation for drawing..)
Another critical face of Rotor has been made parallel to Datum A within 0.16
The Dia 139 bore has been made Perpendicular to mounting face; therefore directly controlled to our foundation (ie. Datum A) and
labeled as Datum B
75 Together Datum A and B form a sturdy reference from which dia. 10 bolt holes and other round features can be derived/ located
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Contd
76 i2
Hence, GD&T
77 i2
Hidden costs that GD&T reduces (Quick ROI)
78 i2
So, When do we use GD&T?
All above laws carries obvious risk. Where designer deems the high risk, GD&T
Specifications should be spelled out rigorously .
79 i2
How Does GD&T Work? - Overview
In previous slides, we alluded to goal of GD&T: To guide all parties towards reckoning
part dimensions the same, including the origin, direction and destination for each
measurement. GD&T achieves this goal through four simple steps:
1. Identify part surfaces to serve as origins and provide specific rules explaining
how these surfaces establish the starting point and direction for measurement.
2. Convey the nominal (ideal) distances and orientations from origin to other
surfaces
80 i2
Expressing Size Limits
83 i2
Size Limits (Level 1 Control)
For every feature of size, the designer shall specify the largest and the smallest the feature can be.
Previously we discussed the exact requirements these size limits impose on the feature. The
standards provide three options for specifying size limits on the drawings.
Limit dimensioning
12.34 or 12.45 12.49
12.30
Plus and Minus Tolerancing
24.54+0.35
0.25
or 11.65 0.45
84 i2
Millimeter values
When a dimension is less than one mm, zero must precede the decimal point
ex. 0.4 NOT .4
When a dimension is a whole number, neither a decimal point nor zero is used
ex. 45 NOT 45.00
When a dimension is a whole number and decimal, zero does not follow decimal
number
ex. 47.5
A dimension does not use a comma or space
ex 3450 NOT 3,450 or 3 450
A tolerance for dimension can have more numbers of decimal places than
dimension itself.
`0.34
ex. 47`
+0.76
When unilateral dimension is used, no sign be used with zero; ex. 450 or 3400.45
When a bilateral tolerance is used, both; the plus and minus tolerance must have
identical number of decimal places
ex. 45+0.76
0.45 NOT 34+0.55
0.4
85 i2
Millimeter values
54.15 53.15
When a limit dimension is used, the decimal places must match. ex: NOT
54.00 53
Basic dimension can have any number of decimal places in Feature Control Frame.
86 i2
Few Examples
87 i2
Exercise 1
88 i2
Part Features
89 i2
Part Features
Up till now, we used term Surfaces and Features loosely and almost
interchangeably. To speak GD&T, we should begin to use terms as
defined in Y14.5
Usually, part feature is a single surface (or a pair of opposed parallel plane
surfaces) having uniform shape. You can establish datums from, and
apply GD&T controls to features only.
There are two general types of features. Those that have built-in dimension
of size and those that dont.
90 i2
Non Size Features
91 i2
Features of Size
Holes are internal features of size. Pins are external features of size.
Features of size are subject to principals of material condition modifiers
(to be discussed later)
92 i2
Bounded Features (Partial Size Features)
`0.15
11`
For now, well consider this type feature as bounded
feature of non size
4.9 4.95
`0.1
5` `0.1
5`
`0.2
20` `0.1
5` =?? 20.2
5.1
5.05
`0.1
5`
95 i2
Material Condition
Material condition is yet another way of thinking about the size of
an object considering objects nature.
For example, nature of a pizza is base with
topping. If you have exxxtraa topping, its
material condition increases and pizza gets
bigger and thicker.
96 i2
MMC & LMC
One can think of MMC as the condition where the most part material is present at the surface of
feature, or where part weighs the most (everything else being same). This translates to smallest
allowable hole or the largest allowable pin, relative to specified size limits.
Least Material Condition (LMC l) is the condition in which feature of size contains
minimum amount of material within stated limits of size.
One can think of LMC as the condition where the least part material is present at the surface of
feature, or where part weighs the least (everything else being same). This translates to largest
allowable hole or the smallest allowable pin, relative to specified size limits.
97 i2
Basic Dimensions
99 i2
Basic Dimension Example
Basic dimensions
Can be used to define
theoretically exact location,
orientation or true profile of part
features or gage information.
That define part features must
be accompanied by a geometric
tolerance.
That define gage information
do not have a tolerance shown
on the drawing.
Are theoretically exact (but
gage makers tolerance do
apply)
100 i2
Exercise 2
102 i2
GD&T Symbols
103 i2
GD&T Symbols
(An attempt to explain Wheel Rotor Drawing w/o GD&T Symbols)
104 i2
Form and
Proportions of
GD&T Symbols
h = size of letter
105 i2
Feature Control Frames (FCF)
106 i2
Feature Control Frame (FCF)
Each geometric control for a feature is conveyed on a drawing by a rectangular box called feature
control frame. A typical FCF is divided in compartments expressing following sequentially left to
right.
Geometric
Tolerance Secondary
Geometric Datum
Characteristic Tolerance Value
Symbol Modifying
Datum Material Tertiary
Symbol Primary Condition Modifiers Datum
Datum
107 i2
General Characteristics (Type wise) and
corresponding ASME sections
110 i2
Modifying / Modifier Symbols
111 i2
Feature Control Frame Placement
Place the frame below or attached to a leader-directed callout or dimension pertaining to the
feature.
113 i2
Feature Control Frame Placement
114 i2
Feature Control Frame Placement
Attach either side or either end of frame to an extension line from the feature, provided it is a plane
surface.
115 i2
Feature Control Frame Placement
Attach either side or either end of the frame to an extension of the dimension line pertaining to a
feature of size.
116 i2
Reading Feature Control Frame
It is easy to translate FCF into English and read a loud from left to right. Previous tables (slide#
110,111) show equivalent English words to the left of each symbol. Then we just add the
following English language preface for each compartment:
With this, feature control frame shown above is reads as: The Position of this feature shall be within
cylindrical tolerance zone of diameter 1 at maximum material condition to primary datum A and to
secondary datum B at maximum material condition and to tertiary datum C at maximum material
condition
Isnt it Easy?
117 i2
Summarizing FCFs
118 i2
Four Fundamental Levels of Control for FOS
128 i2
Features of Size : Four fundamental Levels of Control
Level 1: Controls size and (for cylinders and spheres) circularity at each
cross section only
Level 2: Adds overall Form Control
Level 3: Adds Orientation Control
Level 4: Adds Location Control
129 i2
Level 1 : Size Control
130 i2
Math Standard : establishing size limit boundaries
132 i2
Math Standard : establishing size limit boundaries
133 i2
Level 2 : Form Control
140 i2
Level 2 Control: Overall Feature Form
141 i2
Level 2 Control: Overall Feature Form (contd )
142 i2
Perfect Form at MMC Only (Rule #1)
Y14.5 established a default rule for perfect form based upon assumption
that most features of size must achieve a clearance fit.
Rule #1 does not require the LMC boundary to have a perfect form.
145 i2
Perfect Form at MMC Only (Rule #1)
146 i2
Rule #1 Example (External FOS)
Every Cross-sectional
measurement must be
within limits of Size
147 i2
Rule #1 Example (Internal FOS)
Every cross-
sectional
measurement must
be within limits of
size
Boundary of Perfect form
MMC Envelope
Hole shall be always outside
the MMC perfect form
148 Envelope i2
Perfect Form at neither MMC nor LMC
Figure above is a drawing for electrical bus bar. Note that cross sectional dimensions have
relatively close tolerances, not because bar fits closely inside anything, but rather needed to
assure a minimum current carrying capacity without wasting expensive copper. Neither the MMC
nor the LMC boundary needed perfectly straight.
However, if bus bar is custom rolled, or machined from a plate, it wont automatically be
exempted from Rule #1. In such a case, Rule #1 shall be explicitly nullified by adding a note as
shown.
152 i2
Rule #1 Arguments
Many experts argue that Rule #1 is actually the exception that fewer than half of all
features of size need any boundary of perfect form.
Which means, for majority of features of size, Rule #1s perfect form at MMC
requirement accomplishes nothing except to drive up costs!!
The Solution is that Y14.5 prescribes the perfect form not required note and
engineers simply fail to add it more often. Interestingly, ISO defaults to perfect
form not required (sometimes called as independency principal) and requires
special symbol to invoke the envelope of perfect form at MMC. This is one of the
major differences between ISO and Y14.5
Every engineer should consider for every feature of size whether a boundary
of perfect form is a necessity or a waste?
153 i2
Why Rule #1?
154 i2
Rule #2
15 0.15 15 0.15
0.25 0.25
155 i2
Boundaries:
156 i2
Virtual Condition Boundary for Overall Form
157 i2
Virtual Condition Boundary for Overall Form
(Contd )
158 i2
So, Virtual Condition Boundary is
161 i2
VCB of Location for Internal FOS controlled at MMC
163 i2
VCB of Location for Internal FOS controlled at MMC
164 i2
VCB of Location for External FOS controlled at MMC
165 i2
VCB of Location for External FOS controlled at MMC
Pin Size Position Tol Bonus Tol Total Tol VCB VCB = Pin Size + Total Tolerance
29.55 (MMC) 0.1 0 0.1 29.65
OR
29.5 0.1 0..05 0.15 29.65
VCB = MMC Size limit + Geo Tol
29.4 0.1 0.15 0.25 29.65
29.35 0.1 0.2 0.3 29.65
29.3 (LMC) 0.1 0.25 0.35 29.65
166 i2
VCB of Orientation (controlled at MMC)
In this case VCB is same as Outer In this case VCB is same as Inner
Boundary (worst case) Boundary (worst case)
In either case, controlled feature never encroaches respective VCBs. VCBs lie
in air space.
168 i2
LMC Virtual Condition Example
170 i2
VCB of Orientation (controlled at LMC)
In this case VCB is same as Inner In this case VCB is same as Outer
Boundary (worst case) Boundary (worst case)
As per Y14.5,
172 i2
Inner & Outer Boundaries Example
OB = n20.15
n20.15+0.3) = n20.45
OB = (n OB = n20.15
IB = (20 - 0.14)=19.86
173 i2
RFS Case : Inner and Outer Boundaries
When Geometric
tolerances are applied
on RFS Basis, i.e. there
is no modifier such as
m or l in tolerance
portion of FCF, the OBs
and IBs are calculated
as:
Internal IB = MMC
FOS with no GD&T External OB = MMC
Internal IB = MMC - GTol
FOS with GD&T at RFS External OB = MMC + GTol
Internal IB = VCB = MMC GTol
FOS with GD&T at MMC OB = LMC + GTol + Bonus
External OB = VCB = MMC + GTol
IB = LMC GTol - Bonus
Internal IB = MMC GTol Bonus
FOS with GD&T at LMC OB = VCB = LMC + GTol
External OB = MMC + GTol + Bonus
IB = VCB = LMC - GTol
175 i2
Actual Mating Envelope/Size
Bonus Tolerance
Actual Minimum Material Envelope/Size
176 i2
Actual Mating Envelope
The Actual Mating envelope is a surface, or a pair of parallel plane surfaces, of perfect form which
correspond to a part feature of size as follows:
For External Feature: A similar perfect feature counterpart of smallest size, which can be
circumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts the feature surface(s). For examples a
smallest cylinder of perfect form or two parallel planes of perfect form at minimum separation
that just contacts the surface(s).
For Internal Feature: A Similar perfect feature counterpart of largest size, which can be
inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the feature surface(s). For example a largest
cylinder of perfect form or two parallel planes of perfect form at maximum separation that just
contact(s) the surface(s).
In certain cases, the orientation, or the orientation and location of an actual mating envelope
shall be restrained to one or two datums (see next figure)
177 i2
Bonus Tolerance
181 i2
Bonus Tolerance Examples
182 i2
Bonus Tolerance Examples
191 i2
Level 3 Control: Virtual Condition Boundary for Orientation
For two mating features of size, Level 2 control overall perfect form boundary can only
assure assemblability in absence of any orientation or location restraint between two features.
Ie. Features are free floating to each other.
192 i2
Level 3 Control: Virtual Condition Boundary for Orientation
In addition to Level 2 control of perfect form, this new boundary has perfect orientation in all
applicable degrees of freedom (360deg) relative to any datum features we select.
The shape and size of the virtual condition for orientation are governed by the same rules as for
form at Level 2. Again, a single feature of size can subject to multiple levels of control, thus
multiple virtual condition boundaries.
In figure above, weve restrained virtual condition boundary perpendicular to flange face and
shows how matability is assured for any part having a pin that can fit inside its n21 MMC virtual
condition boundary and any part having a hole that can contain its n21 MMC virtual condition
boundary.
193 i2
Level 4 : Position Control
194 i2
Level 4 Control: Virtual Condition Boundary for Location
195 i2
Level 4 Control: Virtual Condition Boundary for Location (contd )
For spherical feature, the tolerance is preceded by the Sn symbol and specifies a virtual
condition boundary that is sphere.
A single feature of size may be subjected to multiple levels of control thus multiple virtual
condition boundaries one for each form, orientation, location tolerance applied
196 i2
Level 4 Control: Virtual Condition Boundary for Location (contd )
In the example above, we identified two datums for each part and added dimensions and
tolerances for our understanding of assembly.
The center boss has MMC size limit of n34.5 and perpendicularity tolerance of n0.5 at MMC.
Since its external feature of size, its virtual condition is
n34.5+n0.5=n35.
The bore has an MMC limit of n35.5 and perpendicularity tolerance of n0.5 at MMC.
Since its internal feature of size, its virtual condition is
n35.5-n0.5=n35
Note that for each perpendicularity tolerance, the datum feature is the flange face
Each virtual condition boundary for orientation is restrained perfectly perpendicular to its
referenced datum, derived from flange face.
197 i2
Level 4 Control: Virtual Condition Boundary for Location (contd )
Next, The pin and hole combination requires MMC virtual condition boundaries with location restraint
added. Note that each location tolerance, the primary datum feature is the respective flange face and
secondary datum feature is center boss or bore.
Each virtual condition boundary for location is restrained perfectly perpendicular to its referenced primary
datum, derived from flange face. Each boundary is additionally restrained perfectly located relative to
its referenced secondary datum, derived from boss or bore.
This restraint of both orientation and location on each part is crucial for perfect alignment between
boundaries on both parts, thus assemblability.
The pin has MMC size limit of n20.4 and a positional tolerance of n0.3 at MMC. Since its external feature
of size, its virtual condition is n20.4+n0.3=n20.7
The hole has an MMC size limit of n21 and a positional tolerance of n0.3 at MMC. Since its internal
feature of size, its virtual condition is n21-n0.3=n20.7
Any pin contained within its n20.7 boundary can assemble with any hole containing its n20.7 boundary.
198 i2
Derived Elements
210 i2
Derived Elements
Many Geometric Elements can be derived from any feature. A Geometric tolerance RFS applied to
a feature of size controls one of the following:
A Level2 (straightness or Flatness) tolerance nullifies Rule #1s boundary of perfect form at MMC.
Instead, a separate tolerance controls overall feature form by constraining a derived median
line or derived median plane (according to type of feature)
211 i2
Derived Elements (Contd)
213 i2
Derived Elements (Contd)
In above figure, the Straightness tolerance applies RFS by default.This specifies a tolerance
zone bounded by two parallel planes, separated by a distance equal to tolerance value, within
which the entire derived median plane shall be contained.
Both size limits are still in force, but neither the spine for the MMC size boundary nor the spine
for LMC size boundary need to be perfectly formed.
As you will note, its a difficult deriving a median plane, But where its necessary to control
overall form within a tolerance that remains constant, regardless of feature size, there is no
simpler options.
214 i2
When to Use MMC / LMC / RFS ?
215 i2
Use MMC for clearance fits
Use MMC for any feature of size that assembles with another feature of
size on a mating part and foremost concern is that the two mating
features clear (not interfere with) each other.
Use MMC on any datum reference were the datum feature of size itself
makes a clearance fit, and the features controlled to it likewise make
clearance fits.
217 i2
Use LMC for Minimum stock protection
Use LMC where you must guarantee a minimum shell of material all over a surface of any
feature of size, for example:
For a cast, forged or rough machined feature to assure stock for cleanup in a subsequent
cleanup operation.
For a non mating bore, fluid passes etc to protect minimum wall thickness for strength.
For a non mating boss around a hole, to protect minimum wall thickness for strength
For a gaging features of a functional gage to assure the gage wont clear a non
conforming part
..
We dont often see LMC applied to datum features, but consider an assembly where datum
features of size pilot two mating parts that must be well centered to each other. LMC applied to
both datum features guarantee a minimal offset between the two parts regardless of how the
loose the fit. This is a valuable technique for protecting other mating interfaces in the assembly.
218 i2
Use RFS for Centering
RFS is obsessed with a features center to the point of ignorance of features actual size. In fact, RFS
does not allow dynamic interaction between size and location or between size and orientation of
feature.
However, this apparent limitation of RFS actually makes it an excellent choice for self centering
mating interfaces where the mating features always fit together snugly and center on each other
regardless of their actual mating size. For example:
Press fits
Tapers such as Morse Tapers and countersinks for flat headed screws.
Elastic parts, or elastic intermediate parts such as O rings
An adjustable interface where an adjusting screw, shim, sleeve etc will be used on assembly to
center a mating part.
Certain geometric characteristics, such as run out and concentricity where MMC or LMC are so
inappropriate that the rule prohibit material condition modifiers. For these type of tolerances, RFS
always applies.
RFS principal now apply by default in absence of any material condition modifier.
RFS is a poor choice for in clearance fit mating interfaces because it does not allow dynamic tolerance
interaction. That means smaller tolerance, usable parts are rejected and higher scarp and costs
219 i2
Exercise 3
220 i2
Form Tolerances
Straightness
Flatness
Circularity
Cylindricity
221 i2
Straightness Tolerance for Line (Surface)
Elements
When straightness tolerance FCF is specified as shown in figure above, the tolerance controls only line elements of
that feature. The FCF may only appear in a view where the controlled surfaces is represented by a straight line.
Tolerance specifies a tolerance zone plane containing a tolerance zone bounded by two parallel lines separated by
distance equal to tolerance value. As the tolerance zone plane sweeps the entire feature surface, the surfaces
intersection with plane shall anywhere be contained within the tolerance zone (between two lines). Within the plane,
the location and orientation of tolerance zone may adjust continuously to part surface while sweeping.
223 i2
Straightness Control Applied to Line (Surface)
Element
224 i2
Straightness Tolerance Applied to a Cylindrical
FOS
Unmodified, the tolerance applies RFS and establishes a central tolerance zone as
described earlier within which the features derived median line shall be contained.
225 i2
Straightness Control Applied to a Cylindrical
FOS
226 i2
Flatness Tolerance Applied to a Planer Surface
For a width type of feature of size, Rule #1 automatically limits the flatness deviation of each surface.
Thus to have any meaning, a separate flatness tolerance applied to either single surface must be less
than the total size tolerance.
The specified tolerance in the FCF is implied as RFS. MMC/LMC does not apply to flatness control
because only surface area is controlled and area have no size
227 i2
Flatness Control Applied to a Planar Surface
228 i2
Circularity Tolerance
230 i2
Circularity Tolerance (contd)
The tolerance zone plane shall be swept along a simple non-self-intersecting tangent continuous
curve (spine). At each point on the spine, the tolerance zone plane shall be perpendicular to
the spine and tolerance zone centered on the spine.
As the tolerance zone sweeps the entire feature surface, the surfaces intersection with the plane
shall anywhere be contained within an annular tolerance zone (ie. Between two circles). While
sweeping, the tolerance zone may continually adjust in overall size, but shall maintain the
specified radial width.
This effectively removes diametrical taper from circularity control. Additionally, the spines
orientation and curvature may be adjusted within aforesaid constraints. So, in addition this
effectively removes straightness from circularity control
A circularity tolerance greater than the total size tolerance has no effect. It is preferred that
circularity tolerance be less than half the size tolerance to limit multi-lobbed deviations (egg
shaped or tri-lobed).
231 i2
Circularity Application
232 i2
Cylindricity Tolerance
As with the circularity tolerance, a cylindricity tolerance must be less than half the size tolerance
to limit multi-lobbed from deviations
Since neither circularity nor a cylindricity tolerance can nullify size limits for a feature, there is
nothing to be gained by modifying either tolerances to MMC or LMC
233 i2
Cylindricity Tolerance over a Limited Length
or Area
Some designs require form control over a limited length or area of the surface, rather
than the entire surface.
In such cases, as shown above, draw a thick chain line adjacent to the surface,
dimensioned for length and location as necessary. Form tolerance applies only within
the limits as indicated by chain line.
234 i2
Cylindricity Application
235 i2
Radius Tolerance
238 i2
Controlled Radius Tolerance
240 i2
When Do We use a Form Tolerance?
As a general rule, apply a form (only) tolerance to a non datum feature only where
there is some risk that the surface will be manufactured with form deviations
severe enough to cause problems in subsequent manufacturing operations,
inspection, assembly or function of the part.
For example,
A flatness tolerance might be appropriate for a surface that seals with a gasket.
A roller bearing might be controlled with a cylindricity tolerance
A conical bearing race might have both a straightness of surface element tolerance
and a circularity tolerance
241 i2
Summarizing Form Tolerances
c Yes No No No No No
Yes Yes May* May* May* No
e Yes No No No No No
g Yes No No No No No
* When applied to FOS
244 i2
Exercise 4
246 i2
Datums
247 i2
What is Datum?
248 i2
Establishing Datum
Reference Frames from
Part Features
249 i2
Datum Feature
Builders understood the need for a consistent and uniform origin from which to base
their measurements. It was a patch of leveled ground once. For precision
manufacturing, its a flat surface or a straight and round diameter on a machine
part. Although any type of part feature can be a datum feature, selecting one is bit
like hiring a CEO who will provide strong moral center and direction for the entire
organization.
250 i2
Datum Feature Selection
251 i2
Functional Hierarchy
252 i2
How to Identify Datum Features and Apply
Symbols?
256 i2
Identifying Datum Features
257 i2
Datum Feature Symbol Application
259 i2
Datum Feature Symbol Application (contd)
(b) Placed on an extension of a dimension line of a feature of size when datum is an axis or
center plane. If there is insufficient space for two arrows, one of the arrow may be replaced
with datum feature triangle
260 i2
Datum Feature Symbol Application (contd)
( c ) Placed on the outline of a cylindrical feature surface, or the extension of the the feature
outline, separated from the size dimension, when the datum is the axis. The triangle may be
drawing tangent to the feature
261 i2
Datum Feature Symbol Application (contd)
262 i2
Summarizing Datum Feature Symbol
Application ( for FOS datum features)
(a) Datum is axis (b) Datum is axis (c) Datum is common axis
264 i2
Datum Features and their TGCs
Go Slide 300
Go Slide 301
Go Slide 302
268 i2
Datum Reference Frame (DRF)
270 i2
Datum Reference Frame (DRF) (contd)
273 i2
Datum Reference Frame (DRF) (contd)
274 i2
Degree of Freedom (DOF)
279 i2
DRF Development Examples
294 i2
DRF Development Example 1
295 i2
DRF Development Example 2
296 i2
DRF Development Example 3
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Comparison of Datum Precedence
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Comparison of Datum Precedence Case B
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Comparison of Datum Precedence Case D
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TGC Types
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TGC Types
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Adjustable Size TGC : Primary Datum (axis) at RFS
Adjustable Chuck
to Simulate datum
feature A
Datum Axis A.
Same as axis of
chuck
Stepped Shaft
Example
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Adjustable Size TGC : Primary Datum (axis) at RFS
Expandable mandrel
used to simulate datum
feature B
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Adjustable Size TGC : Primary Datum (centerplane) at RFS
Adjustable Vice to
Simulate datum feature
C
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Adjustable Size TGC : Primary Datum (centerplane) at RFS
Expandable plates to
Simulate datum feature
D
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Adjustable Size TGC : Secondary Datum (Axis) at RFS + Tertiary
Datum (Centerplane) at RFS Example
Datum axis F
Expandable mandrel
to simulate datum
feature F
Surface plate to
Simulate datum
feature E Expandable width to
simulate datum
feature G
Datum centerplane G
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Adjustable Size TGC : Datum Axis from Co-Axial diameters RFS
Primary Example
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Fixed Size TGC
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Fixed Size TGC (contd)
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Fixed Size TGC (contd)
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DRF Displacement Example 1
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Effect of Datum Shift on hole location ..
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DRF Displacement Example 2
A
B
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Orientation Tolerance (Level3 Control)
Thus, an orientation tolerance is useful for relating one datum feature to another and
for refining the orientation of a feature already controlled with a positional
tolerance.
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How to apply Orientation Tolerance?
An orientation tolerance is specified using a feature control frame one of the three orientation characteristic
symbols.
The symbol used depends on the basic orientation angle as follows:
All three symbols work exactly same. The only difference is that where angularity symbol is used, basic angle
should be explicitly specified. Where the parallelism or perpendicularity is used, the basic angle is implied
by the drawing view that shows parallel or perpendicular relationship.
The feature control frame includes the orientation tolerance value followed by one or two datum references.
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Datums for Orientation Control
Orientation control requires a DRF. A primary datum plane or axis always establishes
rotation about two axes of the DRF and usually the only reference needed for
orientation control.
However in some cases, rotation it may be necessary to restrain rotation about third
axis and in such case, secondary datum is needed to orient/locate tolerance zone
plane for controlling elements of feature
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Angularity Tolerance applied to a Width-Type
FOS
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Angularity Tolerance applied to a Cylindrical
FOS
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Concentricity
Symmetry
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Concentricity Tolerance
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Difference between Coaxiality and
Concentricity Controls
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Difference between Coaxiality and
Concentricity Controls
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Symmetry Tolerance
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Runout Tolerance
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Runout Tolerance Why we use it?
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Datums for Runout Control
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Circular Runout Tolerance
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Total Runout Tolerance
Runout tolerance is especially suited for parts that revolve about a datum axis in an assembly,
and where alignments and dynamic balances are critical.
Circular runout tolerance is often ideal for O ring grooves, where cylinder bore is datum.
Remember that the datum feature and controlled feature should be accessible for
fixturing/inspection as the case is. For example, circular runout tolerance applied to internal
groove with internal bore as datum feature makes groove inaccessible for inspection!
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Profile Tolerance
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Profile Control
What is Profile?
Profiles are formed by projecting a 3D figure onto a plane or by taking cross sections
through the figure.
If the drawing specifies individual tolerances for elements or points of a profile, these
elements or points need individual verification
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Profile Tolerancing
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Profile Tolerancing
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Profile Tolerancing
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Combining Profile Tolerance with other
Controls
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Profile tolerance for Coplanar Surfaces
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Profile tolerance for Coplanar Surfaces
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Profile tolerance for Plane Surfaces
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GD&T Reference Chart
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Dimensioning Habits (?)
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Suggested Readings & References
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